Space Race Didn't End





President Richard Milhous Nixon was not a big supporter of the Space Race with the Soviet Union. It was known (in OTL) as he entered the Presidency that he wanted to cut the Apollo missions as soon as possible. He felt that it was a waste of money and he wanted to concentrate on the Vietnam War and the poor economy that he had just inherited. President Nixon was also very anti-communist, as most politicians were at the time. President Nixon is best known for the Watergate Scandal and for possible being paranoid (mostly about getting re-elected). What if this paranoia fueled his anti-communism and he was paranoid about losing the Space Race. What if he had a change of heart in regards to the importance of the Space Race and wanted to win no matter what! And what if this and not Watergate is what stands out in his Presidency. What it is his leadership and decisions during his Presidency are why the Space Race continued and instead the Arms Race died. What if he is remembered for opening space to humanity!

The 1960's
1966

POD: Soviet Chief Designer and leading architect of its space program Sergei Korolev enters a Moscow hospital for a routine hemorrhoid operation it is a complete success. (In OTL he dies)

Vladimir Chelomey, Korolev's chief rival, approaches Korolev with a plan to increase funds for the space program and be able to challenge the American in the race to the moon. The ambitious plan call for better cooperation, bigger rockets and even catch up with the Americans within two years. Then be in a position to pass them... they went before Premier Brezhnev the leader of the Soviet Union and the Central Committee... the plan was approved.

1967

The Soviets start to test an improved and larger UR-500 (Proton) rocket hoping for a manned fly-by of the moon. They also started redesigning and testing the N-1 super- heavy rocket.

The United States test an unmanned Saturn V rocket in November it is a total success.

1968

The Soviets launch 2 successful unmanned Soyuz 7K-Zond-B probes, redesigned and well-funded, they are larger than earlier models and capable of carrying 3 cosmonauts and supplies; it was hoped they can perform a circumlunar loop flight around the moon before the American did their fly-by.

Apollo 8 launched on December 21 leaves earth orbit and became the first human travelers to leave LEO and travel to another celestial body.

1969 

January 11 Soviets successfully follow the Americans with their Zond program and travel to the moon in a fly-by mission.

January 20, Richard Nixon is sworn in as the 37th President of the United States; in a news conference the new President said he is unimpressed with the Soviet mission pointing out that the whole Zond program is too small to land a man on the moon; unlike Apollo that is getting ready to fullfill the goals of JFK set several years earlier and land a man on the moon.

February 21 The Soviet N-1 (Lenin) Rocket launches into orbit in an unmanned flight... after 2 years of redesigning and successfully ground testing. he rocket is larger than early models but still smaller than the Saturn V.

The Soviets leadership, upon their cosmonauts return, claim that while the Americans may land on the moon first, there are many other places to go in the solar system to visit and that with a new heavy lift rocket and a new manned rocket both of which can travel in deep space the American will quickly fall behind the Socialist Model.

Premier Brezhnev the leader of the Soviet Union said in a speech to the Politburo Central Committee "the American think of this Space Race as if it is a foot race... one moon, one destination... but we see a moon, the asteroid belt and 8 other planets, therefore, it is not a foot race but a Decathlon and we will win the race!!"

President Nixon is concerned by the foot race comparison and the recent rocket tests. He summons his science advisors and NASA chief scientist and engineers; while they reassuring the President that Apollo would reach and land on the moon by this summer the President seemed worried. He starts to inquire about the newly formed Apollo Applications Program and what it can do to help keep America in the lead.

Apollo 11 lands on the moon in July bringing the first human there! President Nixon in a televised address to the nation says America is up to the Soviets challenge and will soon set up a Luna base.

The President adds billions back in to the 1970 NASA budget and works with Democrats and Republicans to get it passed. The new budget returns spending for the space program is returned to the 1966 level or about .5% of the GDP.

While still concerned about deficits he cut Vietnam War spending and rolled back some funding from the Health and Human Services (welfare) he sells the plan as a Nation Security Initiative.

Apollo 12 lands on the moon in November.

The Soviets use the manned Soyuz 7K-LOK launched from a Lenin N1 rocket in a trip around the moon on Christmas similar to Apollo 8 one year earlier...they announce a plan for a moon base in two more years and trips to both Venus and Mars soon after.

The 1970's
1970

The Soviets announced their 8th Five Year Plan to run from 1971 -1975 in the plan it includes a moon base and a manned flyby of Venus. Out of concern because of American economic power, the Soviets cut back on defense spending; this move surprises the world and shows how serious they have become in regards to the space race.

