User:JorgeGG/Sandbox/From Sea to Shining Sea

Ideas, drafts and snippets of From Sea to Shining Sea

Differences OTL and ATL

 * Guidelines and Differences OTL and ATL


 * A Second American Revolution triumphs in USA and its socialists in its nature.
 * The general purpose of this ATL is to develop a story that tries not to be black and white, but that things fall more in a grey area.
 * We are more interest in describing cultural and social changes. In United America there still exist ethnic tensions.
 * The main ideological divide in the left is between Leninism and Trotskyism.
 * Trotskyism is not a fringe theory of Marxism like in OTL and its influential in United America and Japan. The main ruling party of United America, the AWP, is Trotskyists.
 * The tensions between the Old and New Left happen earlier. Sooner than the 1960s has in OTL.
 * The main socialist states embrace ideological and political pluralism to a certain extent. They also try to forge a synthesis between central planning and market socialism.
 * Japan, loses the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1953) and becomes a Socialist State.

General Ideas and To Do List

 * One POD and butterfly effect.
 * An entry of Sarah Leslie (19??-February 28, 1986), (plus a photo)
 * American transnational corporations (see below)
 * An entry of the American Workers Party (see below)
 * The Far East with the establishment the PR of Japan its region with ongoing tensions and conflicts. The situation is similar to a regional Cold War that is not settled until at least the 1980s.
 * Europe unifies earlier due to the perceived military and economical threats from USSR and United America.
 * A socialist Japan — Japan (From Sea to Shining Sea).
 * United America's southern ally — Mexico (From Sea to Shining Sea).
 * Korea, a united capitalist nation bordering hostile countries like North China (PRC), USSR and PR of Japan. — Korea (From Sea to Shining Sea).
 * Capitalist South China (Republic of China) and socialist China (PR of China).

=Drafts Ideas=

Two Key Technologies
Two key technologies missing in the narration (thermonuclear weapons and atomic power)

-
 * America's neighbours
 * Mexico
 * Canada
 * Cuba? Machado's dictatorship.
 * Puerto Rico
 * Panama Canal Zone. League of Nations mandate under British and Colombian supervision.
 * Haiti. United States occupation ended (between Dec 1932 or late 1933 or early 1934) as US Marines leave the island to strengthen the Canal Zone or US territory.


 * Central America (How far does Mexico intervene?)
 * Guatemala. Jorge Ubico's dictatorship. Banana Republic
 * El Salvador. Maximiliano Hernández Martínez's dictatorship. Banana Republic
 * Honduras. Tiburcio Carías' dictatorship. Banana Republic
 * Nicaragua. US troops leave to America in Dec 1932 as part of planned pull out. Return of Augusto C. Sandino from his asylum in México. (Nicaraguan history goes the same way as OTL or Mexico helps Sandino?)
 * Costa Rica. Constitutional government with free democratic elections.
 * Panama. Dependent of the British and Colombian supervision of the Canal and their ifluence.


 * Rest of the Americas (at least between 1932-1936)
 * Venezuela. Juan Vicente Gómez's dictatorship
 * Colombia. Liberal's hegemony with free democratic elections
 * Ecuador. Constitutional government with free democratic elections
 * Peru. Same as OTL?
 * Chile. Alessandri. Same as OTL?
 * Argentina. Infamous Decade. Same as OTL?
 * Bolivia. Same as OTL?
 * Brazil. Getúlio Vargas. Same as OTL?
 * Paraguay. Same as OTL?
 * Uruguay. Gabriel Terra. Same as OTL?

;Names ATL
 * From Sea to Shining Sea
 * Red Star and Red Sun
 * The Other Revolution
 * Welcome to the Revolution
 * Red Banners and Stars
 * The Coal Miner's Daughter (I know, I know It is already used but it could something similar in reference to Sarah Leslie the key protagonist of the ATL)
 * Rebirth of a Nation


 * Names Country (former US)
 * United Socialist Republics of America (USAR) / United Socialist Republics of North America (USNAR)
 * United/Union of North American Socialist Republics (UNASR)
 * United/Union of American Socialist Republics (UASR)
 * North American Socialist Union (NASU) / North American Socialist Federation (NASF)
 * American Socialist Union (ASU) / American Socialist Federation (ASF)
 * United Socialist Republics of America (USRA) / United Socialist Republics of North America (USRNA)
 * Federation of American Socialist Republics (FASR)
 * United Socialist States of America (USSA)

American transnational corporations

 * A Draft

With the triumph of the Revolution Corporate US had ceased to exist. The Revolution besides making wide scale changes in the property and management of private corporations being the most important ones like the automobile, mining, coal, steel, and manufacturing trusts and large companies nationalized had also to deal with overseas properties and interests of these. Despite the Law on the Overseas Property of Former US Companies, that established a process to inventory and evaluate their assets and allowed their full nationalization or joint State ownership by the country were they operate, came to null in most of the cases save for the ones operating in Mexico that were de facto nationalized by its government. Overseas property and Foreign interest were retaken or recognized by the capitalists countries in favor of expatriated Americans. The Treaty of Economic Cooperation and Mutual Assistance signed between Mexico and Revolutionary America enable the exchange of managers, built local management abilities and technological transfer to key areas like petroleum, chemicals, heavy industry and construction.

American capitalists (Blue Expats) were able to transfer their properties and control to newly created overseas headquarters in Europe (mainly London and Paris) and other countries. Surviving corporations were able to keep their patents outside America and successfully contest their rights at law courts where cases were resolved in their favor.

For example The Mobil and Exxon Corporations were able to keep running their oil extraction and refineries after establishing in Canada and UK. American Tobacco Company, AT&T Corp already having interests outside America keep their managements and boards but settled in London. The big three automobile manufactures Ford Motor Company, General Motors and Chrysler consolidate of what was left outside America and force the merger of smaller American companies and dealers. United Fruit, Standard Fruit, and Cuyamel moved to the Panama Canal and functioned as before the Revolution in Central America and the Caribbean but now adding as new market for their products the British Commonwealth and Europe. High technology companies like aircraft, chemical, electrical and mechanical manufacturers were reestablished under new names and fought over many years the control of their patents outside America.

Other like U.S. Steel, Kennecott, and Anaconda Copper that lost all of their American assets were brought out by German, French and British interests, or like DuPont Chemicals and Pfizer, had new foreign partners and shareholders brought in and keep its patents outside of America. Only Alcoa Corporation keep its production of aluminum production mainly in Australia and Africa.

And the Fields of the South Burned
The Revolution meant a rapture but its climax happen in the South. At first it was distant whisper the outbreak of the revolution in the main cities but a week later the decades of racial segregation and white chauvinism erupted as volcano. The quiet violence expresses itself in hoes, pitchforks, rifles, lynching, killings, hangings and burning. Everywhere the fields were taken by force in most cases by blacks. The white landowners and their agents fought back with the usual violence but with state and federal breaking down and not holding them back all sides took the worst acts of violence in their hands. If you can picture the most extreme of class warfare the South was its uglier example. Besides cities towns, villages and cities fought with revolutionary councils and courts springing out.

