Timeline 1210-1220 (Interference)

1211-1215
1211

Northern Europe: King Lothar II of Germany is murdered by rogue nobles; the Electors appoint his brother Henry of Swabia to succeed him as king Henry IV. Being now also duke of Bavaria (Welf senior estate) and Franconia (royal appanage), the king is one of the most powerful landlords of Europe. Chieftain Lembitu unites the southern Estonian tribes against the aggression of the German Swordbearers and sacks Pskov.

Western Europe: Castile conquers Burgos from Navarra and defeats the Gallastrians (*Celto-Iberian inhabitants of OTL Galicia and Asturias) at Rio Esla.

North Africa: Genoese and Western imperial (Sicilian) forces conquer Bardapolis (*OTL Tunis) and capture king Florentius I, who'll die in prisony in Sicily. His exiled step-brother and long-standing rival, Gregory Skyphios, is put on the throne as a vassal of both Genoa and Sicily, as loyalist forces under Florentius' cousin Galvas resist with their main fortress in Kirvana (*OTL Qairawan, rebuilt on the ruins of the former Muslim city).

Byzantine Empire: Basileus Theodosius IV dies; his widow, the Megavlakian-born Zoe, has her nephew Michael quietly murdered:mad:, retaining power for herself through the influence of her lover, the Vardariote general Stephen the Isaurian. When patriarch Nicholas V condemns her crime, she makes public penance in St. Sophia, winning the populace's pardon.

Byzantine Empire, Caucasus: Nasreddin Mehmet, the Ortoqid sultan of Amida/Diyarbakr, liquidates by treason :mad: almost the entire Danishmenddiyya clan after a banquet, annexing their remaining holdings.

Far East: Temüjin/Genghis Khan attacks the Jurchens/Jin of northern China, already at war with the Tangut/XiXias, defeating them at the battle of Huihebao.

Northern Hesperia (*OTL America): The Hesperian Norsemen found their first colony in Bakkland (*OTL Québec and Ontario), Kandarvannsvìk (*near OTL Québec city), near the mouth of the Kandarvannà (*OTL St. Lawrence) river

1211-1212

Western Europe: The Septimanian/Languedocian rebels free several towns from the anti-Cathar crusaders, even briefly menacing Toulouse.

1211-1216

Far East: Temüjin/Genghis Khan's Mongols wreak unbelievable devastation, on a scale unheard of in history :eek: :eek: :eek:, in repeated campaigns of annihilation against Jurchen/Jin northern China, which however proves a very resilient and well-led enemy.

1211-1217

Central Asia, Far East: Kuchlug, a leader of those Naimans who refused to obey Temüjin/Genghis Khan, goes on to seize power in the nearby Karakhitai empire, weakened by Khorezmian ascendancy and religious infighting. In the end Kuchlug is defeated and beheaded by Temüjin/Genghis Khan, and his domains annexed.

1211-1225 Central-Eastern Europe: The Teutonic Order, on Hungarian request, comes to Transylvania led by their Grand Master Hermann von Salza to contain the Cumans. Some thousand German colonists flock there, establishing the so-called Siebenbürgen (Seven Cities).

1212

Northern Europe: Caupo of Turaida helps the German Swordbearers crush a major revolt of his pagan fellow countrymen, the Livs.

Northern Europe, Western Europe: The Boys' Lorrainade (*TTL's equivalent of the Children's Crusade) shakes Germany, Luxemburg and Greater Norman France as tens of thousands of young poor peasants swarm to Lorraine following charismatic messianic leaders; the movement is soon crushed by temporal and ecclesiastical authorities, after wreaking considerable chaos.

British isles: The Greater Norman emperor William V Le Beau Roger and the Templars, having heard dim news of rich northwestern islands, fund an expedition towards Skraelingarland (*OTL Acadia) which wanes into the Atlantic Ocean without leaving trace even before reaching its first planned stop, Iceland.