A third Soviet mission to the moon is a success.

During his first State of the Union Address, President Nixon outlines his agenda for the coming year it includes, in addition to his space initiatives, an educational plan to expand scholarships for students seeking a science or engineering degree. His plan will also have provisions to increase high school graduation rates for Africa-American students with the hope those rates matching those of whites by 1975. Senator Edward Brooke, America's only black Senator will lead this committee. The President sees these initiatives as crucial if America is to keep up with the Soviet Union with its larger population base.

April 11, the Apollo 13 mission is a partial failure due to an oxygen explosion in the service module; it makes it back to earth safely. The President orders an around the clock investigation to find the fault of the accident; he also states this event will not deter or slow down the space program. Privately he wonders if the Soviet were involved.

The Soviet Union becomes the second nation to land on the moon in late April. It releases a plan for 15 more Luna missions over the next 18 months and a base on the moon surface soon after.

In response to the Soviets plan, the USA orders a second block of Saturn V rockets to be uses for further exploration of the moon. These rockets will bring the total American missions to 21 by the end of 1971, barring further accidents

The United States selects the Saturn V-D (700,000 lbs to LEO) with is almost three times the payload of the Saturn V (220,000 lbs to LEO) to be built for delivery in the second half of 1971. The design will be the precursor to the Saturn V-D(R), a rocket with a first stage that is fully reusable. It is now under preliminary design by Wernher Von Braun America's top rocket engineer.

The Soviets quickly plan a new N-2 rocket with a similar payload as the Saturn V-D.

By the end of 1970 both the USA and the USSR have dramatically increased the budgets of their respective space programs; largely at the expense of their National Defense.

1971

President Nixon initiates a policy of Detente with the Soviet Union. It quickly leads to the SALT I Treaty to reduce nuclear warheads.

The USSR launches a simple 2 man Salyut Space Station and within days a 2 man moon base capable of supporting the men for up to 15 days before resupplying is needed. These are both firsts for the space race and restores pride and hope to the Soviet people that they can keep up with the Americas.

The American public and the Nixon administration are shocked at the speed of the Soviet deployments of hardware. However, top NASA officials and Soviet experts at the Pentagon believe it was designed for shock value, to prove to the world and its own people it is still a space power to be reckoned with.

The United States successfully launches its new Saturn V-D rocket in May, three months earlier than planned; on it was the first module for America's first space station. In a series of tests conducted by the Von Braun group of researches, using modified Saturn I-B rockets are making some headway into producing a craft that is capable of a soft landing back on its launch pad so it can be reused. The biggest problem is slow processing speed of early microchips that are needed to control the craft, either remotely or automatically, on its return descent. NASA in response to this problem starts a High Speed Computer Grant Program in the hope that it can quickly develop faster processes to meet its needs.

In late December, the United States launches the last of its eight 600,000lbs modules for its space station, which has room for a total of 30 scientists and workers.

1972

The Soviets start to rapidly launch more Salyut space station components in the hope of matching the American new station; though one of its Lenin N-1 rockets exploded with a solar power array on board leaving the station under power for a few months it is undeterred in its plans to build and expand its different space projects.

The United States orders 30 upgraded Saturn I-B (R), the upgrade includes the craft being partially reusable, able to carry a larger payload, and has a winged flyback craft able to carry up to 8 passengers. This fleet allows America the ablity to travel to LEO on a daily bases and eliminates the need to use the heavy Saturn V to carry people in LEO.

The USA puts six 2 man stations on the moon, capable of missions as long as three months before resupply is needed; the mission is to survey their site, to help NASA choose the location of a permanent underground Luna base. It is also developing the ability to drill in a vacuum, to be able to dig the base.

The United States launches an unmanned research station to the Lagrangian points  at the L1  location which directly faces towards the sun. They are doing this to test the effects of long term exposure to open space and solar radiation so they can learn how to protect astronauts on interplanetary trips. It does have live animals on it for research. They will be used in various experimental shielding tests. The shielding tests will including water, plastic, lead and different metals. It will require resupply every three months and it is up to date the farthest animals or humans have gone in space.

The United States constructs a small submarine with 6 volunteers on it; the sub is largely automatic and travels very slowly. It is supplied with food and water in the way that a ship on an interplanetary journey would be; it will put them in constant danger and under stress with the fear of the loss the sub. Many see this simulation as ridicules but understanding the problems of long term space travel must be understood better before sending people into deep space when it is too late. The Soviets have done similar test for over 500 days in locked rooms but there was no real ship to run and their lives were not at risk.

