Roman Empire (Superpowers)

The Roman Empire (La: Imperium Romanum) is the most powerful sovereign state in the world as well as the largest and oldest country in history. Roman territory exists on every continent and shares borders with all recognized nations. Therefore, it is the one country that can rightly be called a global nation.

The Empire was created with the founding of its capital, Rome, along the Tiber by the eponymous Romulus in 753 BCE. Shortly thereafter, the city came under the control of Etruscan kings. The last one, Tarquinius Superbus, was overthrown by Brutus of the Junii family in 509 BCE. That event formed the Republic.

The Roman Republic had a tumultuous existence, defined by lengthy periods of unrest and dictatorial rule. But it upheld the democratic principles on which it was established until a general named Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon River into Italy in 49 BCE. His actions plunged the Republic into civil war. Fighting did not end until 27 BCE at which time Rome was reborn from fire like a phoenix into a magnificent new entity, the Roman Empire.

Rome's new empire experienced numerous wars in the last two millennia, and has not lost one. But the nation almost met its downfall in the Second Civil War, seeing it split in twain. The upheaval ended with the combination of the papal and imperial thrones in 1066 CE. The power of this autotheocracy has ensured the persistence of the empire under its leader's near-absolute religious and civil authority.

No country in history compares to the modern Imperium Romanum. It has control over land, air and space that is unmatched by states on this Earth or nearly any alternate Earth. The Caesar's domain encompasses a third of the planet's surface, containing a fourth of all human beings. In 1837, Caesar Alexander XIV said to a Muscovite ambassador, "I am called the most powerful monarch in the world. The sun in my dominions never sets."

Etymology
The name of Rome is accepted to stem from its ancient founder Romulus, descendant of Aeneas of Troy. This theory has been almost undisputed for the last two and a half thousand years. Nevertheless, many historians note the name's similarity to the Greek word rhòme (ῤώμη) meaning strength, but the comparison is only to show its appropriateness. Since the City encountered the South Italian Greeks, it has been referred to simply as Rome, even to denote all of its possessions. This is an insightful moniker because as a republic and an empire, the nation has always existed to serve the interests of Rome, the Eternal City.

Within the City, references to the country have been in simpler terms. The old name was the Republic and nothing more. In the time of Julius Caesar, senators could be heard urging people to act "in the interest of the Republic" or "to preserve the Republic". By the death of Nero, the popular name was the Empire. Before setting out to fight in Greater Germany, Sulla told his troops that they fought for "the glory of the Empire." The word itself, Imperium, evokes strong patriotic sentiment in Romans. No other country is called an empire. On maps, Romans write Mongol Kingdom or Kingdom of Japan, with the distasteful word Regnum.

Officially, the state is the Senatus Populusque Romanus — the Senate and the People of Rome. Its abbreviation, SPQR, is publicly displayed on Roman landmarks, like triumphal arches, milestones, palaces and churches. Elsewhere, it is known as the Roman Empire.

History
According to tradition, Rome was founded along the Tiber by Romulus in 753 BCE. Roman historians agree that he descended from Numitor, rightful king of Alba Longa and descendant of the Trojan prince Aeneas. This establishes Rome's moral legitimacy for Greece, Anatolia and Italy.

The early city was a monarchy governed by Kings (Latin: Regis) elected by the Senate and people of Rome to serve for life. The Etruscan kings had no legitimacy on the throne and eventually the seventh king, Tarquinius Superbus, was expelled by the efforts of Lucius Junius Brutus and the Senate. Subsequently, the monarchy was dissolved in favor of a Republic, the First Roman Republic.

The new Roman order began in 509 BCE, seeing the nation through its conquest of Italy, Carthage, Greece, Anatolia, Gaul and Egypt. Rome's ambition derived from similarly ambitious leaders, such as Cornelius Sulla, Julius Caesar, Pompey Magnus and Marcus Antonius. However, the contentition for leadership of the City led to the Republic's downfall in a series of Civil Wars from 49 to 31 BCE. Four years later, Gaius Julius Caesar (Octavianus) received the title Augustus (English: Venerated One). His reorganizaion of the nation into a Principate, where Caesars ruled by decree of the Senate and People of Rome, effectively ended Rome's democracy.

The new government lasted more than a millennium, until the Empire split into an Eastern Monarchy and a Western Republic, the Second Roman Republic, in civil war. The Roman Empire was united by the Pope, who named himself the next Caesar. The mode of imperial government changed under the unification. The Emperor became regarded as greater than other mortals, though not as a deity. This next period in Roman history is divided into two unequal parts. From 1066 to 1372 CE it is the Pontificate, a time when the status of the emperorship as the papacy was made very clear. When Faustus Galerius Pertinax took power in a peaceful coup, the Emperor became recognized more for his legal authority, rather than his religious one. This second period - the present one - is known as the Dominate.


 * Kingdom ==> Republic ==> Principate ==> Civil War ==> Pontificate ==> Dominate

Geography and Climate
The total land area of the Roman Empire is around 47,614,000 km². Of this, 26,490,000 km² (55%) makes up the contiguous provinces in Roman Eurasia. New World colonies cover 9,330,000 km² of land while the Pacific ones are another 7,880,000 km². Lastly, Indian colonies are 3,850,000 km² large and consist of the Hindu and Islamic halves of the subcontinent. Together these territories constitute one third of the planet.

The variety of terrain, flora and fauna in the Empire is astonishing. Regarding plants and animals, there are three areas of interest, dispersed throughout the planet. Additionally, unique environmental extremes of geographical significance can be found at three locations.

Of the ecological zones, the first is Mahagascar, an African island containing thousands of plant and animal species not found anywhere else on the planet. Of its flora, 90% are unique to the island, a fact which has made it intensely interesting to the Inca, who believe that it holds a wealth of medical substances. However, the human presence on the island, limited as it may be by provincial laws, has reduced the level of vegetation coverage to only 45% of what it was 300 years ago, and has led to a 70% level of deforestation.

The second region notable for its ecology is the Great Columbian Rainforest of South Columbia. While only 60% of it is in Roman land, the forest's diversity is tremendous in those 3.3 million square. One in five bird species, 3,000 species of fish and 2.5 million species of insect live there. The vegetation consists of some 50,000 species of plant,with thousands anticipated for discovery. Unfortunately, like Mahagascar, the rainforest experienced a great deal of deforestation over the last few centuries of industrial and agricultural expansion. 190,000 square kilometers of forest, greater than the surface area of the Greek provinces, has been cleared by slaves and a net clearance rate of 2,400 km² per year persists. The Rainforest, as an important source of future wood for the paper and construction industries, has been targeted for extensive corporate replanting programs. Guilds supporting the lumber industry expect to sustain a constant exploitation of the rainforest due to renewal efforts.

The last ecologically significant place in the Empire is Australis, a hub of unique aquatic and desert life. 80% of the species in the deserts on the mainland are endemic to Australis, including 800 unique species of lizard. The island's greatest contributor to biodiversity is the vast coral reef that stretches around 2,000 kilometers of its circumference. The Claustrum Cotes Magnum (Eng: Great Barrier Reef) is the agglomeration of billions of tiny organisms known as coral polyps which form a reef belt visible from outer space. Unlike the aforementioned forest ecosystems, the Great Barrier Reef, far from being threatened by human presence, is actually growing in size and splendor due to expansion by Roman artists, architects and biologists. The aesthetic beauty of the reef alone has pushed many, the Caesar for instance, to protect and nurture this wonder of the natural world.

For geographic wonders, the Imperium is blessed with the Himalayan Mountain range at the north-eastern edge of India, home of the highest mountain on Earth, Mount Alexander (named after the ruling dynasty at the time of its discovery), and over a hundred peaks more than 7,000 meters high. The mountains are so extensive that their drainage basin cover most of Asia, providing irrigation to over 3 billion people.

The Mediterranean Basin, known in Rome as the Mare Nostrum, is a 2.3 million km² body of water. The womb of Western Civilization, the Mediterranean was one of the largest seas in the world. A few decades ago it was terraformed into a lake geologically sandwiched between Europe and Africa. The transformation did not greatly alter the Mediterranean's physical state, only replacing entrypoints with dams and waterways, but what is incredible about it is that the entire environment of the "lake" is maintained by man-made forces. Flow in and out is fully controlable by Roman engineers in volume, salinity, and ecology.

The last of the Empire's geological wonders is the Columbian Falls near the border with Tawatinsuyu. The waterfall is the tallest in the world with a height of 988 meters and a plunge of 816 m. Engineers constructing scaffolding to release the stream at an elevated point. The new topmost edge is 9 meters higher than ground and surrounded by a marble archway. The peak's resort is one of the most popular tourist attractions in South Columbia and the location of choice for Roman-Inca political conferences.

Government & Politics


The Roman Empire is an autotheocratic constitutional monarchy ruled by a Caesar (Emperor) under his Auctoritas Principis (supreme moral authority), Imperium Maius (civil power to rule and direct) and Jure Divis (papal Divine Mandate). Other magistrates and noblemen possess similar legal powers but the Emperor's supersede everyone. A Caesar's many titles include Princeps Civitatis (First Citizen), Augustus (Venerable One), primus inter pares (first among equals) and Imperator (Supreme Commander). Separate from the public office, the bearer of the caesarship possesses the highest Dignitas of any individual and has physical sacrosanctity that protects him under religious and civil law from physical harm. Violation of his sanctity is treason and sacrilege, punishable by death.

The papal counterrevolution of 1066 made Caesar the representative of God on Earth under canon law of the Roman Catholic Church. The religious powers of pope are diluted in their new person, as a Caesar is not permitted to pass. This authority was passed to the figure of Deydiakonos. Still, as Bishop of Rome he may issue binding Papal Bulls and execute structural reforms in the Church. As the executive head of the Senate and People of Rome, the emperor enacts legislation promulgated by the houses of the Senate. Among his executive power, he has the authority to: Veto, block legislation; Abnustas, annul the tribune's veto; Recogite, bring old legislation back to vote and Tacite, silence the Senate to speak uninterrupted.