Western Europe, British isles: Greater Normandy expels the Jews. The French Jews resettle mainly in Flanders, Frisia and the Baltic German towns; the few English Jews flock to Northumbria and Alba-Scotland. Western Europe, North Africa: The Pisans, with its Balearic Norman allies, repulse a Lesvallian (*OTL Kabylian) invasion at Formentera, then suffer a grave defeat against the Genoese and Western Imperial (Sicilian) fleets at Kerkunia (*OTL Kerkouane). Byzantine Empire, Caucasus: Arab forces under emirs Muhajir Abbas and Abu Shuya invade the Ortoqid sultanate but are repulsed by the local Turks. Such is the havoc, however, that the Ortoqid state is severely weakened and a period of infighting begins.

Central Asia: Ala ud-Din Muhammad II Shah of Khorezm conquers Samarkand and penetrates into eastern Turkestan.

1212-1252 Byzantine Empire: The Venetian holding of Crete is subjected to constant Genoese aggression: though Venice preserves the main ports and strongholds, the island becomes a giant pirate nest, while the inner areas are ruled by local clans and Greek landlords.

1213 Northern Europe: The German Swordbearers and the Lithuano-Ruthenians have their first military encounter in the battle of Lielv?rde/Dievukalns, a narrow German victory.

British isles: Ireland falls again in civil war after the death of the childless Reginald Crovan, who briefly managed to unite the Irishmen against the Normans and the Welsh. Gonai, third son of king Ramiro III Breingo of Gallastria, makes it to Ireland with a fleet and an army to support his claim for the High Kingship, based on his being brother-in-law of the deceased Reginald. After a brief conflict, most Irish clans accept the new foreign ruler as High King and leader in the struggle against the encroaching Norman and Welsh lords from the Siennories (*SE Ireland) and the Maddox clan of Dublin.

Western Europe: King Ferdinand V of Navarra intervenes on behalf of Septimania/Languedoc in the Albigensian Crusade, as his daughters married two of the deposed king's sons. Simon of Montfort the Elder falls in the siege of Tolouse, where Raymond IV is enthroned as the legitimate king and a vassal of Navarra. The hated Papal legate Arnaud-Amaury is lynched by an angry mob. Upset, Pope Urban IV (*OTL Honorius III) launches his interdict towards both kingdoms. The dynastical unification of Sevilla and Elbira (*OTL Granada) under Isidore II brings about the official birth of the kingdom of Andalusia.

Southern Europe: Cremona's militias defeat the Mantuans at Cesole. The defeated town overthrows its local Canossa rulers, exiling them and proclaiming a republic. The young and brutal Ezzelino III da Romano, heir of important holdings in mainland Veneto and allied with Cremona, besieges Este to hamper the local dynast's attempt to extend their influence to Mantua.

Central Asia: Ala ud-Din Muhammad II Shah of Khorezm takes Herat and Kabul from local Afghan and Turkic lords, completing his conquest of Afghanistan.

Far East: The Mongols oust the Jurchens/Jin from the northern side of the Great Wall.

1214

Northern Europe: After unsuccesful attempts to curb Danish power, king Henry IV of Germany is forced to concede Denmark suzerainty over Nordalbingia (North of the Elbe) and western Pomerania/Mecklemburg, effectively cutting Germany from the Baltic.

British isles: Wales is attacked by Greater Normandy over unauthorized castle-building on its boundaries; English Norman forces prove however insufficient and are soundly defeated by the Welsh ruler Owain III the Victorious.

Western Europe: With Papal support, emperor William V Le Beau Roger of Greater Normandy invades Septimania/Languedoc, forcing king Raymond IV and his brothers to flee beyond the Pyrenees. Toulouse is conquered and ravaged, with thousands of people slain; the kingdom is formally annexed to the Greater Norman Empire, with Amaury de Montfort, the eldest son of the deceased Simon, as viceroy. A subsequent punitive expedition against Navarra founders in the failed siege of Perpignan.