The USSR starts to scrap some of its ICBM's for parts in support of it various space operations. The move seen by many as desperation is, by many others, seen as brilliant as it saves them billions in maintenance costs from these idle rockets. The USA copies this move and will rely on its bomber force if a war were to break out.

The first Nuclear Thermal Rockets are tested by the Soviet Union in October. This new rocket will not be used as part of a launch system from earth; instead it will be permanently kept in orbit at the Soviet space sta tion. It is designed to move payloads from LEO into a trans-Luna or interplanetary trajectory.

The United S tates was planning a similar test with it NERVA rocket, for early 1973 and in response to the Soviet test pushes the timetable to coincide with the election in November.

President Nixon is reelected in a landslide.

The first experimental reusable heavy rocket successfully returns to its launch pad and is re-launched in 2 weeks. Congress authorizes NASA to start assembling a Saturn V-D(R) a move that will save billions in launch cost. The savings will go into education programs and a new Nova rocket program to design a new super-rocket with a payload no less than 1,000,000 lbs to LEO and be 100% recoverable. It also will start design considerations for a 60 man space shuttle both for delivery by 1977.

1973 

The USSR stuns the world with the first interplanetary trip with a Venus flyby, only four years after their successful moon flyby. This mission is similar to one studied by NASA as part of its Apollo Applications Program in 1970. The President calls on congress to increase NASA's funding and the timetable for America's first interplanetary missions.

With a growing need for nuclear fuel for its space operations, the United States plan to reprocess spent fuel rods. President Nixon names Admiral Hyman Rickover (the father of America's nuclear navy) to head the newly formed Nuclear Regulatory Commission; he will oversee nuclear safety and further development of America's NERVA program.

An oil boycott against America starts because of America's support of Israel during the Yom Kippur War. Nixon introduces major energy efficiency initiatives to end America's reliance on foreign oil.

Vice President Spiro Agnew resigns in October in a scandal; Senator Edward Brooke replaces him as the first African-American Vice President. He is seen as a role model for all minority children and he encourages them to continue to enter the sciences.

After an 18 month search the United States chooses a site in the polar region of the Moon and start to constuct a luna base.

1974

Due to the oil crisis the world falls into a minor recession. President Nixon believes that the Soviets are behind this to derail Americas plan to follow them to Venus.

America's rail system (Amtrak) formed 3 years earlier hopes to start running bullet trains by 1980 as part of the Presidents energy savings plan. This move is also popular because of raising cost of aircraft due to the space program and the increase in the cost of oil. The United States passes a law requiring 90% of all oil to be produced in America. As shortages will force prices up it will also force innovation and greater fuel mileage<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.

The Soviets start to constuct a Luna base.

The United States performs a flyby mission to both Venus and Mercury in a newly designed long range ship capable of carrying 6 people. The ship has several times the living space per person then the Apollo ships a decade earlier and twice the space of the Soviet craft. This mission marks the first women to travel beyond earth-moon system.

Computer processing speed has quadrupled in the last 2 years, double Moore's Law (which is the doubling of transistors ever two years on a computer chip; this rate of increase goes back many years), due to heavy funding by NASA. This improved computer preformance greatly helps in numerous projects.

Vietnam receives an emergency aid package of oil and economic help due to a recession caused by the oil crises.

The cost for travel to LEO has fallen over 90%, making it cheaper for an increasing number a companies willing to do business in LEO.

1975

Microrocket is formed by Bill Gates and Paul Allen; they hope to exploit the rapidly evolving electromagnetic catapult technology, like many others, and to build a launch system for earth and the moon without the use of chemical rockets.

The United States travels to Mars and stays in orbit for 6 months. It test an unmanned "lander" and a return craft both which are total successes.

The United States and the Soviet Union flatly reject the proposed Apollo–Soyuz Test Project. Each believes the other is trying to steal their technology

South Vietnam is invaded by North Vietnam but they are held off with the help of US air power. The Soviets refuse to send help to their old ally. It is believed, by the CIA, that the Soviets are unable to help due to their reduced spending in their defense budget. The North did not believe the US would intervene because of the Case-Church Amendment, however; Nixon's personal pleading for the South Vietnamese changes the law and allows resumption of bombing and support.

The North falls, after the South for the first time invades the North, and captures Hanoi.

