Timeline (The Legacy of the Glorious)

1868
September: La Gloriosa, a revolution of Spanish liberals, dethrones Queen Isabel II, who is exiled to France with her family.

October 7th: the Provisional Government is formed, and it starts to work in order to restore orderto Spain and change the nation for the better.

October 10th: the Grito de Yara initiates the Cuban Revolution.

1869
January 15th: the Cortes Constituyentes are voted in, and start to write a new Constitution for Spain. This Constitution becomes the most advanced and democratic of all of Europe at the time of its conception.

June 1st: the Spanish Constitution is approved by the Cortes. Spain is defined as a Constitutional Monarchy. Francisco Serrano becomes Regent, and Juan Prim becomes the first.

Second half of 1869-First half of 1870: several candidates are considered for the Crown. Many are rejected, others decide to express their wish not to become King of Spain.

1870
June 21st: Eusebio Salazar y Mazarredo, former member of the Spanish diplomatic mission to Berlin, sends a telegram to Madrid: Leopold zu Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen has accepted his candidacy for the Spanish Crown, and he will arrive with the written confirmation on July 6th (POD: in OTL, the telegram erroneously said that he would arrive on July 26th).

July 7th: the Spanish Courts accept Leopold as King Leopoldo I de España.

July 9th: France starts to threaten war if Leopold does not renounce to the crown. President Prim orders mobilization of the Spanish army.

July 12th: Vincent Benedetti, French Ambassador to Prussia, meets with King Wilhelm I of Prussia and asks him to ask Leopold to renounce to the crown.

July 15th: Leopold's father tells Benedetti that Leopold renounces to the crown. Spain is not officially notified.

July 16th: the French army starts to mobilize.

July 17th: Benedetti, under orders of the French Imperial Government, asks Wilhelm I for a written and signed confirmation that Leopold nor any Prussian will become King of Spain, but the King tells him that he has nothing more to say. He will later send a telegram to Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, telling him about the encounter.

July 18th: the Ems telegram, slightly modified by Bismarck, is published. The outrage in France and Prussia is overwhelming. Napoleon III immediately demands apologies from the Prussian King and the definite renounce by all Prussians to the Spanish throne. Carlos María de Borbón y Austria-Este, current Carlist pretender to the Spanish throne, meets with Napoleon and asks him to invade Spain and place him as King. Napoleon prefers Alfonso, son of Isabel II, though.

July 19th: Prussia starts to mobilize. The Carlists, supporters of Carlos María de Borbón, split. The majority decides to support the new king.

July 20th: France declares war on Prussia and Spain. The Southern German States of Baden, Bavaria, Hesse and Württemberg declare war on France.

The Hohenzollerns' War
For more information, see The Hohenzollerns' War (The Legacy of the Glorious) July 21st: Leopold officially accepts the Crown of Spain.

August 8th: France invades Prussia, taking Saarbrücken.

August 9th: France invades Spain. They are defeated in La Junquera, but they manage to persevere through Fuenterrabía.

August 12th: the German armies expel all French troops from German territory.

August 14th: San Sebastián falls to French troops led by Marshal Canrobert.

August 18th: The Day of Balance: German troops defeat Marshal MacMahon's army in Wörth, there is a stalemate in the First Battle of Perpignan and Serrano's hurried attack against Canrobert ends with defeat.

August 20th: Prince Alfonso de Borbón is crowned Alfonso XII de España in a ceremony held in French-occupied San Sebastián.

August 21st: the Republicans attempt to revolt in order to get Spain out of the war and declare a Spanish Republic. The revolt is soon put down by Spanish loyal troop. Meanwhile, Prim is defeated in Ceret and forced to retreat back into Spain.

August 22nd: Bazaine's army is defeated in Mars-la-Tour, and forced to retreat.

August 23rd: Vitoria falls to the French. Regent Serrano barely escapes on time.

August 24th: Bazaine is defeated again, this time in Gravelotte. The Imperial Government orders Canrobert to send part of his troops to the French-German frontline.

August 26th: Serrano, having reunited a new army, liberates Vitoria from the French.

August 27th: Prim manages to defeat Trochu in the Second Battle of Perpignan and take the city.

September 3rd: Prim defeats Trochu, this time in Carcasonne.

September 7th: Serrano expels the last French troops from Spain. In the Battle of Sedan, Napoleon III dies after charging against German troops.

September 8th: Negotiations start between the French and the Spanish-German alliance to determine a possible armistice.

