Roman Senate (Superpowers)

The Senatus Imperia (Eng: Imperial Senate) is the bicameral democratic legislature of the Imperium Romanum's federal government, consisting of the Imperial Bureau, it lower house and Consular Congress, its upper house. It embodies Senatus Populusque Romanus. The most powerful men in the world assemble in its name inside the Curia Sulla in Rome.

The Officium Imperium, lower house, is run by democratically elected representatives of the public, Senators. Their role has evolved from the self-serving Republican leaders, who despite their greed were individually capable of more than the modern senators.

Upper House is the Comitium Consulares (Consular Congress), a body of 40 Consuls who embody the Imperium's major cultural groups. The 40th and most powerful Consul is the Consul Italii, elected leader of the Roman People.

The Senate is the most potent bureaucracy on the planet. Only the Caesar and his Legion hold more sway in world affairs. Decisions made under the roof of the Curia ultimately affect the entire globe.

Overview
Proclamation 10 of the Constitution states that "all creation of public law must be chosen by the majority of the Roman people" thus "powers of legislation are vested solely in fairly elected bodies that meet as a senatorial assembly." The generative power of the Senate is in the Comitium but final passing of legislation must be affirmed by the Officium. Revenue and spending are solely handled by the Officium while the Comitium deals with accepting treaties and initiating new foreign policies.

Members of the Senate embody Roman demos - power of the common people. They are representatives of their electors. In theory, the actions of senators and consuls reflect the will of their electors. This is the ideal of Roman democracy. The reality is that the Senate enables rule of the majority where legislation and public finances are concerned and is no more perfect than other democratic institutions.

However, the imperial government has a multitude of ministries and committees to equalize the distribution of power. Most important are the Censors and Tribune who combat corruption and protect the poor respectively. Their widereaching regulative rights keep abuse of government power - even by the emperor - to a minimum.

History
Rome's Senate is its most enduring institution. Found in the first days of the city it grew with the overthrow of the kings in 509 BC, survived the fall of the Republic in 27 BC and kept together through the split and reunification of the empire in the 11th century. The peak of the Senate's power followed the coup d'état of Tarquinius Superbus, the last king of Rome, as senators gradually usurped control of the city from its executive magistrates. Its greatest period came during the late Republic after the Gracchi brothers reformed government. It was then that ambitions senators of the likes of Julius Caesar and Gnaius Pompeius seeked out absolute power. Their failures and civil war paved the way for a new generation of ambitious senators to have their own power struggles. In the end, Gaius Octavianus Caesar, Julius' nephew, emerged victorious. ====''' The Principate (27 BC - 1012 CE) '''====

The newly venerated Augustus Caesar named himself Princeps Civitatis (first among the citizens) and effectively cast his shadow over the Senate, which retained its power in principle. Since the early emperors desired a superficially republican government, for the monarchy-hating Romans, legislative and executive functions were legally kept by the Senate though emperors increasingly publicized their use of power.

Resentment for imperial authority and the increasing ineptitude of emperors grew as the empire aged. Eventually, a military leader Gnaeus Moratius Brutus led a rebellion of the Legion on the Ides of March 1006. Senators were apalled at how poorly Emperor Julianus handled the situation and finally brought up the courage to usurp power from one of their beloved rulers. The assassination of Julianus on the Kalends of August allowed the Senate to establish a Second Republic in Rome while the emperor's family fled to Constantinople. ====''' The Pontificate (1012 - 1372) '''==== Following decades of civil war, senatorial and imperial authority were simultaneously usurped by a Pope in his plea to the Roman people for order. His call was heard by the public and soon civil power was firmly lain down at the feet of the new Papal-Emperor Aegranus. Under his reforms, the Senate was allowed to keep their role of puppet for the actions of emperors. The newly formed body of Comitium was also retained to serve as a protector of the interests of major cultures under the purple cloth of Rome.

In 1191, Emperor Sextus Severus established Rome's written Constitution. This document legally separated executive powers from the Senate but gave it binding authority for passing new legislation. Emperors could still overule the decisions of senators but the new laws allowed the Senate to work independently of them for the first time since the fall of the First Republic. After the glorious reign of Emperor Magnus the Great, power drifted back into the Senate as imperial rulers found themselves more and more incapable of waging the war against Maya aggressors in the New World. For a time, the Senate seemed to outshine the emperor.