On top of his civil powers, the Caesar: has the highest imperium (command) in the Roman Armed Forces, can appoint and disband Ministers at will and circumvent the traditional procedures of court to either prosecute or acquit at a whim (unless opposed by the Senate). The Caesar's legal powers are outlined in the Juris Augustis. Some rights are held by the Caesar by tradition, and are not legally binding. However, people's indulgence of their leader in these respects is owed to his supreme personal Dignitas (social standing). The practice of enforcing such rights by physical brutality of the Praetorian Guard is, thankfully, ancient history. A short list of what leeway Caesars are granted includes: the satisfaction of minor personal demands, the representation of Rome abroad, the use of Rome's treasury for personal purchases, and the calling or disbanding of the Senate and Congress.

The power of Roman citizens is exercized by their right of assembly. A matter that must by law be decided by the Romans is scheduled as a mass vote at a public area. Anyone with an Imperial citizenship in the designated voting zone is allowed one vote and no more. The possible zones range from a township, to a Regio or even city. The conglomerating of citizens to vote on a political or legal decision is a Popular Assembly. Direct democracy of this kind is the pride of the Roman people as it embodies their highly interactive government.

Roman Legislature
MAIN ARTICLE

The Roman Empire is in many senses an autocracy, with almost total power vested in the executive leader. However, the Empire's constitution is the ultimate authority in all judicial, executive and legislative matters. The Constitutio Romano consists of 32 Pronuntiatios. All proclamations of the Roman constitution are inviolable by the Senate, people and Caesar. The purpose of the document is for the citizens of the Empire to have inalienable rights in the face of imperial, senatorial, collegiate, social, or foreign oppression.

The government is run by a bicameral (two house) legislative organ known traditionally as the Imperial Senate. The Lower House is legally called the Officium Imperium (Imperial Bureau) but the custom is to refer to it as the Senate. Members of the Senate are referred to as Senatores (s. Senator) and are the controllers of fiscal legislation. Regular bills need a 50% majority in the Senate to pass as a new law. Senatorial procedure is heavily determined by ancient tradition. Voting is simply standing in support of a bill, and strong opposition by even one senator can put a motion on hold for further deliberation. No bill can pass through the Senate without an origin in the Upper House of parliament, with the exception of fiscal legislation. Fiscal matters like public funding and taxation are dealt with according to custom where one senator proposes a bill for discussion and then at least one other senator seconds the proposal.

Legislature's Upper House is the Comitium Consularum (Consular Congress), a body which traces its origins to the Second Roman Republic. Members of Congress are Consulares (s. Consul) but are nothing like the similarly named bureaucrats of the First Republic. Consulares govern the highest division of the Roman Empire (Foederatae), areas roughly equivalent to cultural regions. The power of Congress lies in its ability to create major legislation, which no other body can do, and control their respective regions.

The Consul Italii is the most potent legislative post of the imperial government. The most distinguished Consul and the only person other than a Caesar able to call Congress, the Consul Italii is elected by direct vote of the residents of the city of Rome on the Field of Mars (the location of all the City's popular assemblies). The Princeps Senatus, first man of the Senate, has the next most legislative power. Once just an honorary title, the title of Princeps now grants arbitrative rights over senatorial processions, allowing its bearer to call out orders of business and declare the winner in an argument. The Princeps is decided by indirect election in the Senate in July of each year, and begins his term on New Year's Day. When in power he can call the Senate, cancel the weekly sessions on Sunday, sway a vote (both legally and by his support) and act as deputy-regent in the complete absence of the Emperor (while the Con. It. runs the Caesar's representative duties). Tradition - always important in Roman politics - dictates that the Princeps must perform the acts of passing bills and of declaring the Senate's final legislative position on any given matter. As well, he has the power of Tacite. When a Princeps' term is up in December, he must wait five years before being able to run again (a period known as a Lustrum).

Members of Parliament
Two thousand Senators (discluding Princeps Senatus) run the affairs of the Lower House and 40 Consuls (including Consul Italii) control the Upper House. Each Senator is elected by popular assembly of the citizens in his Regio, a small administrative region theoretically consisting of 900,000 citizens, for a 5 year term. The people are however very limited in their election choices as senatorial candidates are approved at the whim of the local Praetor. He can allow any candidate he wishes but he must permit at least two to be in the running (or else there would not be a fair election). Consuls are appointed in a similar manner only the Caesar himself approves the candidates and a popular assembly in the Foederata's capital city decides the Consul-elect.

The Roman parliament is made up of other people than just Senators and Consuls. Praeministra (Ministers) are the administrators of the various operational government bodies, such as treasury or technological development. Depending on the Minister in question, there can be anywhere from zero to several thousand people working within their Ministerium (Ministry). There are one hundred Ministries in the Roman government. Parliament's Ministry of Silver employs ten officers of the treasury called Quaestores. These scrupulous men are charged with collecting taxes from the provincial Praetors, calling out financial corruption and serving as right-hand men and messengers to the treasury and Mensarius Superbus.

Non-Parliamentary Bureaucracy
Outside of parliament are numerous bureaucrats. Most powerful are the illustrious Censores: 18 members of the Bureau of the Census and who are charged with maintaining public morality, protecting the Constitution and administering the official Public Census every Lustrum. Their duty to issue a public inquiry into literally any activity or political motion supercedes any institution in the Empire. Only the Emperor can avoid them by bringing his case to court and away from the Censors. Within the Ministry of Public Works are 120 Aedilis who supervise spending of money from the treasury, meaning they are basically the opposite of the Quaestores. Whenever any federal funds are appropriated, an Aedile must first be consulted; consequently, the Emperor always has three or four of them at hand. Furthermore, one or two will usually be sent to the construction sites of public monuments to ensure that money is used as efficiently as possible. The next major bureaucrat is the Tribune of the Plebs, a position with extensive oversight powers in the Senate. The job of Tribune is to safeguard the well-being of the common people, the Plebeian Order, from the greed and corruption of politicians and collegiates.

Territorial Administration
Between the Foederatae and Regios are Provinciae (Provinces), the most distinctive division of the Imperium Romanum. Each Provincia is controlled by an appointed Praetor (Governor), except the case of Judaea where the Judaean Consul also holds a praetorian position. Under normal circumstances, any available, or soon to be available, praetorian posts are brought before the Senate in August and elections are held to fill them with a member of the Patrician class in Italy or Rome. Literally any Patrician can run for this office, the stipulations being that they have to give up any current job and leave for their appointed province no more than two months after winning their election (also the Princeps S. and Caesar are ineligible). The general idea of the Praetorian system is to put a Roman at the helms of every province (though Judaea is given special sanctions against this). In general, however, the Emperor can kick-out any reigning Praetor and force a new election unless he is Vetoed by the Tribune. Such is the politics of an autocratic state like the Imperium.

The lowest level of the division is municipal, as cities have their own administration that is completely separate from all other divisions. Praefecti Urborum (City Prefects, like mayors) are elected every other year by popular assembly of the inhabitants (not just citizens) of a city or township. This is one of the only major government positions, other than Tribune, that can be held by someone outside the Patrician order.

Needless to say: Romans love elections. They are a source of drama and often very entertaining for the public. Elections are almost as popular in the Empire as celebrity events are in OTL. One of the most important facets of the elections is that they give the Roman people a sense of power and involvement in their government, something which expresses the Greek idea of the power of Demos.

Leaders of the State (i.e. Caesars)
Caesarean Dynasty


 * Emperor Augustus (Gaius Octavian Thurinus) : 27 BC-14 AD
 * Emperor Tiberius I (Tiberius Claudius Nero) : 14-37
 * Emperor Caligula (Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus) : 37-41
 * Emperor Claudius I (Tiberius Claudius Drusus) : 41-54
 * Emperor Nero (Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus) : 54-68

Year of the Four Emperors


 * Emperor Galba (Servius Supulcius Galba) : 68
 * Emperor Otho (Marcus Salvius Otho) : 69
 * Emperor Vitellius (Aulus Vitellius Germanicus) : 69

Flavian Dynasty


 * Emperor Vespasian (Titus Flavius Vespasianus) : 69-79
 * Emperor Titus I (Titus Flavius Vespasianus) : 79-81
 * Emperor Domitian (Titus Flavius Domitianus) : 81-96

Nervan Dynasty


 * Emperor Nerva (Marcus Cocceius Nerva) : 96-98

Ten Good Emperors
 * Emperor Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Traianus) : 98-117
 * Emperor Hadrian (Publius Aelius Hadrianus) : 117-138
 * Emperor Antoninus Pius (Titus Aelius Caesar Antoninus) : 138-161
 * Emperor Marcus Aurelius (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus) : 161-180
 * Emperor Sulla I (Gaius Corellus Sulla) : 180-228
 * Emperor Marcus I (Gaius Marcus Sulla) : 228-272
 * Emperor Benedictus (Lucius Corellus Benecdictus) : 272-324
 * Emperor Constantine the Great (Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus) : 324-339
 * Emperor Agricola (Gnaeus Aurelius Agricola) : 339-360
 * Emperor Sapiens (Gnaeus Aurelius Sapiens) : 360-395

Sapien Dynasty


 * Emperor Aurelius I (Marcus Aurelius Sapiens) : 395-402
 * Emperor Senexis (Gaius Aurelius Sapiens) : 402-408
 * Emperor Maximius I (Gaius Maximius Sapiens) : 408-417
 * Emperor Antonius (Publius Antonius Sapiens) : 417-431
 * Emperor Scipio I (Gaius Scipio Sapiens) : 431-448
 * Emperor Romulus Augustus (Marcus Romulus Augustus Sapiens) : 448-452