September 12th: Louis Napoleon is crowned Napoleon IV. Negotiations break, and war continues.

September 20th: Spanish Marine Infantry troops execute a landing near Orán, which is taken on the 25th.

September 24th: Italian troops take advantage of the fact that the French troops protecting Rome have left, and take the city, which soon becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Italy.

October 30th: Bazaine's army surrenders in Metz after a two-month long siege.

November 2nd: France surrenders after Spain takes Toulouse.

November 7th: initial armistice signed between France and the Spanish-German alliance.

November 15th: definite armistice signed. Wilhelm I of Prussia is crowned Emperor Wilhelm I of the Germans in the Versailles Palace.

December 9th: Leopold arrives to Spain. On the 12th, he will swear the Constitution and be crowned King of Spain.

December 24th: the Treaty of Frankfurt (nicknamed Le Charbon du Pére Noel by the French) is signed: France loses Alsace-Lorraine to Germany, and Rousillon and the Oranesado to the Spanish, as well as having to pay a great quantity of money to both nations.

1870
December 30th: Juan Prim resigns as President of the Council of Ministers.

1871
January 1st: the leaders of the main Spanish parties (Unión Liberal, Partido Progresista and Partido Demócrata) merge into the National Union Party in order to strengthen the nation. They also sign the Pacto de los Heros.

February 18th: the first elections of the Leopoldine Era give the National Union a smashing absolute majority. Serrano becomes President of the Council of Ministers. The new government initiates a program of modernization of the Spanish Armed Forces and its society, to bring it up to levels on par of Britain or Germany.

September 29th: in a meeting between President Serrano, Generals Prim and Ramón Cabrera and King Leopoldo, Serrano and Prim agree to form an elite corps, the Tercios Especiales, which will fight Spain's enemies through guerrilla warfare.

1872
January 20th: the Cavite Mutiny starts. 200 troops rise up in arms, attempting to convince the rest of the Philippines to fight the Spanish colonial authorities. The attempt is a failure: very soon, loyal troops defeat the rebels.

February 17th: three priests, Mariano Gómez, José Apolonio Burgos and Jacinto Zamora, known collectively as Gomburza, are executed for their role in the Cavite Mutiny.

1873
February 14th: in Saint Valentine's Day, pro-Republican revolts hit Barcelona and Perpignan. These will start to happen almost every week.

March 1st: a charge by Máximo Gómez's troops on the Spanish Army stops the advance that had been nearly constant in the previous year.

March 12th: the Irredent Carlists, who still support Carlos María de Austria after the split that happened before the Hohenzollerns' War, decide, led by the "Mad Priest Santa Cruz", to rebel again, in hopes that they will be able to place Carlos María de Austria as their king. The Carlist Revolt starts soon after this meeting.

April 3rd: Serrano sends the Home Army after the Irredent Carlists. For several months, they will only be able to find destroyed towns and dead people.

October 15th: the Virginius, a former blockade runner that is now smuggling weapons into Cuba for the rebels, is arrested by Spanish corvette Tornado. Its captain, several crewmen and a few passengers, totalling 19, are executed.

October 28th: Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, President of the Republic of Cuba in Arms, is deposed.

November 15th: Serrano resigns and returns to his mandate in the Army.

1874
January 20th: President Prim deploys the Tercios against the Irredent Carlists.

February 3rd: the Government of the Third French Republic falls. A new government restablishes the Kingdom of France. Philippe, one of the sons of former King Louis-Philippe I, becomes Philippe VII of France.

February 7th: Corsica, unwilling to fall under the rule of a Bourbon, revolts, smashing the few French troops in the island and calling Napoleon IV to lead them.

February 10th: Corsica becomes, effectively, an independent Kingdom, although France will always consider Corsica as an official part of France.

February 12th-18th: the Tercios Especiales arrest or kill most of the Irredent Carlists: only a few manage to escape into France, never to return to Spain.

February 22nd: the Tercios Especiales are sent to Cuba, in order to deal with the Cuban rebels.

February 28th: the Tercios Especiales manage to find and arrest Carlos Manuel de Céspedes and his son: they will be condemned to several months of house arrest due to the former President's ill health. In Spain, the Courts dissolve, and the National Union separates in the two parties that will control Spain's political life: the Liberal-Conservative Party, and the Democrat-Radical Party.

March 2nd: Manuel Iradier y Bulfy starts his first African Expedition, which will last 830 days, and in which he will meet many tribes.