The AWP at first providing help to all revolutionaries was rapidly overtaken (Note: develop more the ideological break within the southern AWP). The black, with the help sympathetic whites organized themselves in their communes and revolutionary council. The most radicals joined in starting their revolutionary vanguard thus the Black Workers and Peasants Revolutionary Party came to being with the armed militias protecting and enforcing this new freedom. The poor farmer and his wife began to awake at the greatest change they foresaw under the Red flag with the Black Fist.

In many areas this control became an established government that after the triumph of the revolution did not easily gave its share of power to the newly established Socialist Workers Republics. Negotiations at national level gave back ample self government - Autonomous Regional Community (ARC).

National Constitution of the Revolutionary America
In 1937 the Constituent Assembly of Workers, Farmers and Indians approved the national constitution of Revolutionary America. This document replaced the provisional Principles of the Democratic Dictatorship of the Proletariat of 1933 that serve as the main charter of the incipient political apparatus the Workers sate during the revolution.

The main chapters are
 * Preamble
 * A Bill of Political and Social Rights
 * Social and public ownership of land, means of production and natural resources. The Indian communities have the collective ownership of the land and natural resources within their political territories.
 * Statement and guarantee of the sovereignty and source of all political power comes from the working people and the powers delegated on the branches of government of the Republic
 * The right of Initiative, referendum, and recall and law process making of the legislative and executive branches. Qualifications, term limits and recall of the legislative, executive and judiciary branches.
 * Characteristics the polities of the Union. |Workers Socialist Republic (or American Socialist Republic?) as main and basic constituent polity, Autonomous Indian Community (AIC) and Autonomous Regional Community (ARC), Local Indian Region, Communes and National Territory.
 * Relationship and coordination between the Republics and National Government. Also the mandate and ability to make compacts of interest or cooperation between the Republics.
 * an elected bicameral legislature that is the supreme ruling body with dual legislative and executive functions. The first chamber ( Workers' Congress of America) is composed of deputies elected by each Republic, Autonomous Indian Community, Commune and Autonomous Regional Community. A second chamber (Council of the Union) composed of representatives of the government of each Republic, Autonomous Indian Community, Commune and Autonomous Regional Community
 * Legislative process of national laws, budget, taxation and revenue. Regulation of emergency powers of the executive.
 * An unipersonal elected executive (President) assisted by a council of ministers named by the President and approved by the legislature.
 * A unified federal judiciary with National Supreme Court, named by the legislature in a mixed system composed of the executive, legislative and judicial branches. The state supreme court is the nations final court of appeal in all civil, criminal, labor, social and Indian cases, supervises the republican supreme courts. The guarantee of right of appeal to National Supreme Court. All judges served for fix terms and until the age of retirement of 65.
 * Safeguard clause of form of government of the republics that are part of the federation. Mechanism of intervention and necessity clauses in republican administrations.
 * Constitutional reform (legislative process, constituent assembly or referendum)

American Labor Unions
(Note: for the moment American Congress of Labor - Not the best name but a provisional one. Other names: Workers Alliance of America (WAA), Labor Alliance of America (LAA), National Congress of Labor, )

On the eve of the Second American Civil War (1932-1936) there were three main national labor unions. The craft unions dominated American Federation of Labor (AFL), the revolutionary and industrial unions lead International World Workers (IWW) and the Workers' Industrial Union (WIU). In the 1930s the IWW and WIU were bitter rivals in unionization of labor leaving aside the AFL that began to slowly lose its influence. The IWW and WIU also organized the unemployed and homeless in the Depressions of 1920–21 and 1929–33 by the unemployed councils, unemployed leagues, etc.

An example of the change of times was the disaffiliation of the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) from the AFL, and later its membership to the AWA. The IWW and WIU adopted a more radical and socialist platforms after the failure of the 1925 American Revolution and joined with other organizations in the AWA (1928).

During the revolutionary years the IWW and WIU and despite their rivalry, grew in strength as they organized and established workers and farmers militias, workers' councils, pushed for the merger of unions according to industry and helping the WTUL organize women workers. The AFL unprepared for events of the revolution became a shell of its previous national presence.

At the end of revolution the WIU was the main labor union, though it had agreed on joint action with the IWW in the final years of the Revolution. In an effort to unite American labor the IWW, WIU, WTUL and several other political workers union revived the Conference for Progressive Labor Action. The CPLA called organized and called for a meeting of a Congress of American Labor in 1938, inviting the leadership of the AFL and its associated unions.

At the unity congress all four national unions agreed of establishing the American Congress of Labor (ACL) and its support to the nascent socialist state. The unity congress approved as guiding principle of its by-laws: organize all workers along industrial union lines or manufacturing combines, promote the welfare and fair salaries to all workers, mutual aid and cooperation among workers, non-discrimination of women and blacks nor discrimination by skills, race, creed, or national origin in union membership and leadership, participation of workers in the management and safety in the workplace.

Organization

 * National Congress (meets every two years)-> elects National Executive Council every two years. Between National Congress meetings a Federative Meeting is held with representatives of each state/regional Executive Council and leadership of the affiliated organizations.
 * State / Regional Convention -> State/Regional Executive Council
 * District Convention -> District Executive Council


 * Affiliated organizations
 * United Mine Workers of America (UMW or UMWA)
 * United Automobile Workers (UAW)
 * Union of United Brewery, Soft Drink, and Distillery Workers of America
 * United Textile Workers of America
 * American Railway Union (ARU), later becoming the Transport Workers Union of America (TWUA)
 * National Agricultural Workers Industrial Union (NAWIO)
 * Lumber Workers Industrial Union
 * Metal and Machinery Workers Industrial Union
 * American Postal Workers Industrial Union
 * Oil and Gas Workers Industrial Union (OGWIU)
 * United Steelworkers Industrial Union
 * United Teamsters of America
 * American Federation of Teachers (AFT)
 * Construction Workers Industrial Union
 * Banking and Financial Services Union
 * National Federation of Federal Employees
 * United Public Workers of America (republic and local workers)
 * Marine Workers Industrial Union
 * Education and Science Workers’ Union
 * Artists' Union
 * Industrial Union of Marine and Shipbuilding Workers of America
 * International Typographical Union
 * American Newspaper Guild
 * Food and Tobacco Workers, later the United Food, Services and Commerce Workers

Cooperatives
The National Union of Cooperatives (NU-Coop) is the national confederation of cooperatives

The NU-Coop administers the National Cooperative Bank and the Credit Unions Association.


 * Organization
 * National General Assembly (meets every two years) that elects the National Board
 * State / Regional General Assembly (meets every two years) that elects State/Regional Board.
 * Local Coordination (meets every year) that elects the Coordinating Board

Types of cooperatives - workers, consumer, services, housing, retailers', agricultural and public utilities and Cooperative wholesale society.

