User:Candiesrgood/Sandbox I

PMIV

 * gridiron (known as "French rules rugby") introduced
 * rugby, archery
 * film industry boom


 * 1929
 * Shanghai Stock Exchange experiences some turbulence but eventually recovers, but it causes financial worries
 * problem of underemployment
 * frequent rallies & strikes protesting working conditions, plus a decline in real wages (due to inflation)
 * bill raising (lobbied by the Progressive–Conservatives) minimum wages + welfare is rejected
 * > Ningbo Riots (led by the Illustrés)
 * criticized by Liberal–Democrats, and Conservatives
 * increased tensions between the three parties
 * under the premise of ensuring socio-political stability, PM removes term limitations (allowing him to run for an indefinite number of terms)
 * Many orthodox members of his Cabinet resign
 * They, however, are replaced w/ younger, radical party members


 * Opposition calls for snap elections, incumbent PM wins
 * both sides spend heavily on campaigning, however, appearances on radio talk shows increase his charisma & appeal to the general public (power base grows from just urban, university-educated youth)
 * previously lukewarm reception + distancing himself from political debate
 * incumbent receives the support of the Shande Empress


 * mid-terms
 * Progressive–Conservatives solidify control over Grand Secretariat in midterms (70% of seats) due to shifting public opinion


 * 1930
 * Progressive–Conservative Party rename themselves into the Nationalists
 * Illustrés become Youth Wing

DOMESTIC POLICY:
 * worker's rights
 * comprehensive welfare system
 * pro-federal system
 * liberal social policies

FOREIGN POLICY:
 * "East Asian financial model" to arrange associated states – State-sponsored capitalism, synthesis of East Asian government structure and European capitalism
 * "Flying Geese Paradigm" – international division of labor based on comparative advantages
 * I – grain, cash crops, raw materials, fossil fuel extraction
 * II – textiles, garments,
 * III – steel, light machinery, advanced petrochemicals (oil distillates)
 * IV – heavy machinery, shipbuilding, cars
 * V – consumer appliances, electronics & hardware, aviation
 * Establishment of Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere (GEACOPS), plus GEA Development Board + Ministry of GEA (overseeing associated states' affairs)
 * Ministry of Overseas Chinese and Koreans – finance emigration, manages overseas Sino–Korean nationals, manages settlement of Manchurian provinces (50m > 70m by 1940; 60% of Greater Korea region), Sakhalin (400k > 1.5m by 1940), Kurils (20k > 400k), double population of Ryūkyūs (50% Chinese or Korean)


 * military = more focus on technical & qualitative superiority; promotion of strict, virtuous conduct


 * 1931
 * command economy = Five-Year Plan
 * Heavy–Chemical Industry Drive


 * New Community Movement


 * reemergence of qianzu firms


 * political intellectualism + literature thrive
 * increasing calls for the liberation of Asia, "justified" militarization & interventionism in foreign politics to ensure the welfare of Asian peoples
 * Return to the humanistic and rationalistic elements of Confucianism; rejection of European romanticism and mysticism > proliferation of new Confucian denominations,
 * Synthesis of European liberal democracy and Confucian meritocracy (passing civil examinations are needed to be elected to a political position), seen as most conducive to the goal of improving communal welfare
 * "All Under Heaven" & "Mandate of Heaven" – China–Korea is poised to lead the Asia–Pacific region, and by extension, the World
 * 1. The Emperor/Empress of China–Korea has received his/her status through the Mandate of Heaven
 * 2. All subjects of the Sino–Korean Emperor/Empress are, therefore, by extension, under divine protection; and thus, the people and soil of China–Korea and all its institutions are superior to others
 * 3. These attributes give China–Korea the divine mission to bring all nations under its roof, so all of humanity could bask under the glory of Heaven


 * increased animosity towards Russia


 * 1932
 * the emergence of prominent political authors


 * geostrategic goals revived > "China–Korea Neutralization Policy"
 * SEA = raw materials
 * Xinjiang, Mongolia, Manchuria (the "Frontier") = buffer to Russia
 * India, Japan, Uluru (the "Big Three") = consumer market, opportunity to secure both Western Pacific basin and the Indian Ocean


 * cinema & film, art begins to incorporate many nationalistic + socio-political themes


 * proliferation of modernist movement


 * 1933
 * Nationalist ideology codified into "New Confucianism"
 * viewed as a synthesis between European liberalism & democracy, and Confucian humanism & rationalism
 * democracy + meritocracy = "Confucian democracy"; seen as most conducive to promoting communal welfare


 * tensions w/ Burgundy = one-party government
 * 1/3rd of Grand Secretariat = appointed by Prime Minister


 * increased power/autonomy for Navy & Army (separate Ministries)


 * In China—Korea, the Progressive–Conservative Party renames itself into the Nationalist Party. The Illustrés, which have been extremely supportive of the party since its formation, becomes the party's officially-designated youth wing. The party's domestic policy consists of promoting worker's rights, the establishment of a comprehensive system of welfare, federalism, and the maintenace of current liberal social policies. Meanwhile, in the realm of foreign policy, the East Asia Development Board and the Ministry of Greater East Asia are established as cabinet-level agencies to oversee the affairs of China–Korea's associated states–specifically providing insight in the development of their economies. The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere (GEACOPS), currently consisting of China–Korea and and its eight associated states, is established. A codified "East Asian financial model" is promoted, which advocates for high government intervention in the economy and financial policy including nationalization of important industries, business-friendly policies to foster the growth of large corporations, and an emphasis on exports. Complementing this is the idea of the "Flying Geese Paradigm"–a system of an international division of labor based on the idea of capitalizing on a country's comparative advantages. It has five stages, of which China–Korea is on the fourth, Dzungaria on the third, Japan on the second, and the rest of China-Korea's associated states being at the first. Due to perceived "overpopulation" and oversaturation within the labour pool leading to chronic issue of underemployment, the government begins to promote emigration overseas and the settlement of China–Korea's frontier territories. This is overseen by the newly-established Ministry of Overseas Sino–Koreans. The Office of the Northern Frontier will oversee the settlement of the uppermost territories of Manchuria, hoping to increase Manchuria's population as a whole from 50 million to 70 million by 1940, through both immigration–incentivized by allotments of land and the establishment/enlargement of communities spurring employment opportunities. It will also manage the settlement of the Mongolia provinces' "Three Northern Cities" of Ulaangom, Sükhbaatar, and Choibalsan. The Office of the Northeast Territories will supervise Sakhalin (which will be separated from the Shendao province) and the Kurils, hoping to increase their respective populations to 1.5 million (from 400k) and 400k (from 20k) by 1940. The Office of the Western Pacific will supervise settlement of the Ryukyu Islands (which will be revoked of its provincial status), and will see the settlement of 150k Hua Chinese by 1940, which by then will constitute a third of its population. In addition, it will oversee settlement of minor Pacific island chains (in a much smaller scale) to solidify China–Korea's territorial legitimacy there–particularly the recently acquired Yidao (Izu) islands off the coast of Japan. Finally, the Office of Laurentian and Arcadian Sino–Koreans is established, hoping to further augment the extensive and long-established Chinese and Korean communities residing within Mapuche, Arcadia, and Brésil; which are estimated to be approximately 15–33%, 10%, and 5% ethnic Chinese or Korean respectively, including those of partial descent. While the outflow of Sino–Korean nationals is only currently at 164k emigrants annually, it is expected to rise to 500k by 1940. Overseas Sino–Korean settlement will also target other countries of the Pacific Rim, namely Uluru, Aztlan, New Granada, and to a lesser extent–Alaska. A light carrier, five each of cruisers, destroyers, and submarines, and ten corvettes are commisioned this year. Research is poured into the development of an improved SJ-25, as well as improvements on Great War-era tanks, and the development of new aircraft (especially naval aviation) models.

continues to experience a resurgence in wealth and prosperity, with secured control over East Asia providing a source of national pride. Urbanization continues, with agricultural advances resulting in the oversaturation of the agricultural sector and therefore causing the movement of youth to urban areas, due to higher employment opportunities and access to a wider variety of social services. The urban population now is estimated to constitute half of the total population, considerably higher than in 1920 (where it was found to be 30%). The Progressive—Conservative Party continue to consolidate their control over the Grand Secretariat, and continue to cement their popularity within the public as the members of both the Conservative and Liberal—Democratic Parties collapse and become increasingly embroiled in widely-publicized scandals. The midterms last year result in an even higher voter turnout for women, with about 95% of registered voters (representing 70% of women above the age of 18 years) casting their vote. This, along with increased youth activism and the increasing role of college campuses as centers of socio-political movements and discussion, has brought a new dynamic in Sino—Korean politics; however, political dynasties continue to predominate—especially within rural areas. Due to a revival in Confucian thought, the usage of civil examinations to determine one’s eligibility to acquire certain political posts (to be regulated by the Ministry of Examinations) is reestablished, though with modern and more inclusive criteria. Tianjin (due to high-ranking Christian clergymen being based there, and the concentration of historic churches) remains the center of Asian Christianity, with adherents of the Confucian-rite Church constituting 40% of the population, with other Catholics and Protestants comprising another 10%. The Church once again affirms Nestorianism as one of their core tenets, though remains largely Catholic otherwise. Sound films, colloquially referred to as “talkies” soar in popularity. The first of highly elaborate “palace theaters” are constructed—with large expansive screens and comprehensive sound systems, and being capable of seating hundreds or even exceeding a thousand moviegoers. The Tianjin film industry surpasses that of Shanghai’s, due to cheaper land prices and proximity to a wider variety of biomes. The “Tianjin Code” is established, fining films with content deemed “immoral” and also barring them to be shown during daytime hours. However these restrictions do not stall the growth of the film industry. Radio also continues to be in popular usage, with its spread allowing for a revival in music (at the expense of traditional mediums such as the record). R&B begins to shed earlier Russian influences, and becomes more “urban”—being characterized by a more distinctive, prominent beat and quicker tempo. Bubblegum pop, and same-sex vocal groups also become more popular, especially within the youth. Radio also becomes a platform for radio shows and soap operas, receiving moderate popularity, mainly within communities with less movie theaters. The construction boom of high-end shopping streets and indoor markets continue, with increasingly elaborate exterior designs. Comprehensive heat regulation systems are installed to improve comfortability, with many buildings spanning several floors and having elevators instead of just stairs. As a result of new attitudes towards consumption, saving rates decrease but this is offset by lower taxes and government assumption of pensions. As part of this consumption boom, the demand for cosmetics, clothing, and other luxury goods—as well as services offered in dermatological clinics and spas—increases rapidly, providing a source of tax revenue for the government. While commercial aircraft are no longer an uncommon sight, the primary mode of transportation remains railway or via automobile, or via steamship. Seaplanes however, are somewhat popular due to public endearment and the purchase of ex-military seaplanes and conversion for commercial usage. The military is decreased to 2.5 million troops, mainly on the border with Russia and China—Korea’s associated states. The production of 250,000 units of the semi-automatic firearm SL-25 is completed, though reviews are largely unfavorable. Due to this, the standard infantry firearm remains a bolt-action rifle. A new model, the TJ-28, is made however—having an eight-round magazine instead of a five-round one, this increasing the rate of fire. The Emergency Naval Bill of 1927 goes into full swing, with main changes including the construction of 60 or so torpedo boats (with seagoing capabilities), while reducing the number of built light carriers from 20 to 12, and the retention of older ship classes. In addition, many of the newer ships are installed with radar, and anti-aircraft guns. The second Huanglong-class fleet carrier is commissioned. In addition, a light carrier, four cruisers, eleven destroyers, five submarines, and five torpedo boats are commissioned. With increased tensions in South China Sea–especially with Burgundian militarization of its possessions, military forces in Indochina are placed on high alert.