Southern Europe: The nobility, Church and Comuni extort from king Guglielmo I the Simple the pledge to summon every year the Arengo Maggiore, the Lombard Parliament, to discuss taxes and royal rights. Central-Eastern Europe: A new Hungarian invasion of Galicia ends in an utter failure after a heavy defeat in the second battle of the Sanok river against the Lithuano-Ruthenian army.

Byzantine Empire: The Genoese take Corfu from Venice, sharing its possesion with Byzantium.

Caucasus, Middle East: Saifid (*the dynasty establish by Abdullah Saif ul-Islam) Arab forces overrun Azerbaijan, ending the local Turkic Ildiguzid dynasty.

India: Ala ud-Din Muhammad II Shah of Khorezm invades India from Afghanistan but is soundly defeated in Punjab by the strong sultan of Lahore, Qutb-ud-Din Aibak.

1214-1233

Central-Eastern Europe: The long and bloody feud for control over Galicia between Hungary and the Lithuano-Ruthenian empire sees the latter side prevailing.

1215

Northern Europe: The Swordbearers' Order repels the Lithuiano-Ruthenians from the lower Dvina and subdues Latgale (*inner Latvia), persecuting both pagan and Orthodox believers.

Northern Europe, Southern Europe: Otto I von Andechs, count of Meran, reconquers Histria from the Patriarchate of Aquileia who took it from his family holdings some years before. As German forces sent by the king helped in this move and seized Patriarchal Krain/Carniola, giving it to the Sponheim dukes of Carinthia and Styria, Pope Urban IV (*OTL Honorius III) excommunicates king Henry IV of Germany and declares his election void and null, applying in the most extensive way the conception of absolute Papal superiority over temporal rulers. The Pope unilaterally appoints the Hohenstaufen duke of Brunswick/Braunschweig, Frederick Lackland, as the new king, without even consulting him:o, thus starting another civil war in Germany as many rise against Welf overpower.

British isles: The English nobility rises against emperor William V Le Beau Roger in the First Barons' Rebellion, asking for a lowering of their feudal duties and representation of their interests. William V has to put aside his plans to subdue Navarra to cross the Channel and fight back England, which proves a very difficult task; in the end he is de facto besieged in London and forced to concede the Magna Carta, the long-sought English equivalent of the French Charte de la Noblesse.

Far East: The Mongols conquer the northern capital Zhongdu from the Jurchens/Jin, razing and burning the city completely and exterminating the inhabitants. On the spot (*OTL Beijing) they found Dadu/Khanbaliq.

1216-1220
1215-1217

Northern Europe: Germany is set ablaze by the civil war between the pro-papal Hohenstaufen-Brunswick :D and the “national” Welf parties.

1215-1218

British isles: In the aftermath of the First Rebellion of the Barons, England is wracked by violent Arnaldist (*Communalist) revolts in many towns and counties, which request harsh action to be quelled. Southern Europe: Barisone IV of Arborea briefly merges both Arborea and Cagliari/Santa Igia under his own sceptre, then the two Sardinian judicates (kingdoms) are separated again.

Byzantine Empire: Despite determinate Genoese and Byzantine resistance, Venice conquers most of the Aegean islands, gutting Byzantium's Mediterranean trade.

1215-1232

India: Magha of Kalinga, superseded for the succession to the throne of Sri Lanka/Ceylon, invades the island from the north (Jaffna) together with Malay and Javanese allies, and in time gobbles up most of it. Hs advent marks the displacement of Sinhalese culture from the north of the island in favor of the Tamils.

1216 Northern Europe. Western Europe: King Constant of Burgundy intervenes in the German civil war on behalf of the Hohenstaufen side, invading Swabia, but is defeated and killed in the battle of Tissen am Iller against Henry IV of Germany. With Constant's death the main male line of the Burgundian Anscarids is extinct, and the crown is bestowed upon his sister Joan, with her husband, Arduin of Turin, a Guidoni Anscarid from Piedmont, as prince consort.

