Black Sabbath (1983: Doomsday)

Black Sabbath, also known simply as Sabbath are an English hard rock band, formed in Birmingham, UK in 1968. Along with Deep Purple and Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath defined hard rock, which eventually evolved into heavy metal, and are considered heavy metal pioneers. The band became popular after the release of their second album Paranoid, with the titular song written at the last minute. While the album was almost universally panned by critics, it went on to become one of the greatest hard rock albums of all time, similar to fellow British rock band, Queen's album, A Night at the Opera.

Black Sabbath survived Doomsday simply by being at the right place at the right time. Directly after a gig in Geneva, news that nuclear war had erupted had reached the band. Switzerland was not nuked, due to the neutrality of the nation, leaving Sabbath stranded in Switzerland, in the midst of a global crisis. The band immediately cancelled the rest of the Born Again tour that they were on, as their next event was directly to the north of Nuremberg, a nuked city.

Early History
After Tony Iommi and Bill Ward's old blues-based rock band, Mythology, broke up, they formed the Polka Tulk Blues Band with Ozzy Osbourne and Geezer Butler, who were previously in a  band called Rare Breed, in 1968. The band was renamed Earth in 1969, but was mistaken for another regional band of the same name, and so decided to pick the name Black Sabbath, which stuck. The band recorded their first studio album, Black Sabbath (1970), which peaked at 8 in the UK and 23 in the US.

Paranoid
The real breakthrough into the mainstream of rock and roll came with Paranoid, Black Sabbath's sophomore album. With singles Paranoid/The Wizard and Iron Man/Electric Funeral, Paranoid reached number 1 in the UK and 12 in the US. Black Sabbath toured the US following the release of Paranoid.

Continued Successes
The third album by Black Sabbath, Master of Reality, was not as popular, charting at 8 in the US and 5 in the UK. It still contained classic hard rock music, however, with hits like Children of the Grave and Sweet Leaf. The fourth album, named Vol. 4, was even less popular in the mainstream charts (peaking at 8 in the UK and 13 in the US). The only single released off of Vol. 4, Tomorrow's Dreams, was a flop, failing to even chart.

Fearing obsolescence, Black Sabbath returned with Sabbath Bloody Sabbath in 1973. This album peaked at 4 in the UK, but only reached 11 in the US. This was the first time that the band gained media affection, with Rolling Stone saying that the album was "an extraordinarily gripping affair", and "nothing less than a complete success."

Decline
During this time, a "New Wave" of British heavy metal began to emerge, though it was obscure at this time with bands such as Judas Priest and Iron Maiden eventually coming to dominate in this genre by the early 1980s challenging the "Old Wave" of bands such as Black Sabbath and Deep Purple with faster and harder approaches to their music, and stripped-down playing styles without blues or folk influences. Following Sabbath Bloody Sabbath, the band, led by Tony Iommi, decided to move away from mainstream rock and focus on the harder aspects of the genre. Their next album, Sabotage, received mixed reviews. Drugs and alcohol greatly reduced the chemistry of the band. Technical Ecstasy, Black Sabbath's seventh studio album continued to go downhill, failing to even break into the Top 50 in the US.

Never Say Die!, the last studio album to feature popular singer Ozzy Osbourne was recorded during seriously deteriorating relations between Iommi and Butler against Osbourne, who was highly addicted to both drugs and alcohol. This album marked the lowest point for Black Sabbath, which failed to reform to the emerging "New Wave of Heavy Metal."

Ronnie James Dio Years
When Ozzy Osbourne was kicked out of Black Sabbath, Black Sabbath manager Don Arden suggested Rainbow's vocalist Ronnie James Dio to replace Ozzy. Dio joined in June of 1979, changing the sound of Black Sabbath to align more with the New Wave of British Heavy Metal, with fantasy-inspired lyrics changing much of the band's sound and later defining Dio's solo career.

The first album to feature Ronnie James Dio, Heaven and Hell, was a smashing success, with singles "Die Young" and "Neon Knights" leading the band onto a tour of the US. 1981's Mob Rules was also popular, gaining international recognition.

In 1982, though, Iommi and Butler had a falling out with Dio, while recording the live album Live Evil, and Dio eventually left in November to start his own band with drummer Vinnie Appice. Live Evil was released regardless of Dio's absence, but the band knew that they had to find a new vocalist capable of competing with Dio.

Born Again
Following Dio and Appice leaving, Iommi and Butler began to audition new singers for the band's next release. Eventually, ex-Deep Purple vocalist, Ian Gillan was hired to replace Dio at the end of 1982. Bill Ward, the original drummer returned for the new album, Born Again. After Born Again's release, it was panned by critics despite reaching number four on the UK charts and number 39 in the US. A tour was planned, but Ward was unable to go on the tour due to health issues. Ward was replaced for the tour by Bev Bevan, former drummer for Electric Light Orchestra.