While the exit of Britain from the European Economic Area, China–Korea's European markets stagnate once again. As a result, domestic consumption is emphasized. With the renewed influx of wealth and increases in disposable household income (mostly driven by lower saving rates as households begin to rely more on welfare, and lower taxation), the construction boom in high-end shopping streets and indoor markets, and the demand for luxury goods booms. In particular, the usage (and therefore, demand) of cosmetics surges once again due to its usage by prominent actresses and other celebrities on-screen. As a result, newer lighter and more pigmented formulas for foundation and rouge are created. Newer technologies such as eyebrow pens, mascaras, false eyelashes, and the first eyeshadows (typically coming in small sets consisting of three primary colors) also emerged, being accessible to not only the rich but for the middle-class. Alongside this is the continuing emergence of a distinct fashion culture, centered in Shanghai and Seoul. Dermatological clinics and spas also see a surge in attendance, due to the popularity of experimental facelift procedures and renewed public interest in Chinese traditional medicine. The radio and telephone continue to emerge as the main instrument of public instruction and communication, while cinema continues to boom in popularity at the expense of theatre and the traditional arts. The first major Chinese-language feature film in color (and sound)–A Descent from the Heavens–is released, chronicling a fictional romance between a Jesuit missionary stationed in Korea (played by Andréj Pekarov) and a Hui aristocratic girl (played by Zhen Jimei) during the Korean Liberation of China (1627–1649). It becomes a smashing hit, and the Tianjin Entertainment Corporation (TEC) moves their base of operations to Shanghai. This leads to three more feature films in full color also being released in the same year, both from the TEC and rival companies. The film is also noted by critics for exploring the themes of social justice, discrimination based on a racial and religious basis, and for containing numerous Catholic metaphors and motifs; therefore receiving very warm reception among the left and within the more liberalized youth. The surrealist movement now begins to incorporate nationalistic undertones, and shift from mere interpretations of everyday objects to reimagining of historic events (often with light social commentary). Interest into Greco–Roman art continues to boom–especially in the art of sculpture-making and the creation of the "perfect body". Due to greater engagement of the youth within politics (propelled by higher college or university attendance), several youth groups–most prominently the "Illustrés" (a French term for the Enlightened)–emerge, stressing the detrimental effect of bipartisan politics and seeking to synthesize both sides of the political spectrum into a "progressive conservatism" (as pioneered by popular Prime Minister Shan Yu). While wary of Indian reunification (particularly the persecution and marginalization of Christians and Muslims under a radical Hindu regime), the Sino–Korean government recognizes the event, and also officially recognizes the former British colonies of India, Uluru, and Swahili as full-fledged sovereign nations. Within the members of the Compact of Free Association and territories occupied by China–Korea, Mandarin is promoted as a second language, and instruction in Mandarin is integrated into the curriculum. The usage of various informal currencies are legally abolished, and the Sino–Korean Yuan (¥ / 元) is declared the sole valid medium of financial transactions–though a two-year grace period is in effect. The standing army is set at ~3 million personnel, of which a third are stationed in China–Korea's associated states. The production of 300,000 units (occurring over a three-year period) of experimental semi-automatic firearms commences. Meanwhile, the Imperial Navy is split into a Northern and Southern Command (based in Mokpo and Guangzhou, respectively). The first of the Huanglong-class fleet carriers is commissioned, being 26,900 tons at standard displacement and being moderately-armed with ten 8" guns and six 2 x 5" anti-aircraft guns. It has room for 60 aircraft, of which, half are torpedo bombers while a fourth each are reconnaissance aircraft and fighters respectively. The first of the Fengxiang-class escort carriers is also commissioned, being only 7,470 tons at standard displacement to exploit a loophole in the Malta Naval Treaty not regulating the construction of such vessels. However, to compensate, it is completely unarmored and only has a primary armament of four 5.5" guns. Only a pair of 3" disappearing guns provide anti-aircraft defense. However, due to it being constructed on the hull similar to that of a large cruiser, and its manner of construction (in which the flight deck had been superimposed without any additional supporting structures), it only has a capacity for 15 aircraft (6–9 torpedo bombers, and the remainder being allocated for fighters or reconnaissance aircraft). In addition to these, four cruisers (half being heavy cruisers, the remainder being light cruisers), ten destroyers, and five submarines are also commissioned. Educational attainment rises, with increasing enrollment in state-owned imperial universities, as well as private institutions. China–Korea continues economic development, with increased emphasis on the quality of its heavy industry. China–Korea surpasses Russia as having the second-largest industrial output, with economists estimating that it will surpass Belka by the mid-thirties. '''The Trans-Pacific Cooperation Treaty is proposed to Arcadia ( ARCADIAN RESPONSE ). The purchase of Bali for 90 million kronor is also proposed to Vinland ( VINLANDIC RESPONSE ).'''


 * Later
 * Death of PM
 * Revolution (impeachment of Deputy Minister; Watergate-esque Scandal)
 * Dominance of new Progressive Party (progressive conservatism as pioneered by Deputy Minister)
 * Amendment to Constitution – unitary government, abolishment of elect (direct voting for Prime Minister), state capitalism + reintroduction of civil examinations


 * Tibet: Civic buildings are constructed in the capital of Lhasa. The majority of the population has now become urbanized or live in centralized village communities. The little available arable land is intensively cultivated, with heavy usage of machinery and fertilizers to maximize productivity. However, Tibet begins to increasingly rely on imports from neighboring Sichuan to ensure food security.
 * Altishahria: The Altishahr Gas Company continues the construction of gas extraction facilities around Aksu, exporting it to China–Korea. Aksu is now home to approximately 225,000 residents. In addition to fossil fuels, precious gems and cash crops are also exported. There is also a ranching boom, with land being converted into pastures or enclosures for livestock (mainly sheep). Processing facilities are established in major cities as preparation for further processing in China–Korea's textile mills. Korla remains Altishahria's largest city and its capital due to continuous migration and its position as a major break-of-bulk point.
 * Dzungaria: In order to facilitate economic development, immigration to cities is encouraged by the Dzungar government. The Dzungar Oil Company continues to increase the scale of their oil-extraction operations, constructing more oil mines and oil refineries. In addition for supplying energy to much of northwest China, the company also provides many industrial chemicals via distillation.
 * Dai Viet: Commercial aquaculture and pisciculture, as well as large-scale cultivation of cash crops (mainly tea and rubber) on plantations, is practiced. Basic infrastructure is built.
 * Occupied Indochina: Intensive relief efforts continue, in order to alleviate the suffering of the Indochinese peoples. Surplus grain and pre-packaged foods are given generously. With the infrastructure and economy in shatters, the Indochinese Economic Board is established to facilitate economic recovery and development.

Peace is reached with Burgundy (OOC: terms had been discussed via discord). The colonies of Lan Xang, Champa, and Cambodia is transferred to Sino–Korean control, though Burgundy retains limited resource exploration and extraction rights. Burgundy will also give thirty tonnes of gold to China–Korea over a time span of fifteen years; a reversal of the peace agreement concluding the 1864 Anglo–Burgundian Intervention (referred to as the "Unequal Treaty of 1864"). Victory in Indochina, the subsequent acquisition of Burgundy's Indochinese colonies, and the symbolic reversal of the aforementioned treaty cause a surge in national pride. The standing army is reduced to ~4.3 million from ~6.5 million, with the number of troops in offensive positions in Japan reduced to a more manageable ~800,000. The Kanto plain region is attacked by 800,000 troops, 800 aircraft, and 200 tanks. To further alleviate government debt, six battleships and battlecruisers each, eight destroyers, and over sixty submarines are decommissioned. Several measures are undertaken to address the recession. The currency is removed from the gold standard to combat deflation, while provincial and rural communities are encouraged to participate within the consumer market. Unemployment has peaked at ~10%, though rates of underemployment are much higher. The development of smaller inland cities is prioritized, to deter further migration to oversaturated coastal cities. With renewed nationalistic sentiment, there is also an accompanying renewed interest in traditional Chinese and Korean arts. The film industry experiences rapid growth under numerous competing private firms. Historical films and epics–mainly set during the transition from the Bao and Jin dynasties, or during the turmoil of the mid-to-late 19th century–are especially popular. The Confucian-rite Church moves its headquarters from Guangzhou to Tianjin. The Prime Minister agrees to dismantle the city's military fortresses and garrisons and reassemble them in neighboring Beijing, in recognition of the city's important religious heritage. This move receives public praise. With the end of the Sino–Burgundian conflict, civil administration resumes in the Papua Territory. The population is estimated to be currently at ~5 million people, of which half are ethnic Chinese or Korean. A majority of the population remains farmers, however. To satisfy a higher demand for agricultural products, many farmers clear vast tracts of forested land–amidst criticism from pro-aborigines rights activists and from autonomous tribal communities. To counter this, the Papuan Commision and enacts the Papuan Separation Act, which designates the mountainous interior as "Native Reservations" and bars them from further Chinese or Korean settlement (with special exceptions). They are to be managed under the Office of Native Affairs.
 * Tibet: Civic buildings are constructed in the capital of Lhasa, which has 450,000 residents as of 1922 estimates. The majority of the population has now become urbanized or live in centralized village communities. The little available arable land is intensively cultivated, with heavy usage of machinery and fertilizers to maximize productivity. However, Tibet begins to increasingly rely on imports from neighboring Sichuan to ensure food security.
 * Altishahria: The Altishahr Gas Company continues the construction of gas extraction facilities around Aksu, exporting it to China–Korea. Aksu is now home to approximately 225,000 residents. In addition to fossil fuels, precious gems and cash crops are also exported. There is also a ranching boom, with land being converted into pastures or enclosures for livestock (mainly sheep). Processing facilities are established in major cities as preparation for further processing in China–Korea's textile mills. Korla remains Altishahria's largest city and its capital due to continuous migration and its position as a major break-of-bulk point.
 * Dzungaria: In order to facilitate economic development, immigration to cities is encouraged by the Dzungar government. The Dzungar Oil Company continues to increase the scale of their oil-extraction operations, constructing more oil mines and oil refineries. In addition for supplying energy to much of northwest China, the company also provides many industrial chemicals via distillation.
 * Dai Viet: Martial law is lifted. The northernmost Cham province–due to its Vietnamese plurality–is incorporated into Dai Viet. Commercial aquaculture and pisciculture, as well as large-scale cultivation of cash crops (mainly tea and rubber) on plantations, continues.
 * Occupied Indochina: A five-year provisional government is established over Lan Xang, Cambodia, and Champa. Immediately, intensive relief efforts commence, in order to alleviate the suffering of the Indochinese peoples. Surplus grain and pre-packaged foods are given generously. With the infrastructure and economy in shatters, the Indochinese Economic Board is established to facilitate economic recovery and development. Due to a perceived "betrayal" of the Cham people, the Cham monarchy is overthrown and the Cham Nationalist Front (CNF) pushes for the establishment of a republican government under Sino–Korean protection. In order to retain their status, the Laotian and Cambodian monarchs agree to relinquish their power though will retain their figurehead role and the right to exercise actions associated with the royal prerogative.

The number of active military personnel is reduced slightly to ~6.5 million. The captured territories of Champa and Kyushu are occupied with 500,000 troops each. In regards to Japan, a multi-pronged offensive is launched. Shikoku is invaded (from Kyushu) by 500,000 troops supported by 500 aircraft. Meanwhile, the Osaka Bay Area is invaded by 1.5 million troops supported by 1,000 aircraft and 150 tanks. To divert attention from these areas, and to open a third front, Hokkaido is invaded (from Hwatae or Sakhalin island) by 200,000 men supported by 200 aircraft. Exploiting the breach in border fortifications, socio-political instability and anti-Burgundian elements within the populace, and the inability of the Burgundian government to respond directly, the successful Indochina Campaign continues with vigour and intensity. Cambodia is invaded by 1.2 million troops–receiving support from 200 tanks and 1,000 aircraft. Hundreds of riverine vessels are used to transport military supplies as well as to serve as troop carriers, exploiting the navigability of the Mekong River basin. With defending troops isolated from supply lines, another offensive against Lan Xang is launched with 300,000 troops, receiving support from 150 tanks and 200 aircraft. From French Siam, Burgundian-occupied Siam is invaded by 800,000 troops backed by 1,000 planes and 200 tanks. There is the extensive use of chemical warfare as a psychological weapon and to demoralize defending troops into surrender or defection. Arms production increases exponentially. A total of six capital ships (divided equally into battleships and battlecruisers), six heavy cruisers, six light cruisers, twenty destroyers, and thirty submarines are commisioned this year, bringing the total of ships in the Sino–Korean Imperial Navy to ~360. In addition, the number of military aircraft rises to 4,000 biplanes. A limited number of tanks are manufactured. The production of new military technologies such as machine guns, sub-machine guns, howitzers, and railway guns continues. Airports and other aircraft facilities are constructed in major cities and military installations. Educational attainment rises, with increasing enrollment in state-owned imperial universities, as well as private educational institutions. Rapid economic modernization continues, with the government aiming to be recognized as a fully-industrialized nation by 1920. Aided by the war effort, China–Korea continues its transitions into heavy industries including but not limited to: steel, heavy machinery, petrochemicals, shipbuilding, and automobile production–a shift from the production of textiles and synthetic dyes in which China-Korea still remains a global leader in. The electrification of the production process and lighting continues. Infrastructural development (including the development of railway and telecommunications) continues.
 * Tibet (protectorate): Civic buildings are constructed in the capital of Lhasa, which is now inhabited by ~100,000 residents. Sedentary living is heavily encouraged, with the little available arable land being intensively cultivated. Agricultural machinery is utilized to maximize the production of wheat and rye, in order to achieve self-sufficiency. 25,000 Sino-Korean troops are stationed in Tibet.
 * Altishahria (protectorate): More mines are opened in the region surrounding Aksu, in order to harness the Tarim basin's abundance in minerals such as salt, soda, borax, gold, jade, and coal–most of which is exported to China–Korea. Large reserves of natural gas are discovered near Aksu, and as a result, the state-owned Altishahr Gas Company (AGC) begins the construction of multiple gas extraction facilities to exploit these resources. As an indirect result of this discovery, Aksu receives heavy immigration and becomes an increasingly urbanized area, with 150,000 residents. Lucrative minerals such as soda, borax, and jade are the country's main exports to China–Korea. In addition to grains, cash crops are grown, specifically grapes, melons, pears, and walnuts. There is also a ranching boom, with land being converted into pastures or enclosures for livestock (mainly sheep). Processing facilities are established in major cities as preparation for further processing in China–Korea's textile mills. Korla remains Altishahria's largest city due to continuous migration and its position as a major break-of-bulk point. Various civic buildings are constructed there. 25,000 Sino-Korean troops are stationed in Altishahria.
 * Dzungaria (protectorate): In order to facilitate economic development, immigration to cities is encouraged by the Dzungar government. The Dzungar Oil Company continues to increase the scale of their oil-extraction operations, constructing more oil mines and oil refineries. In addition for supplying energy to much of northwest China, the company also provides many chemicals via distillation. 150,000 Sino–Korean troops are stationed in Dzungaria, two-thirds of which are in the Dzungarian Gate.
 * Dai Viet (protectorate): The entire population is placed under martial law. Grain stocks are increased. Fortifications are reinforced, while several arsenals and munition plants are built on major cities. The economy is reoriented to suit the demands of the Sino–Korean military, with the establishment of rubber plantations and mines to harness the rich mineral wealth of the mountains.