Lynette Alice "Squeaky" Fromme shot President Nixon on September 5th. Fromme was a follower of Charles Manson who is serving a life term in prison. Nixon was in a coma and Doctors did not believe he would recover. Vice President Edward Brooke is sworn in as the nation's first black President.

The first super computer capable of 100 megahertz is the Cray-1 came online December 31.

1976

The Soviet Union reaches Mars in January, just as the Americas are leaving. Unlike the Americans who spent their time in orbit the Soviet came prepared to land on Phobos, the larger of the two Martian moons.

Jimmy Carter is elected President. President Brooke was defeated; had not originally planned to run for the Presidency but was pressured by many to do so after Nixon's got shot. That last minute entry into the election split the party when former Governor Ronald Reagan feeling cheated runs as an independent.

China invades Vietnam due to the massive amount of refugees pouring into their country; they are fleeing out of fear of southern troops. Vietnamese hold off the Chinese invaders with the help of American air and space reconnaissance.

Elvis Presley visits Former President Nixon after he comes out of his coma. Elvis is motivated to "clean-up" his own act and get off of drugs. He founds the Elvis Presley Center, to help others with substance abuse.

The Soviet Union test the N-3 a new super-heavy lift reusable rocket with a payload of 1,100,000 lbs to LEO.

President Brooke visits Vandenberg Air force base, with Nixon, to witness a test of a new Scramjet (supersonic combustion ramjet) engine, the first of its kind. President Brooke during a speech said the development of this engine took almost as long as Apollo and cost almost twice as much due to the complexities and technological challenges. The new jet was tested on a modified S-R 71 Blackbird, the only plane that could go fast enough for the scramjet to work.

Premier Brezhnev introduces major reforms to the Soviet Union; the reforms will be under the direction of Central Committee Member Mikhail Gorbachev the program is called Perestroika.

1977

The United States successfully launch its new shuttle, 6 months early and under budget! The SSTO (single-stage-to-orbit) rocket can carry 36 passengers and a larger stretch version with a capacity of 60 passengers will be tested later in the year.

The NERVA rocket, after 5 years of successful use in the United States, will be replaced. The Carter administration has plans to develop the next generation high-speed nuclear rocket. It will be a salt- water core design and expected to take 10 years to develop. It was also announced that NASA will start testing an ion engine in orbit next year. The ion rocket will help move cargo to the moon or the various space stations in orbit. The ion rocket has the potential to replace thermal nuclear rockets but many more decades of testing will be needed.

The United States introduces its new heavy lift reusuable rocket (Neptune VI) in July. The ship is based on an early Rombus design from the early 60's. It can lift 1,200,000 lbs to LEO.

China is routed by the Vietnamese army in its counter-attack in September. While the Chinese army blames the American, to avoid humiliation in the eyes of its people, most politicians know the Americans had nothing to do with it. In fighting within the PRC Army suggest that a civil war may be brewing.

The CIA briefs the President that a revolution may be gaining strength in Iran. The agency recommends that discussions with Shah Mohammad Reza should warn them and offer help. With a candor talk with the Iranians about the limits of American power due to the Space Race. The Shah's government after internal talks starts to reform the country.

The United States dedicates it first Luna base (simply called Alpha base). It has a population of 60 and will continue to expand. One important mission will be to produce oxygen for use as a rocket fuel. Microrocket will set up a shop to start testing its electromagnetic catapult launch system.

1978

The Brookings Institution, one of the nation's oldest think tanks, estimates that NASA and other space based government agencies collectively are spending around 2.0% of the GDP and they have quadrupled over the last 10 years. They also pointed out the defense's share of the nation's GDP has fallen by 20% over the same period. They predict that space programs will match then pass defense within the next decade. Finally, their study found that several million jobs have been created due to investment in the space programs and private industry's investment in space is likely to surpass total government spending in the near future.

The USA and Mexico have agreed to a guest worker program and a trade pact, hoping to better coordinate their economies. While the United States needs workers to do its menial work and Mexico needs American investments in its economy. The agreement is seen as a "win-win" for the two neighbors.

After the Chinese withdrawal from the border regions, the Vietnamese economy has started to boom with strong investments from the United States and Japan. The Philippine government have noted that immigration to the United States from the Philippines have increased to record level as the American economy is booming.

The European Space Agency (ESA) launched its first manned rocket, after a delay of two years. Though it is somewhat primitive by US and Soviet standards; it is viewed as a total success.

Iran invade Afghanistan after a bitter border dispute and the rise of a communist govnment, while some believe the Shah government used the disputes to focus the population on something other than the poor economy, the government said it is for the protection of its rights. Either way it seems to have worked; as street demonstrations thoughout the nation have dropped.

