User:JorgeGG/Andes

=Andes= POD: 1 december 1828 Dorrego left the city and organized his forces in the countryside to Santa Fe were he meets the forces of Estanislao López. Later battle Dorrego wins and Juan Lavalle y José María defeated.

United Republics of the Andes
The United Republics of the Andes (Repúblicas Unidas de Los Andes) is a federal nation of South America. Its the union of the former Republic of Chile and the United Provinces of Río de La Plata.

POD?


 * History ;
 * National political organization;
 * Unity Congress and First elections
 * First Constitution. Federalist. 1st generation of rights
 * Civil War Unitarians versus Federalists. Winning the later. Recognition of the Chile and Argentina as distinctive units with a resident president in each one. Constitutional reform. Chile (unitary republic) and Argentina (federal republic).
 * Second Constitution. Miexed federal and confederal elements. 1st generation of rights
 * Expansion and Conservative governments;
 * War with Brazil. Recovers Uruguay (Cisplatina Province) and reestablishes it as province of the United Republics
 * Freedom of navigation of Paraná, River Plate and Strait of Magallanes
 * Ragamuffin War (Portuguese: Guerra dos Farrapos or, more commonly Revolução Farroupilha) State of Rio Grande do Sul becomes part of the United Repuiblics as a province
 * Common currency; National Peso -> United Peso -> Escudo -> Peso Austral
 * Post Napoleonic Wars and revolutions of 1848 migration of French, Germans and Italians. British communities, established in the ports of Montevideo, Valparaiso and Buenos Aires.
 * Liberal and Conservatives conflicts (Partido Autonomista Unido, liberal federalism - Partido Nacional Republicano - conservative unitarian/federalist - Partido Conservador, conservative). Military coups.
 * War with Perú-Bolivian Confederation. Acquires mining provinces of the North.
 * Radicalism (Liga Radical - Partido Radical and Union Radical)
 * Liberal governments and internal development;
 * Colonization of Southern lands (Patagonia, Aysén, La Araucanía and Magallanes). European emigration.
 * Secular Laws (birth and deaths registrations, civil marriage and divorce, secular education, laicism)
 * Universal male suffrage (read and wirte over 21 years of age)
 * Direct elections, elimination of electoral assemblies.
 * Autonomous Commune Laws
 * War Paraguay
 * Flag Crisis: Uruguay and Puerto Alegre become republics (1880s)
 * Proportional representation (Republics and provinces and all elections)
 * Economical and political crisis;
 * Economic crack 1920s
 * Neutral but with sympathies to the allies in World War I
 * Surge of socialism, communism, nationalism and populism
 * Center-left coalitions (Frente Popular) or populist governments (Partido Laborista Cívico / Partido Agrario Laborista, Partido Cívico Femenino)
 * Social welfare and health
 * Female suffrage (men and women read and write over 21 years of age)
 * Establishment of national police
 * Third Constitution (1st and 2do generation of rights). Senate ele3cted by national legislatures.
 * New Model Laws of Uniformity
 * Allied with USA in World War II
 * Military dictatorship
 * Industrial development;
 * Full universal suffrage (men and women over eighteen years of age)
 * Industrial development
 * Government of Social Christian governments.
 * Inflationary crisis.
 * Left-center governments
 * Antarctic Territory claimed by the United Republics


 * State (National Government) ;
 * President, elected for a five year term by the National Electoral Assembly. Names the Council of Ministers (or State Secretaries). Ins in charge for the federation of its defense, navy and army (WAr and Navy Ministers), foreign relationships (Foreign Affairs minister), international trade, national currency and finances (Ministry of Finance, later in the 1920s Ministries of Finances and Foreign Trade), Justice (Ministry of Justice), public education and religion (Ministry of Public Education and Cult, after secular laws ministry of Education), postal services, public works, railroads (Ministry of Public Works and Post Office, Ministry of Public Works, Railroads and Postal Services in the 1930 Ministry of Industries - Ministerio de Fomento), agriculture (Ministry of Agriculture). In the 1920s and 1930s labor and social welfare (Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare), health (Ministry of Health).
 * National Congress, a bicameral legislative. Senate and Chamber of Deputies
 * Supreme Court and inferior courts. There are common national civil and penal codes.