March 15th: Máximo Gómez, General of the Cuban Revolutionary Armies, falls dead thanks to the ability of a sharpshooter of the Tercios Especiales.

April 2nd: the elections give victory to the Democrat-Radical Party, which gains the majority. Práxedes Mateo Sagasta becomes the new President.

June 9th: Carlos María de la Torre y Nava Cerrada boards the ironclad Cádiz and travels to Philippines, to take control of the Spanish colonial government in the archipelago.

June 15th: the Cuban rebels, after months of defeats, asks for an armistice.

July 7th: the Compromise of Baraguá ends the Cuban Revolutionary War. Cuba remains part of the Kingdom of Spain, although it gains autonomy in certain matters and some of the rebels' greatest demands, like the manumission of all slaves or the concession of full rights to all Cubans, are met.

July 10th: Carlos María de la Torre arrives to Manila, and officially takes possession of the office of Governor-General of the Philippines.

July 11th-15th: several improptu parties start in the Philippines when the identity of the new Governor-General becomes known.

July 14th: the Compromise of Baraguá reaches the Spanish Congress. The extreme-right wing, formed by the Traditionalist Party and the Integrist Party, demands the derogation of the Compromise, but the rest of Congress approves it.

July 20th: de la Torre starts to consult the foremost Filipino Ilustrado's in order to ascertain the situation in the Philippines and how to fight that.

July 30th: de la Torre starts his program to modernize the Philippines. Schools are finally put under control of secular authorities and teachers, five years after the same happened in Spain.

August: the Desamortizaciones Filipinas take place in the archipelago: all lands owned by the church are expropriated and sold to Ilustrado people and small owners. Also, all post-1837 monastic orders are eliminated, as it happened in Spain years before.

September 12th: Pope Pius IX publishes his encyclical In Orientales Fidelitas, criticizing the Spanish government for its role in the elimination of all the privileges enjoyed by the Catholic Church and the ruling oligarchy in the Philippines, and threatening the Spanish Royal Family and the Government with excommunication if those privileges are not restored. This nearly causes a diplomatic crisis when Manuel Ruíz Zorrilla, Minister of Foreign Affairs, writes a scathing letter to the Pope, accusing him of hypocrisy and of being a bad Christian. Only the more conciliatory Sagasta prevents the letter from being sent.

September 24th: a new letter is written personally by Sagasta to the Pope, detailing the problems that may have derived from the non-derogation of the special privileges of the Church in Philippines, and ensuring that Spain will maintain the cult and clergy in the region.

1875
February 10th: on the anniversary of his crowning as King of Corsica, Napoleon IV marries his beloved Maria del Pilar de Borbón y Borbón, the sister of Alfonso XII de España.

June 20th: the German Empire officially creates the colony of Kamerun.

August 14th: the Treaty of Tallahassee between Spain, Chile, Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador officially ends the First Pacific War.

1876
January 20th: with the Philippines secured, de la Torre decides that his next objective is to pacify Mindanao, an unique part of the Philippines in that it is a region where Islam is the mainstream religion, instead of Catholicism. Given that the number of troops is not enough, he decides to raise local troops, called "Batallones Filipinos", for their use in the pacification of Mindanao.

March 3rd: Spain signs a trading deal with Peru and Bolivia. Lima and La Paz will soon sport a new building, the Casa de España, which becomes the headquarters of Spanish trade with both nations.

May 11th: Spain, the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Russian Empire issue a joint diplomatic note, the Berlin Memorandum, proposing to the Ottoman Empire the idea of an armistice with the insurgents in Bulgaria.

May 30th: the campaign to pacify Mindanao begins.

September 29th: the last Moro (the inhabitants of Mindanao) rebels surrender. Spain offers generous terms, giving them autonomy, Spanish citizenship and, when the infrastructure is developed enough, representation in Congress.

October 20th: the Spanish Pacific Army and Navy initiate the takeover of the Sulu Sultanate, de jure part of Spain since 1851.

1877
April 12th: Sir Theophilus Shepstone establishes British authority over the Transvaal Republic, which becomes annexed to the British colony of South Africa.

April 20th: the Democrat-Radical Party wins the Spanish elections, and Sagasta is re-elected as Presidente del Consejo de Ministros.

May 2nd: the Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE, Spanish Socialist Workers' Party) is founded in Casa Labra, Madrid, by Pablo Iglesias.

May 4th: the city of Jolo, capital of the Sulu Sultanate, is taken by Spanish troops. The Sultan is exiled to Manila, and the Sulu Archipelago becomes part of the Philippines.