Microrocket starts to catapult small payloads into space from a test facility in New Mexico. It received a government grant to design at mass driver system for the moon. The Americans hope to start producing rocket fuel for its orbital travel needs without the cost of transporting those fuels from Earth. The escape velocity of the moon is 2.4 km/s compared to Earths 11.2 km/s and without an atmosphere to drag it down.

1979

President Carter visits Three Mile Island in early June with Admiral Rickover of the NRC. Three Mile Island is viewed as an example of excellent work in improving safety at a nuclear power plant. The President said that the NRC estimates that over 30% of the nation's electricity now comes from nuclear energy and the that county is likely to be twice that amount by the end of the century.There was a small anti-nuclear group protesting but most American now believe it is safe, especially since Rickover started to reform the Agency years earlier.

An Iranian exile returns to Iran in September but the Ayatollah Khomeini fails to gather support in Iran which is still engaged in a war with Afghanistan. Khomeini returns to his exile.

The United States lands on Mars a little over 10 years after reaching the moon. It will survey the poles for water and life for 6 months. With the human space population approaching 500 (150 on Moon, rest in orbital stations), many believe it is only a matter of time before travel to near space, the moon and to Mars will be common place.

The first American Bullet trains runs between New York and Boston. Its top speed is 195 MPH. Over 10,000 miles of tracks are planned to be built over the next twenty years.

The 1980's
1980 

European Space Agency tested a heavy lift rocket from in newly opened base in French Guiana.

Former President Nixon endorses George Bush for the Presidency. Chinese Military Commanders in South China reject responsibility for the loss in Vietnam. Beijing had called for them to step down.

Beijing orders the arrest of several key Southern Generals. Loyal troops to the southern Generals prevent the arrests. China falls into disarray as cities in the south decide if they want to join the growing ranks of the rebellion.

Microrocket starts testing its Mass Driver on the moon. Continued expansion of Alpha Base has double the population in the past year it is now 200. Several sites on the moon are being studied for Helium-3 extraction. Helium-3 is rare on Earth but is important for possible fuel in a fusion reactor.

Iraq attacks Iran along their shared borber in fear of growing Shia insurgency in disputed territory and to take advantage of Iran's slow progress in Afghanistan

George Bush is elected President; Shirley Temple Black is the first women Vice President. Ambassador Black was picked because of her position as US Ambassador to the UN World Space Committee (formed in 1975) and knowledge in all space related matters.

Troops loyal to the Chinese Central Committee attack key cities in the south. Taiwan offers military help to the south.

1981

NASA and European Space Agency signed an agreement to help Europe build a reusable rocket. The Soviets respond by helping the Warsaw Pact nation form their own Space Agency independent of Moscow.

The Japanese economy collapses due to foreign withdrawal of assets and stock market collapse. Investors are nervous because of the growing China Crises.

Former President Nixon joins the Bush administration as a Special Advisor in Space Policy.

Microrocket from its Luna launch set delivers 220,000 lbs of rocket fuel to a LEO refueling station. With a working Mass Driver System on the Moon the Americans start to develop mega structure building technologies and design for a Stanford Torus.

The Soviet Union breaks ground on a Mass Driver system on the moon. The system is almost identical to Microrocket's system starting major accusation of theft or spying. The FBI and CIA both start to investigate out of National security concerns.

Civil War breaks out in China after a full assault against southern cities by northern forces. Taiwan helps southern forces with its powerful air forces.

1982

The Soviet Union starts to build a Radio Telescope on the dark side of the moon. This is the first attempt to construct a telescope on the moon and the first structure of any kind on the dark side.

America increases troop level to South Korea, Japan, and the Philippines in response to Soviet troop increases along the border of China and Russia. The Soviets claim this is in response to the Chinese Civil War and to prevent it from spilling over in their country. Many believe the USSR may intervene on behalf of the Chinese Communists. It is the biggest flare-up of Cold War tensions since a Yom Kippur War.

The US Department of Education announces a shortage of students entering into law and business programs. However, high school graduation rates are nearly identical among the Nation's ethnic groups and science degree programs are thriving.

An American probe in the asteroid belt finds an asteroid made of mostly ice. Plans to move the asteroid to earth's orbit are being formulated.

Leonid Brezhnev died on November 10. Mikhail Gorbachev replaces him as General Secretary of the Soviet Union with full support of the Central Committee.