Doomsday
The Born Again Tour, which was slated to run from August 7th, 1983 to March 4th, 1984 in order to advertise the newest Black Sabbath Album, brought Black Sabbath to Switzerland in late September of 1983.

During a fateful night in Geneva, Switzerland, Black Sabbath was playing at a sports complex, the Pavillon Des Sports Del Champel Geneve. Ironically, during the song War Pigs, news reached the audience that nuclear war had begun. The band members, believing that it was a joke or one of Tony Iommi's famous pranks, continued to play on. The band made it into the next song, Born Again, but partway through it they were forced to cancel the concert due to the chaos in the crowd.

The band members then found out that nuclear war was happening, and they then locked themselves in a local fallout shelter, waiting for the worst to occur. When nothing happened, the band remembered after panicking, that Switzerland was a neutral country. As Geneva was on the French border, it recieved a high dosage of fallout compared to the rest of the nation, confining the Sabbath members to the shelter, as ordered by the government.

Interregnum
After the fallout levels in Geneva reduced to a safe level, the band members emerged from the shelter to a world, that literally overnight had been brought to its knees by the much-feared power of nuclear war, and the British band had survived by plain dumb luck, albeit in an alien land. Black Sabbath put the rest of the Born Again Tour on perpetual hold. The members of the band put much of their musical lives on hold due to the worldwide crisis that stranded them in Switzerland, with no apparent way of leaving for a long time. Martial law was tough on the band members, who had to work for their food rations, but they eventually got through. Several times, in fact, local authorities got the band together to play classic Black Sabbath and Deep Purple songs, along with a few jam tunes written by Iommi. This became a sort of informal job for the band, and the constant touring managed to build a large following in the region. The sessions playing in Switzerland eventually heavily influenced the band in their later works.

Iommi, Butler, and Gillan, were ready to leave Switzerland for a more stable nation preferably in the Anglosphere, however due to Doomsday and the events in its wake, they were stranded in the Austro-Schweiz Union for the forseeable future. Geezer Butler, in particular voiced disdain for the the Union's policy of rejecting refugees, stating in a later interview, "It could've just as easily been us outside the borders. It's just wrong to kick people out to die".

Black Sabbath, however was left without its band manager Don Arden, presumably dead somewhere in Britain. Iommi stated on this: "We were kind of devastated. Here we were, stranded in a neutral country by pure luck, the only Englishmen in sight. We couldn't record albums until we got signed and a new manager, and we had little more to do after we returned from our jobs, so we bought some cheap equipment and just recorded. Our anger and frustration kind of rubbed off on our music".

In November of 1984, after the last band member, Bev Bevan, was discharged from working jobs for the nation, Black Sabbath, inspired by the Beatles and their Apple Records label, acquired their own independent recording studio in Montreaux, the famed Mountain Studios. Renamed Black Mountain Studios, Iommi also created an independent publisher, known as Doomed and Damned Records. The equipment, while of professional quality, quickly became a small issue as parts began to stop working and, due to lack of imports from other nations, the gear ended up being described by Iommi as a "piece of $%^&". January 1st was the day Sabbath began to record again, almost two years after that fateful night in Geneva.

Positively Negative
During recording sessions in Geneva, Iommi and Butler clashed with Gillan, with Iommi and Butler wanting a classic-style Sabbath album, and Gillan wanting to include elements from his years in Deep Purple, and several times, it descended into something of a feud, with the only thing keeping the band together being friendship between some of the members, and knowledge that they are some of the few Englishmen in the nation and that they should stick together. The equipment, however was something that united the bandmates, as it frequently malfunctioned, and sometimes noises carried over onto recordings. In response to this, the band played slower and louder, and Gillan did similarly with his voice, singing rather slowly, yet loudly, which frequently bordered screaming. This would later come to define a genre that built up around Black Sabbath in Switzerland.

On October 31, 1985, Positively Negative was released as Black Sabbath's 12th studio album, and the band's first album since Doomsday. The album was a surprising success, with the low ratings of the previous album making critics wonder if Gillan was a force for the better. Despite the lo-fi production, it was reviewed favorably by critics, with the new Sabbath sound as a highlight, as well as some throwback tracks to earlier Black Sabbath and Deep Purple tunes. Two singles were released, Yet We Remain, a depressing ballad-esque song that was dedicated to those who perished during Doomsday. While Black Sabbath was not known for sad mournful songs acknowledging specific past events, the loss of most of their family members back in England took its toll on everyone in the band. The single was positively reviewed by critics, with one likening it to another Sabbath ballad,, and Positively Negative, the titular track which addressed a global sense of bipolarity and mental insanity after Doomsday, as perceived at the local level by Black Sabbath after their work to restore the Austro-Schweiz Union.