Draconian Dynasty


 * Emperor Draco (Gaius Julius Draconius) : 452-485
 * Emperor Avitus (Gaius Avitus Draconius) : 485-494
 * Emperor Periclius (Lucius Periclius Draconius) : 494-507
 * Emperor Scipio II (Lucius Scipio Derius) : 507-528
 * Emperor Validian (Marcus Scipio Validianus) : 528-537

Comptian Dynasty


 * Emperor Comptus I (Gnaeus Fablius Comptus) : 537-582
 * Emperor Constantine II (Gnaeus Constantinus Comptus) : 582-595

Phillipian Dynasty


 * Emperor Phillipius the Jew (Lucius Votus Phillipus) : 595-604
 * Emperor Tiberius II (Tiberius Graecus Phillipus) : 604
 * Emperor Tiberius III (Tiberius Magnus Votus) : 604-642

Constantian Dynasty


 * Emperor Constans I (Gnaeus Augustus Constans) : 642-689
 * Emperor Constans II (Lucius Valerius Constans) : 689-700
 * Emperor Constans III (Gaius Valerius Constans) : 700-727
 * Emperor Constans IV (Gaius Julius Constans) : 727-730

Peritan Dynasty


 * Emperor Perita (Lucius Perita Dorius) : 730-762
 * Emperor Valens (Titus Valens Perita) : 762-801
 * Emperor Cassius (Gaius Cassius Pellitus) : 801-837
 * Emperor Titus II (Titus Cassius Nasica) : 837-855
 * Emperor Calvin (Titus Aelius Calvinus) : 855-876
 * Emperor Aulus (Aulus Furius Calvinus) : 876-892
 * Emperor Brutus (Servius Brutus Corruptus) : 892-951
 * Emperor Claudius II (Publius Claudius Moratius) : 951-986
 * Emperor Claudius III (Publius Claudius Liberalis) : 986-988
 * Emperor Norban (Aulus Claudius Norbanus) : 988-1005
 * Emperor Julianus I (Gaius Julianus Flaminius) : 1005-1012

-Imperial Schism-

Moratian Dynasty (Brittania)
 * Emperor Pellatius I (Sextus Pellatius Flaminius) : 1012-1034
 * Emperor Marius (Lucius Marius Flaminius) : 1034-1051
 * Emperor Pellatius II (Gaius Pellatius Flaminius) : 1051-1066


 * General Moratius the Elder (Gnaeus Moratius Brutus): 1006-1032
 * General Moratius the Younger (Gnaeus Moratius Brutus) : 1032-1066

Aegranian Dynasty


 * Emperor Aegranus (Manius Aegranus Votus) : 1066-1076
 * Emperor Columbus (Kaeso Aegranus Columbus) : 1076-1139
 * Emperor Magnus I (Tertius Aegranus Magnus) : 1139-1175
 * Emperor Sextius Severus (Sextius Severus Curia) : 1175-1195
 * Emperor Magnus II (Amulius Magnus Plutarcus) : 1195-1247
 * Emperor Magnus III (Aulus Magnus Varus) : 1247-1262
 * Emperor Rufus (Publius Septimius Rufus) : 1262-1276
 * Emperor Varro (Gaius Valerius Varro) : 1276-1295
 * Emperor Calva (Gaius Julianus Calva) : 1295-1301
 * Emperor Julius (Gnaeus Julianus Calva) : 1301-1321
 * Emperor Ferrarus (Amulius Julianus Ferrarus) : 1321-1348
 * Emperor Ursinius (Titus Galius Ursinius) : 1348-1361
 * Emperor Valerius (Quintus Valerius Eccus) : 1361-1372

Alexandrian Dynasty


 * Emperor Alexander I (Faustus Galerius Pertinax) : 1372-1395
 * Emperor Alexander II (Titus Pertinax Alexander) : 1395-1462
 * Emperor Alexander III (Aulus Gabinius Alexander) : 1462-1487
 * Emperor Alexander IV (Gaius Cardassus Alexander) : 1487-1512
 * Emperor Alexander V (Gaius Cassius Alexander) :1512-1548
 * Emperor Alexander VI (Marcus Sextus Alexander) :1548-1583
 * Emperor Alexander VII (Septimius Junius Alexander) : 1583-1601
 * Emperor Alexander VIII (Gnaeus Junius Alexander) : 1601-1634
 * Emperor Alexander IX (Lucius Placidus Alexander) : 1634-1689
 * Emperor Alexander X (Tiberius Gaullus Alexander) : 1689-1721
 * Emperor Alexander XI (Titus Corvus Alexander) : 1721-1753
 * Emperor Alexander XII (Sextus Corvus Alexander) : 1753-1784
 * Emperor Alexander XIII (Marcus Hosidius Alexander) : 1784-1804
 * Emperor Alexander XIV (Tiberius Bracchus Alexander) : 1804-1885

Pontifican Dynasty


 * Emperor Pontifex (Pakus Martinex Rullianus Juvenis) : 1885-1914
 * Emperor Sulla II (Marcus Rullianus Juvenis) : 1914-1950
 * Emperor Lucius (Lucius Halerius Novitas) : 1950-1967
 * Emperor Raphael (Tiberius Calva Mirifico ) : 1967-1985
 * Emperor Cicero (Vibius Aemillius Optatus) :1985-

Territories
The immense land of the Roman Empire is divided into territories known as Provinciae, ruled by Praetores (Governors) appointed by the Senate any time that a Praetorian position opens up (either by resignation, death or impeachment). Praetors must be of the Patrician Order and able to trace their Italian heritage for at least a millennium into the past. Once elected, a Praetor forfeits other magisterial positions or private jobs and so a praetorship is a common successive post for a Senator or Consul finishing his term. However, it is a rather precarious position to be in as the Emperor can remove and replace Praetors at will. See above in Government for more information on the other regional divisions of the Roman Empire (e.g. Foederata, Regio, Urbus).

National Guard
While all provinces are equally safe, with the exception of some colonial ones in Africa, not every one possesses its own Legions for defense. Legionaries are stationed only in border provinces. Nevertheless, no provinces are without soldiers due to the protection they all receive from the National Guard (Castellanae Imperiae). This form of protection is extended by Castra (Forts) in every province. Usually a Castra contains 1,000 Guardsmen each, under the leadership of a Praefectus Castrorum. However, important locations can have two or up to five national guard units (a thousand men each) in a single base. Otherwise, there are military forts dedicated to the training of new recruits (Tirones) and supplying reserve soldiers (Adscripticii). Reserves can be called in at any time to replace fallen legionaries so that the size of a Legion is always consistent.

List of Roman Provinciae
Magna Europa


 * Rome
 * Italia
 * Raetia
 * Noricum
 * Alpia

Insulae Brittanicae


 * Magna Brittania
 * Cambria
 * Caledonia
 * Hibernia
 * Frigerra

Mare Nostrum


 * Sicilia
 * Melita
 * Corsica
 * Sardinia

Europa Orienta


 * Dalmatia
 * Pannonia
 * Isteria
 * Moessia
 * Dacia

Graecia


 * Macedonia
 * Eperia
 * Thracia
 * Creta
 * Achaea

Anatolia


 * Licia
 * Asia
 * Phrygia
 * Gallatia
 * Cilicia
 * Cyprus

Asia
 * Arabia
 * Judea
 * Palestina
 * Syria

Europa Occidenta


 * Lugdunensis
 * Aquitania
 * Belgica
 * Gallia

Iberia


 * Lusitania
 * Baetica
 * Hispania

Magna Germania


 * Germania Inferioris
 * Germania Superioris
 * Gothia
 * Cimbria
 * Venetia
 * Aetia

Muscovy

Africa
 * Francia
 * Sarmatia
 * Barbaria
 * Muskovia Inferioris
 * Muskovia Superioris
 * Magna Muskovia
 * Taurica
 * Aegyptus
 * Mauretania
 * Numidia
 * Cyrenaica
 * Berberia

Africa Australis


 * Nubia
 * Axum
 * Somalia
 * Swahilium
 * Ferunia
 * Konconia
 * Galleria

West Africa


 * Maluria
 * Magneremia
 * Caenuria
 * Nigeria
 * Anthracina

India Borealis


 * Calipha
 * Cashmira
 * Nepalia
 * Mahara

Coastal India


 * Bengalia
 * Odria
 * India
 * Mysoria
 * Carnatia
 * Taprobania

North Columbia


 * Alkonquia
 * Audenisonea
 * Ojibrea
 * Roanokia
 * Haevatenia
 * Apalachia

Tainuria (Caribbean)


 * Hispaniola
 * Magna Tainuria
 * Colonia

South Columbia


 * Austeria
 * Transylvania
 * Littunia

Oceania


 * Argentinia
 * Nova Graecia
 * Illyria
 * Atlantia
 * Australiola

Law
The Constitution is the heart of Roman law. It is without a doubt the most important document in the Empire. Nothing in the Constitution can be contradicted - no exceptions. Therefore, it is protected by the highest officers of government, the Censores, who have the power to conduct an inquiry into literally any activity in the Empire. During such an inquiry, all evidence against the accused is brought before the 18 man Censorial Assembly. When fourteen or more declare a guilty verdict, the appropriate punishment for the crime, according to Roman Law, is administered. Only Caesar has the right to transform a Censorial Assembly into a normal legal case, putting him at the mercy of a public jury rather than a group of sacrosanct magistrates.