Basic

 * There is extensive infrastructural development with both the telegraph and railway networks being intensively developed. The construction of the latter in particular spurs demand for iron, machinery and locomotives. In addition to a boom in the arms industry, there is rapid growth in light industries: particularly in the production of textiles and synthetic dyes (which can be attributed to the usage of steam power)


 * The navy remains at 20 steam-powered wooden-hulled corvettes, and two first-generation ironclad battleships. The number of active troops is decreased to its previous level of ~800,000 troops. A defence-oriented military policy is emphasized, with the continued fortification of four strategic forts in strategically-located cities corresponding to major choke-points: Busan, Dongying, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. While there is sporadic border activity, the Amur River remains highly militarized and is fortified with medium trench lines. Arms production (and therefore the industrial capacity of China to wage war) continues to increase rapidly, with China's Military–Industrial Zones producing: muzzle-loading rifles, carbines, breechloading rifled artillery (utilizing imported Belkan steel), rapid-fire guns, and their respective ammunitions. These facilities also provide storage for imported bolt-action rifles, which are utilized by the army's elite corps.

A defence-oriented military policy is promoted, with the continued fortification of four strategically-located cities corresponding to major choke-points: Busan, Dongying, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. The Amur River is fortified with medium trench lines to provide a solidified border with Russia. The standing army remains at ~850,000 active troops. Arms production (and therefore the industrial capacity of China to wage war) continues to increase rapidly, with Military–Industrial Zones producing rifled muskets, carbines, breechloading rifled artillery (utilizing imported Belkan steel), as well as their respective ammunitions; as well as providing storage for imported bolt-action needle rifles. The navy remains at 20 steam-powered wooden-hulled corvettes, and two first-generation ironclads.


 * Levels of educational attainment, literacy and numeracy levels continue to see rapid improvement due to the enforcement of compulsory nine-year education. The construction of educational facilities continues, including vocational establishments and basic schools aimed at educating adults falling outside the compulsory schooling range.

321–330

 * unification of three cities
 * abolition of feudal institutions, redistribution of land among the peasantry


 * institution of tenant farmer-system on outskirts
 * heighten productivity – iron tools


 * road system to connect major settlements
 * household registry to facilitate conscription
 * iron = standardized currency


 * construction of an imperial palace


 * consolidation of loosely-claimed terrtories


 * economic recovery
 * spurred by boom in agricultural production, clearing of land caused by population growth
 * silk, porcelain, tea – three most lucrative exports, provides revenue
 * implementation of tariffs to incur a trading surplus

331–340

 * reformation of classes system
 * fusion of two upper classes into military nobility
 * women = mainly bureaucrats, civil servants


 * Eight Regiments system
 * all nobles 15–45 serve at least 3 months annually
 * Standard Army – consisting of infantry (1:3 ratio)


 * elaboration of equine culture


 * elaboration of military examinations, emphasis on meritocracy
 * equipment
 * elite calvarymen
 * had iron lamellar / steel brigandine armor in the battlefield, embroidered ceremonial armor (peacetime)
 * bow & arrow, saber (ranged/open terrain)
 * lance (close combat/forested terrain)
 * infantry
 * had light leather armor
 * arrive on horseback similar to dragoons (in open terrain), used spears or double-bladed long axes (for both open & forested terrain)
 * used pikes on the defensive formation
 * elaboration of military examinations, emphasis on meritocracy
 * equipment
 * elite calvarymen
 * had iron lamellar / steel brigandine armor in the battlefield, embroidered ceremonial armor (peacetime)
 * bow & arrow, saber (ranged/open terrain)
 * lance (close combat/forested terrain)
 * infantry
 * had light leather armor
 * arrive on horseback similar to dragoons (in open terrain), used spears (for both open & forested terrain)
 * used pikes on the defensive formation


 * methods of war
 * Open Terrain – non-phalanx position
 * cavalrymen inflict attrition on enemy forces (w/ bow and arrow) as they approach enemy infantry
 * cavalrymen split into two groups:
 * one use sabers or longswords to break through enemy lines and directly engage w/ enemy infantry (thus disorienting them)
 * one encircles the enemy and uses a lance to push them back
 * infantry arrive (on horseback, as dragoons) and are organized into phalanx position to deliver a "final blow"
 * auxiliaries also provide supplies + protect rear and flanks
 * Open–Terrain – enemies using phalanx position
 * cavalrymen encircle phalanxes (thus breaking the formation)
 * cavalrymen inflict gradual attrition on phalanxes using bow and arrow (especially on vulnerable rear and flank, any skirmishers are killed)
 * infantry arrive (on horseback, as dragoons) and are organized into phalanx position to deliver a "final blow"
 * auxiliaries also provide supplies + protect rear and flanks
 * (heavily) Forested Area
 * archers (either mounted or on-foot) use guerilla tactics to remain hidden and pursue a strategy of killing commanders & important officials
 * cavalry lure the remaining army to a more open area
 * infantry organized into phalanx position, and kill enemies w/ pikes


 * dissolution of clans


 * rapid expansion for labor & resources
 * justified by a divine vision


 * creation of "colonies" within conquered territories, assimilation


 * agriculture
 * idle land converted
 * intercropping – paddy rice w/ aquatic plants (vegetables, fruits) } increase food security
 * grain banks
 * better infrastructure > less disease > less deaths + more births = population boom

341–350

 * entrenchment of militarist–equine culture
 * polos = main sport
 * contact sports popular


 * codification of society
 * everyone could vote (with a tax) out of a pre-selected group of candidates, are all endowed equal w/ basic rights
 * rights of men in relation to women are codified


 * establishment of centralized bureaucracy & administrative system to control territories
 * three-rank
 * creation of an elaborate pantheon } for political control
 * codification of imperial cult & practices


 * division of labor between the three cities
 * 1 – commerce, mercantile activities
 * 2 – political center, religious center
 * 3 – arms production, military center

351–360
* All first-born children = literate (to read taxes, orders) * Proto-writing > full script * Formerly all ideograms * Grammatical markers – made by rubus
 * Literacy Edict

* Elite is Sillanized (either via assimilation or settlement) + language acquisition – Stage I   * Displacement of native language – Stage II    * Complete assimilation – Stage III
 * The Assimilation of the Barbarians in Three Stages (each generation = ~22 years) – “compassionate assimilation” policy

* Anyone w/ Sillan blood = Sillan
 * One-drop rule (to incentivize intermarriage)

* Licenses * Monopoly over iron, bronze, arms (military only), salt, sugarcane, cocoa, charcoal production * 5% tax levied on consumer goods (^ revenue)
 * Greater power granted to Ministry of Finance

* calculated sun is 2,000km across, and is 30,000km away from Earth * Concluded Earth too is a sphere * Constructs sun dials & water-clocks in all major settlements * Creates the “Sanzian Calendar” to establish a standard timekeeping system
 * Ministry of Rites (in-conjuction w/ the Ministry of Public Works) creates a national observatory to better observe movements

* Based on philosophy of “purification” – sickness is caused by an over-concentration of toxins within the body, and to maintain health, one must purge of those toxins * Bathing – maintain cleanliness * Acupressure, incense, green tea, red bean-paste soup – facilitate process of “purification” * Consumption of meat, alcohol, sugar > limited, as it was seen to stifle process of purification if eaten excessively * Believed that one’s health (concentration of toxins) can be assessed from waste (excrements & urine) * Believed disease could be transmitted via body fluids or via airborne elements, hence necessitating proper disposal of waste and avoidance of/protection against “foul air” * Ailments treated w/ replacement of body fluids * Sweating or blood-letting (in serious sicknesses) + drinking water or ideally, green tea to provide “fresh” fluid * Honey + alcohol (applied topically) = anti-septic for wounds
 * Ministry of Rites begins to codify Sillan medical practices

361–370

 * Sillan Empire: In 370, Cabeza Sanza dies at the age of 65, with her grand-niece Canxi–aged 20–being elected into power. Due to her achievements in vastly enlarging Silla's territory, overseeing massive structural reform, and reviving Silla's economy, she is given an elaborate funeral in Da Qing (being visited by 100,000 people over a seven-day period) and her date of birth (May 30, 665 BCE) is turned into a public holiday. Following in her grand-aunt's footsteps, Canxi continues the consolidation of Silla's outlying territories and forcibly centralizes conquered populations into villages at the river bank–to ease the collection of tax and facilitate administration; this system becomes known as the "Reduction" system. She also patronizes the establishment of merchant guilds, due to her interest in the arts. Due to the spread of high-temperature kilns, and the durability of the material, porcelaneous wares replace earthenware as the main form of ceramic. However, earthenware remains in-use as tea canisters (since they are believed to enhance the flavor over time), while stoneware is used for culinary purposes. Porcelaneous wares begin to diversify into a multitude of forms; with many either using white or celadon lacquer as the main glaze. The Da Qing Arsenal produces a high quantity of reflex bows, iron-tipped and incendiary arrows, polearms (halberds, lances, and pikes), and swords. A law is passed mandating all recreational weapons are to be licensed, and also painted in white (as white is seen as the color of beauty, and by-extension, athleticism). A moderate number of lamellar armor is produced for cavalrymen. In addition, its bloomeries also produce a high volume of wrought iron, bronze. Latrines, drainage, and communal baths are built. An increasingly quantity of silk, porcelaneous wares, jewelry is manufactured both for export and domestic consumption. In addition, cash crops such as tea, sugarcane, cocoa, coffee, honey, spices, and exotic fruits are cultivated; while alcoholic beverages (such as rice-wine, bread-wine, and mead) and condiments (various oils, vinegar, soy sauce, fish sauce etc.) are produced. Large-scale deforestation continues, yielding land for rice paddies. Agricultural production increases due to the utilization of more land; as well as the utilization of fertilizer (in the form of manure), and more iron tools and machinery. Intercropping of rice, aquatic plants, and perennial fruit-bearing plants (namely coconuts and plantains) is done to boost crop yield, and combat soil erosion–thus maintaining soil quality. The population grows immensely due to increased wealth and nutrition, facilitating relatively early marriage (but still considerably later than in most societies) and curbing the effects of disease. To better analyze the extent of potential human resources to be used in a future conquest and to simplify population counts and household registration, a law is ratified mandating all households keep a tablet outside of their residence displaying all of their family members and their year of birth.

381–390
* Religious service & offerings in temples * Grand Pantheon expanded to include deities of conquered peoples
 * Declaration of Sunday as a day free of work

* To eliminate loopholes (and thus, crack down on tax evasion), ease tax collection * Simplified ~5% tax on commercial transactions (“sales tax”) * Landed gentry (landlords) – 25% of income to state AND 25% of grain * Lesser property holders – 15% income to state * Tenant farmers – 5% of income (in coinage) OR 7.5% of grain (each harvest) to state * 5% of income (in coinage) OR 7.5% of grain (each harvest) to landlords * As a result, a peasant would either pay either a total of 10% (in coinage) OR 15–30% of grain
 * Elaboration of Sanza-era tax system

* MENTHOL * COLD WATER OR COMPRESS
 * C-SECTION
 * SINUS INFECTIONS
 * HERBAL TEA AS MEDICINE
 * GINSENG AS OTHER CASH CROP
 * USAGE OF CHIHUAHUAS AS “LIVING” HEAT PADS
 * HEAT TRANSFER TO RELIEVE PAIN (CHRONIC PAIN WAS THOUGHT TO BE TENSION, WHICH IS CAUSED BY “OVERHEATING”)

* Aquaculture * Fish * Mollusks (snails, oysters, mussels, clams), crustaceans (shrimp, prawns, crabs) * Seaweed * Champas (on marshes) * Irrigation projects (to deliver silt + water to rice paddies) * PLUS – citrus fruits, mangoes * PLUS ALREADY * Iron tools & machinery, manure (as fertilizer), large-scale deforestation & utilization of all idle land (conversion to rice paddies), draft animals, intercropping * Plantations
 * More food sources:


 * More imports of copper (to make bronze or brass) for jewelry, mirrors, statues
 * restrictions on iron