Administrative Divisions of the Revolutionary America
The Workers Socialist Republic (or American Socialist Republic?) are sovereign entities that have political jurisdiction over their territory and share their sovereignty with the national government and are bound together as part of the Revolutionary America. They take part in decision-making process of the National Government and coordinate and assist their actions with it.
 * Workers Socialist Republic (or American Socialist Republic?) (the former US States)

The republics must have a republican, democratic, socialist, and revolutionary form of government (article ?? of National Constitution). The republics have usually settled in the following constitutional schemes:
 * 1) Preamble
 * 2) A Bill of Political and Social Rights, based on the National Constitution with amendments peculiar to the republic. For example Oklahoma as also incorporated the rights of Indians and others minorities.
 * 3) Social and/or public ownership of land, means of production and natural resources.
 * 4) Statement and guarantee of the sovereignty and source of all political power comes from the working people and the powers delegated on the branches of government of the Republic
 * 5) The right of Initiative, referendum, and recall and law process making of the legislative and executive branches. Qualifications, term limits and recall of the legislative, executive and judiciary branches.
 * 6) Relationship and coordination between the Republics and National Government. Also the mandate and ability to make compacts of interest or cooperation between republics
 * 7) An elected legislature that is the supreme ruling body with dual legislative and executive functions. The majority of the republics have an unicameral legislature, however some particularly those with autonomous regional communities, autonomous Indian Communities or communes have second chamber (Council of the Republic or Council of Delegates)
 * 8) An executive either directly elected or named by the legislature. This executive can be unipersonal (Governor or Republic-President) or collective (Council of State, Executive Council or Supreme Executive Council). The Republican council of ministers named by the executive or approved by the legislature. Other non elected republic officers (Comptroller, Attorney General, etc.
 * 9) Legislative process of law making, budget, taxation and revenue. Also the delegation of some of it to local governments and oversight by the republic's legislature. Regulation of emergency powers of the executive.
 * 10) A unified judiciary with its high tribunal being a supreme court (Supreme Court, Supreme Judicial Court, etc.) named by the legislature, appointment by executive with collegial body consent or by mixed system composed of the executive, legislative and judicial branches. The state supreme court is the Republican final court of appeal in all civil, criminal, labor, social and Indian cases, supervises and names all lower courts. The guarantee of right of appeal to National Supreme Court.
 * 11) Organization of republican institutions and services (education health, welfare, civil service, etc)
 * 12) Administrative division, organization and degree of self government. Mechanism of intervention and necessity clauses in local administration
 * 13) Constitutional reform (legislative process, constituent assembly or referendum)

Most republics use preferential voting or proportional representation to determine the outcome of elections. Though, a few particularly underpopulated ones use a system of first-past-the-post voting. The number of deputies of the council and timing of the elections is determined by each republic, resulting in wide difference between when these elections are held in each republic, ranging from as little as five months to eight years between elections.

The republics are: First compact formed is New England (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont), later Cascadia (Idaho, Oregon and Washington), Appalachia (Tennessee, Kentucky, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia and commune of Pittsburgh) and Great Plains (Montana, Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota)
 * 1) Alabama
 * 2) Arizona
 * 3) Arkansas
 * 4) California
 * 5) Colorado
 * 6) Connecticut
 * 7) Delaware
 * 8) Florida
 * 9) Georgia
 * 10) Idaho
 * 11) Illinois
 * 12) Indiana
 * 13) Iowa
 * 14) Kansas
 * 15) Kentucky
 * 16) Louisiana
 * 17) Maine
 * 18) Maryland
 * 19) Massachusetts
 * 20) Michigan
 * 21) Minnesota
 * 22) Mississippi
 * 23) Missouri
 * 24) Montana
 * 25) Nebraska
 * 26) Nevada
 * 27) New Hampshire
 * 28) New Jersey
 * 29) New Mexico
 * 30) New York
 * 31) North Carolina
 * 32) North Dakota. In negotiations with South Dakota for a merge into Dakota
 * 33) Ohio
 * 34) Oklahoma
 * 35) Oregon
 * 36) Pennsylvania
 * 37) Rhode Island
 * 38) South Carolina
 * 39) South Dakota. In negotiations with North Dakota for a merge into Dakota
 * 40) Tennessee
 * 41) Texas
 * 42) Utah
 * 43) Vermont
 * 44) Virginia
 * 45) Washington
 * 46) West Virginia
 * 47) Wisconsin
 * 48) Wyoming

The communes elect deputies to National Workers Congress and enjoy limited autonomy and self-rule and a special status from the republic of which they are part of. The Autonomous Regional Communities have representation in the Republic's legislature, executive and judiciary. They are also a local government unit. They have self-rule. The ARC have been established in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina recognizing previous liberated areas and homesteads of the Black Liberation movement. Also included are Freedmen's towns. The Autonomous Indian Communities have representation in the Republic's legislature, executive and judiciary. They are also a local government unit. They enjoy full cultural rights. The AIC have autonomous and elected branches of government (an Indian Territory Legislature or similar, executive and judiciary) and elect deputies to the National Congress. The Local Indian Regions have representation in the Republic's legislature. They are also a local government unit. They enjoy full cultural rights. They have limited self-rule. The National Territories are under direct National administration, until they reach a level of population and economic development that enables them to become a republic. Also unorganized or sparsely populated territories are national territories. Territories have limited self rule at all levels. -
 * Commune
 * 1) Chicago
 * 2) Detroit
 * 3) Georgetown (former Washington DC)
 * 4) Los Angeles
 * 5) Manhattan (New York City)
 * 6) New Orleans
 * 7) Philadelphia
 * 8) Pittsburgh
 * 9) Cleveland
 * 10) St. Louis
 * Autonomous Regional Community (ARC)
 * Autonomous Indian Community (AIC)
 * 1) Apache Nation (in New Mexico and Arizona)
 * 2) Blackfoot Confederacy (in Montana, Wyoming and Idaho)
 * 3) Cherokee (in Oklahoma, North Carolina and Tennessee)
 * 4) Chickasaw (in Oklahoma)
 * 5) Choctaw (in Oklahoma)
 * 6) Comanche (in Oklahoma, Texas and New Mexico)
 * 7) Haudenosaunee (officially) /Iroquoia (colloquially) (in New York)
 * 8) Innu-aimun Territories (in Alaska)
 * 9) Lakota Republic (Lakota-Dakota-Nakota people - in S. and N. Dakota and Nebraska)
 * 10) Muscogee (Creek) (in Oklahoma)
 * 11) Navajo Nation (in New Mexico)
 * 12) Ojibwe (in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota and North Dakota)
 * 13) Pueblo (in New Mexico and Arizona)
 * 14) Seminole (in Oklahoma and Florida)
 * 15) Sequoyah (Cherokee nation in Oklahoma)
 * Local Indian Region (LIR)
 * (several in many states and territories)
 * National Territories
 * Alaska

Five Year Plans
I - 1937 to 1941 II - 1942-1946 III - 1947-1951

National Ministries Revolutionary America
Council of Ministers
 * Foreign Affairs (former State Department)
 * Finance and Treasury (former Treasury Department)
 * Justice (former Justice Department)
 * Attorney General
 * Interior Affairs (former Interior Department)
 * Republican Coordination and Affairs
 * Indian Affairs (former Bureau of Indian Affairs)
 * National Defense (former War and Navy Departments)
 * Labor and Cooperatives (former Labor Department)
 * Post, Cables and Telephones (former Post Office Department)
 * Education
 * Health and Social Welfare
 * Housing

Economical Production and Distribution ministries
 * Agriculture and Food (former Agriculture Department). Its main bureaus are: Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries, Food Industry and Land Reform)
 * Trade and Industry (Former Commerce Department) later split in
 * Foreign Trade
 * Home Trade
 * Public Works
 * Transportation and Associated Industries. Its main Bureaus are: Automobile Industry, Aviation Industry, Land Transport, Marine Transport, Railroad Transport and Air transport.
 * Manufacture and General Production. Its main Bureaus are: Chemical Industry, Energy and Electrical Engineering, Electronic Industry, Mechanical Industry, Printing, Textile and Clothes, and Other Industries.
 * Mining. Several Bureaus: Coal, Oil and Gas, Copper Mining, Iron mining, etc.