The Justice system itself is strictly hierarchical and heavily based on honor. A witness, who must be a Roman citizen, is always believed, unless directly contradicted by evidence. Lying in court is fatal blow to one's dignitas, a permanent scar on the reputation. A citizen on trial is judged by a member of their own social class and a semi-random jury of 4 Plebs, 4 Equestrians and 4 Patricians. While most trials are held in an public urban field, in Rome the accused can pay 50,000 Dn to bring a case to Rome`s Supreme Court near the Forum Magnum. Every citizen has the legal right to plead his case to their local Praetor, which in the case of Rome, is the Emperor himself. Whether the praetor listens, depends on the praetor`s mood and the citizen`s persistence.

The law is highly egalitarian, preserving the natural rights of men, women, children and slaves alike. It guarantees the same legal treatment to members of all social classes. Legal proceedings of an accused can only be judged by a member of the defendant's Order (e.g. Pleb, Knight, Patrician) so that classism does not interfere with justice. All Roman citizens are afforded health care, and given free education and representation in legal and political situations. The dual protection of the weak by a Tribune and Censors is immeasurably valuable.

Military
The Roman armed forces has three divisions:
 * The Legion (Army)
 * Legio Caelis Custodiae (Air Force)
 * Classis Imperialis (Navy)

In 1992, after the 3rd World War, a new probationary division was instituted, the Legio Aetheria. This division has distinct ranks, rewards and establishments that are separate from ther rest of the military. Control of the LA is under the ministry in charge of space travel, not the air force as was intended. The reason for this was never explicitly stated by Emperor Cicero, but it is likely to keep the power of Rome's space forces closer to home.

The Spatial Legion included, military expenditure requires 3.4% of Rome's GDP, the second highest in the world. Nevertheless, due to the Empire's considerable wealth, this is greater than 175 billion Dn, or $9 trillion US OTL. Out of the total, 24% goes towards satellite defense maintenance, 20% to the Air Force, 18% to the Legion, 17% to the Classis, 15% to static ground defenses, and the rest to miscellaneous expenditures, like private jets.


 * The Legion fields 1,242,180 professional legionaries and 3,000,000 auxiliary soldiers in the Castellanae Imperia (National Guard). A compliment of several hundred thousand military engineers supports the military's engines of war. The most potent variety of these devices are the Testudos (Tanks), a classification for any large and destructive land vehicle in the army. Although the Legion is smaller in size than either the Mongol or Mayan armies, its technology is unlike anything seen elsewhere on this Earth.
 * The Classis Imperialis employs over 1,200,000 crewmen and thousands of commanders and engineers. The Imperial Navy is the second largest one in the world, operating 90 nuclear aircraft carriers, 320 battleships, 700 Destroyers, 980 transport-assault ships and about 440 assorted cruisers and small attack vessels. As the Romans take advantage of automation in many ship functions, the number of required personnel for each vessel is incredibly small compared to other nations.
 * The Legio Caelis Custodiae is perhaps the most costly branch of the Roman military as it employs 1,864,000 active airmen with 600,000 more in reserves. Furthermore, there are another 350,000 people who run the operations and logistics of the air force; this brings the Aerial Legion's total number of members to 2,814,000 people. Throughout history the Roman Air Force has been the largest and most powerful air force in the world, easily surpassing the combined squadrons of all other nations combined.

As for the Space Legion, it was purported (in 1999) that it has more than 4,300,000 technicians and officers in its command. Currently the Romans have sent 40 missile satellites, 40 kinetic bombardment satellites and 160 laser-defense satellites into the planet's orbit, to say nothing of the hundreds of military and surveillance bases they have put out there as well. Ultimately, these devices together have made Rome practically omniscient and omnipotent in comparison with its allies and enemies.

To further back up its already impressive forces, the Empire possesses the most potent compliment of nuclear weapons. It currently has 7,400 ICBMs stockpiled in places such as underwater silos, underground silos, on the moon and on its fleet of battleships. Of these warheads: 50% are pure-fusion, whilst the other half are two-stage hydrogen bombs. About 70% of these missiles use the destructive technique of spreading numerous warheads over a wide area, while the rest a single blast for maximum impact. Many of the latter are specialized for an anti-emplacement role to more easily destroy fortified targets such as bunkers. A final 120 missiles are aboard the SC-50 Space Battleship Alexander, implicitly violating a treaty banning nuclear weapons in close orbit. 

No secret is made to the public or foreign press of the Roman's military intentions. It is often stated in public addresses and articles that it is for the purposes of defending the Empire, restraining foreign powers and maintaining political stability on Earth and in space.

However, when subtlety and discretion are required the Romans employ the Munus Indicius Romanus (Roman Intelligence Service), a branch of the Praetorian Guard. MIR's Agents undergo intense psychological scrutiny and rigorous physical and mental training to make them some of the most feared men on the planet. Their only equals are the Mongol's Ongtsegheon Monks; as reflected in an incident where a Monk and an Agent were separately, and without knowledge of each other, sent to assassinate a high ranking Khmer statesman. The Monk killed the Agent and his intended target with full discretion. Nevertheless, Praetorians are feared by foreigners all over the world.

Economy
The Roman Empire has a capitalist mixed economy whose corporate structure is dominated in a monopolistically competitive way. This means that most industries are dominated by a few large rather than numerous small organizations.

According to data collected by the World Bank, Rome's GDP is 5.136 Trillion Dn ($256.8 Trillion), the largest GDP in the world, or 38% of the total. Likewise, Rome's GDP PPP is the highest at 2400 Dn per person. This is closely followed by Japan with 2250 Dn per person. However, it is important to note that this number does not reflect average income of residents.

Rome is the largest exporter and fourth largest importer of goods in the world, with per capita exports more than double any other country's. On its Current Account, the country recently ran a $1.34 trillion (26.8 billion Dn) surplus, most of which originated from visible exports. Rome's trading partners by percentage are 34% Mayans, 28% Japanese, 17% Mongols, 11% Inca, 6% Danes, and 4% other countries. The federal government of the Empire has the highest credit rating of any organized body or person, not having reneged on its debts for over 2000 years. Even in times of turmoil such as civil war, there has always been someone claiming and paying federal debt.

At the moment, the private sector accounts for 38.5% of the economy, with federal government activity accounting for 41.2% and provincial government activity the remaining 20.3%. Meanwhile, the nation's postindustrial economy means that the manufacturing and labor sectors contribute only 14% of the workforce, while 86% is in service sector. The reason for this is that most labor intensive jobs have been replaced by automated workers that need just one technician where there was once a need for thousands of workers. Sectors like agriculture account for a mere 0.001% of the workforce, as virtually all of it is performed by automatons. Furthermore, the Empire possesses an extremely well balanced economy, with no particular job type accounting for a disproportional amount of economic activity. This protects the economy from long-term shortfalls in particular sectors that may result from structural economic development.

The Empire is in a recessionary period but unemployment is only 3.4% of the labor force (41 million people). Once cyclical (recessional) unemployment is removed, Rome's natural rate of unemployment can be determined around 1 to 1.6%. Roman unemployment protection is virtually non-existent, and purely consists of assistance given to workers in finding new jobs. Regular unemployment benefits have never been offered by the government for the entire history of the Roman Empire. Also, unlike the former Platonist countries, worker's unions are absolutely illegal. There are government regulations that force corporations to provide their workers with a high minimum wage and a safe and unabusive work environment, but there is nothing in the way of health benefits or allowance for worker strikes. However, severance pay is very large by government law and every Roman worker can expect no less than 35 days paid vacation. Certain institutions such as federal buildings and schools are not allowed to offer so many holidays, but still offer about 20 days. With low regulation, no unions, high minimum wage, and no unemployment benefits, Rome's voluntary employment rate is much lower than other countries.

Income and Human Development
According to data collected by the Imperial Census Bureau, per capita GDP of the Roman Empire, at 2400 Dn ($120,000 US), is unmatched by any other nation in the world at any point in history. More meaningfully, the pretax income of the average Roman citizen is 2108 Dn, marginally above their closest competitor Japan. Roman taxes are classed by the World Bank as the third highest in the world, after the Mayans and the Japanese but unlike those states, its income taxes are equal for all strata of society. Currently Roman citizens keep 78% of what earnings, making their average wealth much higher than their more strongly taxed trading partners.

However, Rome suffers from a severe income disparity that has been ingrained in its economy for its whole history. The 10% of highest earners control approximately 87% of the nation's wealth while the top 1% alone control over half of that. Nevertheless, all Roman citizens, regardless of wealth, have high standards of living relative to residents of other countries. Although 12% of citizens live below the measured Roman poverty rate, not a single one would be considered poor OTL. In fact, the Roman minimum wage is 86 Cn ($43 US) an hour which is 1520 Dn ($76,000 US) with an 8 hour work day and 220 work days per year. Very few Roman men make less than 1600 Dn a year ($80,000 US), only non-citizens, who are not subject to a minimum wage and Roman women, who rarely work so many hours, will tend to have comparatively low salaries. And of course slaves have no definite income whatsoever.

In terms of income, there are several important facts that should be considered. First of all, there is a significant gender gap. Nearly 95% of all working Roman women receive less than 1000 Dn a year and very few even work. Indeed one of the primary differences between the Roman economy and most first world economies OTL is that women play a small role in the former. A 1997 Imperial Census showed that only 11% of working age women have a paying job, but all Roman women reported having a prominent role in affairs around the house. Women who do work are usually in jobs that are atypical for males (i.e. a job in a fashion company or brothel). Others work in jobs that are oriented towards females, misogynistically for the most part. A primary example of this kind of job is secretaries, who usually serve the purpose of looking good at a businessman or politician's side.

The working age begins at 15, an age which commonly occurs in Roman law as it is when most men receive their first Toga Virilis (Eng: toga of manhood). Additionally, there is no official or traditional end to a Roman's working life. Retirement is a rare occurence in modern as well as ancient Roman society. It was only during the early 20th century, when cures for age-related diseases hadn't caught up with increased life expectancy, that people tended to retire from their jobs due to debilitation. Today, there is no legally defined upper limit for the working age.