* Prohibits sex prior to obvious signs of puberty
 * Age of consent laws


 * Olmacs turned into Commandery

391–400
* Merchants note them to be a “hard-working and honest” people * “The Olmac people are perhaps the closest to the SIllans in regards to their level of socio-cultural complexity, industriousness, and capacity to learn – wielding skills far exceeding those of the barbarians to our North. ’Tis perhaps is the reason why the Olmacs have readily accepted Sillan culture as their own, for they are the only barbarian group who not only have ecognized their flaws but also have been active in the pursuit of civility.” * SIllanization of elite + spread of Sillan language as a lingua franca/language of literacy occurs – in-accompliance w/ first stage of “Assimilation in Three Generations” policy * Olmac provinces – 20% Olmaco–Sillan * Combination of Sillan settlement, intermarriage, and acculturation (due to a lax definitions on what it means to be “Sillan”) * Many Olmaco–Sillans also identify w/ their Olmac tribal affiliations in addition to being a “Sillan” * Wet-rice cultivation is encouraged, though most rice is imported * Large-scale cultivation of: * Cacao (for chocolate) * Avocado (becomes valuable as meat substitute) * Maize (as staple & for export as animal feed) * Beans, squash } vegetables for export * Manioc & Sweet Potatoes } subsistence crops * Turkeys as source of meat
 * In Olmac provinces:

* Cabeza Canxi reminds that they lack a tradition in cavalry and a well-established equestrian culture, plus lack the ability to self-manufacture (due to lack of skilled artisans) even basic longbows or spears – let alone crossbows, reflex bows, or even halberds * Advantage even if they acquire those arms (since they can’t readily reverse-engineer them) * Three Cities (each w/ 1,000 military nobility + 4,000 commoners ~ total of 5k) along Makuku nations * To consolidate northern border * Centers of trade w/ Makuku * Transfer of certain goods is strictly-prohibited (bullion, arms) * Offers Non-Aggression Pact in-exchange for any slaves (or serfs, or indentured servants, etc.)
 * Military advisors worried over Teninkual and the Makuku polity’s attempts at Sillanization

* 2,500 sent to aid Exhulans w/ Kalomans * Despite numerical superiority of Kalomano–Teninkual Alliance; tactical superiority for * 16,000 (4 army divisions) to invade Teninkual * Usage of rams to tear down fortifications & settlements * Settlements given ultimatum: * Either provide resources & allow military garrison (to incentivize > show progress in Olmacs, w/ testimonies from Olmacs) * If refused – settlement and surrounding farmland is evacuated (and refugees sent to other cities), raided and then burnt * Increased usage of crossbows to provide cover * Advantages * Superior reflex bows, usage of incendiary arrows (impossible to replicate) * Better training, knowledge in military tactics * Better command
 * Conquest of Teninkual

401–410
* However, the reported level of destruction bring national pride * despite return to status quo, strategic victory achieved
 * Silla agrees to a white peace, and pulls out of Teninkual

* Central (in Sillan capital) * Northwest (bordering Teninkual) * North (bordering Rarakoa & Punauia) * Northeast (bordering Makuku) * East (Lake XX) * Southeast (southeast of South Olmac) * South (south of South Olmac) * Southwest (bordering Qeran colonies) * West (bordering Exhulan colonies) * Reduced ratio of cavalry & auxiliaries to 1:2 (from 1:3)
 * Eight Regiments > Nine Banners system (corresponding to the eight cardinal and intercardinal directions, including capital) – secure borders

411–420
* Architecture – built around stone culture (while in rest of the Sillan Empire = brick & polished wood culture) * Agriculture * Staple – millet, whole-wheat flour (imported from Exhula); while maize becomes used more as fodder * Vegetables – lentils, pulses * Cash crops – cotton (for production of muslin), spices, opium & tobacco (recreational purposes)
 * Border w/ the Makuku city-states consolidated
 * North Olmac province > due to more heavier settlement, culture is more similar to Silla proper (but still a transitional region)
 * South Olmac province > birth of new culture

* INTRODUCTION OF CURRY * Other * Olmac spices * Chili peppers (for paprika, cayenne) * Vanilla * Nutmeg * Cilantro * Peanuts, tomato * Maize = fodder * Fruits: * Avocado = meat substitute * Various berries (açai, passionfruit, pineapple, strawberries) * Various nuts = meat / dairy substitute * Soursop * Vegetables: * Squashes & gourds * Subsistence crops * True potatoes & cassava (joining sweet potatoes, taro, yams as “food security” crops)
 * Olmaco–Sillan Exchange

Funaiya, Lasehua, Machuse, Napukal > Nafugai Chamokal > Chamogai

* 36,000 men & women (12,000 cavalrymen [mounted archers & lancers]; 24,000 infantrymen) * 10,000 troops stationed near Makuku (divided into four army groups for flexibility; and to ensure security of borders / prevent a breach) * infantrymen in mounts (if deemed necessary, escorted by mounted archers) = reconnaissance duties * Defense = cavalrymen encircle enemy militia (inflicting attrition w/ bows, and in close-range, lances) and proceed to push enemy to infantrymen (armed w/ pikes, organized in 10 x 10 pike squares) – who deliver “final blow”)   * In Punaia & Rarakoa (each)        * 10,000 troops organized into four army groups         * Infantrymen = auxilliary roles
 * Punaia & Rarakoa conquest

421–430
* 10,000 troops (four divisions) * 2,500 in Norianxi (heavily-fortified) * citadels = w/ heavy crossbows, dismounted archers shooting arrows (including incendiary arrows) — thus preventing them from encroaching * wall’s invincibility, structure & material = prevents the usage of rams and other siege engines * a shallow moat is built around the city (thus further obstructing them)
 * Stationed along Makuku

* Population pacified w/ psychological tactics (instill fear and obedience > allowing leniency > further instilling submission) * Control over territory is consolidated * A walled city is established, w/ a garrison of 2,500 military nobles * Two more defending army divisions – 1,250 each * Vast tracts of forested land is burned (to allow the easier location of enemy militias or rebels)
 * Consolidation of Rakaroa Province

* 1:3 ratio of cavalrymen to infantrymen ~ 18,000 troops (4,500 cavalrymen, 13,500 infantrymen) > divided into nine army divisions (instead of four; smaller size and more division = flexibility, easier movement in forested terrain, ability to evade enemy militias) * changed ratio = more cover for cavalry * W/ experiences in the conflict w/ the Olmac Expedition – more chapters added to the “Art of War” * Tactics = more similar to the Olmac Expedition; allowing a victory despite numerical inferiority * Cavalry * employ guerilla tactics * Mounted archers dismount (in groups of 3–5; surrounding enemy bases) and from concealed positions, kill high-ranking officials from a range to disorganize enemy troops * Then, operating in groups of 5–30 to locate enemy militias then proceed to “lure” enemy militias (feigning numerical inferiority & retreat > causing enemy militias to overestimate their strength) to phalanxes * Some (known as “herders”) of these are tasked w/ keeping enemy militias within a fairly contained space to ensure they move in one direction * Infantry * Organized in a phalanx formation (using pikes, but also halberds in more densely-forested areas) * Light armament = speed, enables organized marching & movement * Foliage = conceal locations * Mounted archers (either dismounted or on horseback) serve as skirmishers * Enemy forces are then driven to phalanxes by “herders” * Reinforcements of cavalry (“herders”) arrive and attack flanks & rear (thus inflicting attrition); while also forcing enemy militias to phalanxes where they would be forced to descend to melee (but pikes & more effective organization = advantage) * If under heavy attack, infantrymen form effectively pike squares while cavalry flee and instead attack from a range (w/ bow & arrow) – thus forcing enemy troops to choose between attacking the pikemen (but losing men at the process) or attacking cavalrymen (but losing organization at the process) * Other * Razing of settlements & surrounding farmland; rams, heavy crossbows, incendiary arrows to destroy their poorly-made and hastily-made fortifications * Crossbows are also wielded by some infantrymen (organized in volley formation) or sometimes by cavalrymen due to superior range & projectile velocity (piercing their armor and also allowing)
 * Punauia Expedition

431–440

 * Cabeza Canxi dies; replaced by niece Yanzen (30)

* Quota of 1,000 slaves (collectively) annually * While not required; also encourage tribute of grain * Slaves would be then emancipated, and become tenant farmers (mostly sharecroppers; maintain close relationship w/ landlord for education) – intermarry w/ Sillans * Each have 3 Sillan colonies of 1,000 (1/4th are military nobles) ppl each * Mass deforestation & burning of forest > land
 * Tributary status of neutral Makuku city-states accepted
 * Consolidation of Rakaroa & Punauia (renamed into Nakaroa & Funaoya)
 * Final Rebellion to pacify ethnic Makuku
 * “Great Wall of Silla”

* 18 (3 years after menarche [15]) for women * 16 (average age of spermarche) for men * However; minus 3 years if w/ parental consent
 * Crackdown on cross-cousin & other marriages of close relatedness > reduce power of clans and enforce communalism
 * However, most families still reside in extended families (encouraged)
 * Better defined age of marriage

* (Nominally) Ministerial stratocratic government * All of the Six Ministers = elected positions (everyone has right to vote; but voters largely consist of women of property or ~5% of population) * Secretariat & Chancellory formally abolished > replaced by Imperial Court (w/ each of the Nine Banners sending 10 officials as representatives) * Increased role of Censorate (as surveillance) * Cabeza = serves as Minister of War and also controls the military as its highest-ranking General * “Primus inter pares” (“first among equals”) * Military nobility also serves as first-rank bureaucrats during peacetime * Lesser bureaucrats, physicians, skilled workers = derived from the “middle-class” (lesser property holders such as independent farmers, merchants, artisans & craftsmen comprising 30% of the population)
 * Crackdown on tax evasion & government corruption
 * Codified government

* Facilitation of marriage & child-bearing * licensing & standards imposed on physicians, wet nurses, midwives > reduce infant mortality * pregnancy stuff * women are encouraged (if they work outside of home) to refrain from frequent movement & hard labor 6 months into pregnancy * recommended “maternity leave” (or bring baby w/ relative on “baby lounge”) for 6 months postpartum * after that, women are still encouraged to breastfeed (during their free time, during working hours infant is w/ their relatives) while richer women use wet nurses * spacing – 4 years every birth (age of marriage = 21 [20 for men, 22 for women]; age of first birth = 23) * Improvements in agriculture & food supply; cultivation of fertile Makuku soil
 * Increased focus on population; due to stagnation of population

441–450
* elaboration of of bureaucracy; greater importance placed on bureaucracy * revival of civil examinations + renewed distinction between scholar–bureaucrats & military officials (which was dissolved during reign of the First Cabeza; w/ military officials serving as high-ranking bureaucrats during peacetime) * more stringent standards for imperial examinations
 * Due to need for an increasingly large & complex bureaucracy (mirroring that of Ancient Silla) + the noted decline of military nobility (from height of 10% of population to current ~6%) due to declining participation in imperial examinations:

* major property holders (nobility) – 10% * 6% } military officials * 4% } bureaucrats, civil servants * lesser property holders – 20% * 10% } merchants, craftsmen, artisans * 20% } freeholders (independent farmers, many raise cash crops) * leaseholders – 60% * further divided into sharecroppers and tenant farmers (pay fees in allotment of grain & coinage respectively) * criteria for noble status = shifts to land ownership (instead of occupation) * noble status becomes inherited (rather than acquired via imperial examinations) – however, due to circumstances mentioned below, nobility continue to monopolize on imperial examination * more stringent standards > lower social mobility but greater social stability * as a result of lower social mobility, participation within imperial examinations begins to be increasingly dominated / monopolized by landed gentry * due to lower birth rate, percentage of population is maintained by commoners who acquire wealth (or pass imperial examinations) – known as the “new rich” (in-contrast to “old rich”)
 * Ever since abolition of serfdom, castes & feudal institutions; social structure has been in a state of flux (though remained stable & viable for a time) – though w/ a growing population, there is an increasing need for reform in-regards to the classes
 * Codification of classes (three classes depending on level property owned)
 * Only people who owned property were given suffrage (non-foreigners were non-voting citizens)
 * nobility (landed gentry)

* Designs basically larger riverine vessels + Exhulan ships * 10 (complement of ~500) “motherships” * 40 (complement of ~125) “lesser ships” * Ships are equipped w/ heavy crossbows, incendiary arrows, and have lacquer (to be able to resist the elements more)
 * establishment of navy (Office of the Navy – administered by Ministry of War) – 10,000 (5,000 skeleton navy)

* rheas raised for leather, crocodiles & snakes hunted for leather
 * slaughtering of mammals discouraged


 * Southwards expansion

451–460

 * Sillan Republic: In order to facilitate foreign trade and to secure key trading routes, Cabeza Yanzen authorities the construction of 50 more ships – specifically 15 more mother-ships (for a total of ~25) and 35 more out-rigger ships (for a total of ~75). The mother-ships, driven largely by sail power, have rounded hulls and higher drafts; being intended to carry supplies and serve in defensive roles. Typically operating in pairs, its sailors are armed with heavy crossbows and pikes in order to discourage pirates from boarding. Meanwhile, the out-rigger ships are driven solely by three decks of oars and are fitted with outriggers – allowing for the ships to reach high speed without sacrificing stability. However, since both of these vessel types are essentially upscaled versions of riverine ships, they are not sea-worthy and are limited to littoral areas and requiring frequent resupplies at ports (only being able to withstand open sea conditions for a maximum of three or so days before exhausting supplies or risking capsizing). Meanwhile, the Cabeza Yanzen begins to tour around Silla to monitor the assimilation of newly-conquered and peripheral peoples; particularly within the recently-acquired and pacified Makuku provinces – where resistance and opposition to taxation have stifled the adoption of Sillan culture. Meanwhile, the official currency is changed from coinage to bars, with silver, gold, and copper also being accepted. Promissory notes made of silk (with written silk) is made, and as a result, many begin to store their money in bullion vaults.

