Space Race Didn't End





President Richard Milhous Nixon was not the biggest supporter of the space race with the Soviet Union. It was known (in OTL) as he entered the Presidency that he wanted to cut the Apollo missions as soon as possible. He felt that it was a waste of money and he wanted to concentrate on the Vietnam War and the poor economy that he had just inherited. President Nixon was also very anti-communist, as most politicians were at the time. President Nixon is best known for the Watergate Scandal and for possible being paranoid (mostly about getting re-elected). What if this paranoia fueled his anti-communism and he was paranoid about losing the Space race. What if he had a change of heart in regards to the space race and wanted to win no matter what. And this not Watergate is what stands out in his Presidency. It is his leadership in the Space Race that changed the world and opened space to humanity.

The 1960's
1966

POD: Soviet Chief Designer and leading architect of it space program Sergei Korolev enters a Moscow hospital for a routine hemorrhoid operation it is a complete success. (In OTL he dies)

Vladimir Chelomey, Korolev's chief rival, aproaches Korolev with a plan to increase fund for the space program and be able to better challenge the American in the race to the moon. The ambitious plan call for better cooperation, bigger rockets and even catch up with the Americans within two years, then be in a position possible to pass them... they went before Premier Brezhnev the leader of the Soviet Union and the Central Committee... the plan was approved.

1967 

The Soviets starting testing the improved and larger UR-500 (Proton) rocket hoping for a manned fly-by of the moon. They also start redesigning and testing the N-1 super- heavy rocket.

The United States started testing an unmanned Saturn V rockets in November it was a total success.

1968

Soviets launch 2 successful unmanned Soyuz 7K- Zond-B probes, redesigned and well-funded, they are larger than early models and capable of carrying 3 cosmonauts and supplies; it was hoped they can perform a circumlunar loop flight around the moon before the American did their fly-by.

Apollo 8 launched on December 21 leaves earth orbit and became the first human travelers to leave LEO and travel to another celestial body.

1969  January 1st Soviets successfully follow the Americans with their Zond program and travel to the moon in a fly-by mission.

January 20, Richard Nixon is sworn in as the 37th President of the United States; in a news conference the new Presidents said he is unimpressed with the Soviet mission pointing out that the whole Zond program is too small to land a man on the moon; unlike Apollo that is getting ready to fulfill the goals of JFK several years earlier and land a man on the moon.

February 21 The Soviet N-1 (Lenin) Rocket launches into orbit in an unmanned flight... after 2 years of redesigning and successfully ground tested the rocket is larger than early models but still smaller than the Saturn V.

The Soviets leadership upon their cosmonauts return; claim that while the Americans may land on the moon first, there are many other places to go in the solar system to visit and that with a new heavy lift rocket and a new manned rocket both of which can travel in deep space the American will quickly fall behind the Socialist Model.

Premier Brezhnev the leader of the Soviet Union said in a speech to the Politburo Central Committee "the American think of this Space Race as if it is a foot race... one moon, one destination... but we see a moon, the asteroid belt and 8 other planets, therefore, it is not a foot race but a Decathlon and we will win the race!!"

President Nixon is stunned by the race comparison and the recent rocket test. He summons his science advisors and NASA chief scientist and engineers, while they reassuring the President that Apollo would reach and land on the moon by this summer the President seemed worried. He starts to inquire about the newly formed Apollo Applications Program and what it can do to help keep America in the lead.

Apollo 11 lands on the moon in July bringing the first human there! President Nixon in a televised address to the nation says America is up to the Soviets challenge and will soon set up a Luna base.

President adds billions back in to the 1970 NASA budget and works with democrates and republican to get it passed. The new budget returns spending on the space program back to the 1966 level or about .5% of the GDP.

While still concerned about deficits he cut war spending and rolls back some funding from the Health and Human Services (welfare) he sells the plan as a Nation Security Initiative.

Apollo 12 lands on the moon in November.

The Soviets use the manned Soyuz 7K-LOK launched from a Lenin N1 rocket in a trip around the moon on Chrismas similar to Apollo 8 one year earlier...they announce a plan for a moon base in two more years and trips to both Venus and Mars soon after.

The 1970's
1970

The Soviets announced their 8th Five Year Plan to run from 1971 -1975 in the plan it includes a moon base and a flyby of Venus. Out of concern of the American economic power the Soviets cut back on defense spending; this move surprises the world and shows how serious they have become.

A second Soviet mission to the moon is a success.

During his first State of the Union Address, President Nixon outlines his

agenda for the coming year; it includes in addition to his space initiatives, an

educational plan to expand scholarships for students seeking a science or

engineering degree. His plan will also have provisions to increase high school graduation rates for Africa-America

students with the hope those rates matching those of whites by 1975; Senator Edward Brooke Americas only

black senator will lead this committee. The president sees these initiatives as crucial if America is to keep up with

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">the larger population base of the Soviet Union.