In regards to the human development rating of the Roman Empire, there are several things to consider. First, no Roman citizen has died of starvation for over a century other than through negligence or stupidity on their own part or that of another. Homeless people are virtually unheard of (except in southern Africa) and for the past few centuries the government has had a Doma Omni (Houses for All) fund that has ensured all citizens a low interest loan to afford buying a house. This reflects the government's policy of providing loans to people rather than giving charity in order to solve their problems. History seems to have favored this method so far. Recently, the Midas Program has provided enough surplus government wealth for huge improvements in infrastructure to even poor provinces in Africa, thereby helping to bring the people living there out of the poverty they still experience.

Science & Technology
It was said that any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic and no civilization has demonstrated this idiom like the Roman Empire. The level of technology they have is vastly superior to Our own, surpassing even their neighbour nations, most of whom would barely be able to comprehend Roman devices even if they had it in their hand. The reason for this is as simple to expose as it is complicated: Nanotechnology. The science of the very small has allowed Rome to accomplish incredible things in medical, military and material technologies of which no one was ever capable. It has even allowed them to, despite their insufficient chemical knowledge, produce nearly as great a variety of materials as the Mayans.

One factor keeping the Romans so far ahead is their 160 year old computer industry, the first computer being developed in 1836 CE. Having a hundred more years to advance the technology than in OTL, the Romans invented far more advanced electronics and robotics than We have. Standard handheld devices made by Romans are more powerful than some OTL supercomputers, and their principles of computation use science that we can only apply on small scales. In order to link their computers together, Roman scientists invented the Cratis Imperis, known as the Cratis to most. Accessing the Cratis requires registry by ID code onto a computer with an online route of access (e.g. Wi-fi). The Cratis has no room for anonymity as everything action done on an ID code is registered to it and is easily verifiable by the Vigiles (online police). Uncreated domains (websites) may be bought from the federal government for 10 Cn, while already existing ones can be bought from their current owner as if they were property. All domains are hosted on public server farms owned by the federal government and together require several million Denarii of taxpayer money each year to operate. One of the most impressive domains is the government run "Apotheca", a huge repository of information on billions of different topics from the meaning of the word "imperium" to anything you want to know about apples but were afraid to ask.

Transportation
Automobile possession is considered a very class-oriented trait, with specific designs being typical for specific strata of society. Most lower class Plebeians have no personal vehicle and simply make use of the Empire's extensive public transit networks to get around. On the opposite end of the spectrum are the Patricians who usually own several extremely luxurious vehicles, many with automated chauffeurs. Since vehicles larger than a bicycle are not allowed into the cities between 7 am and 9 pm, the state has always had some way to store people's cars when they are in the city. Most recently the government has been building massive storage towers several few kilometers from major cities to replace the public parking lots that have been used the past few centuries. Locations with these parking towers are reachable by public transit from all nearby cities and can usually hold between 10,000 to a million cars at 10,000 per tower. These towers are very efficient in regards to space, extending several hundred meters underground (and a few dozen above ground) and using lifts to arrange the cars in racks.

Most metropolitan areas with more than 200,000 people have an underground train network that stretches beneath its streets. In most cities, the tracks criss-cross throughout the city forming squares with 1 km long sides with a station at each vertex. Between most cities are short distance maglev trains that run either underneath or alongside the highways. For longer distances high-speed maglev trains transport passengers several times a day in times that would be impossible by any other method of travel. Several examples of these are the Transatlantic Highway and Circummediterranean Railway, which travel at 4570 and 2680 km/h respectively. Furthermore, every province has at least one major airport to satisfy long-distance and intercontinental travel.

Costs for public transport are extremely low in the Roman Empire. Any Roman citizen can buy a monthly transit pass, which is a programmable chip they can place in anything they own, at the cost of 1 Dn for each pass. This provides unlimited travel on underground rails, light rails and buses in all Roman cities. Most high-speed train tickets cost between 2 and 10 Dn, with a Transatlantic train ticket requiring a payment of 12 Dn in either direction. Plane tickets are from 14 Dn, Neapolis to Parisium, to 34 Dn, Constantinopolis to Halorium (Columbia). Ships are rarely used for transit except as part of a short-distance ferry service. These are usually very low cost (2-20 Cn) and require upfront payment in order to use. There are however thousands of Roman cruise ships that go around the world and offer the rich population a wide variety of leisure voyages.

Energy
Every watt of power generated in the public sector of the Roman Empire comes from either renewable or nuclear sources. The Imperial Census Bureau states the figures are: 15,370 W per capita; 288,329.5 Terawatt-hours per year (10x OTL USA); 18% Solar Satellites; 31% Hydroelectric Dams; 47% Nuclear Fusion; 4% Other renewable (Wind, geothermal, wave, etc.); Average Household consumption of 21,420 W.

The Breakdown for energy consumption by sector of society is as follows (Note that these figures only apply to Earth):
 * Residential: 14%
 * Commercial: 11%
 * Transportation: 36%
 * Industrial: 43%
 * Wasted Energy: 8%

Wasted heat is heavily reduced by using superconductors to transport electricity over medium to long distances and the lack of thermal engine type power plants. It is also notable that these Census figures to not include energy lost in the transmission of solar power from space to land or inefficiencies in the nuclear fusion process. As well, the Industrial section includes most government and military demands that do not fall into any of the other three sections.

A major industrial energy cost is urban climate control, something which has existed in major cities for the past twenty years. Cities with a population above 1-2 million people make use of an extensive climate control system to regulate temperature, precipitation and air quality. Meanwhile, animal life is restricted through both natural and artificial means to leave only eagles, falcons and domesticated mammals whilst eliminating rodents, insects and unwanted birds almost completely. Temperature of cities is maintained between 10 and 28 degrees Celsius through powerful heating and cooling stations built seamlessly into the city and below its streets. The city of Rome receives special treatment in this regard as there are satellites in Tundra Orbits above the city which reflect additional sunlight onto the city during the day to give it a warm Spring temperature all year round. Weather control is performed through cloud seeding to keep rainfall mostly in the countryside and disasters like tornadoes and hurricanes at more manageable scales.

Demographics
The population of the Imperium Romanum is estimated to be 2,141,600,000, organized into two distinct demographic regions. Nearly 64.1% of the population live in the Colonies, a region outside the imperial heartland, known to the Romans as the Imperium itself. The demographic separation between these two areas are very distinct. The slavery rate in the Imperium is much smaller than in the Colonies, and nearly all free inhabitants of the former are Roman citizens. Holding citizenship is extremely important in the Empire, as it exempts one from the Poll Tax and allows one to enter the army as a Legionary rather than National Guardsman and appeal to the Emperor for legal judgement. Furthermore, citizenship grants the right of vote past the age of 15 and permits someone to run for political positions depending on their position in the social hierarchy.

Though the Imperium Romanum is the second most populous country in the world after the Mongol World Empire, it is also the second least densely populated one, just before the United Chiefdoms of Columbia. It owes the latter to its status as the largest country by size, by a very large margin. Though its average population density is very small, a great deal of the Roman population is concentrated in urban areas, at a total urbanization rate of about 85%. Meanwhile, the cities are thinly populated compared to most other countries due to their lack of skyscrapers. Unlike other countries, the borders of Roman cities are very clearly delineated by large stone or metal walls. Currently about 1208 cities have populations over 100,000 people, an additional 83 are inhabited by over a million people and of that 29 are classified as global cities, i.e. with over 2 million residents. Of the 30 most populated metropolitan areas in the world, 14 are officially in Roman territory.

Roman population growth has been high for the past two centuries, and even today shows no signs of slowing down. This is probably because the fertility rate in the Empire is higher than any other nation in the world, at a national average of 5.8 babies per women. This is well above the replacement rate of 1.9 and adds significantly to the 3.9% aggregate population growth. Migration, the source of non-natural growth, is severely limited by the Roman Constitution. Citizenship acquisition and foreign immigration require people to successfully jump numerous bureaucratic hoops and lose a great deal of money. Therefore, most of the country's growth is natural, with 83.5 million more people being born than dying each year. Net migration into the Empire only accounts for 430,000 new inhabitants every year, most of whom will leave the country within a year or two. Evidently, Rome has a very low retention rate for immigrants.
 * Total Population: 2,140,600,000 inhabitants
 * Percentage of World Population: 18.5% (1/6th)
 * Imperium Population: 770 million inhabitants
 * Colonial Population: 1.37 billion inhabitants
 * Citizenship: 1,819,000,000 citizens (85%)
 * Population Density: 44.96 inhb/km²
 * Population Growth: 3.9% (83.46 million people per year)
 * Urbanization: 85%

Health
The heath standards of the Roman Empire, especially in its civilized regions, are the second highest in the world. The Roman life expectancy is a mere 38 years under that of the Inca and medical related deaths in the Empire are are among the rarest in the world. The Romans have cures for almost every disease, ranging from cancer to diabetes and even cholera and epilepsy. Even Alzheimer's, strokes and heart attacks are curable if treated early enough. Still, Romans are naturally very healthy, even without advanced medical countermeasures. All of their food is naturally grown, with no artificial additives, even preservatives, or drug residue from the plants or animals it is taken from. While this used to be at a great cost to productivity, genetic modification now protects their animals and crops from pests such as weeds, rodents and insects.

A Roman lifestyle is generally considered to be one of the healthiest in the world. It is perhaps their only health advantage over the Inca. Most Roman citizens, regardless of wealth, eat fish or other white meat weekly, supplemented occasionally by red meats such as pork and beef. Nuts and vegetables are staples of the Roman diet, as are natural condiments with no artificial chemicals, like tomato sauce and garum. A variation of the Roman way of eating is known in OTL as the "Mediterranean Diet", though the ATL equivalent is healthier.