461–470

 * Sillan Republic: With news of the invasion of Teninkual by the Exhulans, the Sillans quickly amass an army of 25,000 troops (consisting of 6,250 cavalrymen, 1,250 crossbowmen, and 17,500 infantrymen) organized into five army divisions. In addition, in exchange for lowering the annual slave quota from ~1,000 to ~500, 5,000 Makuku mercenaries are hired to serve auxiliary roles; thus increasing the total number of Sillan-led forces to ~30,000. Sillan-led forces – grouped loosely together to allow flexibility and to repel enemy attacks – rapidly advanced northwards; using their numerical superiority and ranged weaponry to crush any advancing enemy troops. Any settlements that agree to surrender are ordered to provide Sillan armies needed goods and commodities. Meanwhile, any settlements that refuse (and surrounding farmland) are immediately razed, with displaced populations being forced to resettle in unaffected settlements (bringing the news of Sillan invasion); this influx of refugees leads to destabilization of native populations, thus encouraging immediate capitulation to Sillan forces upon encountering them. For encountered fortified settlements, a policy of encirclement is used to exhaust defending militias of supplies, while heavy crossbows (firing both crossbow bolts and incendiary arrows) are used to inflict damage from a range. Once the defending garrison is weakened, Sillan forces then besiege the settlement from multiple directions – increasing the chances of a successful breach. Upon reaching the Teninkualese capital (assumingly heavily-fortified), the five army divisions then diverge. Two army divisions proceed to attack from the south – drawing enemy troops outside of the city and proceeding to outmaneuver them with massed cavalry charges. When approaching the enemy formations, cavalry use bows to inflict attrition and to disorganize enemy troops, before switching to melee weapons. In order to inflict shock, the first ranks use lances, while the following ranks use sabers as their main weapon (due to its effectiveness close combat), which are superior to clumsy and inferior thrusting-spears. They then proceed to raze the city and damage enemy fortifications with incendiary arrows and crossbow bolts and utilize siege engines (rams) to create numerous breaches in enemy defenses. Once enemy fortifications are weakened, the three remaining army divisions arrive (with one arriving from the south; and the other pair arriving from the north) and join the other two army divisions in besieging the city – this arrangement allows the Sillan forces to overwhelm the defenders and prevent them from successfully coordinating their defenses against the Sillans.

481–490

 * '''Sillan Republic: The Makuku mercenaries are sent back to Makuku after being paid, though those unmarried or those who have already formed relationships with Sillan women are allowed to settle in Sillan territory and attain citizenship (with many even partaking in imperial examinations to pursue a professional military career). The Teninukual garrison is replenished by 1,000 military nobles and 3,000 Teninukualese troops. Meanwhile, about 13,500 troops (two-thirds of whom are horsemen, with the remainder fulfilling auxiliary roles) are sent to intercept the Exhulan counter-attack. They are divided into three army divisions. While they are lightly-armored (however, given the need for greater speed and agility, this is rather appropriate), they possess far more superior weaponry consisting of iron-tipped lances (which are easily-produced), sabers, and reflex composite bows (which, due to their ability to store more energy and withstand such pressure, can shoot arrows from an effective distance of 350–400 yards). In addition, due to their status as military nobility, and thus, their subjection to rigorous instruction and training, they are far more experienced and well-versed in military strategy than their Exhulan counterparts. Upon approaching Exhulan enemy forces, one group attacks the front and after afflicting sufficient attrition with their bows (exploiting Exhulan horsemen's overreliance on cumbersome and clumsy melee weapons), proceed to feign retreat – thus emboldening enemy forces and encouraging them to disengage (thus leaving them to disorganize upon the arrival of Sillan reinforcements). After this, two army divisions then arrive in a surprise engagement and bombard the enemy formation's rear and flanks with arrows and other projectiles. The third army division then turns around and proceeds to charge into the enemy formation, with the first few lines being armed with lances (as a shock weapon) and then the remainder utilizing sabers, as the latter is more effective in close combat. The remaining forces – if they refuse to capitulate – are then killed with pikemen organized into a phalanx position, with horsemen encircling enemy forces in order to prevent any from escaping. The sheer length of the pikes themselves and the ability of pikemen to organize into multiple layers of spearheads are able to nullify any protection offered by shields, as well as proves superior to the short-swords given to Exhulan infantrymen. The siege of the Exhulan colonial capital continues with 20,000 troops (of which a fourth of horsemen), with the policy of encirclement being pursued; thus depriving the defending garrison of any military supplies or basic goods; dooming them to starvation unless they surrender. Heavy crossbows firing both crossbow bolts and incendiary arrows are used to damage the fortifications and as tactical weapons, while groups of a thousand or so infantrymen try to establish several large breaches into enemy fortifications – from there, they will proceed to enter the breach en-masse in at least three separate directions; thus overwhelming the weakened and starving defending garrison, thus leading to victory. To incentivize assimilation, Hcctaal temples are built and all inhabitants of occupied territories are given limited citizenship (until the formal handover of the territory) in which they are subjected to all the rights and protections exercised by Sillan citizens with the exception of suffrage (though they can hold political posts if they succeed in imperial examinations). In addition, prisoners of war are fairly-treated and are offered full citizenship and aristocratic titles (and Sillan brides or grooms) should they defect and offer Sillans valuable information.'''

501–510

 * Increase investment into Navy
 * trireme
 * iron-coated bow (naval ram)
 * armed with heavy crossbows (for long-ranged assault) & boarding engines

* Justification: * Ideological: * the “backward” institutions of Makuku city-states v. the “civilizing force” of Silla * Sillans & the Makuku peoples have similar languages (and therefore, could trace origin to a single progenitor) * Thus conquest is not for establishing dominance or to extract tribute; but rather to unify two related peoples * Ethnic Makuku will be granted citizenship (and associated rights and privileges, such as suffrage) as testament to the view that they are equals * All Makuku nobility will retain status (and will be allowed to run for / hold political offices until       * Political:            * To acquire rich mining resources of the region (particularly gold – renowned for its beauty)            * Acquire land for plantations (for tropical commodities)             * To further augment taxable population (and therefore, increase tax revenue > funding projects)    * Tactic        * Pre-Battle            * Ratio – 1:4 (cavalry to infantry)             * Emphasis more so on infantry (w/ cavalry serving as reconnaissance & skirmishers, due to more heavily-forested terrain) [for Napukal & Chamokal) * Three legions (each consisting of 5,000 troops) dispatched to each city-state except Makuku which will have double that (total of ~60,000) * Battle strategy – Napukal & Chamokal * Portion of cavalry = launch a fake attack – after inflicting sufficient level of attrition – retreat (leading them to organized phalanx formations) * Portion of cavalry = tasked w/ keeping enemy militias within a certain area (discreetly) * Portion of cavalry = will stay w/ phalanxes (as skirmishers > to ensure the impenetrability of flanks & rear           * Infantry (organized in a phalanx formation) will proceed to then kill enemy forces using pikes (while enemy forces are unable to escape due to encirclement by cavalry)             * Any settlement & fortifications (plus surrounding farmland) are razed to the ground            * Capital’s infrastructure is destroyed w/ incendiary arrows & crossbow bolts; then the three army divisions (in three different places) create a breach using a ram (while using assault covers to minimize casualties) – thus dispersing the defending garrison & overwhelming the enemy         * Battle strategy – Makuku            * Regular ratio – 1:2 (cavalry to infantry)            * Mounted auxiliaries – serves as reconnaissance troops & for communication             * Travel as three army divisions (consisting of two legions each) * Any encountered settlements (and farmland) are razed to the ground; while any fortifications are deliberately avoided (though the surrounding farmland is also razed > rapid advance northwards (thus preventing enemy forces are easily coordinating & planning defense)             * If any enemy forces are encountered, squads of several mounted archers are sent and hide in concealed locations (to minimize visibility) & kill high-ranking military officers prior to engagement             * Field battle                * A legion are sent to attack (w/ bows – to inflict attrition) then feign retreat (then upon reinforcements; reverse retreat)                 * Then, four legions (divided into two groups) are sent to attack (w/ bows – to inflict attrition & kill any skirmishers) and then directly-engage w/ infantry using sabers                 * The last legion = encircle enemy militias (to prevent anyone from leaving) & as skirmishers * Upon reaching capital * Surrounding farmland & settlements razed * Defenders are forced to retreat to fortifications * A policy of encirclement to starve & weaken defending garrison (while infrastructure is destroyed w/ incendiary arrows & crossbow bolts) * then the three army divisions (in three different places) create a breach using a ram (while using assault covers to minimize casualties) – thus dispersing the defending garrison & overwhelming the enemy
 * Conquest of Makuku:

611–620

 * Sillan Republic: While the integration of the Makuku provinces continues, many prominent Makuko–Sillan noble families (often arising from already-established aristocratic families) dealing in the cultivation and export of tobacco, marijuana, and hemp, emerge – partially as a way to deal with heavy taxation and the difficulty of switching to Sillan staples. As a result, Cabeza Dōgana becomes increasingly preoccupied with regulating the trade of such commodities and decides to implement a ~5% tax on such goods to deter excess importation in Silla proper. Meanwhile, the Imperial Court begins to exert greater control over domestic affairs with the Six Ministries – a feat partially achieved due to the Cabeza's relative inexperience, perceived mediocrity (especially after a sling of all extremely popular and successful reigns), and desire to withdraw from politics and uphold the policy of "first among equals". However, Dōgana nevertheless, becomes known for her intellectual pursuits and her patronization of the arts and of religion. She also patronizes the art of glassmaking and the production of luxury glassware, so much so that many glasswares bear her name in honor of her. She also oversees the addition of the Makuku deities to the Grand Pantheon. In addition, after receiving complaints from orthodox Ulmists, she rescinds official recognition of Irrulmianism and recognizes them as a folk sect of Ulmism. She also oversees the establishment of a centralized Ulmist clergy, though the popular perception of the religion basically being a cult centered on a talking bovine (as evident by its colloquial name, the "Cult of the Talking Cow") remains; deterring missionary efforts. However, due to natural growth, it still attains a sizeable following, with an estimated 15,000 adherents. With the establishment of stability and prosperity, the population begins a period of rapid growth, reeling in from the demographic losses of the past two centuries.

621–630

 * Sillan Republic: Meanwhile, the Ulmist sects begin to see rapid growth due to their incorporation of Sillan ancestral veneration rites, intermarriage with non-adherents, and the formation of a centralized clergy; with 2% of the population registering as an Ulmist by the census of 630, double that of the previous census. Partially due to pressure from orthodox Ulmists, the Irrulmian sect – which previously monopolized on Ulmian affairs and proselytization – dies out and becomes absorbed. Cabeza Dōgana orders the reinforcement of the Sillan Wall; especially of the segment lining the Sillo–Teninukalese border. In addition, a total of five cohorts of horsemen (or 5,000 troops) are stationed along the border with the Makuku rump state, in order to stifle any movement of civilians and potentially-valuable goods eastwards. Meanwhile, the cultivation of tobacco and cannabis (for medical marijuana, and hemp fiber) continues to boom within the Makuku region – owing to heightened demand and the popularity of such products within the youth. While prominent aristocratic families own and preside over large plantations producing such commodities en-masse, many subsistence-level Makuku farmers begin to supplement their income by growing these crops on excess land unsuitable for staples. In order to facilitate the transition from Makuku crops to the more labor-extensive Sillan staples of wet-paddy rice and plantains, agricultural colleges are founded within major settlements by scholar-officials providing instruction and teaching proper agricultural techniques. In addition to the spread of a plantation economy, mining becomes a lucrative business within Makuku, and copper, silver, and gold bullion replace iron coinage as the official currency; with an abundance of such metals in Makuku underpinning the economy. The Ministry of Rites begins to patronize ballet, with the first pointe-shoes being made and pointework being incorporated into ballet canon. Literature flourishes, with many poets venturing into more obscure topics and motifs – such as romance, aristocratic life, and philosophy; rather than the traditional motifs of motherhood or virtue. Similarly, tragicomedy emerges as the dominant form of dramatic literature, and such pieces become showcased in theatres – which become increasingly large and elaborate to accommodate a rising number of attendants.

'''In order to further promote and spur economic development, settlement of the frontier regions – with its abundance of land and untapped resources – are heavily encouraged and patronized by the national government. Since children are an economic asset, many families – especially the lower classes – begin to marry as soon as they enter the socially-acceptable marriageable age (in the late teens to the early twenties, especially for their sons) and bear more children; though abortion and prolonged breastfeeding remains ways for family to maintain their desired number of children. Government-owned frontier land is sold off at very low rates to landlords and tenant farmers alike, though for the former, the landlords can be revoked of their title to the land should they not develop it intensively or if they report disappointing yields.'''