Boards, Committees and Commissions
 * National Coordinating Committee of the Civil Service
 * Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve
 * Board of Governors of the National Bank of America
 * Board of Governors of the National Savings and Loans Union
 * Board of Governors of the Economical Development Bank
 * Board of Governors of the National Bank for Foreign Trade and Cooperation
 * National State Commission for Economic Planning
 * National State Commission of Public Works, later incorporated to the Planning Bureau of the Public Works Ministry
 * National State Commission of Science and Technology
 * National Research Council - National Academy of Sciences
 * Central Office of the Census and Statistical Information (former Bureau of the Census)

Regional development agencies/corporations. Administered by the Public Works Ministry
 * Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
 * Colorado River Authority (CRA)
 * Columbia River Basin Corporation (CRBC)
 * Missouri River Industrial Corportation
 * Ohio Valley Authority
 * Savannah River Authority
 * Arkansas Valley Development Board (AVDB)

Notable State and Public Industries and Cooperative
Between 1937 and 1942 the main nationalized industries were merged into large industrial combines and the Trade and Industry Ministry was split in distinct ministries with bureaus in charge of managing the nationalized economic sector under their administrative sphere.
 * American Motors Company (AMC) the main automobile company founded by the merger of the nationalized Ford Motor, General Motors, Chrysler Corporation.
 * National Harvester Company the main manufacturer of agricultural machinery.
 * National Steel Corporation formed from the nationalized US Steel, Bethlehem Steel and others.
 * National Coal Board. Merger of the nationalized Consolidation Coal Company, Pennsylvania Coal Co. and others. Organized in Coal Mining Provinces (Eastern, Gulf, Interior, Northern Great Plains, Rocky Mountains and Pacific Coast) and Districts.
 * North American Telephone and Telegraph (NATT) Merger of ATT and Western Union. Under management of the Ministry of Post, Cables and Telephones. Bell Telephone and private telephone companies became regional or republic public utilities.
 * National Railroad Administration
 * National Oil and Gas Corporation of America (NOGCA)
 * Federal Power Commission (FPC) administers, coordinates, maintains, regulates and builds the national electrical grid.
 * Pan American Airlines South American and international air carrier
 * North American Airlines national air carrier

Public utilities such as telephone, electricity, public and road cargo transport, water and waste disposal became republic or regional public utilities companies. Cooperatives also took up these services in rural and urban areas.

The tobacco industry is divided in two sectors that jointly produce and distributed all tobacco products. The nationalized American Tobacco Combine and tobacco producing cooperatives. A joint import-export company carries out all foreign trade.

- Officially Prohibition at national level ended in 1937, however some republics during the Revolution had it abrogated within their territories. Alcohol production, quality, distribution and license of sales is regulated by republican governments. Production, distribution and sales of beer, wine and spirits are done by either republican, cooperatives or private retailers. Some republics have a complete state monopoly of the alcohol industry.

Armed Forces
The People's National Armed Forces (PNAF) is the direct successor of the red and workers militias of the Revolution. The Law on the People's National Armed Forces of 1937 established a national military and its branches. The Selective Service System Law gave power to conscript men and women in case of war and provide a volunteer conscription. It also considered conscientious objectors. The National Security Acts define the chain of command and political structure of the PNAF.

On acquiring and adopting thermonuclear weapons the PNAF established a unified combatant command - PNAF Strategic Command - responsible for the strategic deterrence, global strike, and operation of the air, land and sea-based ICBM.

League of Nations
The League of Nations (LoN) is an intergovernmental organisation founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It is the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. Its primary goals, as stated in its Covenant, included preventing wars through collective security and disarmament and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration. Other issues in this and related treaties included labour conditions, just treatment of native inhabitants, human and drug trafficking, the arms trade, global health, prisoners of war, and protection of minorities in Europe.

In 1936/1937 the LoN has the Panama Canal Zone has as mandate under British and Colombian supervision due to the collapse of the United States during the Second American Revolution and the establishment of the socialist United America.

The main constitutional organs of the League are the Assembly, the Council, and the Permanent Secretariat. It also has two essential wings: the Permanent Court of International Justice and the International Labour Organization. In addition, there were several auxiliary agencies and commissions. Each organ's budget is allocated by the Assembly (the League is supported financially by its member states).

Auxilary organisations: the Disarmament Commission (inactive since 1940), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the Mandates Commission, the International Commission on Intellectual Cooperatio[, the Permanent Central Opium Board, the Commission for Refugees, the Slavery Commission and the International Health Organization.


 * Member States
 * Founding members (1920)
 * Argentina (withdrew 1921, rejoined September 1933)
 * Australia
 * Belgium
 * Bolivia
 * Brazil (withdrew June 1926)
 * Canada
 * Chile
 * China (know as South China in 1954)
 * Colombia
 * Cuba
 * Czechoslovakia
 * Denmark
 * El Salvador
 * France
 * Greece
 * Guatemala
 * Haiti
 * Honduras
 * India
 * Italy
 * Japan (withdrew March 1933, rejoined in 1955 as the PR of Japan)
 * Liberia
 * Netherlands
 * New Zealand
 * Nicaragua
 * Norway
 * Panama
 * Paraguay (withdrew February 1935)
 * Persia/Iran
 * Peru
 * Poland
 * Portugal
 * Romania
 * Siam
 * South Africa
 * Spain
 * Sweden
 * Switzerland
 * Uruguay
 * United Kingdom
 * Venezuela
 * Yugoslavia
 * New Members
 * Austria (joined December 1920)
 * Bulgaria (joined December 1920)
 * Costa Rica ((joined December 1920, withdrew January 1925)
 * Finland (joined December 1920)
 * Luxembourg (joined December 1920)
 * Albania (joined December 1920)
 * Estonia (joined September 1921)
 * Latvia (joined September 1921)
 * Lithuania (joined September 1921)
 * Hungary (joined September 1922)
 * Irish Free State/Ireland (joined September 1923)
 * Ethiopia (joined September 1923)
 * Dominican Republic (joined September 1924)
 * Germany (joined September 1926, withdrew October 1933)
 * Mexico (joined September 1931)
 * Turkey (joined September 1932)
 * Iraq (joined September 1932)
 * Soviet Union (joined September 1934)
 * Afghanistan (joined September 1934)
 * Ecuador (joined September 1934)
 * Egypt (joined September 1937)
 * United America (joined September 194?)
 * Korea (joined September 1954)
 * North China /PR of China (joined ??)

Unión Panamericana
The Pan-American Union's Bureau and therefore the whole organization would be inactive and in recess with events of Second American Revolution (1932-1936). The dormant organization would be retaken by Mexican foreign affairs as part of their diplomatic offensive within Central and South America. Mexico’s effort was to widen the original commercial purposes of the Pan-American Unión to collaborate in the areas of health, cultural and scientific exchange, social improvement, resolution of inter state conflicts and move towards a defence pact.