Western Europe: Hugo des Camps, of Lesser Norman descent, is elected king of the Balearic Islands by the local assembly of nobles. The monarchy is explicitly elective and non-hereditary.

Western Europe, Southern Europe: The Castilian Domingo de Guzmàn founds The Dominican order of Preachers, obtaining quick approval from Pope Urban IV (*OTL Honorius III). The Order will specialize in theology and heretic-busting:eek:. Southern Europe: The Third (*OTL Fourth) Lateran Council decrees that the Pope is the only absolute temporal ruler over ecclesiastical holdings, freeing count-bishops, abbots etc. from any obedience to local kings, the only exception being made for the Greater Norman Empire. This further angers many rulers. The council also confirms Papal primacy over any other Patriarchate (with special regard to Constantinople) and promotes persecution of heretics and discrimination of non-Christians in Catholic lands. The early death of king William II plunges Lesser Normandy in feudal anarchy, as his three sons are still too young to rule and no strong figure has the prestige to run the state in their name. Papal meddling only worsens things.

Central-Eastern Europe: Mstislav the Bold, a Rurikid prince, tries an unsuccessful revolt against Lithuano-Ruthenian supremacy, but is defeated and flees to the Cuman Khanate.

India: Qutb-ud-Din Aibak counterattacks the Khorezmians, seizing from them the west side of the Indus, Khyber Pass and Kabul.

Far East: The Jurchen tribes of Manchuria, hard pressed by the Mongol onslaught, try an invasion of Korea but are repulsed by the forces of the Koryo/Goryeo kingdom

1216-1222

Northern Europe: The Sverkersson clan reoccupies the Swedish throne with John I; after his premature death the crown reverts to the Erikssons with young Erik XI.

Southern Europe: The Western “Roman” empire of Sicily meddles into Lesser Normandy, ridden with anarchy, reconquering all of Calabria. Also Naples and Salerno are retaken, but local forces aided by the Pisan fleet soon oust the Sicilians.

1217 British Isles: The town of Gloucester, a stronghold of the English Arnaldist rebels, is stormed and burnt to ashes by Norman forces, marking a decisive point in the repression of the revolt. King Schole/Skuli II of Northumbria, who some English rebels had hailed as king of England, is murdered on orders of the Norman emperor William V Le Beau Roger and replaced with his brother Godwin I Strong Arm.

Middle East: Arab forces led by the Turkish Syrian general Turhan Ghazi al-Jaziri overrun the Crusader kingdom of Jerusalem:eek:, reconquering the Holy City and slaughtering its defenders, including viceroy Eustace, whose death exstinguishes the Biandrate-Levant family. Guilhem de Balz (*des Baux), the Burgundian Grand Master of the Knights Hospitalier of St.John, is sworn in as the new regent of the Holy Kingdom of Jerusalem, resisting in the coastal fortresses in the wait for reinforcements from Europe.

Southern Europe: On hearing the terrible news from the Levant, Pope Urban IV (*OTL Honorius III) immediately calls for the Fifth Crusade against the Saifid sultanate of Arabia, promising full Papal pardon and relieve from excommunication for any sanctioned ruler that should take the cross (and the sword). The Peace of Geneva between Burgundy and Henry IV of Germany transfers the duchy of Alamannia (*OTL northern Switzerland) to the German kingdom.

Northern Europe: The German civil war peters out as both Henry IV and Frederick Lackland prepare for the Crusade. A low-level conflict is ongoing in Germany however, where royal authority has been heavily jeopardized once again. The Estonian chieftain Lembitu is defeated and killed in the battle of St. Matthew's Day by the Swordbearer knights of Riga; also the Catholic Livonian king Caupo of Turaida dies in the battle leaving no heirs, and his reign is annexed by the German Crusaders. King Philip I of Norway dies and the crown reverts to his nephew Haakon IV under the regency of aunt Kristin: The neverending Bagler-Birkbeiner civil war is however not completely solved, as the Church still refuses to crown young Haakon.