631–640

 * Death of Cabeza Dōgana


 * death results in some minor civil strife due to succession issues (no clear will + nominated successor)
 * Banzena (the leader of a legion stationed in Makuku provinces) is voted
 * end of the "Qī dynasty"


 * conscription becomes rarer, due to a larger population (and thus pool)


 * legalization of all religions; a license to practice religion is no longer required
 * however, religions still must be registered to acquire funding from the Ministry of Rites


 * growth of Ulmism as Silla's sole organized religion
 * 3% of the population
 * increased evangelization


 * patronization of high culture, particularly literature & philosophy
 * emergence of two rival ideologies:
 * Bandenism (founded by Banden) – rationalist & secular, promote enforcement of rule of law, promote the implementation of a system of penalties to punish trouble-makers
 * Natanism (founded by Natana) – humanist, assumes a positive outlook on human nature,, centers on the promotion of virtue & the arts


 * changed inheritance laws + consolidation of land
 * all inherited land must be at least two hectares (to prevent the formation of increasingly smaller estates)


 * rapid population growth:
 * earlier marriage, more births (increased agrarianism; emphasis on child being economically-valuable)
 * settlement of the frontier
 * primarily by landless Sillans
 * plus landlords being granted more property
 * many non-ethnic Sillans settle (and assimilate) in Silla proper, to work in large-scale agricultural estates and plantations
 * exploitation of more idle land
 * terracing to increase cultivated land
 * improvements in grain storage, irrigation, tools, organic fertilizers
 * introduction of root crops (non-competitive w/ traditional staples) in Silla proper, could be used in hill slopes or dry soils


 * many landlords use intermediates to supervise estates, while still residing within Silas


 * establishment of five cities in Sillan interior to aid settlement
 * Nabodazī
 * Maraban
 * Barenzera
 * Hazai
 * Aranache


 * establishment of five colonies in Makuku – corresponding to five city-states
 * Punauia > Funaya
 * Rakaroa > Ragara
 * Chamokal > Qiam

641–650

 * Sillan Republic: Cabeza Banzena views the Ulmist faith with much interest and after much contemplation, personally adopts it. As a public display of her faith, a priest anoints her with oil, with an audience numbering in the hundreds of thousands consisting primarily of aristocrats. While she seeks to maintain the separation of state and church doctrine, and the secular character of the central government, she nevertheless sponsors the establishment of a new city on the site of where the first Ulmists (Irrulmians from Exhulans) were believed to have first landed. This city is named Banzenopolī, after herself, and will be centered around a massive Ulmist temple. The 650 Census places the percentage of Ulmists as a percentage of the total population at 8%, due to strong natural growth as well as a rise in conversions due to the highly-publicized conversion of the Cabeza of the faith. Despite this, the Cabeza continues to conduct ancestral veneration rites and patronize the Sillan folk religion, as part of her policy of religious toleration. Meanwhile, the problem of tobacco and recreational marijuana eventually reaches the Imperial Court, with the Cabeza – a well-known user of both – ruling in favor of its legality. However, the popularity of the two products becomes massively inflated in the Makuku provinces, and a bubble burst leaves many small-scale producers bankrupt. Many of these farmers begin to cultivate a wider variety of cash crops in order to pay off their debts as soon as possible. Others sell off their properties (as the soil quality has been damaged by the attempts to establish these monocultures) to Sillan or Sillo–Makuku landlords, and instead, choose to become plantation workers in Silla proper (thus being placed under limited legal protections as laborers, and attaining a stable source of income). The consolidation of extremely-small estates is completed. Meanwhile, the usage of clay tablets to record each household and its constituents is enforced, in order to conduct more accurate population counts and crack down on tax evasion (especially as people settle the frontier). Meanwhile, to promote connectivity of the frontier to Silla proper, the roads are enlarged and canals are built. Similarly, many smaller settlements (such as hamlets and villages) are consolidated into towns – thus making them more accessible as well as improving access to necessary social services. The promotion of pro-natalist policies and programs to further augment population growth continues. All idle land is exploited, and terracing is used to increase the amount of cultivated land. Furthermore, improvements in grain storage, irrigation, tools, organic fertilizers; and the introduction of root crops in marginal lands such as hill-slopes and dry soils (where they do not compete with traditional staples); further augment agricultural output.

661–670

 * Sillan Republic: Cabeza Banzena orders the expansion of Banzenopolis, commisioning the construction of several more Ulmist temples within it and its vicinity – cementing the newly-established city as the center of the Ulmist faith within Silla. At this point, approximately 12% of the population identifies as Ulmist; its rapid rise a testament to its unique place as the sole organized religion within Silla. Despite this, it still is considered a foreign religion and its growth start to stabilize partly due to the Ulmist faith being unable to penetrate smaller, rural settlements. While earlier clerics have issued a crackdown on heterodox practices – especially in reference to the Irrulmian sect – they persist and continue to compete with "Western Ulmism" due to the desire to distance oneself from any secular Azozian influence. One important difference between Western Ulmism and Eastern Ulmism is the latter's emphasis on the proper observance of religious rites (orthopraxy), the prohibition of all meats and limiting alcohol consumption to feast-days, and the principle of achieving salvation solely through faith (though regardless, good conduct is seen as a sign of one's faith); in-addition to radically-different and more varied interpretations of the Ulmist canon. Meanwhile, Cabeza Banzena ends her habit of smoking tobacco and recreational marijuana under the advice of royal physicians and fellow Ulmist officials. While she maintains its legality to avoid provoking the powerful aristocratic landlords of the Makuku provinces, she implements legislation prohibiting smoking in certain areas (specifically those with high densities of people, such as a town center or a market-place). In response to outside attempts to involve Silla in their petty conflicts, the Ministry of War commissions the construction of more ships; raising the total number of warships to ~250 (of which, the majority are triremes or quadriremes, with only a few quinqueremes serving as flagships of the navy). These ships protect key trading routes and the coast from any raids. Similarly, military engineers invent a true catapult from heavy crossbows; though this discovery is ignored when another team invents a traction trebuchet which is superior in firepower and its better capabilities in indirect fire. Many traction trebuchets are manufactured in-preparation of future sieges, rather than defensive roles. Upon learning of intrusive foreign diplomatic expeditions to the Sillan capital and their pleas for Sillan intervention, Cabeza Banzena – mistaking them to be mere petty merchants – famously rebuffs them, stating: "our Grand Republic possesses all things in prolific abundance, and consequently lacks no product within its borders. There is, therefore, no necessity for this blessed land to import the manufactures of outside barbarians in exchange for our own produce." Despite this, feeling pity for the Exhulans, all Exhulans are granted special rights and limited citizenship should they land in any Sillan territories and the border presence is limited to a skeleton force.

681–690

 * expansion of Banzenopolis + the Basilica


 * morality laws – influenced by the growth of Ulmism + growing conservative climate; plus Banzena's conversion to Ulmism
 * crackdown on prostitution
 * all married couples are barred from having abortions (the only form of family limitation = abstinence or prolonged breastfeeding)
 * abortions limited to unmarried individuals
 * stricter divorce laws to enforce monogamy; men effectively lose the ability to acquire a divorce (unless in proven cases of abuse)
 * adolescent sexuality becomes increasingly shunned upon (primarily by lower classes – double standard exists for upper classes); male sexuality especially becomes restricted


 * to strengthen military:
 * limited steel production is funneled to arms production
 * stockpiling & arsenal construction in all cities
 * production of siege engines (traction trebuchets, projectile-launchers, rams, assault covers)
 * more organized monthly drills, instilled professionalism


 * navy – numbers at 300 ships now
 * 100 biremes – reconnaisance & coastal defense, limited ramming capabilities
 * 75 triremes – boarding + ramming (closed-ranged assault)
 * 50 quadriremes – projectile-launchers / crossbows (long-ranged assault + squadron leaders)
 * 25 quinqueremes – numerous projectile-launchers / crossbows (long-ranged assault)


 * territorial expansion west (for arable land)

701–710

 * Banzena dies in 700
 * replaced by granddaughter (age 33) Banzenian succeeds her

711–720

 * schism between "Eastern" and "Western" Ulmists; due to the ruling on icons
 * former = heavily influenced by Irrulmism, favors decentralization & renewed emphasis on orthopraxy
 * latter = recognizes religious primacy of Azoz


 * another issue arose in 716 (in-regards to the ordination of women), when a (popular) youth's desire to be ordained was denied by Eastern Ulmist authorities; issue was settled out of court but placed a dent on the growth of Eastern Ulmism


 * within Eastern Ulmism, various sects and heterodox beliefs proliferate
 * collectively known as "Temple Ulmism" (pejoratively) due to "crudeness"
 * includes many preachers – interpret the scripture (for the illiterate) & devote time (except for the seventh day, as a public holiday) to rituals & preaching


 * Banzenian = breaks separation of state & religion doctrine; denounces Eastern Ulmism as "superstition" (as opposed to a legitimate religion)
 * patronizes the expansion of Banzenapolis


 * meanwhile, morality laws are criticized by many (due to them viewed as having a religious basis)
 * Azozian culture is also criticized (for being seen as patriarchal; and hence, barbaric)

crop-rotation (w/ some overlap) replaces monocultures (promoted by the Ministry of Agriculture):
 * pre-flooding
 * legumes (beans – especially soy beans, peas, lentils) – fixes nitrogen to soil > augmenting soil fertility) [sprouted & growth indoors; then transplanted outsides once nearing annual crop]
 * flooding
 * wet-paddy rice [transplanted from a nursery]
 * post-flooding
 * root crops – could thrive on less nutrients
 * greens – decreases soil salinity


 * rice & root crop – provides carbohydrates
 * legumes – source of protein, dietary fiber
 * greens – source of vitamins, minerals

also:
 * plantains – fall-back crop; cultivated for fruit and flower (consumed as a vegetable)
 * root crops (potatoes, manioc, yams) – fall-back crop; grown in marginal soils

land also reserved for:
 * vegetable gardens
 * maize = fodder
 * perennial crops (mulberry trees; various fruits)

731–740

 * Sillan Republic: In 738, Cabeza Banzenion dies under mysterious circumstances. The subsequent withdrawal of government support for Western Ulmism (and its campaign against heterodoxy) leads to anxiety within the Western Ulmist clergy. The arrival of a deeply-conservative Azouri cleric by the name of Cassander emboldens Western Ulmist reactionaries, who proclaim the establishment of the "Kingdom of Nelrim on Earth"; ousting the local military garrison and expelling Eastern Ulmists (who are deemed as heretics, and thus betrayers of the Ulmist faith). This event, referred to as the "Storming of Banzenopolis" marks the start of the "West Revolt". The insurgents exploit the political turmoil following the death of the Cabeza (as she has not nominated a heir), and rapidly occupy the Olmec region as well as the southern Hanila province. The sheer rapidity of the conquests forced the Imperial Court to relocate numerous times – first to Magaqī, and then further north to Qīzan. However, Silas and the surrounding country-side remains under tenuous Sillan control; with massive fortifications being constructed in hopes of the deterring the enemy from crushing the heart of the Republic. A minor official by the name of Migasera is sworn into office. While she is generally well-received, she is more modest military leader – relying on the insight of the legionary commanders (whose doctrines and tactics often differ; thus impairing the military's ability to address the insurgency). Emboldened by the rumored "ineptness" of the new Cabeza, the Western Ulmists besiege Silas. However in 739, towards the end of the Siege of Silas, the Cabeza receives an itinerant preacher who claims to have received numerous visions as well as being visited by angels since a young age, who identify her as be the Messiah prophesied in the Revelations, as well as instructing her to relieve Silla of the insurgents. Despite being initially ridiculed, her request for control over ten legions (~100,000) was agreed to, after accepting a taunt in which she was to prove her claims through shooting an arrow through an apple mid-air from a distance of 250 yards. Despite this, only one legionary commander (the later Saint Jieyazē, the Seventh Apostle) agreed to supply troops (under the condition of joint-control). After just five days, she lifts the Siege of Silas and successfully suppresses the rebellion; a feat for which she is awarded with numerous properties and noble titles (though in later tradition, it is claimed that she rejected all of them to maintain her modesty). Cassander is deported, and Sillan elements of the revolt is sentenced to death via hanging (but they are pardoned by the intervention of Cixia. To celebrate the peace, she organizes a feast in Banzenopolis which was attended by the thousands, and delivers numerous sermons in the Grand Basilica (after which she also distributes the later Corporeal Books, which she has authored and claims to have been divinely-inspired). Due to this, the Western Ulmist clergy accuses her of promoting heretical beliefs–most prominently, the belief that she is the Messiah (or the "Anointed One") in-addition to her heterodox interpretations of the Ulmist Scripture. She was seized by Western Ulmist clerics and was kept in starvation for forty days (yet she was noted to be perfectly healthy). After evading the questions during interrogation and refusing to renounce her beliefs, she was tortured and under the dual charge of heresy and cross-dressing (as she continued to wear military attire while in-prison, to deter any chances of rape), was sentenced to death via burning at the stake. The execution of Cixia (which was denounced as having no basis by secular authorities) was seen by many spectators, who were noted to have clashed with the clerics (who hired private guards as to prevent her followers from interfering). Her charred body was then publicly displayed, before being burnt three more times – thus reducing her to ashes. However, following three days and two nights, she was resurrected; appearing before her disciples and instructing them to meet in the Grand Basilica, where she delivers a final sermon and orders the Grand Commission (instructing her followers to spread the faith) before ascending to the spiritual realm; an event that was allegedly viewed by thousands in Banzenopolis and its vicinity. Following her death and her alleged resurrection, the Seven Apostles embark on their own individual ministries in which they distribute copies of the Ulmist Scripture in addition to the Corporeal Books. Despite the rapid growth of this sect, it endures harsh criticism by Ulmist clerics, who equate it as a personality cult (and thus an impermissible form of idolatry) and regard her as a false claimant to the title of the "Anointed One", as the events that have unfolded during the Revolt only loosely resembles that of the events prophesied in the Revelations.