1983

The United States demonstrates the ability to smelt ore under zero gravity condition, both Iron and Aluminum have been extracted from Luna ore. This ability it is believed will start a new industrial revolution in space.

The United States Astronaut Academy graduated its first class with 250 cadets. A young African-American man named Barrack Obama is the first Valedictorian; during his speech he cites former Presidents Edward Brooke and Richard Nixon as his inspirations for entering into the sciences.

Iranian troops defeat the last Afghan forces in the 5 year war between their two countries. This allows Iran to concentrate on their other front with Iraq.

Ithacus military craft is deployed for the first time in the Pacific in response to the crisis is Asia. The Ithacus is based on the Rombus rocket and comes in two sizes: the larger one can deploy 1200 troops per rocket and the smaller rocket is deployed on an aircraft carrier and carried 260 troops.

The United States build a small 12 person base on the surface of Mars. The main mission is to receive prefabricated modules to build a larger base. Because of the distance between Earth and Mars it is planned to be 100% independent and self sufficient base with shelter, energy and food production.

1984

First succesful test flight of NASA's new salt-water core nuclear rocket; though it is still many years from being ready to travel in interplanetary space.

The United States authorizes 6 new moon base to be built mostly by private business.

Chinese declare a cease-fire in their on going civil war. The greatly reduces the likeliness of a larger war between the superpowers. America and the Soviet Union both stand down their level of alertness and withdraw their added troops. Estimates of deaths are in the 10's of millions.

George Bush is reelected President.

Soviets start using their new radio telescope on the moon.

1985

The United States starts to constuct a ship for its planned Jupiter mission in 5 years. The ship will be the first space craft made of metals mined on the moon. Many of the electronics will also come from orbital factory that take advantage of the zero gravity conditions. The engine still being designed and tested will be built on Earth.

The Soviets build a 1 km diameter Solar Sail. It proves to be very problematic and embarrassing to the Soviets after it collapes into itself.

ESA travels to the American moon base in an independantly designed trans luna ship.

Due to the dramatic drop in launch cost and a steady growth in orbital production of steel; a building boom is taking place in LEO and the different Lagrangian points. NASA sponsors the building of a large orbital space wheel with a planned diameter a 1 kilometer (.62 mile). The wheel is the largest planned space station and is based on the Stanford Torus. It will take several years to construct and house 7500 people.

Microrocket launch a unmanned test ship from its test faclity in New Mexico to LEO. The ship used the Electro magnetic catapult to accelerate the ship, at 1g, to hypersonic speed (Mach 5), then the scramjet stage cuts in and speeds the ship up to Mach 20 (13,000 mph). The scramjet stage separates from the payload stage which then uses a small rocket to boost the payload to LEO. The whole system reduces cost to airline levels. Microrocket hope to offer manned flights within a few years, the system promises to make space travel accessible to everyone.

1986

The trans-Luna Shuttle Challenger was hit by several small pieces of metal broken from the collapsed Soviet solar sail. Though others have died over the years of space flight this was the first trans luna shuttle to be destroyed. The ship along with her crew, carried a young women (Christa McAuliffe) who was to be the first permanent teacher on the moon.

The United States increases funding for various Ion engine designs. The technology that allows large nuclear reactors in space that are needed to create the plasma used to push the ship though space is now available.

With the Jupiter ship constuction well under way the United States has started to plan a trip to Saturn for the early 21st century.

The Soviet Union ship lands on Mars for the first time. The crew of 8 will stay on the surface for 18 months and receive several modules for a larger base. Detail have been kept a secret for unknow reasons.

The East Germans launch their first rocket.

After Seven six long years of war Iran and Iraq end their war.

West Germany match them several weeks later.

1987

Island One, the name for NASA big space wheel, spokes and primary support ring are assembled in LEO. With this station and many other private space stations under construction the permanant space population has climbed over 5000 but the daily worker population shuttled up can reach 15,000.

The United States has successfully moved the asteroid made mostly of ice, on a trajectory to Earth. It will take untill the end of the century to reach orbit.

Japan sends a ship from its new launch facility straight to the moon in a surprise demonstration of technological ability.

Vietnam and Republic of China (South China) launches a rebuilt American Saturn V-D(R) rocket to LEO. With a large satellite believed to be designed to spy on People Republic of China or North China (PRC).

The PRC joins Asian space race when it puts a manned ship in space.

1988

The United States and the European Space Agency agree to jointly build a 200 person space station that will be move to Mars in modules and reassembled in orbit. The purpose in long term study and exploration of a brood area of the Martian surface. It will also offer support to the growing number of belt prospectors.

