List of Kings of Portugal (Principia Moderni II Map Game)

The Kingdom of Portugal was formed on approximately July 25th 1139 under its first king, Afonso Henriques, who before then, was Count of Portucale, and a vassal of the Kingdom of León. From 1093 (if the County of Portucale is counted) to 1383, the Kingdom was ruled by a branch of the House of Burgundy, in itself a branch of the Capetian dynasty. After a sucession crisis, in which the King of Castille claimed the throne, João, Grand Master of the Order of Avis, and illegitimate son of Pedro I, was crowned in 1385, starting the House of Avis.The title of heir apparent was "Prince of Portugal" from 1433 to 1586, with a brief interval in which the name "Prince of Porto" was used during the 1470's.The title was replaced by "Prince of Galicia", in celebration of the conquest of Galicia during the Secoind Galician war with Castille. To date Portugal practices male primogeniture (like other European countries). This means that if the Portuguese Royals have a first-born that is a girl, she will lose her title as Princess of Portugal to her younger brother, who then becomes the Prince of Portugal.

15th Century
'''The formal title of the King is: "By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarves of either side of the sea in Africa and Lord of Guinea". Some other appendages might be added to this base title, such as Duke of Coimbra, in the case of João II. The longest title up to this date was Afonso X's: "His Royal Majesty, Afonso X and I, By the Grace of God, King of Portugal, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland and Algarves, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Count of Trancoso, Protector of the Saami, Preserver of the Perpetual Union of the Scandinavian Kingdoms, Lord of Guinea and Brasil."'''

João I (1357-[1385-1433])

 * Spouse: Philippa of Lancaster (1359-1415) (married 1387)


 * Heirs apparent: Branca (1388-1389), Afonso (1390-1400), Duarte (1400-1433)

Issue:

--- Illegitimate issue:
 * Branca (1388-1389)
 * Afonso (1390-1400)
 * Duarte (1391-1438)
 * Pedro, Duke of Coimbra (1392-1449) -- married Isabel de Urgel (1409-1459)
 * Henrique, Duke of Viseu (1394-1460)
 * Isabel (1397-1471) -- married Philip III, Duke of Burgundy
 * Branca (1398)
 * João, Lord of Reguengos (1400-1442)
 * Fernando, Grand Master of The Order of Avis (1402-1443)


 * Afonso, Count of Barcelos, later Duke of Bragança (1377-1460)

Notable actions - On the death of his half-brother Fernando I without a male heir in October 1383, strenuous efforts were made to secure the succession for Princess Beatriz, Fernando's only daughter. As heiress presumptive, Beatriz had married King Juan I of Castile, but popular sentiment was against an arrangement in which Portugal would have become virtually annexed by Castile. A crisis, lasting from 1383 to 1385, followed, a period of political anarchy, when no monarch ruled the country.

On 6 April 1385, the Cortes met in Coimbra and declared João, then Master of Aviz, King of Portugal. This was followed by the liberation of almost all of the Minho in only two months, on the war against Castile and its claims to the Portuguese throne. Soon after, the King of Castile again invaded Portugal with the purpose of conquering Lisbon and removing João I from the throne. Juan I of Castile was accompanied by French allied cavalry while English troops and generals took the side of John (see Hundred Years' War). João I and Nuno Álvares Pereira, his loyal Constable and talented supporter, repelled the attack on the decisive Battle of Aljubarrota (14 August 1385), where the Castilian army was virtually annihilated. Juan I of Castile then retreated. The Castilian forces abandoned Santarém, Torres Vedras, Torres Novas, many other towns were delivered to João I by Portuguese nobles from the Castilian side and the stability of the Portuguese throne was permanently secured.

On 11 February 1387, John I married Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt, who had proved to be a worthy ally, consolidating the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance that endures to the present day.

After the death of Juan I of Castile in 1390, without leaving issue by Beatriz, John I of Portugal ruled in peace and pursued the economic development of the country. The only significant military action was the siege and conquest of the city of Ceuta in 1415. By this step he aimed to control navigation of the African coast. But in the broader perspective, this was the first step opening the Arabian world to medieval Europe, which in fact led to the Age of Discovery with Portuguese explorers sailing across the whole world.

Contemporaneous writers describe John as a man of wit, very keen on concentrating power on himself, but at the same time with a benevolent and kind personality. His youthful education as master of a religious order made him an unusually learned king for the Middle Ages. His love for knowledge and culture was passed to his sons, often collectively referred to by Portuguese historians as "Ínclita Geração" : Duarte, the future king, was a poet and a writer; Pedro, the Duke of Coimbra, was one of the most learned princes of his time; and Prince Henrique, "O Navegador", the Duke of Viseu, invested heavily in science and the development of nautical pursuits. In 1430, John's only surviving daughter, Isabel, married Philip III, Duke of Burgundy, and enjoyed an extremely refined court culture in his lands.