Using OTL's standards, approximately 5% of the Roman population is considered obese, albeit mildly so. With the same standards, about 40% of the population is overweight and 4% is underweight/malnourished. Of those people that are overweight, nearly three-quarters of them are female - so 60% of the female population of the Empire would be considered overweight in OTL. This arises from the Roman attitude towards female beauty, which favors an accentuated, i.e. noticeable, low waist/hip ratio - a 1993 study of over a million Roman men showed that the favored ratio orbits around 7:10. This is a shape that many Roman women proudly possess. Roman views on beauty have changed very little since Ancient times, as evidenced by art from the Republican period. Fortunately for Roman women, their average size and shape is very beneficial to their health and is a contributing factor to the higher life expectancy of women over men.

An important factor in the success of the Roman health system is that the federal government provides free healthcare to every citizen within the age brackets of 1-21 and 60+. Literally all of their health needs, be it dentistry, optometry, or even medical check-ups, are paid entirely by the government. However, those citizens between the two ranges must fend for themselves as it is believed to provide incentive at the time to continue working hard. Even so, low-interest government loans can be requested by anyone in order to pay for medical expenses immediately, so in dire times it is always possible to receive treatment. This healthcare system has been integral to the Roman way of life since the XIIth century when it was one of many guaranteed rights in the Constitution (Proclamation 13).

In the Empire the age of consent, at which time people are considered legally responsible for their actions, is 15 for men and 16 for women. Meanwhile, the average child bearing age for women starts around 20 to 21. Since maternity care is no longer free passed that age, many women try to have at least one child beforehand. The notion "teen pregnancy," from OTL, is also far more common and accepted in Roman society. Nevertheless, about 85% to 88% of its instances occur within legal matrimony. Abortion is a crime punishable by life in prison, for both the doctor and the women, and is almost never performed, even in the more nefarious medical circles. There never was an organized movement to legalize abortion in the Roman Empire as there have been in other countries. Still, pre-intercourse contraception is available at most pharmacies, usually in the form of either a pill or physical countermeasure. Prostitution is also completely legal and even operated by government funded institutions. Even freelance courtesans receive continuous government healthcare coverage and wages, in the event of pregnancy.

It is also important to note that the Roman view on sexuality and hedonism differs significantly from OTL. There was never a period during which the Church or any other conservative organization made it taboo to be open in regards to sex and, consequently, there was no liberal counter-movement (e.g. Hippies or Casanova) against such a thing. Romans have always been very overt about sex, slaves for the purpose of sex are even occasionally given as gifts from one aristocrat to another. The Romans find absolutely no shame in such things. For over a millennium, brothels have been easily recognized public buildings and courtesan is an accepted form of employment for women, though not for men due to misogynistic Roman views. The enjoyment of women goes hand in hand with other indulgences and so bars, taverns and hotels are often found joined to public brothels. Most importantly, superficial entertainment in the form of strip clubs or pornography never developed into industries in the Roman Empire, as they saw little need for such things - though a great deal of literature and art is shameless in its portrayal of sex, often in an extremely graphic fashion.

Switching topics, therapeutic cloning is an especially interesting aspects of Roman medicine. It is a technique that can be used to create new organs for transplants and provide stem cells for regeneration therapies. Due to a law banning the retrieval of embryonic stem cells when it endanger the baby, Roman scientists had a great deal of pressure to come up with alternatives. Without foreign help, the process was perfected to a marketable level by 1949 CE. Today, injuries that cause the loss or damage of body parts, including organs, can be easily repaired by this process, as can permanent tissue damage such as tar build-up in the lungs and sensory damaging deterioration of the eyes and ears.

In spite of Rome's monumental healthcare system, indigenous people and foreigners are not covered. Therefore, certain communities in Africa and Columbia, including most of Swahilium, experience shocking levels of poverty that give them health averages far below the rest of the Roman Empire. Since they are non-citizens, the federal government cares very little about helping them and even less sympathy is given by the Roman people.


 * Life Expectancy: 95.5 years
 * By Gender
 * Men: 92.1 years
 * Women: 99.4 years
 * By Class
 * Senatorial: 108 years
 * Equestrian: 101 years
 * Middle Plebeian: 98 years
 * Lower Plebeian: 91 years
 * Slave: 79 years
 * Indigeni: 68 years
 * Infant Mortality Rate: 1.2 per thousand births
 * Fertility Rate: 5.8 babies per women

Religion
With the Emperor's additional title of Bishop of Rome, leader of the Catholic Church, nearly all citizens of the Empire practice one of the organized variants of Roman Christianity. The distinction between these variants occurred in the early years of the Church when the Emperors along with the Popes formed specialized sections of the Church for major ethnic groups. For instance, Coptic Christianity is widely practiced in the provinces of Aegyptus, Cyrenaica, Axum, Nubia and Arabia; whilst Punic Christianity is practiced in most African provinces notably Numidia, Berberia and Mauretania. Although the religious Dogma of the Church does not differ between liturgies, and all of them see the Bishop of Rome as the Head of their Church, certain practices are adapted to their culture and the languages and art used in their churches very distinct.

Despite the centrality of Christianity in the government, Roman law allows for the free practice of any religion. Judaism in particular is considered to be a "state protected" religion, and the Jews often hold very prominent positions in Roman society. The province of Judaea has always had greater independence than other province and is especially adapted to the advantage of the Jewish people and culture. There are also large Muslim populations in Asia Minor and India, with the province of Palestina boasting the largest Sunni Muslim population in the world due to the diaspora that occurred during the Shi'ite genocide against them in the mid-800's.

Other foreign and small domestic religions exist as well, Ahauism and Hinduism being two of the most significant examples. The latter has seen dwindling membership over the past 4 centuries of Imperial rule, with many Indians already converted to Islam, and many others emigrating or converting to Islam or Christianity over time. The Empire also features one of the largest atheist populations in the world, mostly spread thinly amongst the provinces. Irreligious people are rare in the most developed nations, and are mostly found in the former Platonist countries such as the Danish Republic. The unusually high amount of atheists can most likely be attributed to the Humanist movement of the Empire, one which sparked the few known atheist movements in history.


 * Christianity: 1,992,000,000 people (93.1%)
 * Roman Catholicism: 1,975,000,000 people (92.3%)
 * Roman Catholicism: 58%
 * Coptic Catholicism: 9%
 * Punic Catholicism: 13%
 * Greek Catholicism: 9%
 * Celtic Catholicism: 7%
 * Columbian Christianity: 4%
 * Arianism: 15,000,000 people (0.7%)
 * Other Christianity: 0.1%
 * Judaism: 77,400,000 people (3.6%)
 * Islam: 44,900,000 people (1.6%)
 * Shi'ite: 1.1%
 * Sunni: 0.6%
 * Hinduism: 21,400,000 (1%)
 * Animism: 8,600,000 people (0.4%)
 * Ahauism: 8,600,000 people (0.4%)
 * Atheism: 6,400,000 people (0.3%)
 * Anti-Religion: 0.1%
 * Agnosticism: 0.1%
 * Atheism: 0.1%
 * Andeism: 4,200,000 people (0.2%)
 * Shintoism: 4,200,000 people (0.2%)
 * Druidism: 2,000,000 people (0.09%)

Ethnicity
Unlike the equally populated Mongol World Empire, the Roman Empire has an extremely diverse population. There are over two thousand recognized ethnic groups within Rome's borders, and even if similar ones are lumped together, almost 20 completely distinct groups exist. Most of these are minor African or Columbian ethnic groups, separated only due to the tribal distinctions which they hadn't overcome by the time of Roman arrival in their lands. These two general groups are the most widely represented in Rome's slave population of which 59% are African, 30% are Columbian, 5% are Indian and 6% are some foreign group. By law, Mediterranean, Mexican and Japanese ethnic groups are not allowed to be enslaved in the Roman Empire.

The Mediterranean ethnic groups are by far the most prevalent within Roman society. Unsurprisingly, the Roman ethnicity is most distinctly so. Although a great deal of mixing has occurred between Romans and the other present races, about 64% of the population can claim ancestry along at least one Roman bloodline. However, only 39% of the population can claim a purely Roman, or at least purely Italian, line of descent. Most pure Italians live in Italia and Rome, or somewhere that has been under Roman control since at least the 300's BCE. The rarest of these mixed-race individuals are Roman-Africans, children of a Roman and African Tribal parent. The definition is so specific because Phoenicio-Romans and Roman-Coptics, whilst theoretically Roman-Africans, are never referred to as such due to their history.

The Foederatae represent past and present ethnic divisions of the Roman Empire, some of which are so old that the race is not even recognized anymore by the Imperial Census Bureau. For instance, families that are partially descended from Celts, such as the Picts, Gauls and Gaels are referred to as Romano-Celts, though only one community of actual Celts still exists. Germanians likewise no longer exist as when those provinces were conquered their populations were barely over a hundred thousand. The descendants of the Germanians now live in Roman Muscovy and are known by terms such as Lombards, Muscovites, Franks or Anglians. Dacians on the other hand have been almost completely assimilated by the Greek and Roman populations and have also ceased to exist as independent ethnicities.

Greek is by far the most widespread homogeneous non-Roman ethnicity, almost completely covering the Graecian and Anatolian peninsulas and possessing numerous exclaves throughout the New World. Phoenicio-Romans also cover a large area in the Empire, existing mostly in North-West Africa and southern Hispania. They have however been mostly assimilated due to the imperial importance of Carthage and the Mons Calpi Strait (Gibraltar). Judaeans and Egyptians, like the Greeks, are very well traveled and can also be commonly found throughout Columbia, India and the Australis Islands. The province of Judaea in particular is considered a nation within Rome, despite being managed similarly to a province, and has a very high population of purely Judaean citizens (upwards of 30 million in that province alone).