In what is considered a game changer for Soviet leadership around the world in regards to peace; the USSR disassembled their last ICBM. Though they still have numerous nuclear weapons most agree that there is little need for such missles anymore.

The United States opens it radio telescope on the dark side of the moon in a joint project with ESA. It has several times the power of the Soviet telescope.

The first commercial solar power station opens and transmitts energy to a receiving station in southern Arizona. The power station can produce and transmit 1.5 gigawatts of electricity. It promises an era of nearly free energy. The station was first planned 14 years earlier during the high of the oil crises.

Vice President Shirley Temple Black becomes the first women President. Temple was endorsed by Former President Nixon who campained for her. Senator Dan Quale becomes Vice President.

1989

Early in March a major solar flare disrupts some communication and orbital activities, however due to decades of designs for such events the problems in orbit are minor. On earth power is lost in parts of Canada leading to most advanced countries to plan for worst case flare activities.

The United States new Jupiter ship conductes a test run from LEO constuction berth to the moon and back. The test run is a total success.

Island one is spinning for the first time to produce an artificial gravity. Though it is not the first station to produce a gravity, it is the first to reach full 1g Earth gavity.

The first birth on moon to an American couple on July 4 is seen either as a big coincident or proof of America's destiny as the dominant space faring nation bringing back the idea of Manifest Destiny of space.

The nation of Brazil in enters space on it own for the first time in a independently designed system.

ESA sends a 6 person ship to Mars becoming the third space program to do so. It is noted the the ESA has advanced rapidly due to reduced spending on defence. Western European defence spending in below 1% and eastern Europe is only slightly higher.

The 1990's
1990

India puts a man in space aboard its new SSTO craft. The ship uses technology jointly developed with the Japanese space agency.

The United Kingdom, Australia and Canada launch their Commonwealth space craft into space. The ship will allow these countries to better compete in LEO without relying on other nations launch facitities.

Iraq invades the Kingdom of Kuwait. Reigniting the Iran- Iraq war. However President Black calls on the United States to intervene on the side of a small country that has been wrongly conquered. Many are against involvement as America has little interest in this region and Iran has taken the leadership position

The USSR is booming economically along with much of the developed world. The Soviets have reduced their defense spending to just a few percent of their GDP.

Continued border desputes between the two Chinas led to a cold war. In an effort to prevent an all out war the United Nations recognizes both nations.

1991

The First tera-scale computer is built by IBM. It is capable of 1.2 teraflop per second.

President Black is authorized by congress after several months of talks and UN Security Council resolutions to engage in war to remove Iraq troops from Kuwait. Iran is angry by the long procees and the fact the USA has moved no troops to the area. However, the United States starts to use rail-guns projectiles from arsenal submaries in the Persian Gulf and long range hypersonic bomber. These weapon systems are unknow to the world and crush the Iraq forces. After 100 hours of bombing Americans Ithascia rockets land 100,000 troops in Kuwait and Iraq. Iraq force are quickly routed with causities in the thousands.

Many countries complian that America overused force against the Iraqs. This leads to a drop in confidence in American leadership and that of President Black. America slips into recession for the first time in 10 years.

The Soviets start to assemble a new deep space manned vessel in LEO. They claim the ship will be powered by a gas-cored thermal nuclear rocket. It so this would demonstrate a more advanced thermal rocket then the American salt-water core NERVA engine on the Jupiter ship.

Former President Nixon gives a speach at MIT pointing out that the Soviets are still in the Space Race and the United States must not slow down its R&D or the Soviets will leap further ahead.

The Hubble space Telescope is launched into deep space toward the asteriod Ceres. It will use this massive asteriod to shade it from micrometeriods. The location for Hubble was chosen to get the telescope further away from the sun.

1992

The Soviets admit that they have no military capacity like the Americans. But feel that they have no need to police the world. They call on the Americans to stop developing advanced destabilizing weapon and allow the United Nations to do its job.

American college rates are roughly the same for all sub-groups including different ethnic groups and gender. This fulfills the Nixon- Brooke plan laid out over 20 years ago.

With growing hotel and recreational capacity in LEO and on the Moon there is a growing push for tourist to be able to travel to Mars. There is however no current ships capable of carrying tourist on such long journeys.

Microrocket has started to transport worker to LEO on its mag-lev/hypersonic craft. This further increase the ease of traving into space. Microrocket plans to build dozens of launch sites though-out the free world.