741–750

 * Sillan Republic: The Cabeza issues the "Edict of Toleration", which affirms the separation of state and church doctrine. Furthermore, she exiles the leaders of the Western Revolt and begins a systematic purge of radical Western Ulmist elements; thus ensuring the Church is left under the control of moderate officials. Meanwhile, within the Eastern Ulmists, numerous heterodox sects emerge as a consequence of a lack of a centralized religious authority. In order to prevent religious strife, the inhabitants of Banzenopolis is segregated into three quarters (corresponding to Western and Eastern Ulmists, as well as non-Ulmists). The Grand Basilica is declared open to all Ulmist worshippers and is placed under joint-control between the government and the Western Ulmist clergy. Meanwhile, Apostles Xiumanzī and Lisazī co-author the Gospel of Cixi, detailing the life of Cixi – revered as the Messiah (the "Anointed One"), as well as the "Daughter of God" in the Cixite sect of Eastern Ulmism. The Gospel of Cixi quickly becomes an integral part of the Cixite canon along with the Corporeal Books, which collectively form an informal "Third Testament" (while the Western Ulmist scripture is known as the "First Testament", while the Eastern Ulmist additions are known as the "Second Testament"). The Apostle Lisazī also authors her eponymic Analects, whose contents consist of a series of dialogues between her and Cixi. In addition, she also allegedly authors the Analects of Jiexī, and the Analects of Jiaspuer (the parents of Cixi); which similarly, recounts a series of dialogues between them and their daughter prior to her ministry. Due to the attractive doctrine of Cixite Ulmism attracting thousands of converts, as well as its discouragement of abortion, infanticide, and divorce resulting in a higher level of natural growth, the sect undergoes rapid growth and expansion – with its adherents dispersing all across Silla. Despite this, it remains largely an underground sect concentrated within the more cosmopolitan and tolerant urban areas, with the total sum of its followers constituting only roughly just under ~0.2% of the total population. However, the absorption of gentile converts (in addition to those of Ulmist faith) proves divisive within the Cixites. While Apostles Caqiena and Lisazī initially advocate for the observance of Ulmist law (alongside Cixian teachings), these requirements were dropped when Apostle Andriazo – in a letter addressed to both – cites passages within the Corporeal Books stating otherwise. This revelation leads the Seven Apostles to rule that only three requirements are required for admission into the Cixite faith: baptism (which is to be conferred by a Priestess), an oath of fidelity, and the profession of faith. While this ruling facilitates the sect's growth, it also creates animosity with more orthodox Ulmist sects – with Ulmist clerics asserting that Cixite Ulmism is simply a personality cult centering a false messiah claimant; thus constituting an impermissible form of idolatry and being incompatible with Nelrimic principles. Meanwhile, crop-rotation is promoted by the government to further augment the nation's agricultural output (thus facilitating recovery from the Western Revolt; especially within the southern provinces). The year is split into three growing seasons – first, legumes (which fix nitrogen to the soil, thus improving soil fertility); second, rice (the staple of Silla, and the most versatile grain); and third, root crops and greens (the former can thrive with less labor and input, while the latter reduces soil salinity).

751–760

 * primacy of Caisérin (over the other Seven Apostles) established
 * formation of an episcopal structure
 * addition to canon
 * Lesser Gospel according to Caisérin
 * Letter of Caisérin, to Xísuman
 * Epistle to the West Ulmists
 * adherents of the Cixite sect persecuted in Banzenopolis (in a religious riot)


 * Sillan Republic: As the Cabeza reaches old age, the Cabeza continues to emphasize the implementation of laws ensuring religious harmony. She permits Ulmists to abstain for participating in civic pagan rites, but in exchange for a tax (~2%) placed upon the individual's income. She also abolishes the policy of registering religions and remove any questions in the decadal census on the subject of religious afflation. Despite this, inter-religious strife (most prominently between pagans and followers of the Ulmism) persists, due to the association of Ulmism (especially the Western sect) with Azozian culture. Ironically, this prejudice against Ulmists results in a feeling of solidarity between the numerous sects of Ulm, and between its two major branches. Meanwhile, within the Cixite sect a basic episcopal structure is established, with the seven major sees being initially equal in-status – thus marking the end of the "Grand Minsitry". Apostles Xísuman and Caisérin assume jurisdiction over the cities of Magaqí and Silas respectively; Lízadora, over Fuerzé-Nuérza; Robuerta, over Celadón; Lianuéra, over Macúos; Caqiena over Fuerzé-Súr; and Adriazo over Arabán. Apostle Caisérin authors the "Lesser Gospel of Cixi, according to Caisérin"; which further details the events of the Anointed One's early childhood. This draws controversy from Apostle Xísuman, particularly the claim that the former is the Apostle "closest" to Cixi (a claim also opposed by Apostle Adriazo – who is rumored to be the lover of Cixi as hinted by Lianuéra, but he claims that the relationship was entirely platonic). However, upon hearing of Jiazí's confirmation of the book and its contents, and her praise of Caisérin for undertaking its authorship, Xísuman digresses and personally confers the title of "Archbishop" onto her. Following the event, Xísuman was rumored to have wept and asked for the latter's forgiveness, for she had "doubted the desire of the Anointed One". Both the Lesser Gospel and the Letter of Caisérin, addressed to Xísuman (as it establishes the precedent for the clergy and the primacy of Silas), become canonized. Meanwhile, Apostle Kaqiena writes a letter directed to the Western Ulmists (referred to as the "West Ulmians"), criticizing their insistence on adopting Azozian culture as a part of observing Ulmist divine law. This letter incites a negative response from the Ulmist clergy, and as a result, they spark a religious riot in Banzenopolis. The community of Cixites is ousted entirely from the city, with many pagan residents participating in their expulsion due to rumors of their alleged practice of incestuous orgies, ritual human sacrifice (via immolation) and cannibalism; which stems respectively from their usage of "brother and sister" when referring to each other, their practice of baptism to signify entry to the faith, and their frequent consumption of honey (which is treated as of divine origin) – often referred to as the "Essence of the Anointed One" (with "essence" being a euphemism for blood). Despite vocal opposition, numerous elements of Azozian culture enter Silla – most prominently its philosophies. As a result, westwards of youth venture westwards annually for education in Azozian schools. Arches become more utilized in the construction of bridges, and the first multi-inclined and sweeping roofs are constructed (with more support from beams and braces). However, single-inclined roofs remain ubiquitous while arches are seldom used outside of the field of bridge construction.

771–780

 * Sillan Republic: The Cabeza nominates a prominent General by the name of Aoguza as her successor. Meanwhile, the Seven Apostles convene in Silas for further theological discussion, and to affirm the city's religious primacy. First and foremost, they reiterate the traditional Ulmist law as not divinely-inspired, and have been corrupted by the patriarchal and intolerant culture of Azoz and the West. They debate on two topics: the ordination of males (which is rare, but regardless, not explicitly prohibited) and the exact nature of Cixi. In regards to the latter, they formalize four doctrines. Cixi was born fully human – having a permanent soul that undergoes through multiple lives, and an impermanent body – as well as being fully divine, as she is of the same essence as God, thus explaining her moral perfection and her ability to conduct various miracles. As a result, Cixi serves as the mediator between Her and humanity and thus she is representative of Her will in the material world; thus, worship of her is equivalent to worship of God, and thus it does not constitute an example of idolatry. Thirdly, her role as the Anointed One and Savior of Humanity was already selected, deliberately, prior to her birth – however, unlike what the First Revelations suggest, Cixi is not a reincarnation of Nelrim but a soul "reserved" by God (thus never having been incarnated prior to migrating to Cixi's body). As a result, Cixi returns to the material realm with the saved and will rule over a purified and cleansed Earth as the universal sovereign. Fourthly, upon her death, she lost her corporeal form – thus only possessing a soul and the divine essence (whereas ordinary humans will only have the soul in the after-life); thus, her apparent resurrection was an illusion and spectators simply see her soul. To clear confusion, they emphasize to new converts that Cixi was not the literal daughter of God, but it is simply an epithet due to her "adoption" by Her. Despite this, the popular belief that Cixi was conceived of God and planted into the womb of Jiezi persists. Perhaps, even more illicit, many believe – due to her morality, the ability to perform miracles, the ability to evade torture, and her resurrection – she is the physical manifestation (incarnation) of God Herself, and thus, Cixi is the "body" of God from which She utilizes to directly-interact with earthly beings. The Seven Apostles ignore this, not condemning or approving it. However, this belief exacerbates the rift between orthodox Ulmism and the Cixites. In regards to male ordination, the Seven Apostles agree to regulate the practice due to the "inherent orientation of the male sex towards sin" – only permitting males to acquire the position of deacon. However, this is viewed by some skeptics as ironic, as one of the Seven Apostles (Andrias) is a male himself. To address this, they except him, and already ordained males, from the ban. Due to rejection by some Ulmist orthodox sects and the growing population of converts (it is estimated that the number of Cixites as a proportion of the total population has quadrupled), several more financially well-endowed members of the Church fund the construction of new Basilicas and Temples (the distinction is that the latter is explicitly for worship, while the former is much larger and Priestesses may confer rites there).

781–790

 * Sillan Republic: Jiezi abruptly descends into ill health and anticipating her death, she calls upon the Seven Apostles to deliver her to Banzenopolis (her ancestral city). However, they are prevented from entering the city by a crowd of Ulmist men, having heard of the growing belief within the Cixites that Cixi the Anointed One is not only the Messenger of God, but God incarnate. Upon being told of this, Jiezi simply instructs them to bring lie her down on a hill-top near to the city. During her final moments, she musters enough strength to confess that Cixi is indeed not only the long-awaited Messiah and Savior of Humanity but the physical manifestation of God Herself (known as the "Confession of Jiezi") and she had been instructed by angels prior to Cixi's birth not to reveal Her divinity. As Jiezi utters her last breath, the heavens then open to reveal a blinding light, and the soul of Jiezi (assuming the form of herself in her youth) then ascends to Heaven – accompanied by the already-deceased Jiafuer. The event greatly moves the Seven Apostles and their accomplices, once again reviving argument on the exact nature of the Anointed One as well as initiating the rigorous review of the Scriptures – especially sayings attributed to Cixi found within the Greater and Lesser Gospels, as well as the Corporeal Books.

791–800

 * Sillan Republic: To firmly establish a "Cixian orthodoxy", the bishopesses of Silla (including the five remaining members of the Seven Apostles) convene in Silas to further elaborate on Cixian theology. In light of the events that have unfolded over the past decade, they that Goddess has two modes: Goddess the Incorporeal or Goddess in Transcendence (also referred to as "the Lady"); as well as Goddess the Corporeal or Goddess in Immanence (also referred to as "the Anointed One"). They identify the Goddess in Western Ulmist and Eastern Ulmist scriptures with the former, while the phenomenon of Cixi with the latter as Her incarnation. As Cixi (assumingly) has shed Her body upon her resurrection and ascension to Heaven, yet as Goddess the Corporeal, has remained both fully divine and fully human; it has been concluded that the soul is still sacred and permanent but ultimately not divine, being derived from but distinct from the divine essence that constitutes Goddess. In order to convince any skeptics, the bishopesses begin to provide previously-overlooked or erroneously-analyzed sayings attributed to Cixi to show Her own awareness of her divinity, as well as citing Jiezí's deathbed confession and the variouts miracles during Her ministry. Cabeza Mijiela dies, and General Aoguza assumes her place. She reinstitutes the Cult of the Goddess of War (Arieza, the patron goddess of Silla), renovates the Grand Pantheon in Silas, and pioneers the practice of extreme syncretism (identifying the deities of a particular culture with another) to maintain religious harmony. However, her most controversial reform is the issuance of an edict requiring all the Republic's inhabitants to perform a sacrifice to the gods in the presence of a civil official, and obtain a signed witnessed certificate, thus proving one's loyalty to the Republic. This legislation arouses feelings of dissent among the Ulmists of all sects. After defeating a brief month-long insurrection which culminates in the destruction of Banzenápolis, Aoguza decides to exempt all Ulmists in-exchange for a tax of ~2.5%. However, as a consequence of their "disloyalty", Aoguza decides to bar Eastern Ulmists to Banzenápolis except for religious celebrations (and even then, they are subject to a quota). Meanwhile, cultural relations with Azoz flourishes, with many upper-class youths often acquiring education there. As a result, many start to call for educational reforms as well as the revival of philosophy.