Furthermore, Indians have a noticeably large portion of the Empire's population, but nearly all of them live in their native lands. Unfortunately, prosecution and attempted integration led to many leaving, to the Islamic Republic of India, and so the Indian population is much smaller than it could have been. In fact, only about 41% of that subcontinent's population is actually Indian, and the rest are an amalgam of Mediterranean ethnicities.

Notably absent from this list are the Japanese, as the government of Japan outlawed its citizens from holding two citizenships. This makes it rare to find Japanese living outside the home islands. Only about 2 or 3 million live in the Roman Empire, most being only honorary inhabitants on behalf of the Japanese government, or simply Japanese wishing to leave their country behind and start a new life in the Empire.
 * Roman: 1,370,000,000 people (64%)
 * Pure Roman: 850 million
 * Graeco-Roman: 95 million
 * Romano-Celtic: 93 million
 * Roman-Coptic: 88 million
 * Roman-Germanian/Dacian: 73 million
 * Phoenicio-Roman: 62 million
 * Roman-Columbian: 45 million
 * Mongolian/Japanese-Roman: 18 million
 * Roman-Judaean: 10 million
 * Roman-African: 4 million
 * Other Mix: 32 million
 * African: 128,000,000 people (6%)
 * Hellenic: 128,000,000 people (6%)
 * Indian: 128,000,000 people(6%)
 * Judaean: 86,000,000 people (4%)
 * Mayan: 64,000,000 people (3%)
 * Muscovite: 64,000,000 people (3%)
 * Egyptian: 64,000,000 people (3%)
 * Slaves (various groups): 64,000,000 people (3%)
 * Inca:43,000,000 people (2%)
 * Danish: 21,000,000 people (1%)
 * Arabian: 10,000,000 people (0.5%)
 * Other: 10 million (0.5%)

Language
Latin is the de jure national language of the Imperium Romanum. It represents its culture, its people and its influence throughout the world. It is required teaching in all schools within the Empire's borders, regardless of the school's public, private or foreign ownership. Several re-education programs in Africa, Columbia and India focus solely on the instruction of Latin, as its instruction is believed to be the first step towards bringing "civilization" there. Many native African and Columbian dialects are heavily discouraged in the Empire, with several state laws outlawing their instruction except in some private schools for anthropological purposes.

The other de facto national language of the Empire is Greek, which is spoken by approximately 39% of the population. Although it is not an international language like Latin, nor a required subject of instruction in the Empire, Greek is emphasized as a language of high-culture by both the Romans and the Greeks, and being able to speak it well is a high distinction in Roman society (a very small part of the non-Greek population can actually speak Greek properly). The other three major languages of Roman commerce are Pheonician, formalized since the mid to late 1400's, Coptic, another very popular language in Africa and Aramaic, the standard language of most Judaeans and Jews since even before the VIth Century when it superseded Hebrew.

Certain languages also hold local significance in certain provinces. Palestina and Arabia use Arabic as their language of business and politics, and Caledonia, Cambria, Hibernia and Magna Britannia all make use of Brythonnic in their laws and institutions. Other Ancient language groups such as Gaelic, Dacian, Hebrew, Syrian and the like have all become extinct, and only remain alive in their use by academics in the study of languages.

The international language of Nahuatl is the most widely spoken non-Mediterranean language in the Empire, with almost 100 million speakers. Although the majority of its speakers are expatriate Mayans, nearly 30 million Roman traders, bankers and businessmen are fluent in the language as this allows them to more easily do business with the Mayan Conglomerate. For the same reason, Japanese is spoken by over 40 million Romans, business with the Japanese being even more lucrative than with the Mayans.


 * Latin: 2.1 billion (98%)
 * Greek: 835 million (39%)
 * Phoenician: 214 million (10%)
 * Coptic: 130 million (6%)
 * Aramaic: 98 million (4.6%)
 * Nahuatl: 93 million (4.4%)
 * Quechua: 65 million (3.1%)
 * Brythonnic: 44 million (2%)
 * Japanese: 44 million (2%)
 * Frankish: 39 million (1.9%)
 * Hebrew: 28 million (1.3%)
 * Norse: 26 million (1.2%)
 * Arabic: 26 million (1.2%)
 * Slavic: 21 million (1%)
 * Mongolian: 15 million (0.7%)
 * Indian Dialects: 110 million (5.1%)
 * African Dialects: 105 million (4.9%)
 * Muscovite Dialects: 53 million (2.5%)
 * Columbian Dialects: 48 million (2.2%)
 * Other: 107 million (5%)

Social Orders
Like most modern nations, Roman society is stratified into a class hierarchy. At the very top are the Patricians, these are members of the government, usually very rich and have the highest amount of privileges except where taxation is concerned. Next up on the social ladder are the Equestrians. Known in Latin as Equites, they are part of the rich mercantile and business class that controls the greater part of the Roman economy and makes most of the profits. The next Order, the Plebeian Order is itself divided into two groups: The Upper Plebs and the Lower Plebs. Upper Plebs are the well-off low class citizens who are paid higher wages but are legally of the same order as their poorer brethren. They are essentially the average citizens of the Empire. The Lower Plebs are the imperial workforce, the laborers who do the kinds of jobs that no one wants but the country needs. Both Plebeian groups receive a good amount of benefits from the government and unlike in most other countries, have very comfortable lives. Unofficially there are also the Peregrini, the non-citizen foreigners like the Mayans and Japanese. They have the least amount of legal rights and are expected to be taken care of by their own countries. No benefits are offered to them by the government and any who stay to live in the Empire usually do so in the hopes of one day becoming citizens.

The final two strata are the lowest order who, in addition to receiving almost no government benefits, are heavily looked down upon by the rest of society. The first are the Indigeni, who are the native Africans, Columbians, and, in some places, Muscovites, who have been conquered by Rome. Most citizens view them as inferior to the Mediterranean races and, consequently, most of the country's racism is directed at them. Lastly are the Servi, the very bottom of society. These are people, always non-Mediterranean, who have either had their families taken into slavery many generations ago during their conquest, or in rare cases, have sold themselves, or have been sold by their own people into slavery. Although their rights were improved by the proclamation of 1449, the life of a slave is a hard one indeed.


 * Patrician Order: 4.3 million people (0.2%)
 * Equestrian Order: 145.5 million people (6.8%)
 * Upper-Plebeian Order: 1,348 million people (63%)
 * Lower Plebeian Order: 321 million people (15%)
 * Peregrini: 190.5 million people (8.9%)
 * Indigeni: 130.5 million people (6.1%)
 * Servi: 51.4 million slaves (2.4%)

Culture
MAIN ARTICLE

The culture of the Roman Empire reflects the diversity of its population. The rest of the world regards the Empire as a mixed nation, unlike the pure Japanese or Arabo-Turkish states. Moreover, it tolerates and respects the majority of cultures within and encourages their practices by political measures. No other country treats so many groups with such care and equality. The primary cultures of the Imperium Romanum are Mediterannean in origin, and include Roman, Greek, Phoenician, Egyptian and Aramaic. They each have their own liturgical sect of the Catholic Church, government language, economic policy and political representative in Congress.

The Empire is considered a center of high culture and intellectualism. For millennia, it has been emulated in the arts and sciences, and its government and philosophies have been copied across the world. Romans are the trend setters of the modern world, and have been for some time. A Roman travelling in a foreign land will definitely be well respected by locals and visitors just the same. Few instances have been recorded in the past hundred years of mistreatment of a Roman in another country.

The principle behind Rome's cultural advancement is its freedom. People move easily within the Empire, can share their ideas and practices freely, and the nation has had no limitations on its wealth. Furthermore, stability was ubiquitous in the Imperium's borders for the last 2 000 years, barring a brief civil war. The factors are no less immanent today and Rome's cultures will likely continue to evolve and set trends in the future.

Painting & Sculpture
Since the 600's, painting has been one of the dominant styles of artistic expression in the Roman Empire, superseding (though not outright replacing) the earlier art of mosaics. Within a few centuries the style of Veritamilis, which sought to create paintings that look as real as possible, took over as the dominant mode of painting. Even with the advent of photography the art of painting realistic images is nowhere near dying out. Emperors in particular have always been patrons of this art. For instance, for over a thousand years it has been customary for Caesars to commission great works of art that depict major events during their reign, such as scenes of battle or their coronation ceremony. Some Emperors, and even members of the nobility, will pay an artist to live with them and occasionally paint scenes either on location or by memory.

Nearly every major city in the Empire has at least one art museum, and it is customary for a city to offer another city paintings depicting scenes set there. This was an idea pioneered by Emperor Magnus II and it has ultimately resulted in most major cities being able to display works of art featuring all other major cities. The Imperial Museum of Art in fact has a series of rooms called the Orbis Urbum, which has skyline shots of all 98 provincial capitals. On the opposite side of the building is the 200 meter long Hall of History, which features the finest works of art that depict scenes of Rome's history, including the Capture of Vercingetorix and the Detonation of Michael. Meanwhile, the halls of the Palace of Imperials have the imperial portrait of every single Emperor (except for Galba, Otho and Vitellus).

Art museums are very popular destinations within Roman cities. The three largest museums of art receive 14 million, 9 million and 4 million visitors each year respectively. Also featured in the art museums are the ever popular Roman sculptures. The art of sculpting is perhaps the greatest product of the Western arts, and definitely one which the Roman Empire made full use of. The Romans, the Greeks and the Egyptians are all very found of creating their sculptures, and cities in areas influenced by all three cultures are dotted with sculptures of many different kinds. The grandest of all the Roman statues however is the Statue of Victory (which depicts a Nike, or Angel) built in the bay off the coast of Neapolis. Though it stands on a 60 meter high pedestal, the Statue itself is 240 meters (60 metros) tall. The Statue of Victory is widely recognized symbol of the nation and serves as a representation of the indomitable spirit and power of the Empire.