Mexico’s ambitious plan was opposed by Colombia, Brazil and Argentina that wanted more limited goals and were more focused in commercial exchange. In the end at Mexico City the Pan-American Congress of 1939 approved a new Charter. It was the result of consensus between interest parties it would promote trade but also social and economic development.

As result a general reorganization dissolved and merge institution into new bodies such as the Inter-American Organization for Cultural and Scientific Cooperation, A proposal for a Pan-American Highway was approved. Perhaps the most significant milestone was the treaty establishing the Pan-American Court of Justice in that way arbitration became the norm to settle differences in the Americas.

Convention on the Pan-American Highway signed in 1942 that would build 30,000 kilometres of network of roads linking lost of the Pacific coastal countries of the Americas in a highway system.

On Mexico's insistence and lobby a Development and Investment Bank of America (DIBA/BDIA) was established in 1946

Organization of the Pan-American Union Affiliated Institutions
 * Directive Council / Consejo Directivo
 * Director General Director General
 * Pan-American Congress / Inter-American Conference
 * National Commissions / Comisiones nacionales
 * Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana/Pan-American Sanitary Bureau -> OPS/PAHO Organización Panamerican de la Salud/Pan American Health Organization 1943 to date
 * Instituto Internacional Americano de Protección a la Infancia (1927-1944 part of OPS)
 * Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia/Pan American Institute of Geography and History (1928-1942 merged into the OICCC)
 * Comisión Interamericana de Mujeres/Inter-American Commission of Women (1928 to date)
 * Organización Interamericana de Cooperaciòn Cultural y Científica / Inter-American Organization for Cultural and Scientific Cooperation (1942 to date)
 * Comisión Interamericana de Comunicaciones/Inter-American Communications Commission (CIC/IACC) 1923, reformed 1942
 * Pan-American Highway Commission 1942 to date
 * Pan-American Court of Justice 1943
 * Development and Investment Bank of America (DIBA/BDIA, 1946 to date)


 * Members States
 * Argentina
 * Bolivia
 * Brazil
 * Chile
 * Colombia
 * Costa Rica
 * Cuba
 * Dominican Republic
 * Ecuador
 * El Salvador
 * Guatemala
 * Haiti
 * Honduras
 * Mexico
 * Nicaragua
 * Panama
 * Paraguay
 * Peru
 * United America
 * Uruguay
 * Venezuela

East Asian Community
The East Asian Community is a regional intergovernmental organization comprising eleven countries in Asia, which promotes and facilitates economic, political, security, educational, and cultural cooperation among its members.


 * Membership
 * Flag_of_South_Korea.svg R of Korea
 * Flag of the Republic of China.svg R of China (South China)
 * Mao Zedong's proposal for the PRC flag.svg PR of China (North China)
 * Flag of the People's Republic of Japan (Proposal).png PR of Japan
 * Flag of Mongolia.svg PR of Mongolia
 * Flag of the Philippines.svg R of the Philippines
 * R of Vietnam
 * K of Cambodia
 * K of Laos
 * K of Thailand

Association of European States
The Association of European States

After World War II (or similar)? Creation? purpose? Tensions between UK and Continental Europe? France and Rest of Europe?

Main European Institutions / European Political Community (EPC)
 * European Executive Council (EEC). HQ Brussels.
 * Commission. HQ Brussels.
 * European Parliament. HQ Brussels.
 * Court of Justice of the European Communities. HQ Luxembourg.
 * European Court of Auditors. HQ Luxembourg
 * Social and Economic Council. HQ Brussels.


 * European Institutions
 * European Political Community (EPC) HQ Brussels and Luxembourg.
 * European Defense Community (EDC) HQ Brussels.
 * European Economic Community (EEC) HQ Brussels and Düsseldorf.
 * European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) HQ Brussels.
 * European Space Research Organisation (ESRO) HQ Paris.

Transatlantic Defence Treaty (TADT). Members EDC and Canada. Extra Territorial Trade Agreements (ETTA): Signed with Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.


 * Membership


 * Flag of Austria.svg Austria


 * Flag of Belgium.svg Belgium


 * Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark


 * Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg Germany
 * Flag of France.svg France
 * Hellenic Kingdom Flag 1935.svg Greece


 * Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland
 * Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland
 * Flag_of_Italy.svg Italy


 * Civil Ensign of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg
 * Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands
 * Flag of Norway.svg Norway


 * Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal


 * Flag of the Second Spanish Republic.svg Spain
 * Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden
 * Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom


 * Associated States
 * Canadian Red Ensign (1921–1957).svg Canada
 * Flag of Finland.svg Finland

Korea
Korea (officially, Republic of Korea, ROK), is a sovereign state in East Asia, located on the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by China to the north and west, Japan to the east, and the East China Sea to the south.

From 1910 to 1952 was annexed by the Empire of Japan, under the name of Chōsen. Ending the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1953) Korea gained its independence.

History
After the Japanese Second Sino-Japanese War, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (in exile) and the People's Liberation Committee of Korea, created on the Japanese retreat from the Korean Peninsula, became the basis provisional government of Korea by a common agreement becoming the National Provisional Government and its political front, the Democratic and Republican Liberation Bloc.
 * First Republic

A constitutional assembly was elected in 1954 with the task of drafting a new constitution to be approved by referendum, function has legislative body, elect executive authorities that replace the provisional government and negotiate peace terms with Japan.

The Constituent Assembly's draft was approved in referendum by 62% of the votes, coming in effect July 1955, later known as the Constitution of the I Republic.

Political and social instability and the economic reconstruction characterized the First Republic and were one the consequences of its fall. Prosecution of the chinilpa and their economic trust was a contentious issue with the left supporting and promoting trials and punishment and the national nationalization of their interests and the right being lenient and promoting them as partners in the reconstruction of Korea.

In 1957 the Army stage a military coup ending months of political instability. Rhee Syngman was reinstated as president with full executive powers. Among Lee's first actions were the persecution of left wing and opposition parties and the labor movement. An new constitution, 1958, was promulgated given full presidential powers. Rhee and his successor Jeong ruled dictatorial, breaking down leftist opposition that was labeled as war enemies in state propaganda. Social unrest and labor conflicts were swiftly crushed as they were taken as part on an infiltration from Communist Manchuria.
 * Second Republic (1957-1971)

Korea had previous small border confrontations with Manchuria over its northern provinces. The Manchurian-Korea War (1957-1959) started in 1957, a few days after the Coup of 1957 when Manchurian troops advance over the border with the purpose of overthrown the military government and install a friendly communist government, but were repelled by Korean forces near Pyongyang. War ended with a provisional delimitation of the Korean-Manchurian frontier. The war indirectly involved USSR, China and Japan that supplied arms to each side.

In 1959, the government announced the first nationwide industrialization plan and to built in Kaesong, Pyongyang, Wonsan, Suwon, and Daejeon large industrial areas. Heavy industry became a priority in the rebuilding of Korea's economy. The chaebols, Rhee's allies, received special treatment from the government in return for kickbacks and other payments and were key actors in economic development. Workers rights were curtailed with government backing.