Their glory days were shortlived. The killing blow to the Senate's powertrip came from a nearly unprecedented occurance: a popular general brought his Legions into Rome itself. No one had done such a thing since Julius Caesar's infamous crossing of the Rubicon but the result was much worse for the Senate. The venerated general Faustus Galerius Pertinax requested a vote to have him crowned emperor. Almost unanimously, the vote passed. Soon, Pertinax was marching through the streets of Rome for his triumph and official presentation of the familial title Alexander.

====''' The Dominate (1372 - present) '''====

Emperors under the new regime garnered more power for themselves than ever before. While the constitution vested legislative power in the Senate and the Censors guarded the law from imperial corruption, Caesars could still use their clout to ensure the success of all their wishes. A reform in 1783 stripped the last of the Senate's power over the emperor and renamed the lower house the Officium, a mere tool of the executive government.

Real power was not restored to the Senate until the Alexandrian dynasty ended dramatically in 1885. The last absolute emperor, Alexander XIV, chose to leave his country in a more stable democratic form and, as one of his final acts, returned huge amounts of political rights to the Senate, that they had never officially lost under the Constitution. A revived Senate has performed admirably in face of two world wars and rapid technological advances in the last century. The present system is generally devoid of corruption and fairly represents the desires of the populace like never before. Only democratic change or a military coup could alter the course of Roman government.

Senatus Consultum
Promulgating non-fiscal legislation starts in Congress and ends with execution by the Caesar. Despite intervening reforms, Proclamation 10 of the Roman Constitution still ensures the role of the Senate as the primary legislative body of the federal imperial government. Currently, the promulgation process of the Roman government works as follows. The Consular Congress proposes the legislation which then passes on to the Officium. Should a majority be reached there, the bill is returned to the Consular Congress where a vote is held on whether or not to promulgate it. Should it pass it is finally brought before the Caesar. It is through his executive power that the bill is enacted as a new law. However, if either the Minister of the Tribunal or the Emperor use their Veto (Caesar can also Abnustas the MoT's Veto, cancelling it) then the bill is rejected and put on hold to await the next time Congress might propose it again.

Although legal acts of parliament may only originate from Congress, the Officium has legislative powers of its own. For instance, fiscal legislation regarding taxes must originate in The Senate; never appearing before Congress. Furthermore, acts that regard spending and the allocation of funds are permitted to originate from either House and actually come most frequently from the Officium rather than Congress. One of the ancient powers which The Senate maintains is the Act of Imperial Succession. This gives it the power to democratically elect a new emperor when an Imperial dynasty ends or another clan patriarch lays claim to the imperial throne.

Roman Constitution
Since 1191 the powers of the Roman government and the state were put into written form as the Roman Constitution. Originally consisting of 18 Proclamations, the Constitution has since expanded to 32 in order to keep up with modern issues. The role of the Constitution is to provide unbreakable laws for the citizens and government of the Empire; ones which provide certain inalienable rights to the Roman people. It also keeps the powers of the Senate and the Emperor under greater control and limits corruption within the government. It is legally impossible for a Proclamation to be nullified or ignored under any circumstance, only an additional Proclamation may counteract or modify a previously existing one. Given the stringent requirements for promulgating a new Proclamation (Proclamation 18) and the maintenance of these laws by the Ministry of the Census, the Constitution is an incredibly effective method for protecting civil rights.