Western Europe: Raymond IV is re-enthroned in Toulouse by his followers with Navarrese help. William V of Greater Normandy, alredy hard pressed in England and preparing for the Crusade, cannot rush back.

Byzantine Empire: The Genoese freebooter Enrico Pescatore, count of Malta, conquers Samos from Venice and unsuccessfully tries to evict the Venetians from Crete.

1218

Northern Europe, Central-Eastern Europe, Byzantine Empire: Following different routes, two distinct German armies (pro-Welf and pro-Hohenstaufen) and a Greater Norman one led by emperor William V march down from Bohemia and Bavaria into Austria and Hungary. Along the way the Hohenstaufen army detours into Serbia, whose ruler Stefan II Nemanja, caving under duress, pledges conversion to Catholicism and is crowned as king by a Papal legate. The Welf army, instead, crosses Bulgaria, where they are welcomed by Czar Dimitar I of Megavlakia, who has some little suggestions to make:eek:. A mixed Crusader-Vlacho-Bulgarian-Cuman force then wrests Serdica/Sofia from the Byzantines and marches on Constantinople. The Byzantine army, wracked by rivalries, panics and simply melts away when strongman Stephen the Isaurian is murdered; and when the blockade of the Dardanelles is once again broken by Venice, the end is clear. The City falls on the 17th of August after a few weeks siege, and is subjected to senseless slaughter and destruction, in which half the population (it is said more than 100,000 people) are slain:eek: :eek: :eek:. Amidst the ruins, the former would-be usurper Alexius III Angelos is enthroned as puppet Emperor of “Romania”, a title devoid of any meaning since the real powers are the Crusaders and the Vlacho-Bulgarians. In Constantinople a Catholic Patriarchate is created, ousting the Orthodox one, which takes refuge first in Nicaea, then, when the Crusaders assault also this city, in Sinope on the Black Sea. Eventually the Crusaders still committed to their original objective cross Anatolia to Caesarea/Mazhak. There the Akrite Knights' Grand Masters John of Sicily and Stephen Arkimandrites, appalled at the news of the fate of Constantinople, impose a public penance from all leaders, including emperor William V of Greater Normandy, before accepting the Crusader army, now much reduced, in their winter quarters.

Byzantine Empire: About half of the Crusaders, instead of heading to the Holy Land:rolleyes:, stop in Byzantine lands, carving - or better trying to carve them - into a series of feudal statelets. In the Aegean a Duchy of the Archipelago with its center in Naxos is carved for the Venetian Tiepolo family, the relatives of Doge Jacopo I. Venice also gets a quarter of Constantinople itself plus Gallipoli, once again Dyrrachion (*OTL Durres), the Ionian islands save Corfu held by Genoa, Negroponte/Euboea, Smyrna. Before the Crusader or Megavlakia can carve their domains there, a strong military state emerges, Turcopolia (*from Turcopoles, another name for the Vardariotes), centered on Kastoria and controlling all of Macedonia, Epirus and most of Albania and led by the Vardariote commander Michael I Megaplatos. Southern and central Greece is carved between no less than a dozen different masters, both Greek and Latin (Western), among which the Despotate of Thessaly under a branch of the Melissenos family, the Duchy of Athens under Roger I, fifth son of emperor William V of Greater Normandy, the despotate of Lakedaimon (Morea, southern Peloponnese) under the Chamaretos clan and the county of Patras under William VI of Montferrat. A second loyalist Byzantine state forms in Paphlagonia at Kastamon, near the southern coast of the Black Sea, under Theoktistos I Megas Branas, a grandnephew of the deceased Theodosius IV. The kingdom of Nicaea goes to Hugh of Ghent, a son of Robert V of Flanders-Hainault; the rest of Asia Minor splinters in its former Byzantine provinces under local commanders.