The new genre, popularly known as Trash Metal due to a Swiss music critic criticizing the lo-fi sound that came from Black Sabbath imitator band, Dusk. The term, however eventually spread to describe Black Sabbath, due to the fact that several of their songs sounded notably worse than others due to issues with the recording equipment. This later became a mark of the genre, and many artists strived towards a lo-fi sound

Following the success of their album, a tour was planned, but for obvious reasons, it could not be as large as prior tours. The band decided to tour the Austro-Schweiz Union, however. The tour dates follow:

Positively Negative Tour 1985
 * November 4, Geneva
 * November 6, Lausanne
 * November 11, Bern
 * November 13, Basel
 * November 15, Zurich
 * November 21, Innsbruck
 * November 23, Lienz
 * November 25, Klagenfurt
 * November 27, Graz
 * December 3, Salzburg

Garbage Metal
Following the tour, the band got to work on its 13th album. However, the feud between Gillan and Iommi/Butler only grew worse during this time, with production on the album stopping completely at times. The title was conceived as a clever response to those calling the new sub-genre of "Trash Metal", with Butler stating later that: "It was almost something of a joke then. Gillan, Iommi... I guess we all were somewhat sick of the blokes calling us absolute Trash Metal, but also entertained."

During the period of production, the band embarked on several small "tours" in Switzerland promoting the release of two singles, which were released between the release of Positively Negative and ''Garbage Metal. These singles, known as Doom Blade and Embers of Mutiny'', were released in 1986 and 1988, respectively. Neither of the singles were very popular or well recieved but they were among the best music coming from the Union at the time.

For the small tour promoting the release of Silver Snow, the band went to the Italian survivor state of Genoa to perform. During the concert in Genoa, however, the Sicilian Navy, began to shell the city. The band's venue was out of the immeadiate range of the artillery attacks, but the band members barely made it out, and it left Black Sabbath with a very bad taste of the Sicilian Republic in their mouths.

After over four years without a new album, Garbage Metal was released on March 27, 1989. The album, however would come to be remembered as one of Black Sabbath's worst entries, as the songs sounded very similar to the songs on the previous album, but had no real standout tracks, unlike ''Positively Negative. ''Black Sabbath toured again to support the album, going along their normal circuit in the Austro-Swiss Union. Plans for an Italian leg were scrapped, as the region was in turmoil over the Sicilian developments.

Gillan and Bevan Leave
Just a few weeks after the end of the Garbage Metal tour, Ian Gillan decided to leave Black Sabbath in order to pursue a solo carreer in Zurich - a move which both Ozzy Osbourne and Ronnie James Dio had previously made. Tony Iommi and Geezer Butler then determined the need for a new vocalist. Ian Gillan cited his reasoning for leaving being that he was increasingly fed up with Iommi and Butler, and the fact that he disliked being in the band all along over the past few years.

When Gillan announced to the band that he was leaving, Bevan indicated that he already knew of Gillan's decision. The two were decently close friends, and Bevan decided to go with Gillan to start a new band, Storm Clouds, which had Bevan on drums and Gillan on vocals.

Recruitment
Iommi, the band's leader, and Geezer Butler, pressed with the loss of half of their band, chose to recruit the most famous local musicians to help their popularity in the Austro-Swiss Union. Both musicians, not knowing when or if future travel outside of a locality would be possible, decided that advertising the band to the local audience would improve not only their ratings but would also allow the band to get an entirely new direction.

Iommi, who had estalbished a number of local friends in the region, asked Thomas Gabriel Fischer (who went by the stage-name Tom G Warrior) to join Black Sabbath. Fischer's earlier band, Celtic Frost, had recently broken up and Fischer, who was a huge fan of Black Sabbath's earlier work, was extremely glad to join. Fischer, through his distinct singing style, brought darker themes back to Black Sabbath, while sounding distinct from Ozzy Osbourne.

Along with Fischer, a drummer, Stefan Alois, was recruited from the Italian-speaking town of Lugano. Alois' band, Cromo, was undergoing some line-up changes, including the loss of guitarist Guido Gagliano to Gillan's new band. Alois also brought extensive singing and songwriting capabilities to Black Sabbath, and his drumming style was influential to the continuation of the heavy, harsh sounds that came to represent Black Sabbath at this time.

Back to Dust
Returning to Montreux and Black Mountain Studios, which by now had become a regional center for metal studio recording, Black Sabbath got to work on its 14th album. Back to Dust was a reference to the utter destruction of the world during Doomsday. Unlike Positively Negative and Garbage Metal, which attempted to look to the future with optimism, which many deemed unfit for heavy metal, Back to Dust was heavily laden with darker themes of hate, bloodlust, and evil.