The Alpha moonbase population passes 2000 year round residents and has a hotel capacity of nearly 1500. The community has official chartered itself as a town. Current constuction is laying down enough housing for a population of 20,000 by century.

William Clinton is elected the President of the United States over incumbent Shirley Temple Black. The overuse of force in Iraq and the weak economy are cited as the main reasons for her poor showing

1993

The United States is the first to nation to reach Jupiter. The 24 person crew will spend 9 months exploring the Jovian system and will be able to freely land on the many months during this time.

The United States sponsors an international Space Elevator research group that will study the possiblity of constucting an elevator or like transpotation system. A moon based system is consider more likely in the short term.

A joint American / Japanese experimental fusion pulse rocket blows up. In an underground research base in Alaska.

Japan joins the United States as the only countries to land on Mercury. Japan hopes to further study the planets core for rare earths needed in advanced electronics.

The cold war between the Chinas increase when it appears that the PRC army shots at a South Chinese reconnesaince satilite. If true it is the first military conflict in space. The world community strongly protests this action. However the South said it will match the Norths ability.

1994

The Soviet Union reaches the Americans in Jovian sytem and quicly lands on Europa. Europa is an ice covered moon circling Jupiter it is believed to possible harbor life. The soviets came with a high powered heating drill and hopes to be the first nation to find life off of earth. The drilling may take years as the ice in dozens of miles thick.

Former President Richard Nixon Dies on April 22.

An international team reaches fusion break point at a research station in Canada. This means that the amount of energy that is released from the reaction is equal to what is put in.

The American/ ESA space station reaches Mars. On an independed mission the Commonweath ship HMS Elisabeth II docks with it.

The Soviet Mars base secret is revieled; it was the belief that they had found an ancient alien site, it prove incorrect.

1995

Microrocket is now moving hundreds of tourists into space on a daily bases to dozens of space facilities. The trans luna flight time has been reduced to onyl 18 hours.

Chemical rocket are all but dead with only a few nations still using them. The PRC is still the largest nation using them due to technologic transfer limits

The population in space has reached 150,000; with a further 70,000 now calling the moon home.

A major drought in Africa has reminded the world that parts of the world are still well behind in development. The United States takes the lead on relief efforts.

1996

President Clinton announces a multi Trillion Dollar, multi years program to rapidly develop Africa. The plans include cheap nuclear power plants to desalinate water and provide electricity, road and rail contruction, and heavy incentives for American companies to invest there. As America has little National Debt and and a booming economy it quickly gain support. Most European countries add their own assissant packages.

The United States opened its finallly leg of its 10,000 mile high speed train line a goal set almost 25 years earlier by then President Nixon.

President Clinton is reelected.

The Soviet Union shocks the world by going to Saturn with a sister ship of its Jupiter vessel.

1997
usa top place on earth

Europe first base on moon is dedicated

usa large base on mars

The largest solar power satilite is operational with power of 5 Gigawatts. Power is transmitted to a site in Siberia. Firtst deep space VASHMIR rocket is tested with a trip to Mars in 39 days.

1998

USAA,jax find rare earths on asteroid

drilling probe on eauropa

South China declares war on the PRC. Wide spread attacks on web sites and industralia computing systems.

Iran reaches the moon to establish their first base.

Peta scale computing is demonststed

1999

Artifical meat reaches

world pop 6 billion

PRC and South china comp virus spreads

India lands on the moon largr anti space riot due to famine

The 2000's
2000

Fears of a Y2K bug that would damage computers is nothing.

colubia light obama

Rice is president

USSR reaches Sature to saturn

usa to saturn lands on Titan and sail on a lake of liquid methane/

2001

us tofinish grand tour travel

100 sSarship project

9-11

2002

space x formed to mars tourist it will use VASHMIR engines,

china war over

Pres tries detente

us and india to venus for research

2003

esa to Jupiter

iran fights saudi

japan to mars

solar power stations power most of europe

2004

us to build island two

ion engerines

vashmir to mars in 39 days

rice reelcted

2005

population 250000

us to saturn titan landing

aspace project to all planets

robots

2006

pop 500 on mars pland 10000 person base with allies

first criuse ship

private business driving force

2007

russia to uranus

PRC collapse

democracy rules

2008

bush loses to clinton

anti matter

2009

to uranus then on neptune

world transformed

2010

fusion ship

us reaches neptune

2011

luna shuttle ion power 12 hour trip



hotel can hold 500000

worker commit 200000

2012
January 1 population permanted 500,000