A Proclamation usually consists of between 10 to 30 clauses that each explain some aspect or way of applying it. The issues enumerated in the various Proclamations are summarized as follows (Note: These are not the Proclamations themselves):
 * 1) No (male) citizen of the Empire can be imprisoned, harmed or in any other way destroyed, except by the lawful judgement of his peers (Right to Trial)
 * 2) Creation of Class-specific systems of law (Your Judge must be of your same social order)
 * 3) Citizens in foreign lands are under full protection from the Roman military and can only be tried by a Roman judge
 * 4) Government has all rights over any Roman property, as long as properly valued compensation is provided
 * 5) All citizens within Imperial borders have the equal right of representation in their government
 * 6) No member of government can have his terms limited except by the court of law or Imperial judgement
 * 7) All citizens have the right to at least two thirds of their income (Income taxes can never exceed 33%)
 * 8) Caesar must be a male of Imperial blood or a man elected by the majority of the Empire
 * 9) All executive power rests with the Emperor himself, and no law can be passed without his consent
 * 10) All legislation must be passed from within the Senate before becoming valid, and must be formed by Congress (Emperor cannot propose legislation)
 * 11) Judicial power can only be retained through government support (Outlaws vigilantes or independent courts) 
 * 12) Government has the right to restrict entry to any location if agreed to by a majority in the Officium
 * 13) Medically required treatment can not be held back to any Roman citizen, this includes the right to a free hospital birth
 * 14) Citizenship can only be acquired by being born to a particular bloodline (Roman, Greek, Phoenician, Egyptian, etc.) or by Imperial bequest
 * 15) Citizenship can not be revoked for anyone except by fair trial
 * 16) Minister of the Tribunal and Caesar exclusively reserve the right of Veto, and the Caesar alone the right of Abnustas (Opposing a Veto)
 * 17) A member of Congress must be a member of the nation which he represents
 * 18) New Proclamations can only be ratified by a majority of 60% in the Officium, a unanimous agreement within Congress and the consent of both the Emperor and the Minister of the Tribunal
 * 19) All children of a Roman citizen have the right to a full and free education (1198)
 * 20) Parents do not have the right to inflict harm on their children that could necessitate medical intervention (1201)
 * 21) Any native of the Columbian lands may not be granted citizenship (1238)
 * 22) Caesar reserves the right to create new Legions without Senatorial consent in times of war (1320)
 * 23) Government can restrict the access of any information from the knowledge of the public, for the protection of the state (1425)
 * 24) Definition of "Natural rights" and distinguishing of them from legal or societal rights (1449)
 * 25) All men, women and children have equal natural rights, but different societal rights (1449) 
 * 26) Slaves must be treated as human beings and have natural rights (1449)
 * 27) Providing historically patented technology to non-citizens is punishable by law, and can only be performed with government consent (1541)
 * 28) Maya are exempted from Proclamation 21 (1815)
 * 29) All cities exceeding a population of 50,000 people must follow the Roman Municipal Laws, with two exceptions (1844)
 * 30) Any part of the Mare Nostrum more than 8 kilometros from land is under complete control of the Roman government, regardless of international law (1934)
 * 31) Every citizen has complete rights over the use and possession of their genetic information, this can not be taken without their consent (1960)
 * 32) Women have the right to take part in government (vote and membership) (1964)

Senators
The Senate is made up of 2000 Senatores that each have equal voting rights within the Officium Imperium. Presiding over Senatorial assemblies is the Princeps Senatus, a bureaucrat with no voting power but who must have been elected from within the ranks of the Senators. However, the Princeps is the one who decides a vote in a draw and can block the votes of a maximum of 10 Senators if a valid enough reason is given. Additionally, he can call Senatorial assemblies and execute fiscal laws in the absence of the Caesar. If the Princeps Senatus dies in office, or is deemed unfit to serve, his powers and position are taken by the Consul Italii until a new Princeps is elected for the following year. Elections occur every year, usually on the second Sunday of July, with the next Princeps officially taking over on New Years Day of the following year.

According to Proclamation 5 of the Constitution, all Roman citizens (including females and children) must receive an equal representation in The Senate. Clause 21 of that Proclamation establishes a ratio of 900,000 citizens to every Senator. This forces every Regio to include approximately 900,000 citizens within its borders, a system which is kept in order by the National Census every 5 years. Only certain Regios in the city of Rome violate this law, as permitted by Clauses 23 and 24 of Proclamation 5. Citizens of the Eternal City are actually less represented than Romans elsewhere; a situation which is made up for in other areas of Roman politics.

Elections
Each Senator is elected by having the support of the majority of the citizens in their respective Regio. This is determined by holding a popular assembly of the citizens in an open area of the city. It is the job of the Censors to ensure fair election procedures are followed by both the electorate and the candidates. No one can be registered to more than one imperial Regio. A resident's native Regio is decided by the government in the first Census they take part in once born. Although a citizen may live anywhere in the Empire that they want, they must return to their Regio in order to cast a vote. There are no online or long-distance voting systems, just a few booths in one part of a nearby major city. Elections are a big deal to the Romans, and the tradition wherein a huge mob forms around the election booths has been practiced since the time of the First Republic.