Central-Eastern Europe: Czar Iwan/Skirmunt I moves his capital from Polotsk/Palteskei to Brasta/Berestye (*Brest-Litovsk), closer to his recent Polish conquests: he also binds both the Russian Rurikids and the Polish Piasts to his clan, the Kunosowicz, by way of several marriages.

Middle East: A powerful Crusader force from southern Europe and northern Africa lands in Acre, then tries to advance on Jerusalem with little success, apart from taking and sacking Gaza, an Egyptian border fortress, and slaying its garrison, thus opening yet another front.

Central Asia, Far East: While finishing off the last surviving fragments of the Karakhitai Empire, Temüjin/Genghis Khan's forces fist meet the Khorezmians. At their friendly overtures regarding commerce and diplomatic relations, the Khorezmian governor Inalchuq exterminates or mutilates the Mongol envoys, deeming them to be spies; same happens with a second peaceful expeditions for complaining at the court of Ala ud-Din Muhammad II Shah.

1218-1227

Northern Europe: Valdemar II's Danes invade, subdue and forcibly Christianize Estonia, entering into contact and conflict with the Swordbearer masters of nearby Livonia.

1219

Northern Europe: Hermann I von Buxhoeveden founds the bishopric of Dorpat/Tartu in Livonia as the northern stronghold of the Swordbearers. The Danes defeat the Estonians by crushing their siege of Lyndanisse/Tallinn. Southern Europe: In accordance with the Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople, in exile in Sinope, St. Sava establishes the autonomous Orthodox archbishopric of Serbia in Pe? (Raška/Kosovo) to counter Papal meddling in the area. Easy task, now that the Crusaders have left:rolleyes:.

Byzantine Empire: Theoktistos I Megas Branas of Paphlagonia gains recognition from the provincial governors and feudal landlords in most of Anatolia, though they are de facto independent players.

Middle East: The Crusader army coming from Anatolia bypasses Aleppo, too heavily defended, then heads south along the coast. After another playing havoc, but not bringing subjugation, to the Myriamite strongholds in Galilee, the Crusaders focus on Jerusalem, putting it under siege.

North Africa: The new Egyptian sultan al-Kamil, recently turned to Caliphist Islam to please the populace, vainly tries to retake Gaza from the Crusaders; on his return in Cairo he is murdered in a Coptic rebellion (*the Copts are still some 30% of the population) together with his brother al-Mu'azzam and the Egyptian sultanate collapses. The Mediterranean Crusaders (mainly Lombards, Sicilians, Lesser Normans and North Africans) then swiftly proceed to occupy Alexandria and Cairo with little opposition among the chaos, accomplishing the Christian reconquest of Lower Egypt, which is offered to the Western “Roman” empress Alexandra of Sicily, but actually administered by local strongmen and Papal legates.

SE Asia: Jayavarman VII's death marks the beginning of the decline for the Khmer Empire.

Far East: The assassination of shogun Minamoto no Sanetomo puts an end to the Seiwa Genji line of the Minamoto clan, already reduced to a puppet by the Hojo family, who also control the emperors, ruling “from behind” in the typical Japanese fashion.

1219-1220

Southern Europe: War between the Patriarchate of Aquileia and the Comune of Treviso establishes the boundary at the Livenza river.