General Kang's coup of July 1971 inaugurated the Third Republic. The immediate cause of the coup were rivalries in the army between who disagreed with the handling of Jeong Hyeo of the Buddhist crisis and those that carried out the violent repression and killings. The Buddhist crisis was started by a series of decrees that seek to control the naming of monks and superiors and the confiscation of Buddhist temples and properties. Jeong Hyeo was inflexible in these measures in what he saw in the Buddhist as the last group not to be under his control. The violent raid that arrested and later tortured several monks in an operation across Korea changed opinions of many generals of the Korean Army. The Army was already and divided and weaken by the tactics of Jeong Hyeo that ought to prevent it from questioning his rule or trying a coup against him. However the March Raids of 1971 brought together several disgruntled generals to plan and conspire.
 * Third Republic (1971-1987)

The coup of July 1971 brought together several factions being triumphant the one led by General Kang Yeong-hwan. The ruling Junta called for elections of a constituent assembly but keep in place the restrictions enacted by Rhee and Jeong, vetting the participation of left-wing parties and the most notorious politicians of the opposition. Vote rigging already practiced was openly carried out and the Junta made no secret of it. The reason given out was the menace of military aggression by Manchuria, like in 4957, if there were signs of weakness and divisiveness among Koreans. The constituent assembly voted on a previously draft presented by advisors of the Junta only making minor amendments. The Constitution of 1971 repeated the scheme of the previous one in establishing an authoritarian presidential with a weak legislature. However guarantees were given for parties to participate and the presidential election to be done by an electoral college, not the National Assembly as it was previously.

Under Kang and Park the economy of Korea began a cycle of rapid growth helped by the guided capitalism that include state planification with the participation of the chaebols. The top to down dictatorialism of Rhee and Jeong was replaced by a sophisticated mix of authoritarianism, cronyism and corruption. Regional, local and special interest cliques fought for contracts, governmental measures and legislation in order to further their interests. When the national and particular goals agreed the system worked fluidly. The opposition wa tolerated as most of it began to participate in this system. Even labor activism and organization was tolerated and promoted as long as it serve the capitalist process and did not openly criticize the government or hurt the interest of the chaebols. The big winners were the chaebols that previously had to bargain in an unequal terms with the State, now they were partners with the State. The ruling Democratic Republican Party (DRP), at the beginning mere cosmetic makeover of the previous National Liberal Association (NLA), begin to built a network of activists and organizations that easily secured majorities with bridding and favor giving on voters.

The anti-communist and anti-Manchurism, of the regime provided for patriotism for even the most vocal or skeptic Koreans. The cultural legacy and history of Korea and the liberation from Japan were the main motifs of state propaganda, schools and colleges and the news media. This nationalism, already started by Rhee, configure the enemy-friend outlook of many Koreans even to this day.

The November Coup of 1987 was of mixed results. At first it was like previous coups in toppling down a president and been replaced by the conspirators of the coup. However, the opposition rapidly made counter manifestation backing down the Junta and been replaced by a provisional government that called for elections of a constituent assembly.
 * Fourth Republic (1987 to date)

State and Government
Korea has had the following constitutions: 1955, 1958, 1971 and 1989. The constitutions of 1955 and 1989 are based on the Chinese Five-power constitutional theory. The constitutions of 1958 and 1971 established an authoritarian presidential with a weak legislature.

According to the 1989 Constitution of Korea, all political power and sovereignty comes from the people. It is exercised by means of elections of the political powers specified by the Constitution and by referendum and recall. All male and female citizens over 18 years of age have political rights.

At national level, based on the Chinese Five-power Constitutional Theory, the State is organized as follows. The President performs his executive functions through the State Council made up of 15 to 30 members and presided over by the President, who is solely responsible for deciding all important government policies. The President appoints the Prime Minister for State Affairs with approval of the National Assembly and the rest of the members of the State Council. The president may refer important policy matters to a national referendum, declare war, conclude peace and other treaties, appoint senior public officials, and grant amnesty (with the concurrence of the National Assembly). In times of serious internal or external turmoil or threat, or economic or financial crises, the President may assume emergency powers "for the maintenance of national security or public peace and order." Emergency measures may be taken only when the National Assembly is not in session and when there is no time for it to convene. The measures are limited to the "minimum necessary."
 * The head of state and government is the President of the Republic, who is elected by direct popular vote for a five-year term. Formerly he or she was elected by the National Assembly (Constitutions of 1958 and 1971). The president is Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces of Korea and enjoys considerable executive powers.
 * The legislative powers resides in the unicameral National Assembly, whose members are directly elected for a four-year term. The National Assembly cannot be dissolved by the president. The National Assembly can amend the constitution with a two-thirds majority, impeach the President of the Republic and call for vote of confidence on the Prime Minister for State Affairs.
 * Judicial powers resides in the National Judicial Council, Supreme Court, Constitutional Court, lower and specialized courts. The Chief Judges of the National Judicial Council are appointed by the President with the consent of the National Assembly for a six year term. The judges of the Supreme Court are named by the President on the recommendation of the Chief Justice and with the consent of the National Assembly for a six year term. The judges of the Constitutional Court are named by the President (3 members), National Assembly (3) and National Judicial Council (3). All lower and specialized courts of justice are appointed by the National Judicial Council, that also are the ministers the judicial branch.
 * Board of Audit and Inspection, in charge of inspecting and examining the revenues and expenditures of the State, the accounts of the State and other organizations specified by Act and the job performances of the executive agencies and public officials. The Board is composed is composed of five to eleven members. The Chairman of the Board is appointed by the President with the consent of the National Assembly for a term of office of four years. The rest of the members of the Board are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Chairman of the Board, for a term of four years.
 * Civil Service Board is in charge of validating the qualification of civil servants, holding of examinations and in in charge of matters relating to employment, registration, performance rating, scales of salary (remuneration), promotion and transfer, security of tenure, recommendation, pecuniary aid in case of death, retirement and old age pension. The Board is integrated by a chairman, a vice chairman, and 9 ministers, each with a six-year term of office. The chairman and vice chairman are appointed by the President with the consent of the National Assembly for a term of office of six years. The ministers are appointed by the Board of Audit and Control (3 members), National Assembly (3) and National Judicial Council (3).

Political Parties
The main parties of the First Republic where the following: The KIP and KNRP, were the basis of the Korean Government in exile.
 * Korean National Advancement Party (KNAP), setup by former members of the Japanese administration and the chinilpa ;
 * Korean Independence Party (KIP), right-nationalists;
 * Korean National Revolutionary Party (KNRP), left-nationalism, and pro-Chinese.
 * Chondoist Chongu Party, the political vehicle of Cheondoism, of relative importance at provincial level and local elections. Despite various periods when parties were outright banned, Cheondoism was recreate when parties were allowed to exist making it the oldest party of Korea; and
 * New People's Party (신민당), the main leftist Marxist party.
 * Liberal Party, a right-wing party and supported by the chinilpa, the personal vehicle of Rhee Syngman.