Duarte I (1391-[1433-1438])

 * Spouse: Eleanor of Aragon (1402-1455) [married 1428]


 * Heirs apparent: Afonso (1433-1438)

Issue:

--- Illegitimate issue:
 * João (1429-1433)
 * Felipa (1430-1441)
 * Afonso, Prince of Portugal (1432-1474)
 * Fernando, Duke of Beja (1433-1470) -- married Beatriz of Reguengos (1430-1503) [married 1447]
 * Leonor of Portugal (1434-1467) -- married Frederick V, Duke of Austria (1415-1493)
 * Duarte (1435)
 * Catarina (1436-1463)
 * Joana (1439-1475)


 * João Manuel de Portugal e Vilhena, Bishop of Guarda (1416-1476)

Notable actions - Followed the politics of his father concerning the maritime exploration of Africa. He encouraged and financed his famous brother, Henrique "O Navegador", who initiated many expeditions on the west coast of Africa. That of Gil Eanes in 1434 first rounded Cape Bojador on the northwestern coast of Africa, leading the way for further exploration southward along the African coast.

Afonso V (1432-[1438-1474])

 * Spouse: Isabel de Coimbra (1433-1486) [married 1445]


 * Heirs apparent: Fernando (1438-1451/1451-1452)João (1451), Joana (1452-1455), Afonso (1455-1474)

Issue:


 * João, Prince of Portugal (1451)
 * Joana (1452-1490) -- married firstly Edward IV of England, and secondly, George of England (married 1469)
 * Afonso, Prince of Portugal (1455-1482)
 * João, Duke of Coimbra (1457-1495) -- married Eleanor de Viseu (1477)
 * Duarte, Duke of Guimarães (1460-1512) -- married Felipa de Macedo (1480)

Notable actions - In his early reign, was very influenced by Afonso, his half-uncle and Duke of Bragança since 1443 (before then he was the Count of Barcelos). Had decentralizing tendencies, and gave nobility titles to various members of the House of Bragança. Was relatively absent from the administrative viewpoint. His reign also saw the development of Portuguese presence on the African coast.

Afonso VI (1455-[1474-1482])

 * Spouse: Anne Of York (1439-1486) [married 1470]


 * Heirs apparent: Diogo (1474), João (1474-1475), Afonso (1475-1482)

Issue:


 * Diogo, Prince of Porto (1474)
 * Afonso, Prince of Porto (1475-1485)
 * Leonor (1477-1483)

Notable actions - Followed the same tendencies as his father. Involved himself on a disastrous war against Castille, which ended up with the loss of Ceuta after the Holy Roman Empire got involved. Died of the plague before the war's end.

Afonso VII (1475-[1482-1485])
Issue:
 * Spouse: none
 * Heirs apparent: Leonor (1482-1483), João (1483-1485)

none

Notable actions - Most of the actions on his reign effectively done by his regents, João, Duke of Coimbra, and Duarte, Duke of Guimarães, with actions including resuming of the growth of the colonies, which had stagnated under Afonso VI, with the establishment of the feitoria of São Jorge da Mina early on his reign, and the attempts at centralization.

João II (1457-[1485-1495])
Issue:
 * Spouse: Eleanor of Viseu (1458-1525) [married 1477]
 * Heirs apparent: Urraca (1485-1487), João (1487-1495)

--- Illegitimate issue:
 * Urraca (1479-1547)
 * João (1480-1481)
 * Teresa (1482-1548) -- married John, Prince of Cyprus (1504)
 * João, Prince of Portugal (1487-1497)
 * Maria (1487-1490)


 * Jorge de Lancastre (1481-1550) -- married Brites de Vilhena (1483-1535) (1500)

Notable actions - led armies during the war with Castille.Neasr the end of the war, he and his brother Duarte became regents for their nephew Afonso VII. During this time, Variious measures were made to take power away from the nobility and concentrate it on the king's person. Executed the then Duke of Bragança, Afonso III, under charges of treason. Meanwhile, he also centralized the trade and exploration of the coast of Guinea and the Gulf of Guinea, which led to the establishment of the feitoria of São Joirge da Mina in 1482. His reign also saw an emphasis on exploration of the Atlantic, which culminated with the discovery of Antília in 1492, and the finding of a sea route to India. In his reign, the aforementioned Duarte was very prominent.

João III (1487-[1495-1497])
Issue:
 * Spouse: none
 * Heirs apparent: Urraca (1495-1497)

none.

Notable actions - his reign was not very remarkable, except for the fact that his uncle Duarte continued to be very influential.