There is a national police, created in the 1930s. Each republic as an elected executive (Supreme Director ->President) and congress. Internally they have autonomy to organized as they please until the enactment of the Autonomous Commune Law and later reforms (Common Laws). Power of the republics: Internal order, domestic affairs, justice, republics budget, railroads, public works, health, education, labor affairs, economic development.


 * Politics ;
 * Unitarians and Federalists
 * Conservative. Liberals and Radicalism
 * Nationalism
 * Communism and Socialism
 * Populism (like Peronism and Ibañismo)
 * Christian democracy
 * New Right


 * Membership ;
 * Flag of Argentina.svg United Provinces of the River Plate / Argentine Republic / Argentine Confederation (Atlantic) Provinces have elected governors and legislative assemblies
 * Flag of Chile.svg Republic of Chile (Pacific) Provinces have government-appointed intendants and elected Provincial Assemblies
 * Flag of Uruguay.svg Oriental Republic of Uruguay (Pacific) Unitary republic
 * Bandeira do Rio Grande do Sul.svg Riograndense Republic (Pacific) Unitary republic
 * National Territories Delegate Governor named by the national government. In the future if they have enough population they are reorganized in provinces.

Early development grain and cattle. Later grain, cattle and nitrate with incipient industrialization in Valparaíso and Buenos Aires. World Crack of 1930s begins industrialization with electricity and protective tariffs. Building of steel mill and mid and light manufacturing in Concepción and Cordoba. During World War II heavy industry (airplanes and shipyards, later cars) develop as part of the war effort for the USA and allies. Discovery of oil and gas in the Patagonia. Petrochemical industry starts.
 * Economy ;


 * Industrial areas- Valparaíso - Santiago - Cordobá - Mendoza
 * Major ports: Valparaiso - Concepción - Buenos Aires - Montevideo - (Antofagasta)
 * wheat, maize, rice, dairy products, fish, sheep, cattle, meat processing, nitrate, copper, oil, gas, (fruit)

National Peso -> United Peso -> Escudo (E°) -> Peso Austral

First level internal administrative units of unitary republics
Chile Divided in provinces
 * Tarapacá (conquered from Peru–Bolivian Confederation)
 * Antofagasta (conquered from Peru–Bolivian Confederation)
 * Atacama (Copiapó) (from Coquimbo)
 * Coquimbo (Conquimbo)
 * Aconcagua (Valparaíso)
 * Santiago (Santiago)
 * Colchagua (Curicó)
 * Maule (Linares)
 * Concepción (Concepción)
 * Valdivia (Valdivia)
 * Chiloé (Ancud)
 * La Araucanía (Temuco) 1880s
 * Territory of Palena (Chaiten)

Uruguay. Divided in departments
 * Montevideo (Montevideo)
 * Maldonado (Maldonado)
 * Canelones (Canelones)
 * San José (San José de Mayo)
 * Colonia (Colonia del Sacramento)
 * Soriano (Mercedes)
 * Paysandú (Paysandú)
 * Durazno (Durazno)
 * Cerro Largo (Melo)
 * Salto (Salto)
 * Tacuarembó (Tacuarembó)
 * Lavalleja (Minas)
 * Florida (Florida)
 * Río Negro (Fray Bentos)
 * Rocha (Rocha)
 * Treinta y Tres (Treinta y Tres)
 * Artigas (Artigas)
 * Rivera (Rivera)
 * Flores (Trinidad)

Río Grande. Divided in provinces.
 * Porto Alegre (Porto Alegre)
 * Litoral (Pelotas)
 * Nordeste (Caxias do Sul)
 * Campanha Ocidental (Uruguaiana)
 * Campanha Meridional (Bagé)
 * Centro Oriental (Santa Cruz do Sul)
 * Centro Ocidental Santa Maria)
 * Santo Ângelo (Santo Ângelo)
 * Três Passos (Três Passos)

Patagonia. Divided in provinces.
 * Río Negro (Río Negro)
 * Huemul (San Carlos de Bariloche)
 * Futaleufú (Esquel)
 * Chubut (Rawson)
 * Santa Cruz (Puerto Santa Cruz)

Magallanes. Divided in provinces.
 * Aysén (Coyhaique)
 * Río Gallegos (Río Gallegos)
 * Ultima Esperanza (Puerto Natales)
 * Magallanes (Punta Arenas)
 * Tierra del Fuego (Ushuaia)

Peru–Bolivian Confederation
The Peru–Bolivian Confederation (or Confederacy) is confederate state between the states of Peru (by this time divided into a Republic of North Peru and a Republic of South Peru) and Bolivia.

Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz promoted the project to reunite the two territories on the basis of a confederacy. The Peru–Bolivian Confederation was a plan that attempted to reunite the Alto Perú (Upper Peru, Bolivia) and Bajo Perú (Lower Peru, Peru) into a single political and economic entity. This integration was based not only on historical, cultural and ethnic reasons, but also on economic motives. The union was attempting to restore the ancient commercial routes and promote a policy of open markets.

From its inception, the confederation was seen as a threat by influential politicians in the neighboring countries, and its support for Chilean and Argentine dissidents in exile caused Argentina and Chile to wage war separately against the confederation.

Also internal dissensions affected the Confederation since its creation. Both Gamarra and Santa Cruz agreed that the separation of Peru and Bolivia was a mistake that should be corrected. Their plan for a federation, or at least a confederation, was accepted by the legislative branches of both countries, but they personally disagreed on other issues. Gamarra was in favor of a Peruvian-led union, while Santa Cruz wanted to give more political power to Bolivia.

Their ideas crashed with Bolivar, who did not agree with either Gamarra or Santa Cruz, since Colombia was already his own project of federation to unite most of the former Spanish colonies.

Confederal Institutions
 * Supreme Protector. Elected by a joint session of the General Congress of the Confederation for a 10 year term with immediate reelection. Assisted by a Council of Minister (State Ministers) named by the Supreme Protector
 * General Congress of the Confederation
 * Senate - 5 senator from each member state
 * Chamber of Deputies - 7 from each member state elected for a 6 year term. A third of Deputies are removed each 6 years
 * Supreme Courts of each member states
 * General Diet, called for constitutional reform. Integrated by 11 deputies from each republic.

Administrative Divisions
The main administrative unit is the department under the direction of a Governor-Intendant

North Peru South Peru Bolivia
 * Amazonas (Chachapoyas)
 * Lima
 * Junín (Tarma)
 * La Libertad (Trujillo)
 * Huaylas (Huaraz)
 * Arequipa
 * Ayacucho (Huamanga)
 * Cusco
 * Puno
 * Litoral (Tacna)
 * Cochabamba
 * Chuquisaca
 * La Paz
 * Potosí
 * Santa Cruz
 * Tarapaca (Iquique)

The Republics of North Peru, South Peru and Bolivia would be subdivided in the following states:
 * Proposal of a more federal Confederation (Andean Confederation)
 * 1) Santa Cruz (From Bolivia)
 * 2) Chuquisaca (From Bolivia)
 * 3) Potosí (From Bolivia)
 * 4) Tarapaca (From Bolivia)
 * 5) La Paz (From Bolivia)
 * 6) Arequipa (From South Peru)
 * 7) Cusco (From South Peru and North Peru)
 * 8) Ucayali (From South Peru and North Peru)
 * 9) Lima (From North Peru)
 * 10) Trujillo (From North Peru)
 * 11) Amazonas (From North Peru)

Colombia
Colombia is a state that encompassed much of northern South America and part of southern Central America. Since Colombia's territory corresponded more or less to the original jurisdiction of the former Viceroyalty of New Granada, it also claims the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua, the Mosquito Coast.

Its early existence was marked by a struggle between those who supported a centralized government with a strong presidency and those who supported a decentralized, federal form of government.

At the same time, another political division emerged between those who supported the Constitution of Cúcuta and two groups who sought to do away with the Constitution, either in favor of breaking up the nation into smaller republics or maintaining the union but creating an even stronger presidency. The faction that favored constitutional rule coalesced around Vice-President Francisco de Paula Santander, while those who supported the creation of a stronger presidency were led by President Simón Bolívar. The two men had been allies in the war against Spanish rule, but by 1825, their differences had become public and were an important part of the political instability from that year onward.