Nevertheless, the voting process is extremely high security and is absolutely laden with prevention measures for corruption. Since the 7th century, sealed voting booth have been used to provide safe areas to write out and cast a ballot. Though measures have varied over time, the modern security method places voters in a completely sealed room with only a pen, a ballot and a box. Ten seconds after the box has reached a certain weight (indicating it is full), a magnetic lock seals all the ballots inside. This small ballot box is then transported to the Provincial capital by the Legion where the boxes are opened by entering several codes. Each of the Senatorial candidates for the Regio have one code, and the Praetor of the local Province has the last one. Once opened, each candidate must, under surveillance, personally count all of the votes in the box. After they've all taken their turn, the votes are counted again by two randomly selected military officers. Once discrepancies are accounted for, and the number of votes decided, the candidate with the highest number of votes is made Senator.

Senatorial elections occur every 5 years (a Lustrum) on varying years and varying days that differ from one Province to the next. The election times for Regios usually hold some sort of significance for their Province, either an anniversary of its conquest or integration, or maybe some other kind of important holiday. Roma for instance has its Senatorial elections from the 15th to 21st of April on every year ...0 and ....5 in the Roman calendar. Their last elections were in 1997 CE, or 2750 AUC. This is of course in celebration of the city's founding.

Senatorial Procedure
In addition to their voting powers in the Officium, Senators often advise their Provincial Praetors on fiscal matters. Whilst historically this was done with messengers that went back and forth between them, modern electronic communication has made this much more convenient. Holographic techniques are especially popular as they allow Senators to be in any location they like while still attending assemblies of The Senate. Even so, a Senator isn't actually to attend every session of parliament. On average, Senators miss three to five meetings a year for personal reasons.

Since the Vth Century CE, The Senate has conventionally convened every Saturday of the year. However, following the passing of Proclamation 6 with the Constitution, Saturday became the official day of assembly for The Senate. Contrast this with Congress where meetings occur at the whim of the Emperor and the Consul Italii. Each Saturday there is one session in the morning, a break for midday meal, then a second session in the afternoon. Senators then return to their residences in Regio V for the evening, and meet the next day at 8:00 AM in the Forum for Mass at the Cathedral of St. Peter. When Mass is over, they are free to do whatever they please until these events repeat the next week. Occassionally, the next session of parliament may be cancelled by order of the Emperor or the Princeps Senatus.

The first Saturday of each month is when the Emperor makes his Senatorial Address, reviewing his intentions for the rest of the month and often executing legislation that had been passed in the last month. As well, both the Emperor and the Princeps Senatus reserve the right to call an extra meeting of the Senate at any time, usually for good reason though.

The words Senatus and Officium are used interchangeably in public discourse (and in this article). Officially, the Imperial Senate is the bicameral legislature of the Empire, and the Officium is just the Lower House but convention still leads people to refer to the Lower House as The Senate, the Upper House as Congress, and the whole of parliament as "the Government" (Rectio). It is only in legislation that the legal distinctions of these names are ever really important.

Officium Imperium
The proceedings of the Officium itself occur on the upper level of the Curia Sulla, almost within the Curia's main dome. A staircase leads from the entrance of the building to an atrium where two stairs branch out right and left to meet again at the top where the entrance to The Senate is located. In the center of the same atrium, between the bottoms of the staircases, there is a large doorway that leads to Congress. Ironically, this Upper House is directly below the Officium, the Lower House. Such terms are indeed in the Latin vernacular, and this facet of the Curia's design was entirely intentional.

The Senate itself is a grand elliptical room adorned with gold decorations, and both marble floors and marble walls. Supporting the ceiling dome is a series of one meter wide and three meter tall columns with windows of those same dimensions between them. Finally, the vistula at the top opens up completely the sky, allowing the Senatorial Hall, as it is called, to be completely lit by natural light at all times of the day.

At the west end (opposite the entrance) there is a large rectangular set of stands with exactly 100 finely embroidered chairs for the 100 Ministers of the Throne. Front and center is a golden throne (sella curulis) that sits on an elevated platform. This is the seat of the Princeps Senatus. Nearly sixty meters in front (east) of this chair is a short, conical structure that is elevated almost a meter above the ground by an enormous metal cylinder. The top of the cone is cut off and what appear to be lights and various indentations dot its surfaces. This beautifully designed mechanism is the main holographic projector for the display of pertinent information during assemblies of the Senate. Additionally, when the Caesar is making his Senatorial Address, a large real-time hologram of his head is usually displayed. Most Senators understand that this is just for show and the Emperor is not in fact a giant disembodied head.