Media
Given the immense size of the Roman Empire, and the security that its residents enjoy, a lot needs to be done to keep people both entertained and informed. Until recently the primary means by which news was spread was through the praeconis (Heralds). These are government paid scribes who go out every day to major plazas within the cities and declare recent news to the people walking in the streets. Amazingly, this form of reporting the news was so popular that even when personal television was invented the government continued putting more money into their business of professional heralds. It is in modern times, in the larger cities, that most heralds are being replaced by holographic equivalents. The holograms used for this are very realistic, making the change mostly irrelevant to the public. The rich meanwhile send their personal secretaries to gather the news for them. Except for in Rome and Carthage, the news made by the heralds is basically only directly relevant to the city residents themselves. So whilst news of a murder or disaster in Mediolanum will be told by all the heralds in that city, no one elsewhere would hear anything of it. An interesting case in this regard is Constantinopolis whose heralds proclaim all the major economic news on top of the local news.

Meanwhile, national and international news is brought to the public through the Nuntia Imperia, the state run newspaper. In some cities, there are newspapers that are published and circulated by rich business owners, most of which differ greatly from the government paper, usually in their political bias or alternative focus (say on sports for instance). Anyways, the main sections of the Imperial Newspaper are: Ludonus (public events/sports), Artanus (the arts), Peregranus (foreign news), Forum (business), Otianus (leisure/vacation), Mortianus (obituaries), a front page for the daily top story and a dozen other pages for other major news stories. Next to the newspapers and the heralds, the only other sources for news are public announcements by city officials and, formerly, the radio (which acted like a virtual herald).

Mass advertising is something which never developed in the Roman Empire, creating a very different consumer dynamic to OTL. Advertisements of all forms are banned from the newspapers, the radio, the movies and even the television. The only allowed and publicly accepted form of advertising is street advertising (though some businesses shrewdly bribe heralds to put them in a good light). Nearly all shops exist within distinct market districts in the cities and villages, and so business owners usually rely on signs and their own charisma to attract customers. For products, nearly everything is sold by regional monopolies, or between two or three large businesses and so advertising for products would be largely wasteful anyways. Certain kinds of street adverts though like electric signs or lighting are outlawed in large cities as they are considered to be disruptive to the public (this especially includes neon signs).

Reputation
Roman civilization is universally considered to be the prime example of international high culture. Its art forms and its customs are widely copied throughout the civilized world and the Romans themselves are very proud of their status. In an international poll performed by the government of Japan, which took data from 10,000 people in every non-Roman country found that 65% of people have a positive view of the Romans, but an opposing 32% have a negative view. Looking at the results of this poll it seems that very few people don't have a strong view of Roman society, whether good or bad. An internal census performed by Roman Censors in 1977, which covered virtually the entire adult population of the Roman Empire showed that 91% of residents have a positive view of their country and its influence on humanity. Another 4% were completely neutral on the subject whilst the final 5% believed that Roman civilization was actually having a negative impact.

Nationalism, or the belief that the Roman Empire is superior to other countries, is extremely prevalent amongst Roman citizens. The understanding within Roman society has always been that they are a beacon of civilization in a world rampant with barbarism. However, a majority of Romans take this a step further and believe that everything is the business of their Empire and they have a right to interfere in any foreign events.

As bigoted as Roman society is, the Empire has always had strong ties to human rights and the protection of what it considers to be the interests of humanity. Although slavery has not been banned, the rights of enslaved people since 1449 has been higher in the Roman Empire than any other country in the world, and their standard of living is often better than the poor and homeless in other countries. Furthermore, it was Roman philosophers, building on the ideas of the Greeks, who first developed the political and legal idea of natural rights. They believed that every human being was entitled to certain things, such as the right to his or her own body, the right to breed and the right to equality among their peers (members of their own social order) and that these rights are equally given to every human being, regardless of nationality, race or enslavement, and cannot be revoked under any circumstances. No other country on Earth guarantees the rights of human beings this way as strongly as the Roman Empire does.

The Roman's also wrote the first Constitution in 1191, and that document is very specific on the legal rights of the Empire's residents. From its inception the Roman Constitution has ensured every citizen: two thirds of their income, a fair trial performed by members of their own social order, equal representation in the government, free education, the ability to afford healthcare, the legal right to keep their citizenship unless revoked by fair trial, and recently the rights over their own genetic information. Furthermore, the Roman Empire is the only nation that offers absolutely free healthcare to at least one part of its society (the very young and the very old).

Society
Romanitas (Romanity or Romanism) is the state of Roman civilization as an idea, rather than a physical reality. This includes anything which is representationally Roman, and is identified with the Roman people, in other words, the symbols of the Roman Empire. The central symbol of Rome is the official formula of the country, which legally represents the Empire, the government and the citizens and is written as Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR). It is the most frequently used term in Roman Law and is flaunted on everything from government documents, buildings and property, to public works and milestones. Internationally it evokes thoughts of imperialism and a sense of respect that causes most people to seldom say it, almost as if they think they'd be struck down for using it in vain.

Another primary example of Romanitas is the Caesar, not as an individual, but as a position. Although no one believes that the Emperors are deities anymore, the extent of veneration given by Roman citizens to their Emperor is almost to the same degree as those nation's which still do. The Caesar's importance to Roman culture cannot be overstated. Deus Caesaro Tege (God Defend the Emperor) is one of three national anthems of the Roman Empire, which is used in every event that directly involves the Emperor. Additionally, the current Caesar is always referred to as Augustus, even by people talking about him in casual conversation.

The anthem for the Roman people, used in public festivals and the opening of sporting events, is Cantus Arma Virosque (Song of Arms and of Men). This song takes its name from the first words of Virgil's Aeneid, and its lyrics from the story itself and the history of the Roman people. The last national Roman anthem is Terra Nostrum (Our Land) which is customarily sung by other nations when receiving Roman dignitaries. Another of the primary Roman symbols is the Aquila, or Roman Standard (an Eagle). Its visual representation is stitched into all military and public service uniforms, and its stone or metallic form is placed on top of most public buildings, usually over the aforementioned SPQR. The use of the eagle as a symbol is a right exclusively reserved by the Roman Empire, and should any foreigners try to use it now they would quickly expect an international incident.

Philosophy
MAIN ARTICLE

The Romans study philosophy as a highly academic subject like they do science. As such, it is necessary for children to take several courses of it at the grammaticus (high school) level. Its courses are a necessary part of Roman education, studied as Ethica, Vitalogia, and Epitesmelogia. The time that philosophy had to develop in Roman academics has made its subject matter well-organized and has brought most philosophers to agreement on its most important topics. The structure of Roman philosophy is the following:

Logika

Metaphysica Naturalis Metaphysica Moralis

Physica Ontologia Mathematica Ethica Politica Oeconomica

The above diagram does not show the different branches as contained within their roots, but rather that proper study of the branches needs an understanding of its originative concepts, which can only be given by the preceding root, i.e. empirical physics can only be properly understood after knowing a metaphysics of nature. Furthermore, branches on the same level provide information supporting one another.

Logic
The science of Logic is the root of Roman philosophy. The ancient Aristotelian Logika Syllogistica (Eng: Propositional Logic) went out of use after the publication of De Logika in 1218, a book which established the dominance of Logika Attributia (Eng: Predicate Logic). The application of logical systems, since the invention of symbolic logic by Archaedavincus, seems like an odd sort of verbal mathematics. The symbols and form of Archadavincus' system came from his development of set mathematics in the 740's.

The proposition 'There is perfect justice' can be expressed in symbolic logic as ∃(Justice ) § Perfect (Justice). While the notation seems basic, and it is quite straightforward, its proper use comes in the making of inferences to make new propositions out of original ones. The practice of making inferences from judgements or propositions makes use of the human faculty of Reason, and is called reasoning.

 Logic, to the Romans, is not only a study of rules of inference and judgement. Its domain is the form of thinking itself, in whatever is necessary and universal to human cognition. For this reason, it is the foundation of all Roman philosophy.

Metaphysics
 The two fields of Roman metaphysics come from the principles of logic as a system of the rules of thinking. Philosophers did not understand the necessarily cognitive nature of logic, in the sense that the rules of syllogistic judgements are the same rules as thought, for most of history. Immanuel Cornelius Hesserlus created the metaphysics of morals and nature taught in modern Roman philosophy, and his system is accepted by the majority of philosophers to be true. However, it requires what its few opponents call a 'monstrous leap' in reason, and has therefore been unable to supercede Eastern philosophy in the Mongol Empire.

 The jist of Hesserlus' natural metaphysics is that knowledge of nature in the empirical sciences of physics, chemistry, biology, etc., is an understanding of absolute reality as it appears to the human cognitive faculties. Human beings are incapable of gaining knowledge of things as they are in themselves (Eimana), and can only know things as appearances (Phenoemena). However, the former can be thought by humans as long as their is no contradiction in the concept. In that case it is a non-representational, and non-empirical, object of thought - a things as it is thought to be in itself (Noumena). Technically speaking, a noumenon and eimanon are the same in terms of content but each one's relation to thinking beings in general is different.

 Ethics, according to the laws of nature, is impossible except in a psychological sense, because thinking beings as phenonoema are subject to causality, and therefore caused to think thoughts determined by nature and nurture (i.e. biology and sensation, and habit). However, when considered as noumena, the thinking being can be totally free, and it is through the Idea of freedom that moral action is possible. The monstrous leap, as it were, is here in ethics, where a noumenon (freedom of the rational will), which in logic is justified only as an Idea not as an object of experience and thus not as a scientifically observable object, is the determinant of our actions. The specifics of why this is an unusual leap are deep within the principles of human understanding, but so too are the reasons in support of such an enormous inference.