The lead single "Fireball" describes the rumored scenes of destruction in London, Paris, and Rome by using fast guitar riffs, heavy drums, and loud lyrics. The single shot to the top of Austro-Swiss music charts. Critics and other metalheads in the region were utterly impressed by the resurgence of Black Sabbath, which was anticipated to be on its way out, following the weak album Garbage Metal, and Gillan's departure. Following "Fireball" came "Bloodbath," which also was based in the Doomsday destruction and featured one of the most famous Tony Iommi riffs, and definitely the most aggressive riff.

On June 5, 1990, Back to Dust was released. It set a record for the best-selling album in Switzerland, and remained the most popular album in the Austro-Swiss Union for 84 weeks, and stayed on the charts for a total of 92 weeks (or one and three-quarter years).

The "Back to Dust Tour" was the largest undertaken by Black Sabbath since Doomsday. The following is a list of performances given as part of the "Back to Dust Tour."
 * Montreaux
 * Lausanna
 * Geneva
 * Monaco
 * Genoa
 * Florence
 * Trieste
 * Venice
 * Aquilea
 * Ljubljana
 * Klagenfurt
 * Graz
 * Salzburg
 * Landshut
 * Ulm
 * Vaduz
 * Zurich
 * Lucerne
 * Bern
 * Neuchatel
 * Interlaken
 * Bellinzona
 * Lugano
 * Geneva

Ides of March
Following the immense success of Dust, Sabbath returned from its tour throughout Europe, with metal fans across the Austro-Swiss confident that Black Sabbath was not only saved from obsolescense from the rapidly-fragmenting metal scene, they retained their status as the "Beatles of Heavy Metal", at least in the Austro-Schweiz Union and its environs, where the albums were readily available. The next album was quickly hurried into production, with the band eager to follow up on the success of Dust.

During early 1991, several bands were signed on to Doomed and Damned Records, mostly associated acts such as local metal bands, which often were opening acts for Black Sabbath's show. Eventually, several of these bands would become successful on their own, netting more money for Black Sabbath in the end. 1991 also marked the year that Black Sabbath finally recieved a limited amount of recording and performance equipment to replace the old equipment, which was rapidly becoming outdated.

The album Ides of March was released on March 15, 1992 and had subject matter in several of its songs dealing with Romans and the assassination of Caesar to be specific in the titular track. This led many to label the album a concept album, although members of Black Sabbath have personally stated that it is not. The songs on the album themselves were considered strong, but not considered masterworks, leading to the album to have relatively high sales, and a tour was held that played at most of the cities that held events for the From Dust tour.

Musical Style and Influences
Black Sabbath, being one of the original heavy metal bands, really placed influences upon a number of musical groups.

The types of music that influenced Black Sabbath originally was blues. Similar acts, like Led Zeppelin and Cream, had begun to emerge prior to Black Sabbath, and Iommi and Osbourne took this new genre and eventually made the music more similar to the modern definition of heavy metal.

Under Dio, the New Wave of British Heavy Music genre had a great influence over Black Sabbath. This continued roughly until Gillan leaved the band in 1989. However, in the last few years of the Gillan-era Black Sabbath, "trash metal" became the most identifiable sound of Black Sabbath.

With the arrival of Thomas Gabriel Fischer and Stefan Alois, the musical style of Black Sabbath once again shfited. Now, the band focused on louder music, fulling embracing the "trash metal" stereotype, but also incorporating darker themes.

Discography

 * Black Sabbath - 1970
 * Paranoid - 1970
 * Master of Reality - 1971
 * Vol. 4 - 1972
 * Sabbath Bloody Sabbath - 1973
 * Sabotage - 1975
 * Technical Ecstasy - 1976
 * Never Say Die! - 1978
 * Heaven and Hell - 1980
 * Mob Rules - 1981
 * Born Again - 1983
 * Positively Negative - 1985
 * Garbage Metal - 1989
 * Back to Dust - 1991

Top 10 Black Sabbath Songs
According to Q1's 2014 edition of Headbanger, the world's paramount heavy metal magazine, the Top 10 Black Sabbath songs are:
 * 1) Paranoid - From Paranoid
 * 2) Iron Man - From Paranoid
 * 3) Bloodbath - From Back to Dust
 * 4) War Pigs - From Paranoid
 * 5) SONG
 * 6) SONG
 * 7) Heaven and Hell - From Heaven and Hell
 * 8) SONG
 * 9) Ides of March - From Ides of March
 * 10) N.I.B - From Black Sabbath