Mesopotamian civilizations (Crescents)

Mesopotamia is the name designed for a group of cultures located to the west of the Indus valley civilisation. This group of cultures and civilisations is arguably the second or third oldest in the world. Rather than a single cultural group, as several other origins of civilisation are, Mesopotamia has been consistently invaded and new civilisations have settled in the area, including tribes from Semitic, Uralic, Indo-Iranian and other groups.

Mesopotamian culture, however, acted as a sprachbund, with many languages sharing similar areal features and many cultural buildings being the same, despite the invasion records, from the first few appearances of Mesopotamian culture (Kiengiric records around -5000) until the appearance of iron age empires (such as the Suurkad and Aryanam civilisations) which prove long-standing cohabitation of several different cultural and linguistic groups that have moved into the region for centuries.

While always overshadowed by the nearby and much larger Indus civilisation, Mesopotamia was extremely important for the development of human civilisation.

Chronology
The Indus civilization is well known for the inclusion of the previous cultures into each new rising civilization and occasionally the resurgence of another city and its retaking of power. Almost every period has been known to at least have one city state being dominant over the rest. Most notably were the Cities of Hara and Dorago for enforcing a regional hegemony for long periods of time with economic and military power until their own collapse, conquest, or demise. By the Developing states period in 4200 there was no clear powerhouse city state and Dorago had been completely wiped out by a coalition of various city states upset with their regional hegemony. By 3500 however the first proto-empire formed out of the city of Hara who led a series of successful conquests and for the first time united most of the cities along the Indus however this led to the rival Sokho rival empire who was strong enough to challenge the Hara but paved the way for the City-state of Rakhigari to exploit the situation for allies and break the power of both powers. This led to the first fully unified Indus empire which outside of a few dynastic changes lasted for over a thousand years Expanding deep into India creating an expansive (albeit overexpansive) and dynamic empire which kindled culture throughout the entire sub-continent.