 * Political Institutions
 * Executive: President and Vicepresident. Both elected for a 4 year term by the electoral assemblies. The President names the Ministers of State.
 * Legislative: The Congress of Colombia that consists of the
 * Senate (Senado), and
 * House of Representatives (Cámara de Representantes)
 * Council of Government
 * Supreme Court of Justice


 * Departments of Colombia
 * Apure (Barinas)
 * Azuay (Cuenca)
 * Boyacá (Tunja)
 * Cauca (Popayán)
 * Cundinamarca (Bogotá)
 * Ecuador (Quito)
 * Guayaquil (Guayaquil)
 * Istmo (Panamá)
 * Magdalena (Cartagena)
 * Orinoco (Cumaná)
 * Venezuela (Caracas)
 * Zulia (Maracaibo)

Empire of Brazil
The Empire of Brazil is state of South America. Its government is a representative parliamentary constitutional monarchy under the rule of Emperors Dom Pedro I and his son Dom Pedro II. A colony of the Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil became the seat of the Portuguese colonial Empire in 1808, when the Portuguese Prince regent, later King Dom João VI, fled from Napoleon's invasion of Portugal and established himself and his government in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro. João VI later returned to Portugal, leaving his eldest son and heir, Pedro, to rule the Kingdom of Brazil as regent. On 7 September 1822, Pedro declared the independence of Brazil and, after waging a successful war against his father's kingdom, was acclaimed on 12 October as Pedro I, the first Emperor of Brazil. The new country as huge but sparsely populated and ethnically diverse.

The separatists Balaiada social revolt (1838-1841) established the independent Federal República of the Amazons. The political crisis led to the Brazilian liberal constitution of 1849.


 * Imperial Institutions
 * Moderating power: Emperor of Brazil
 * Executive power:
 * Prime Minister and Council of Ministers
 * Council of State
 * Legislative power: General Assembly: Senate and Chamber of Deputies
 * Judicial power: Supreme Court of Justice

Provinces of the Empire of Brazil
The main administrative unit is the province under the direction of a provincial president appointed by the national government.
 * Alagoas (Maceió)
 * Bahia (Salvador)
 * Espírito Santo (Vitória)
 * Goiás (Vila Boa de Goiás)
 * Mato Grosso (Cuiabá)
 * Minas Gerais (Vila Rica)
 * Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro 1821-1834, Niterói 1834-1889)
 * Santa Catarina (Desterro)
 * São Paulo (São Paulo)
 * Sergipe (São Cristóvão)
 * Neutral municipality (Rio de Janeiro)

Former provinces
 * Cisplatina (Montevidéu) (Independent Uruguay)
 * São Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul (Independant Riograndense)
 * Ceará (Fortaleza), part of Amazonas
 * Grão-Pará (Belém), part of Amazonas
 * Maranhão (São Luís), part of Amazonas
 * Paraíba (Parahyba)
 * Pernambuco (Recife), part of Amazonas
 * Piaui (Oeiras), part of Amazonas, part of Amazonas
 * Rio Grande do Norte (Natal), part of Amazonas

Amazonia
The Federal República of the Amazon (República Federativa do Amazonas) is an independent state of South America that gained its independence from the Empire of Brazil in 1840. Its independence movement had its background in the Balaiada social revolt (1838-1841) that began in province of Maranhão and spread to Grão-Pará, Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco and Alagoas.

During the imperial period, the Maranhão region, which exported cotton, suffered a severe economic crisis because of competition with the increasingly productive United States. In addition, the cattle industry consumed a large part of the workforce in this region. These factors explain the involvement of the slave and poorly paid free workers in the movement. The revolt that sparked into an independentist and republican movement started as a power dispute between liberals (bem-te-vis) and conservatives (cabanos) in Maranhão. As the imperial government intervened in the so-called regresso conservador ("conservative regression"), the Maranhão conservatives took advantage of the opportunity to remove the liberals in power, and at the same time, weaken them further by contracting the service of the cattle ranchers, traditionally supported by the liberals.