Urraca (1479-[1497-1547])
Issue:
 * Spouse: firstly, Afonso de Viseu (1480-1502) [married 1497], and secondly, Afonso de Bragança (1484-1543) [married 1503]
 * Heirs apparent: Teresa (1497-1498), Dinis (1498-1508), Pedro (1508-1547)


 * Dinis, Prince of Portugal (1498-1508)
 * Urraca (1502-1570) -- married Leopold, Prince of Anhalt (1515)
 * Pedro, Prince of Portugal (1506-1561) -- married Victoria, Princess of Sweden (1505-1564) (1519)
 * Afonso, Duke of Bragança (1508-1556) -- married Isabel de Vilhena (1512-1558)
 * Isabel (1509-1564)
 * Manuel (1511-1513)
 * João, Duke of Coimbra (1513-1535)
 * Maria (1515)
 * Constança (1517-1560)
 * Garcia, Duke of Coimbra (1518-1586) -- married Inês, Duchess of Guimarães (1520-1574) (1538)

Notable actions - Urraca's reign was mainly marked by the increasing centralization of power, and some expansionist tendencies. A maritime way to India was discovered in 1500 on an expedition led by Vasco da Gama. However, Portugal's relations with India became only commercial due to the heavy presence of the Caliphate on the area. Thus, most of the expansion was made on the colonies on northern and southern Antília. Various land masses on Antília were discovered during her reign. Most notably, in the colony of Brasil, which by the end of her reign, had become as big as Portugal itself in area, though most of this area was disconnected.

In Urraca's reign, royal absolutism was the method of government. The Portuguese Cortes (the assembly of the kingdom) only met six times during her 50-year reign, always in Lisbon, the queen's seat. She reformed the courts of justice and the municipal charters with the crown, modernizing taxes and the concepts of tributes and rights. Urraca also was very religious and invested a large amount of Portuguese income to sponsor missionaries to the new colonies, such as Francisco Álvares, and the construction of religious buildings, such as the Monastery of Jerónimos. Despite this, her laws against Kappelianism were somewhat lenient if compared to other nations, such as Brandenburg. The reign of Urraca also was marked by active diplomacy, contrasting with João II's diplomatic isolationism. With Scandinavia, she made alliances through marriage (her son Pedro with Victoria of Sweden, which would eventually become queen of Scandinavia in 1547.), beside opening diplomatic relations with countries like Cyprus, France and Anhalt. However, diplomatic relations with Castille continued nearly nonexistent, as they were since the war with Castille.

Urraca's support for the humanist cause was also significant. In literature, his active support of Gil Vicente, Garcia de Resende, Sá de Miranda, Bernardim Ribeiro, Fernão Mendes Pinto and João de Barros was notable. In the sciences, John III supported mathematician Pedro Nunes and physician Garcia de Orta. She definitively transferred the Portuguese university from Lisbon to Coimbra in 1538, and in the same year, a university was created in São Salvador da Bahia. In 1542 Urraca created in Coimbra a College of Arts. Another noteworthy aspect of Urraca's rule was the support she gave to missionaries in the New World.

Pedro II (1506-[1547-1561])
Issue:
 * Spouse: Victoria I of Scandinavia (1505-1564) (married 1519)
 * Heirs apparent: Dinis (1547-1561)


 * Urraca, Countess of Guarda (1523-1586)
 * Dinis, Prince of Portugal (1525-1562)
 * Afonso, Count of Trancoso (1527-1580)
 * Joana (1530-) -- married Francis, Duke of Burgundy (1529-) (1551)
 * Maria (1533-) -- married Ernest Augustus, Count of Anhalt (1554)
 * Inês (1537-)
 * Pedro, Archbishop of Évora (1539-1623)

Notable actions - Pedro II's reign was marked mostly by his constant absence from the country, spending most of his reign in Scandinavia. His younger brother, Garcia, Duke of Coimbra, basically took care of affairs on his prolonged absences. In His reign, the colony of Santa Maria, sold to Naples in return for their feitoria on the Guaiba Lake some twenty or thirty years before, was recovered after a war with Naples and Savoy, in which Scandinavia and Venice also were present.

Dinis II (1525-[1561-1562])
Issue:
 * Spouse: firstly, Catherine of La Tour d'Auvergne (1522-1560) (married 1545), secondly, Maria Teles de Meneses (1536-1593) (marriage arranged in 1562, but never realized nor consummated,)
 * Heirs apparent: Afonso (1561-1562)


 * Joana (1550-1552)
 * Catarina (1555-1559)
 * Pedro (1557-1559)
 * Urraca (1557-1558)
 * Afonso (1560)

Notable actions - Despite having the shortest reign of a Portuguese monarch, Dinis' reign was busy. Despite the reconquest of Santa Maria being completed on the reign of Pedro, most of the reorganizing of the colonies was made by Dinis, with the first capitães-donatários of Rio da Prata being personally appointed by Dinis. The University of Évora also was founded during his reign, aside of implanting a governo-geral in Rio da Prata.