To the east of the projector is a roof-shaped set of 600 seats that gradually get higher as they go towards the entrance. These stands ultimately reach a height of 8 meters (2 metros). Long, continuous desks stretch across each row in front of the Senate Seats. As a slight graduation from the Old Republic, these are not benches but actual chairs. Stretching between this and the Ministerial seats are two seventy meter long stands of a total of 1400 seats. The path that leads from the Princeps' throne to the hologram is about 30 meters wide and 55 meters long. Between the two is a podium from which the Emperor stands while his head delivers the monthly address to the Senate.

Ministries
There are 100 Ministries of the Throne that manage the wider affairs of the federal government. They are called "of the Throne" due to the significance of a throne (curulus) rather than crown to represent the monarchy. To govern the Ministries there are also 100 Praeministra (Ministers, green seats). Though they have even less obligations to attend than the Senators do, the Ministers still take part in sessions of parliament.

Although positions that would be ministerial in today's government have always existed, it wasn't until the Constitution was passed that the Ministries and Ministers were officially organized into their present form. The creation of the Ministries of the Throne took place in 1195 by the Ministerial reforms of Emperor Magnus II. All Ministers were given an official place in the proceedings of the Senate and granted the power of Tacite. This allowed them to halt any discussion at any time to bring forward a new point of discussion or highlight a helpful piece of information for the issue at hand. Other than the Praeministra, the Emperor and Princeps Senatus also have this power.

Despite the small changes that have been made over the past 800 years, the Ministries of the Throne maintains very much the same functions as it did in Magnus' time. When not explaining issues to the Senate, they are attending assemblies of the Officium Regis (Royal Office) to take part in discussions with the Caesar and his closest advisors over major issues before he talks to either parliament or the people of Rome. This other Curia is a very formal affair that receives almost no mention in written Roman law. It mostly serves to keep the Emperor up to date and to ensure that he is provided with proper council. Very few Ministers hold a permanent place in the Regis as the Emperor can call or dismiss people from it at his own whim.

Similarly, the appointment of almost all the Ministers is up to the Caesar. He may replace or reappoint anyone to almost any position whenever he wants. The only limitation is that the Lower House of the Senate must approve his decision by a one third minority or more. Through their dual roles in the Senate and the Court, Ministers are the only members of government who can potentially take part in both the legislative and executive branches of government. When unoccupied with such matters, Ministers usually take care of the day-to-day tasks of their Ministry. A job that varies widely among the 100 Ministries. Some, like the Minister of the Censors and the Tribune, are not chosen by the Emperor but instead are elected in their own distinct way.

Consular Congress
As previously discussed there are exactly 40 Consuls who attend Congress and each of these represent a particular Foederata (or Cultural nation) within the Roman Empire. The list of Foederata (without a mention of what Provinces are in them) by Consul, and with their Cultural/Consular Capital is: Consul of the Italians - Rome

Consul of the Gaels - Londinium

Consul of the Gauls - Parisium

Consul of the Hispanics - Merita

Consul of the Punes - Carthage

Consul of the Aegyptians - Alexandria

Consul of the Axumites - Axum

Consul of the Nubians - Meroë

Consul of the Jews - Jerusalem

Consul of the Arabs - Petra

Consul of the Phoenicians - Tyrus

Consul of the Anatolians - Sinope

Consul of the Ionians - Constantinople

Consul of the Greeks - Athens

Consul of the Macedonians - Thessalonica

Consul of the Dacians - Serdica

Consul of the Illyrians - Agricolopolis

Consul of the Goths - Emeria

Consul of the Germans - Camia

Consul of the Jutes - Havena

Consul of the Frisians - Caerulea

Consul of the Mediterraneans - Syracuse

Consul of the Melitans - Melita

Consul of the Pannonians - Sirmium

Consul of the Alpians - Brigantium

Consul of the Muscovites - Kiev

Consul of the Franks - Clovium

Consul of the Africans - Mvita

Consul of the Bantu - Hetica

Consul of the Mali - Timboktua

Consul of the Audenisoneans - Halorium

Consul of the Appalachians - Valerium

Consul of the Columbians - New Rome

Consul of the Sylvans - New Athens

Consul of the Mysorians - Mysoria

Consul of the Indians - Mahabarum

Consul of the North Indians - Hastinaporum

Consul of the Australians - New Alexandria

Consul of the Slaves - None (effectively Rome)