June 1st: the American Trading Company cedes their lease over the region of Sabah (Northern Borneo) to the Spanish government, which immediately puts the region under the control of the Governor-General of the Philippines.

October 3rd: German troops and settlers start to take control of northeastern New Guinea, with the aim of create a new colony there.

1878
February 14th: the Bolivian government approves the deal made with the Compañía  de Ferrocarriles y Nitratos de Antofagasta regarding their exploitation of the natural nitrate resources, as long as they agree to pay a tax of 10 cents per 100 kilograms. This tax is rejected by the Chilean government, which considers it a breaking of a previous treaty.'''

March 3rd: Bulgaria gains its independence from the Ottoman Empire. The Treaty of San Stefano puts an end to the Russo-Turkish War.

May 2nd: the 70th anniversary of the Levantamientos del 2 de Mayo, the official start of the Spanish Independence War, is celebrated in all of Spain, especially in Madrid.

July 13th: Treaty of Berlin: the Ottoman Empire recognises the independence of Serbia, Montenegro and Romania.

August 12th: Pablo Iglesias, founder of the PSOE, founds the Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT, Workers' General Union), Spain's first trade union.

September 22nd: Germany officially claims the Samoa Archipelago as a colony of the German Empire. The United States and the United Kingdom immediately protest.

November 10th: Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States reach an agreement over Samoa: the United States receives the eastern half of the archipelago, Germany the western half, and the United Kingdom receives southeastern New Guinea as consolation.

December 3rd: Manuel Iradier y Bulfy starts his second African Expedition. This one will aid in the expansion of the Spanish colony of Guinea.

December 11th: Sir Bartle Frere, High Commissioner for Southern Africa, presents the Zulu Kingdom with an ultimatum formed by outrageous demands, giving them one month to comply.

1879
January 11th: as the Zulu Kingdom has rejected the ultimatum, British troops enter Zululand.

January 22nd: the Zulu Kingdom wins an important battle in Isandlwana, defeating a good part of the invading troops. The Siege of Eshowe starts.

January 23rd: after ten hours of siege, the defenders of Rorke's Drift manage to repel the Zulu assault on their positions. 11 soldiers earn a Victoria Cross.

February 4th: start of the Second Pacific War. Chile invades Antofagasta, the only Bolivian coastal city.

March 1st: Bolivia declares war on Chile for their invasion.

April 5th: British troops evacuate Zululand, after relieving the Siege of Eshowe. Chile declares war on Perú for not declaring their neutrality in the conflict.

May 22nd: In the Battle of Iquique, the Peruvian Navy earns a victory over the Chilean Navy, which loses the corvette Esmeralda. At the same time, in the Battle of Punta Gruesa, Peru's only ironclad, the Independencia, strikes a reef and is lost.

June 1st: British troops invade Zululand again.

July 4th: Battle of Ulundi: British troops defeat the Zulu army, ending the Anglo-Zulu War.

July 23rd: the Peruvian monitor Huáscar, led by Miguel Grau Seminario, captures the Chilean steamship Rimac, and with it the cavalry regiment Carabineros de Yungay. The Chilean government resigns, and Commander of the Navy Juan Williams Rebolledo is replaced with Commodore Galvarino Riveros Cárdenas.

September 24th: the government of Peru receives two ironclads, bought from Spain, and christens them Independencia and Iquique.

October 8th: Battle of Punta Angamos: the Peruvian Navy gains an important victory, sinking a Chilean ironclad, the Blanco Encalada.

October 20th: Peruvian and Bolivian troops land near Antofagasta and take the city.

November 15th: Battle of Valparaíso: the Peruvian fleet, led by Admiral Miguel Grau, defeats the Chilean Navy, sinking the Almirante Cochrane.

1880
January 20th: Copiapó is taken by a joint Bolivian-Peruvian force.

March 1st: the Treaty of Quito puts an end to the Second Pacific War. Chile is forced to pay reparations to Bolivia and Peru, to accept the new 10 cent tax and to accept the dissolution of the Compañía ' de Ferrocarriles y Nitratos de Antofagasta.

March 4th: the main RESA factory in Getafe suffers a strike as its workers demand a shorter work week.

April 20th: the government shortens the work week to 50 hours.

May 2nd: the Liberal-Conservative Party wins the elections for the first time in Spain, after six years of Democrat-Radical rule, and Antonio Cánovas del Castillo becomes Presidente del Consejo de Ministros.