Central Asia: Temüjin/Genghis Khan's Mongols, rabid over the killing of their envoys, invade and annihilate the Khorezmian empire. In a masterful, ruthless campaign, the Mongols, divided in three main hordes, assault and raze Otrar, Samarkand, Merv, Nishapur and the Khwarezmian capital, Kunya (Old) Urgench, exterminating all of their inhabitants:eek: :eek: :eek: :eek:. In Merv they slay the local claimant to the Sunni Waliate, Abu Omar, putting an end to the Long Schism as Abdussalam II remains the sole Wali (*Sunni Pope) in Mecca. Then, after crushing the very heart of the Khorezmian empire, the Mongols proceed to devastate Afghanistan. Sultan Ala ud-Din Muhammad II flees and dies in an island in the Caspian: his son Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu resists in Bukhara with the remants of the Khorezmian army. 1219-1224

Central Asia: The Mongols conquer the northern steppes of central Asia (“the nomads' highway”) incorporating the Dasht-i-Kipchak.

1220

British Isles: King Duncan III of Alba and Scotland invades Ireland to claim the High Kingship against Gonai the Gallastrian. The Irish kingdom of Ulster is conquered by the invaders, who cannot however advance further, being defeated at the battle of Monaghan by the king of Connacht, Cadel VII O'Connor.

Southern Europe: Count Costantino of Biandrate falls in battle at Gattinara against the powerful Comune of Novara, extinguishing his family. Biandrate remaining estates are inherited by Guglielmo I, count of the Seprio and de facto regent of Lombardy for the weak-minded king Guglielmo I the Simple.

Central-Eastern Europe: The Pagan Prussians raid NE Poland, defeating the Piast duke Conrad of Mazovia. Prince George II of Vladimir sacks the Volga Bulgarian lands along the Kama river, extorting a rich ransom to spare their capital, Bilyar, from a similar fate.

Byzantine Empire: The king of Nicaea, Hugh of Ghent, attacks the Byzantine loyalists of Paphlagonia but is betrayed, captured and jailed after the battle of Claudiopolis/Bithynion (*OTL Bolu). Theoktistos I Megas Branas then enters Nicaea, liquidates the Norman knights who betrayed Hugh, and is crowned there as basileus of the Romans – indeed, Alexius III in Constantinople is reviled as a traitor and puppet :mad: unworthy of that sacred title. In Macedonia Czar Dimitar I of Megavlakia attacks Turcopolia but is decisively routed outside Thessalonica by Michael I Megaplatos and barely escapes with his life.

North Africa: The Crusaders try to advance into upper Egypt to link with the Christian Nubians of Mukurra/Makuria they heard of, but the surviving Muslim Mameluks, now led by the Cuman-born general Abd al-Aziz Wuruz an-Nasri, block the road south of Cairo and massacre, expel or forcibly convert to Caliphist Islam the rising Christians of upper Egypt. Decisive Genoese and Lesvallian (*Cabyle) naval victory upon Pisa at the battle of St. James' island (*OTL Alboràn). Pisan supremacy in the western Mediterranean is broken, and the way to the Atlantic open for Genoese shipping.

Middle East: Jerusalem falls to the Crusaders after nine months of siege and the Muslim garrison is exterminated, ending in bloody triumph the Fifth Crusade. A few days later emperor William V of Greater Normandy, the titular king of Jerusalem, dies of a fever, leaving his titles to his heir Amaury II.

Central Asia: Jalal-ad-Din Mingburnu defeats the Mongols at Parwan (Afghanistan), then retreats into Persia/Iran with the remnants of his army and hundreds of thousands of desperate refugees. There the Mongols, after annihilating the rich town of Tus, catch him up at Sangan, killing him in battle. India: Shams ud-Din Iltutmish succeeds his father-in-law Qutb ud-Din Aibak as sultan of Punjab in Lahore.

SE Asia: The Chams rebel against Khmer domain and rebuild their kingdom.

ca. 1220

Central Asia: In the wake of the Mongol expansion the Kirghizes migrate from the Upper Yenisey to the southwest, leaving behind them the Khakass people.

Northern Hesperia (*OTL America): The Rwadhas (*OTL Mandans) raze Nipinniswi (*OTL Cahokia) and put and end to its dominance along the upper-central Mississippi and Mayambeck (*OTL Ohio) valleys.