Consul of the Peregrini (Foreigners) - None (effectively Rome)

The election of a Consul is done in two parts. First, the Emperor approves the candidates out of the people who are running for the position (who must be citizens and Patricians) and then the incumbent will be decided by a popular assembly in the Consular Capital. Like many other positions, each Consul holds his position for a term of exactly one Lustrum (5 years) until a popular assembly votes in a new set of candidates, starting the process from the beginning again. These are highly contested positions, especially since it requires being in the favor of everyone living in a city, not just Roman citizens.

The powers of a Consul is great, far greater than it might at first appear. For one, they are entitled to seek an audience with the Emperor above any other person, and can only be rejected if the Emperor himself doesn't want to see them. As well, next to the Emperor, Consuls hold the highest auctoritas (honor and respect) of any single person within their Foederata. By tradition, orders given by them in their own Foederata are to always be followed. Although no law states this, it is considered highly disrespectful to do so and it does give any local Praetors the full right to prosecute such a person. Finally, any Consul has the ability to propose/create a piece of legislation in Congress. All he needs is for his bill to be seconded for it to go into The Senate to be voted on. It will then however be returned to Congress where an actual vote on the bill will then be taken. A 50% or greater in both Houses will get it passed into law.

Finally, unless there is unanimous agreement within Congress then a new Proclamation for the Constitution cannot be passed. In other words, if any individual Consul is opposed to a new proposal for the Constitution then it cannot be made legal, no matter who else agrees with it. Given the enormous importance of constitutional Proclamations, this kind of power is very valuable. Since the Consuls themselves are effectively representative of the residents of the most important urban centers in the Empire, it is almost as if the Constitution must be fully authorized by the people themselves.

The last two Consuls, of the Slaves and the Foreigners, are especially important in this system. The former must always be a Freedman (former slave) whilst the latter cannot be a Patrician (and so is usually an Equestrian). They are elected by a majority amongst Congress, with the same term length as regular Consuls, and must have been made a candidate by selection from the previous holder of the office (who has to choose at least 2 possible successor). In the event that someone with the position dies in office then the position goes straight to the choice of a Popular Assembly of the Roman people. At this point literally any eligible person is permitted to run for the offices, only a corruption charge from the Censors could possibly stop them. Perhaps thankfully, this has only occurred twice (both times for the Consul of the Slaves) in the entire history of both offices.

Bureaucrats
By the Roman definition, a Bureaucrat is anyone who holds an upper-level administrative position in the government. Although this may at first seem to be an ambiguous definition, Roman Law is very specific on who is considered a Bureaucrat and who isn't. If this same definition is applied to other countries, even within the ambiguity, the Roman Empire definitely has the largest number of Bureaucrats of any other nation, even above the Maya Conglomerate, a country where practically everybody works as part of the government or a government corporation.

The first bureaucrat is of course the Caesar, Emperor of the Romans, or as many Romans tell foreigners, the Emperor of Emperors and Emperor of the World. Then there are the legislative members, one of the most important of which is the Princeps Senatus. This includes 40 Consulares, in particular the Consul Italii, and exactly 2000 Senatores. The former are heads of a Foederata, whilst the latter administer the Regios that divide the Empire by its population of citizens. The other people who are part of the Senate are the 100 Praeministra, each of whom controls a Ministerium of the Empire. In total the legislative government contains 2141 Bureaucrats exactly.

Within the executive government of the Empire are the members of the Officium Regis, many of whom also serve as Praeministra in the Imperial Senate. Aside from them, there is the Dictor, or Princeps Officius, kind of like a chief councilor for the Caesar, helping him make the right decisions and often serving as a close companion. Then there are between 8 (the lowest ever) and 164 (the highest ever) Cornucularii, who act as aides to the Emperor. They can be given Imperates, or Imperial Orders, to grant them temporary Imperium to issue a certain command elsewhere. Additionally, the Royal Office employs other people as secretaries, archivists, accountants, notaries and other helpers, all of which are considered to hold illustrious posts in the Roman government. In total, at the moment, there are exactly 30 Cornucularii, discounting other aides, under the Emperor Cicero. With the Dictor, there are a total of 31 bureaucrats within the executive government of Rome.