The revolt started with the detention of liberal rancher by order of a conservative mayor. Contesting the detention of his brother, and with the support of a contingent of the National Guard, invaded the municipal jail and freed him, in December 1838. Afterward, the support of Cosme Bento, an ex-slave with a force of 3,000 escaped Africans spread the revolt across the interior of Maranhão, conquering the second-most important city in the province, Caxias, and passing on to Piauí.

It disowned its claims over the Guianas (French, Dutch and English) in exchange of diplomatic recognition, free trade, military supplies and assistance in lifting the Brazilian naval blockade. It also established ties with the United Republics.

One of the first acts of the Constituent Assembly was to declared abolished slavery in all the territories of the Amazons.


 * Federal Government
 * President elected by the Federal Assembly for a five year term. Names the Ministers of State
 * Council of State, 15 councillors elected by the General Assembly and the President for five year term
 * Federal Assembly (Senate + Chamber of Deputies) elected for a five year term
 * Supreme Tribunal of Justice and lesser courts


 * States of Amazonia
 * Each State as an elected State-President and State Assembly


 * Ceará (Fortaleza)
 * Grão-Pará (Belém)
 * Maranhão (São Luís)
 * Paraíba (Paraíba)
 * Pernambuco (Recife)
 * Piauí (Teresina)
 * Rio Grande do Norte (Natal)
 * São José do Rio Negro, later shorten to Rio Negro (Manaus)

Paraguay
Paraguay is a landlocked country in central South America, bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. Paraguay lies on both banks of the Paraguay River, which runs through the center of the country from north to south. Due to its central location in South America, it is sometimes referred to as Corazón de Sudamérica ("Heart of South America").


 * Political Institutions
 * Executive: The President elected for a 10 year term by the National Congress. The President names the Ministers of State.
 * Legislative: The National Congress of Paraguay that consists of the deputies elected for a five year term
 * Council of State
 * Supreme Court of Justice


 * Administrative division of Paraguay
 * Capital District of Asunción
 * Oriental Region
 * Occidental or Chaco Region

Central America
The Federal Republic of Central America (Spanish: República Federal de Centroamérica), is a sovereign state in Central America, which consisted of the territories of the former Captaincy General of Guatemala of New Spain.

Shortly after Central America declared independence from the Spanish Empire, some of its countries were annexed by the Mexican Empire in 1821 and then Central America formed the Federal Republic in 1823.

Tensions between Mexico and Central America lead to the Yucata War, that also included as theater of operation the State of Chiapas.

During the 19th century, many have described Central America as a buffer state between Mexico and Colombia.

The economy of Central America is chiefly oriented to the production of bananas, coffee, sugar, cocoa and cotton.


 * Federal institutions
 * President and Vicepresident, both elected for a four year term limited to one successive reelection. President names state secretaries
 * Central American Congress (Senate and Congress of Deputies).
 * Supreme Court of Justice

Each State has an elected
 * States institutions
 * Chief of State and Second Chief of State, both elected for a four year term
 * Representative Council
 * Assembly of Representatives (11 to 21 deputies)
 * Superior Court of Justice


 * Member States
 * State of Guatemala (Guatemala City)
 * State of El Salvador (San Salvador)
 * State of Honduras (Tegucigalpa)
 * State of Nicaragua (Managua)
 * State of Costa Rica (San José)
 * State of Los Altos (Quetzaltenango)
 * Claims over Belize, de facto British dependency
 * Claims over Mosquito Coast, de facto British protectorate
 * State of Yucatan (Mérida)
 * State of Chiapas

International organizations
members: France (Tier 1), Rheinland (tier 1)
 * Union douanière française (UDF)

*Liga de las Repúblicas Americanas / League of American Republics
Biannual General Assembly meets in Panama City

Members:
 * 1) Republic of Colombia
 * 2) Perú -> Peru–Bolivian Confederation
 * 3) Bolivia -> Peru–Bolivian Confederation
 * 4) Bolivian Confederation
 * 5) México
 * 6) Central America
 * 7) Brazil
 * 8) United States
 * 9) Haiti
 * 10) Andes (observer)
 * 11) Federal Republic of Amazons
 * 12) United Kingdom (observer)
 * 13) Netherlands (observer)