The military coup of 1957 disbanded and outlawed all parties with the exception of Rhee's Liberal Party that was renamed the National Liberal Association (NLA). Former members of the KNAP and KIP were among its participants. The NLA was the de facto ruling party. Other parties allowed to register, as long as they were not associated with the NPP and KNRP or Communist Manchuria were the following: The coup of 1971 rose the Armed Forces as the main political actor. The Democratic Republican Party (DRP) was established as the vehicle of the armed forces and was a authoritarian, anti-communism and conservative party that was its policies was in favour of state corporatist and nationalist in its outlook. Other important parties were: The New Democratic Party, a splinter of the old Democratic Party. Both parties would later merge in the United Democratic Party. The Civil Rule Party, a party of the more liberal and historical Korean nationalism. The coup of 1987 began a process of democratization of Korea.
 * Second Republic
 * Democratic Party, established by opposition politicians to the NLA. It was allowed to participate in elections heavily rigged in favor of the NLA.
 * Third Republic
 * Fourth Republic
 * Democratic Justice Party (DJP), the inheritor of the DRP,
 * Democratic Labor Party (DLP) a left party, banned after the White Coup of July 1998.
 * Unified Progressive Party (UPP) the main left party and successor of the DLP after it was banned,
 * National Civic Party (NCP), merger of several liberal and socio-liberal parties and groups that previously competed with each other or were formed around liberal personalities. It was the first grassroots activism of liberalism in Korea.
 * People's United Party (PUP), the merger of the UPP and (...)

Administrative Divisions
Korea is divided in its first level in provinces and special cities. The second level is divided in cities, counties and districts. These are further subdivided into third-level entities: towns, township, neighborhoods and villages. The governors of the provincial-level divisions and the provincial assemblies and other local government authorities and bodies are elected every four years.


 * Special Cities
 * Seoul
 * Pyongyang


 * Provinces
 * North Chungcheong (Cheongju)
 * South Chungcheong (Andong)
 * Gangwon (Chuncheon)
 * Gyeonggi (Suwon)
 * North Gyeongsang (Daegu)
 * South Gyeongsang (Changwon)
 * North Hamgyŏng (Kwanbuk)
 * South Hamgyŏng (Hamhung)
 * Hwanghae (Haeju)
 * North Jeolla (Honam)
 * South Jeolla (Gwangju)
 * North Pyongan (Sinŭiju)
 * South Pyongan (Pyongsong)
 * Jeju (Jeju City)

Economy
Korea is a mixed economy dominated by family-owned conglomerates (chaebols). The major development of Korean economy was mainly done by the guided capitalism of the 1960s to the 1980s.

Korea as two distinguishing regions. The northern half is heavily industrialized, covered with factories, mines, and power plants and the southern half is primarily agrarian in nature with rice and soy patties, wheat fields, farms, and several other crops. There is some minor farming activity in the north, primarily on the east coast and the west coast on the flat plains; and some industrial centers, mainly around Seoul and Busan, in the south.

Armed Forces
After the liberation the Korean Liberation Army (KLA) and Korean People's Army (KPA) were merged in the ROK Defense Forces. It is organized in the following branches:
 * Korean Army
 * Korean Navy
 * Korean Air Force
 * Korean Marine Corps
 * Korea Coast Guard

People's Republic of China (North China)
The People's Republic of China (中华人民共和国) is a socialist state established in Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mongolia in 1953.

It claims sovereignty over Tibet and the provinces controlled by South China (Republic of China)

History
The PRC has its beginning in the liberation of Manchuria by the Soviet Army and the People's Liberation Army (PLA) in the final months of the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1953). The following day, after the Liberation from Japan, a People's Revolutionary Government Committee (PRGC) was proclaimed (October 19, 1953) to administer the Kingdom of Manchukuo that was dissolved. In the first months of the establishment of the PRGC a massive retreat of the communist guerrillas to northern China began as part of a planned campaign. The retreat allow a fast control of the provinces that would be part of PRGC. The seizure of Beijing was the high-point of this campaign.

In parallel the region of Xinjiang, with the help of Mongolian and Soviet forces proclaimed it allegiance to the PRGC. However the operations to capture the city of Qingdao and with it the whole of the province of Shandong were stopped by the army of the ROC on the shores of the Yellow River. The standstill of military actions and the stetting up of barricades for several months would afterwards became the de-facto frontier of North and South China. In March 1954 the People's Republic of China was proclaimed in Beijing. The nascent PRC declared as its official policy the establishment of a socialist republic and the unification of China.

The PR of Japan would sign a Treaty of Friendship and Trade (1957) that would allowed Japan to import PRC's oil, coal and soybeans for its incipient industrial recovery and PRC would in exchange receive technological help, manufactured goods and weapons - Japan's first fighter jet along medium and heavy tanks were shipped.

The Sino-Korea War (1957-1959), was an attempt to invade and establish a friendly communist regime in Korea. Taking advantage of the apparent disorder of the Military Coup of 1956 the PLA invaded Korea being routed and coming to a standstill at Pyongyang by Korean Armed Forces, with covert support from China. By 1959 PRC had to retreat to to its previous limits and call for a truce.

The Sino-Korea War (1957-1959) among other factors meant the fall of Liu Shaoqi and his replacement by the more reliable and sensible leadership. The so called pro-war Liu clique was violently purged and removed from the administration of the State. The purge elevated the status of Mao as paramount leader of the CPC and the PRC.

Government
The Constitution approved in 1954 by the People's National Convention, establishes a socialist state under the people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants and that the state organs apply the principle of democratic centralism. In its preamble it is also stated that unification of China is the Peoples and State goal.
 * the supreme organ of power is the National People's Congress (NPC). It is composed of directly elected deputies by the people, renewed every five years. In its first session, after elections, it elects the People's Political Commission (PPC), the State Council, the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate and the People's Supervisory Commission (PSC).
 * The executive power resides in the People's Political Commission (PPC), that is the collective head of state. It is integrated by a President and three vice presidents and 3 other members. The State Council carries out all the executive and administrative functions. The PPC and the State Council are responsible before the NPC.
 * the judicial power resides in the Supreme People's Court (SPC). The judges of the SPC and lower courts are elected or appointed by people's congresses at the corresponding levels to serve a maximum of two five-year term. The SPC is the court of last resort for the whole of China The SPC supervises the administration of justice by all subordinate local people's courts and "special" people's courts. Local people's courts are organized in intermediate, and municipal districts people's courts.
 * The Supreme People's Procuratorate is the highest agency at the national level responsible for both prosecution and investigation. The Procurator-General is elected by the PPC, local people's procuratorates at different levels, military procuratorates and other special people's procuratorates are elected by or appointed by people's congresses at the corresponding levels. All procurators serve a maximum of two five-year term.
 * People's Supervisory Commission

All men and women that are citizens of the PRC and of eighteen years of age or more have the right to vote in all elections and referenda.

Administrative Divisions
Sub-national government is composed of people's congresses and people's committees of various levels (municipalities, autonomous regions, province, district and village or city).

The PR of China is divided in the following special cities and provinces:
 * Provinces:
 * Longjiang
 * Jilin
 * Fengtian
 * Suiyuan, incorporated to Inner Mongolia AR
 * Chahar, incorporated to Inner Mongolia AR
 * Rehe
 * Liaobei
 * Xing'an
 * Heibe
 * Shanxi
 * Autonomous Regions:
 * Inner Mongolia
 * Ningxia
 * Xinjiang
 * Municipalities:
 * Beijing
 * Xinjing
 * Harbin
 * Tianjin
 * Shenyang
 * Dalian

Political Process
The Chinese Communist Party (CCP), along minor parties in the People's United Front (PUF), have the monopoly of power. These parties are the following:
 * The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) founded in 1921 is a Marxist-Leninst party. The CCP is the sole governing party within North China, permitting other subordinated parties to co-exist, those making up the PUF. The CCP is officially banned in South China.