Afonso X (1527-[1562-1580])
Issue:
 * Spouse: Selena of Bavaria (1533-1598) (married 1554)
 * Heirs apparent: João (1562-1580)


 * João, Prince of Portugal and Finland (1555-1583)
 * Garcia Érico, Prince of Norway (1557-1587)
 * Karina (1559-) -- married Nuno III, Count of Lara
 * Leonor (1563-)
 * Álvaro (1565-1585)

Notable actions - Assumed the throne on the death of his brother Dinis, whose children didn't survive him. Was the first king of both Portugal and Scandinavia from 1564 on. During the great plague of Lisbon in 1569, Sebastian sent for doctors from Seville to help the Portuguese doctors fight the plague. He created two hospitals in Lisbon to take care of those afflicted with the plague.

In his concern for the widows and orphans of those killed by the plague, he created several Recolhimentos known as the Recolhimento de Santa Marta (shelter of Santa Marta) and the Recolhimento dos Meninos and provided wet nurses to take care of the babies. Legal Reforms.

When of the Caliphatine invasion of Muscowy and Novgorod in the late 1560's, Afonso went to Scandinavia, in case the Muslims reached the Scandinavian borders, and stayed there for most of his later reign, with the regent during those occasions being Garcia, Duke of Coimbra.

Garcia created laws for the military, the Lei das Armas, that would become a military organization model. Also in 1570, Garcia ordered that the Brazilian natives should not be used as slaves and ordered the release of those held in captivity, preceding the Papal bull regarding that for five years.

In 1572, When Venice was invaded by the Caliphate, Afonso declared support for Venice, like other European nations.

In 1573, Garcia commissioned the construction of the Royal Basilica in Castro Verde as a tribute to the Battle of Ourique.

In 1575 with the Carta de Lei de Almeirim, the regent established a system of measures for solid and liquid products and also defined the role of public servants.

After the collapse of the Caliphate, Afonso came back to Portugal in 1576.

The Celeiros Comuns (Communal Granaries) were inaugurated in 1576 on Garcia's orders. These were lending institutions intended to help to poor farmers when farm production decreased, giving credit, lending seeds and commodities to the needy, allowing them to pay back with farm products when they recovered from losses.

The mathematician and cosmographer Pedro Nunes was appointed by Garcia as a cosmography teacher for sea pilots. It was during Garcia's stead as regent that Nunes wrote the Petri Nonii Salaciensis Opera.

The number of shipwrecks decreased and almost every single ship arrived in port during the whole of Afonso's reign.

In 1577 Afonso’s ordinance "Da nova ordem do juízo, sobre o abreviar das demandas, e execução dellas" decreased the time for handling legal actions, regulated the action of lawyers, scribes and other court officials, and created fines for delays.

João IV (1555-[1580-1583])
Issue:
 * Spouse: none
 * Heirs apparent: Garcia (1580-1583)

none

Notable actions  - Ascended to the throne in 1580. After ascending to the throne, João started to plan an invasion of Castille to conquer Galicia, the same reason why Afonso VI declared war in 1477. He declared war in 1582, with the forces mobilizing themselves by 1583. João led a Portuguese force himself through the borders at the east, while another force, led by Duarte, Duke of Bragança, led an attack through the north. Resistance on the east was stronger than in the north, and João eventually died of wounds acquired on a siege.

Garcia I (1557-[1583-1587])
Issue:
 * Spouse: Isabel de Barcelos (1558-1630) (married 1572)
 * Heirs apparent: Duarte (1583-1586), Karina (1586-1587)


 * Duarte, Prince of Portugal (1578-1586)

Notable actions  - Ascended to the throne after his brother's death. The war continued during his reign, and the command was divided on the eastern border.However, the war went much better than expected due to the outdated state of the Castillian armed forces, and the division of command might had something to do with the success.On 1586, Garcia added all the titles associated with the Castillian crown to his titles, becoming Garcia II on Castille, Garcia III in León, Asturias and Galicia, and Garcia I on Córdoba, Sevilha, Jaén, Toledo and Murcia.

Karina/Urraca II (1559-[1587-1630])
Issue:
 * Spouse: Nuno III de Lara (1558-1630) (married 1579)
 * Heirs apparent: Duarte (1586-1630)


 * Olavo (1580)
 * Carlos (1582-1583)
 * Isabel (1584-)
 * Duarte, Prince of Galicia (1586-)

Notable actions  - ascended to the throne in 1587, after her brother Garcia died with no surviving children.married Nuno de Lara, second son of the future Count of Lara, João, but who inherited the county after his older brother's death.Since Nuno already had male children with Karina/Urraca, Nuno was crowned King of Portugal along with her, starting the rule of the Portuguese House of Lara, which claimed to be descended directly from the older Castillian House of Lara, to the point of using as coat of arms the Lara coat of arms, along with the Portuguese coat of arms.more to be added.