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">April 11, Apollo 13 mission is a partial failure due to an oxygen explosion in the service module it makes it back to

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">earth safely. President orders an around the clock investigation to find the fault of the accident; he also states this

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">event will not deter or slow down the space program.

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The Soviets become the second nation to land on the moon in late April. It has announced a plan for 15 more

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">missions over the next 18 month.

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The American order a second block of 12 Saturn V rockets to be uses for further exploration of the moon bringing

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">their total to 21 missions by the end of 1971, barring further accidents.

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The USA selects the Saturn V-D (700,000lbs to LEO) with more than three times the payload of the Saturn V

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">(220,000lbs to LEO) to be built for delivery in the second half on 1971. This design will be the precursor to the

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Saturn V-D(R) a rocket which will be reusable. It is now under preliminary design by Wernher Von Braun

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">America’s premier rocket engineer. <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The Soviets trying to keep with the USA announces plans to build an N-2 rocket with a similar payload as the

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Saturn V -D.

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">By the end of 1970 both the USA and the USSR have dramatically increase their respective space programs;

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">largely at the expense of the national defense. 1971

<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">President Nixon initiates a policy of Détente with the Soviet Union. It quickly leads to the SALT I

<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Treaty to reduce nuclear warheads.

<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The USSR launches a simple 2 man Salyut space station and within days a two man moon base cap

<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">able of supporting them for up to 30 days. This shocks the American public and the Nixon

<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">administration; though top NASA officials and Soviet experts believe it was designed for shock value

<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">to prove to the world it is still a space power to be reckoned with. {C}{C

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The USA successfully launches its new Saturn V-D in May, three months early than was planned, with the first

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">module <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">for its space station. In a series of separate test by the von Braun groups of researchers,using a modified

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Saturn I-B, are making some head way into producing a craft that is capable of a soft landing back on its launch

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pad, so it can be reused. The biggest problem is slow processer speed of early microchips that are needed to

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">control the craft either remotely or automatically. NASA <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">initiates the high speed computer grant program in the

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">hope to speed up the development of faster <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">computer processes.

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The United States launches the last of its eight 600,000lbs modules for its space station; the station

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">has room for a total of 20 scientists and workers. <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">

1972

<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The Soviets start to rapidly launch more Salyut space station components in the hope or matching the American

<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">new station; one Lenin N-1 rocket explodes leaving their station under powered for a few months.

{C}{C <span lang="EN" style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The USA builds <span lang="EN" style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">three 6 men moon stations, capable of missions as long as 6 months or longer with resupply; their mission is to <span lang="EN" style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">survey their site areas to help NASA choose the location of a permanent underground Luna base. {C}{C <span lang="EN" style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The United <span lang="EN" style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">States launches a space station to the Lagrangian points <span lang="EN" style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> at the L1 <span lang="EN" style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> location which directly faces the sun. They do <span lang="EN" style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">this to test long term exposure to open space and solar radiation to learn how to protect astronauts on <span lang="EN" style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">interplanetary trips.

{C}{C <span lang="EN" style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">On earth the United States build a submarine and have 6 volunteer submariners on an

<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">underwater 2 year journey to simulate space travel with the all the stress of danger involved. The Soviets have

<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">done a similar test in sealed testing sites for over 500 days, however there was little danger.

{C}{C <span lang="EN" style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The USSR starts to <span lang="EN" style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">remove the warheads from its ICBM and add a cargo hold so they can resupply various space operations.

{C}{C <span lang="EN" style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The <span lang="EN" style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">first NERVA <span lang="EN" style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">rockets (nuclear thermal rocket) are put in use by the Soviet Union to move payloads from orbit to <span lang="EN" style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">their Luna base. The USA matches them within days.

{C}{C <span lang="EN" style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The president refuses to sign pollution legislation citing it <span lang="EN" style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">will hurt the space program.

{C}{C <span lang="EN" style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Nixon is reelected in a landslide.

<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The first reusable rocket successfully returns to its <span lang="EN" style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">launch pad and is re-launched in 2 weeks.

1973

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The USSR stuns the world with the first interplanetary trip with a Venus flyby, only four years after

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">their successful moon flyby.

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">With a growing need for nuclear fuel in its space operations the United States plans to re-process spent

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">nuclea <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">r fuel rods. Anti-pollution demonstration increase, they are c lling for the administration to pass pollution

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">legis <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">lation rejected last year. The resident relents after the October oil boycotts starts due to

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Amer <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ica’s support of Israel during the Yom Kippur war. Nixon also introduces major energy efficiencies

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ini <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">tiatives to reduce America’s reliance on foreign oil. The President names Admiral Hyman

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">R <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ickover (the father of the nuclear navy) to head the newly formed Nuclear Regulatory Commission; <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">he will

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">oversee nuclear safety and further development of Americas NERVA program

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Vice President Spiro Agnew resigns in October in a scandal; Senator Edward Brooke replaces him as

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the first African-American vice president. He is seen as a role model for all young minotity children and he

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">encourages them to enter in the sciences.

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

The 1980's
1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

The 1990's
{C}{C 1990