Economy
THe PR of China as an important agricultural production, being quoted as the breadbasket of Japan and Northern China. Its main crops were kaoliang, corn, maize, wheat, sorghum, and soybean. From kaoliang and corn liquors were made, including vodka, sake, beer, soy juices and vinegar. Soybean and wheat are PRC's main crops. Land was collectivized in the early years of the People's Republic. Opium production was prohibited and all its crops destroyed.

The industrial infrastructure built in Manchuria under the Japanese occupation established a solid based for economic development of PR of China. This tied to the abundance of iron and coal has made this region one of the most industrialized and urbanized hubs of former China. The first Five Year Economic Plan (1955-1959) repaired the existing heavy industry, mines, roads and railways and ports. It also started the race against South China in order to surpass it economically.

The Sino-Japanese Treaty of Friendship and Trade (1957) called for the coordination of the Economic Plans of both countries. So the II Chinese Plan (1960-1963) was a transitional phase but as in the First Plan it centered on reconstruction of supply and distribution infrastructure (roads, railways, canals, ports and airports) and the transformation of the agriculture and handicraft industries. The III Plan (1964-1968) was coordinated with its Japanese counterpart.

Armed Forces
The People's Liberation Army (PLA) is in charge of the national defense. It is organized in the following services: At all levels of the PLA a political commissar is the supervisory political officer responsible for the political education (ideology) and organization, and committed to the civilian control of the military.
 * PLA Ground Force
 * PLA Naval Force
 * PLA Air Force

The armament of the PLA is mainly of Soviet and Japanese manufacture. The Ground Forces is equipped with Soviet and Japanese medium and heavy tanks. The Air Force had procured Japan's first fighter jets.

The Ministry of Public Security is in charge of public order and law enforcement.

Republic of China (South China)
The Republic of China (ROC) was a sovereign country established in January 1912 after the Xinhai Revolution, which overthrew the Qing dynasty, the last imperial dynasty of China.

From its founding the ROC is based on mainland China. Central authority waxed and waned in response to warlordism (1915–28), the Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937–53), and a full-scale civil war (1927–...), with central authority strongest during the Nanjing Decade (1927–37), when most of China came under the control of the authoritarian, one-party military dictatorship of the Kuomintang (KMT).

In 1953, at the end of World War II, the Empire of Japan surrendered control of Taiwan and Manchuria. China claims control over Tibet, Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Hong Kong (UK) and Macau (Portugal) and the territories controlled by PRC of China (North China).

State and Government
According to Sun Yat-sen's theory, the KMT was to rebuild China in three phases: a phase of military rule through which the KMT would take over power and reunite China by force; a phase of political tutelage; and finally a constitutional democratic phase. Thus, there have been at least three periods of constitutional organization.

The phases of force and political tutelage that overlap each other, roughly occurs between 1916 to 1935. This period was marked by the Southern and Northern Expeditions and the alliance with the CPC. According to the First provisional constitution of 1916 the President of the National Government was elected by the KMT central executive committee. In the absence of a National Assembly, the KMT's party congress functioned in its place. Since party membership was a requirement for civil service positions, the KMT was full of careerists and opportunists. The second provisional constitution of 1926 called for the election of the President of the Republic by National Assembly. Its delegates were elected by party nominations. The distribution was one-third Nationalists, one-third Communists, and one-third of members from other parties every four years. Overseas Chinese and minorities were represented in the party nominations. The President nominated the President of Executive Yuan and all its ministers and commissioners. The old Da-Li-Yuan was reformed as the Supreme Court.

In 1935 a The Second Constitution of the ROC was promulgated, the Five-power Constitution. This was based on Sun Yat-sen's idea of "separation of the five powers". The government of the ROC has five branches (executive, legislative, judicial, control and examination) and also embodies the Three Principles of the People (Sān Mín Zhǔyì).
 * The Executive is composed of
 * The President of the Republic, elected by the National Assembly for a term of six years, is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the Republic of China.
 * Executive Yuan - led by the premier (President of the Executive Yuan) but in actuality it is the President who sets policy. The Executive Yuan is the "highest administrative authority" with oversight over domestic matters while giving the president of the Republic powers as commander-in-chief of the military and authority over foreign affairs;
 * The Legislative is composed of:
 * National Assembly, with the power to amend the constitution and elect the President and Vice President and the right to recall them if they failed to fulfill their political responsibilities.
 * Legislative Yuan is the unicameral legislative chamber, elected by universal suffrage. Some seats a allocated for overseas Chinese;
 * Judicial Yuan serves as the highest judicial organ in Republic of China. They are nominated and appointed by the President of the Republic, with the consent of the Legislative Yuan. The Judicial Yuan is charged with interpreting the Constitution. It also supervises lower courts, which consist of the Supreme Court, the high courts, district courts, the Administrative Court, and the Commission on the Disciplinary Sanctions of Public Functionaries;
 * Control Yuan is the audit branch that monitors the other branches of government. Its members are elected by provincial, municipal, Mongolian, Tibetan, and Overseas Chinese representative councils.
 * Examination Yuan is in charge of validating the qualification of civil service personnel and examination exam. Its members are nominated and appointed by the President of the Republic, with the consent of the Control Yuan.

Politics

 * Kuomintang
 * Communist Party of China, Marxist-Leninist. Banned in 1954.
 * Productive People's Party / Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party. Left-wing of the Kuomintang.


 * Communist League of China / Revolutionary Communist Party of China. Marxist-Trotskyist party
 * China Democratic League. Progressivism and Chinese nationalism

Administrative Divisions
The ROC is administratively divided in provinces, special municipalities, special administrative regions, areas, and regions.


 * Provinces
 * Anhui
 * Zhèjiāng
 * Fújiàn
 * Hénán
 * Húnán
 * Hubei
 * Gānsù
 * Jiāngxī
 * Guǎngxī
 * Guǎngdōng
 * Guìzhō
 * Shānxī
 * Shandong
 * Xīkāng
 * Sìchuān
 * Táiwān
 * Yunnan
 * special municipalities
 * Guǎngzhōu
 * Chóngqìng
 * Hànkǒu
 * Nánjīng
 * Shànghǎi
 * Xī'ān
 * Qingdao
 * Areas
 * Tibet
 * Special Administrative Regions
 * Weihai (abolish and incorporated to Shandong)
 * Hǎinán

Armed Forces
The Spanish Republican Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas de la República Española)

-

=Elections=

=Sources, Texts and Images=
 * Early American Marxism
 * Early American Marxism
 * Perspectives of American Marxism by Leon Trotsky (November 1932)
 * If America Should Go Communist by Leon Trotsky (August 1934)
 * Toward Soviet America by William Z. Foster (1932)
 * Works of James P. Cannon
 * Various USA (in marxist.org)

Online Editions at HathiTrust of Model State Constitutions
 * First Edition, 1921
 * Revised Edition, 1924
 * Fifth Edition, 1948
 * Sixth Edition, 1963

The main source of inspiration is Aelita's Note:Do not copy plot or ideas here on Alternate History Wiki.
 * Inspirations:
 * Reds: A Revolutionary Timeline (alternatehistory.com) and
 * A Red Dawn: American Revolution and Rebirth (alternatehistory.com)
 * Reds (on tv tropes)


 * Gallery