The financial government in Constantinople is lead by the Mensarius Superbus who essentially controls the Roman Treasury (Aerarium). Working under him are 10 Quaestores to deliver his messages, collect taxes from the Provinces and weed out financial corruption in the Empire. The Quaestores are Treasury Bureaucrats, and all other officials of the treasury work directly under them. Within the government section of the military is the Praeministrum Bellicum, but he's already counted as a minister. Technically speaking though, the head of the military in Carthage is usually the Generalissimus, Supreme Commander of the Roman Armed Forces. Additional Bureaucrats of the Armed Forces are the Admirallis of the Navy and the Kaputis Gubernatrix of the Air Force. Finally, there are 5 Nuntii Bellici who are the messengers of the Generalissimus and Minister of War, and administer other members of the military in the Roman government. In total, the bureaucrats of the special governments of Constantinople and Carthage number at 19 people.

In the Judicial Branch of government the leader is the Magnum Judex, who runs the Supreme Court in Rome. Though not under the Judex, there are 18 Censores who protect the Roman Constitution and have the power to inquire into any presumed corruption anywhere in the Empire. One of their members is however already Minister of the Census, and the Judex is Minister of Justice, so the total number of bureaucrats of the justice system is 17.

The other important minister is the Tribune of the Plebs who can Veto laws in favor of the Plebs (common people). As well, the Ministry of Public Works is the only ministerium other than that of the Census with numerous members classified as bureaucrats. That Ministry employs 120 Aedilis, somewhat like the opposite of the Quaestores, who direct public spending and the creation of public projects, and often work doing minor jobs for Senatores both as part of their job and to gain friends to further their political career. All these different positions are part of the Cursus Honorum that most male Patricians go through during their life, with final goal of reaching the rank of Princeps Senatus, or even just Consul. Additionally, people can become temporary bureaucrats by being elected to a Decemvirate, or Ten Man Commission. As a bureaucrat a person has the right to wear the Toga Praetexta, which is basically illegal for other people to wear, but they also gain a great deal of auctoritas and prestige for their family. Various positions as well, notably Consul and Senator come with Imperium, granting not only substantial authority to the recipient but also the right to Lictors, magisterial body guards. In general, a bureaucrat in Latin is known as a Magistratus, which roughly translates as elected official.

The other highly important bureaucratic position, one which is very high up on the cursus is the praetorship. The Praetori are governors of the Roman Provinces, and must always be a citizen of Italy or Rome, as they provide a Roman government for all Roman territories within the Empire. All available Praetorian positions are filled at the end of each year after the results of elections in the Senate in August. There are a total of 96 Praetori for the 98 Roman Provinces, as neither Judaea nor Rome are controlled by a Praetor. As well, the Praetor of Italia holds a very special position in Roman politics, and itself is one of the possible ends for a cursus honorum.

As well, there are 184,190 recognized municipalities, or Urbis, in the Roman Empire. Each and every one of these cities are administered by a citizen called a Praefectus Urbi, elected by popular assembly of the people every other year. Aside from the Praefecti of certain major cities, like Constantinople or Londinium, someone with the position of Praefectus Urbi is usually not taking the cursus honorum, and in fact, is often not even a Patrician or even Equestrian. In total, there are 186,614 bureaucrats in the entire Roman Empire, or basically 0.01% of the population of Roman citizens and roughly 6% of the population of Roman Patricians.

Along with Magistrati are the Vicarii, or deputy magistrates that most positions have. When going for certain positions (not inc. Consul, Senator, Praetor, Censor or Tribune) magistrates have to declare a deputy who will assist them in their powers and replace them in the event that they are incapacitated. Most other important positions will just have another election in the event of a death, and the new elected person will be forced to take on some duties, but not rights, earlier than usual so as to not interrupt the process of the Roman government too much. Vicarii are technically still magistrates, and although they don't gain much in auctoritas, they are permitted to wear the toga praetexta. Within many of the ministries there are also other positions which are considered to be magistrates, but are too numerous to name here. All of these included, the number of magistrates in the Empire nearly exceeds 1 million people, most of which are Patricians (about 72% in 2000 AD).