811–820

 * Sillan Republic: Apostles Esoman and Lisadora die, thus, only three of the original Seven Apostles remain: Archbishopess Caiserin (of Silas), and Bishops Drias and Roberta (of Alaban and Qiedēn, respectively). To institute religious parity, Cabeza Agusta revokes the right of Ulmists to exempt from civic pagan rites, though she also lifts the Ulmist tax and allows Ulmists to be tried under religious courts. While this promotes inter-religious harmony, the latter reform in-particular reignites sectarian strife among the various groups of Ulmism – especially between Cixites (the most heterodox) and the Western Ulmists (the most orthodox). Despite this, under her rule, Silla experiences peace and prosperity. The growing mercantile class begins to exert substantial influence over the economy, particularly in the flow of goods from rural to urban areas, as well as aiding the shift from the centralized workshop-system to decentralized putting-out system – particularly in the production of textiles, luxury goods such as jewelry and raw silk, and more perishable goods such as vegetables and dairy products. Conversely, however, the production of certain labor-extensive cash crops (such as tea, cotton, sugarcane) and manufactures (ceramics, avian/reptilian leather, metal products) begin to be dominated by the nobility, due to their ownership of large plantation estates and their employment of provincial labor. This rise in wealth leads to a boom in personal consumption, as well as the patronization of the arts. The influence of Azozian-educated officials leads to the reformation of the educational system, with two separate curriculums for males and females, and a renewed emphasis on mathematics (which consists of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and trigonometry), history and moral education in addition to physical and military education – as well as philosophy, both social and biological sciences, and advanced literature for females. Partially prompted by a growth in the literati (a fourth of the total population), prose replaces poetry as the primary form of fiction literature. While the vast majority of people remain illiterate (as with any agrarian society), they are able to hire scribes or interpreters to write or read the text, thus allowing them to continue participating in public and commercial affairs.

1041–1050
Empress Costanqina centralizes national power through the reduction of the power exercised by local governments and the affirmation the primacy of the Minister of Defense (the Empress). To promote cultural uniformity (and therefore, maximize socio-political stability), the Empress introduces a policy of deliberate assimilation of frontier peoples. She emphasizes the importance of citizenship in this process; as frontier peoples would be granted numerous rights and privileges and subjected to many legal protections, that would have otherwise been previously inaccessible to them. This would deter any sense of marginalization or isolation, therefore encouraging political participation and establishing a sense of "loyalty" to the Empire.
 * Political

The unprecedented growth of Cixism continues, with Cixians constituting ~44.4% of the total population. While the Empress maintains a policy of religious tolerance, the various pagan religions and cults become increasingly moribund whilst Ulm (particularly the Western denomination) experiences a state of irreversible decline. The city of Bandenapolis, renamed Iexicapolis after the mother of Cixiana the Anointed One, is restored to its full glory – with the Grand Basilica of St. Bandena being rebuilt under Cixian architectural design. Due to the popular theological belief of Ulmian responsibility for the death of Cixiana, in addition to historical Ulmian support of the Cixian persecutions, many Cixians continue to espouse anti-Ulmian sentiment. Many Ulmians unwilling to renounce their faith migrate to the province of Caloúme, which conversely to the rest of the Empire, had resisted the process of Cixianization.
 * Socio-cultural affairs

While the balance between bureaucrats, civil servants, and military nobility (the three subclasses of nobility) has been preserved, interest in sports has subsided. As a result, leisure and recreational activities have been characterized by high culture; such as visual or performance arts, literature and calligraphy, competitive archery, and equestrianism. Similar to the Classical period of Sillan history (the reign of the Qina family), many horse varieties are bred – mainly for the purpose of competitions or for companionship, rather than for military purposes. Due to advances in horse-breeding, the breed used as cavalry is much smaller in frame – but hardier, laborious, and easy to maintain (due to their compactness).

Due to a prolonged era of peace and stability, the economy continues to specialize – with a fourth of the population being urbanized and a fourth working in a non-agricultural industry; the highest a pre-industrial society can sustain. The commercial market economy proliferates – in particular, the production of textiles (silk, cotton, piña, and abaca) and ceramics (porcelains, lacquerwares, and utilitarian earthenwares) increases. Similarly, the introduction of new agricultural technologies and the abundance of land stimulate population growth; thus boosting the number of consumers and heightening demand. In the North, only a tenth of the population lives in urbanized regions, with populations being dispersed and relatively isolated. Despite land redistribution programs, the landed gentry continue to own and manage much of the land. The social programs enacted by the Empress however, have ensured that peasantry is not exploited by landlords and remain in a consensual, contractual relationship. To counter the ten dependent households limit, many landlords instead convert their estates into large-scale plantations – cultivating sugarcane and cotton, as well as palm/coconut trees and exotic fruit.
 * Socio-economic affairs

Three colonies (referred to as "reductions") are established in Chrystalia, each having a walled area of a square mile and having an initial settler population of ~2,500. These reductions consist of a town center (which contains a Cixian pagoda, a Cixian-managed school, and a hospice), a town forum, a market square, and a public bath. In addition, each also has a fortress, an arsenal, and a military camp. Another diplomatic mission – hoping to establish formal diplomatic relations and expand on trade – is sent to Syres. Interest in Syres is driven by the desire for linen and wool (both regarded as luxury fibers), wine, and papyrus – which is more easily-attainable than parchment or wax/clay tablets, and more light than bamboo slips. Meanwhile, a military expedition – consisting of a total of 20,000 Sillan troops (and 10,000 hired Qeran mercenaries) organized into six legions – is dispatched to Avylsann, with the intent of conquering it and pushing the Sillan line of settlement further east. They are accompanied by 6,000 auxiliaries; or ~1,000 per legion.
 * Foreign affairs (incl. diplomacy, war and territorial expansion)

1051–1060

 * Political
 * In the Cixian Empire, Empress Romana Ińesca continues to oversee a period of peace and prosperity. However, due to the conflicts to the east, the Empress spends substantial time out of the capital. As a result, she leaves daily administrative duties to the Emperor regnant, Vanden Romana ā Qibeca Fúernando, as well as between the remaining Six Ministers; though her orders (as given through a system of carriers), remain paramount.


 * Socio-cultural affairs
 * Due to Cixism's emphasis on works of mercy, in addition to works of piety, an increasingly altruistic and communal social climate is cultivated.


 * Many monasteries are established, many of them built under the patronage of Emperor consort Fúernando. While the inhabitants of these monasteries are regarded as "lower clergy", nuns – especially abesses (and prioresses) – gain substantial social influence and prestige. Many male-only monasteries (as the monasteries are segregated based on sex) are also established since high-ranking clerical positions (with the exception of deacons) have been barred access to males. These monasteries are often comprised of a large, palatial complex comprised of a central courtyard (often with a pagoda in its center), multiple secondary temples and shrines, living quarters, and a bath for both practical and religious purposes. In addition, many of the larger ones have other amenities such as hospices and schools; thus serving as important centers of public life in many smaller communities.


 * With the Cixian population reaching a critical mass (~74%), Cixian mores become increasingly entrenched; as reflected by the implementation of conservative Cixian legislation. A crackdown on the "vices" commences. Abortion is heavily restricted (though numerous exceptions) and limited to government-licensed physicians, with women instead of being encouraged to practice safer methods of contraception such as prolonged breastfeeding, withdrawal, and periodic abstinence. Despite this, the virtue of abstaining from sex (except for the purposes of conceiving a child) is preached. Similarly, stronger restrictions on divorce are implemented. A simultaneous crackdown on forced marriages occur, while arranged marriages are discouraged to ensure lifelong monogamy and fidelity). While alcohol is not fully prohibited, a tax is levied on the distribution and production of alcohol – especially that of rice wine, due to the role of rice as the premier grain. There is a crackdown on organized prostitution. However, the prostitutes themselves are not punished, as they are regarded as victims of sexual exploitation rather than willing perpetrators of immoral activity. Instead, their clients are penalized, having to pay a fine and do a week worth of community service. Meanwhile, the criminal code is also revised to conform to Cixian values, with the death penalty now being limited to the crimes of first-degree murder (if the murderer does not confess their guilt), the treason of the highest order, and rape.


 * Socio-economic affairs
 * Emphasis is placed on commercial agriculture, due to its importance in maintaining the economic pre-eminence of the Cixian Empire.


 * Due to its greater versatility, cotton displaces abaca as the main textile fiber of the masses, though lower-grade wool (those produced by native varieties of goats or sheep) is also popular. While the usage of abaca is increasingly limited and specialized, its qualities as a "hard fiber" means that its primary usage is cordage, twines, and ropes – in addition to specialized paper products. Similarly, the usage of piña fiber for textiles production declines, with only high-end brocade workshops continuing to purchase and incorporate them into their garments.


 * The number of state-owned monopolies is reduced, though the five industries – banking sector, management of roads and canals, iron and steel works, mining, and arms production – remain nationalized. Meanwhile, the pudding process and the finery forge are used to produce wrought iron and steel en-masse on government-managed foundries – thus increasing the efficiency of farm tools and the quality of military equipment.


 * The government begins to promote workshops specializing in the production of manufactures – especially textile mills and pottery kilns. Meanwhile, the cash crop industry also receives heavy government subsidies.


 * Foreign affairs (incl. diplomacy, war and territorial expansion)
 * The campaign against the "Eastern Yannians" continues; with all slaves in captured territories being freed and being escorted westwards to ensure their freedom.

Current turn

 * Political
 * In the Cixian Empire,.


 * Socio-cultural affairs


 * Socio-economic affairs
 * Emphasis is placed on commercial agriculture, due to its importance in maintaining the economic pre-eminence of the Cixian Empire.


 * The number of state-owned monopolies is reduced, though the five industries – banking sector, management of roads and canals, iron and steel works, mining, and arms production – remain nationalized. Meanwhile, the pudding process and the finery forge are used to produce wrought iron and steel en-masse on government-managed foundries – thus increasing the efficiency of farm tools and the quality of military equipment.


 * The government begins to promote workshops specializing in the production of manufactures – especially textile mills and pottery kilns. Meanwhile, the cash crop industry also receives heavy government subsidies.

* buffaloes for labor > increased productivity * goats + chickens } poorer families * cows, rheas } richer families
 * meteorological shit > improve agriculture
 * the improved heavy-moldboard plough with three iron plowshares and sturdy multiple-tube iron seed drill were invented > improve agr. productivity
 * The method of supplying irrigation ditches with water was improved with the invention of the mechanical chain pump powered by the rotation of a waterwheel or draft animals, which could transport irrigation water up elevated terrains.
 * The waterwheel was also used for operating trip hammers in pounding grain
 * animal husbandry

* house (usually a courtyard house) * farm * vegetable garden + orchard * wealthier families may also have an enclosure for livestock, a fish pond, and a small area dedicated to the cultivation of cash crops * I – legumes, to fix nitrogen, thus heightening soil fertility. A recommended of three varieties of legumes are grown to promote polyculture, increasing nutrition and health while reducing chances of an unsuccessful crop. * II – rice, the most productive cereal crop * III – taro, could thrive on marginalized soils
 * families own or manage a:
 * three-step crop rotation } reduction from four steps


 * Foreign affairs (incl. trade, diplomacy, war, and territorial expansion)
 * The Empress ratifies the "Reduction Act" which forcibly relocates isolated peasant populations into "reductions" (usually founded on a pre-existing settlement) – each with a minimum of ~100 families – to facilitate tax collection and law enforcement. In addition, it also improves access to native labor, while breaking down ethnic or kinship ties. Accompanying this law is a semantic shift in the word "reduction"; which formerly denoted fortified colonies but now denote settlements in non-Sillenic territories built or rebuilt under the tenets of Sillan urban planning. While the provinces of Qera Minor and Chrystalia Minor are restored to their former status, Sillenes dominate the provincial court and the majority of government posts, due to political apathy of the native population.


 * Following the conquest of the Jauvukry or the "Eastern Yannians", and Avylsann, they are placed under direct military administration for a set period of thirty years; hoping to instill Sillan democratic values and culture (particularly the Cixian religion). The entire population is organized into reductions – with the notable exception of the upper classes due to their ownership over immovable property. Each reduction includes a forum (in addition to civic buildings), a market-place for the exchange of goods, a Cixian temple and a monastery (which may also serve as a hostel or a hospice), a public bath, and numerous public latrines.


 * A single colony in each region to facilitate Sillan administration and future settlement. Each colony consists of a walled area (covering a square mile) to deter unwanted incursions and has a capacity of roughly 10,000 Sillene settlers.


 * In the former Jauvukry, all slaves are freed and most are provided land from the confiscated properties. To establish agricultural self-sufficiency, the cotton plantations are converted into farms cultivating grain – mainly millet due to its hardiness compared to rice. Meanwhile, the class of citizen-soldiers is stripped of their status and property unless they sign a pledge of allegiance. However, if they are discovered to be in breach of this agreement, they could be sentenced to execution under the charge of high treason. Regardless, much of the Jauvukid nobility is nevertheless condemned to execution for the charge of "murder"; due to the acquired right of the freedmen (many of whom tortured and mutilated under their Jauvukid masters) to file complaints against them. Meanwhile, all Jauvukid religious texts and architecture are burnt and the "Cult of Zaukud" is strictly prohibited. All priests of the cult are sentenced to execution due to their role in massacres involving human sacrifice.


 * Foreign commerce – a once negligible contributor to the economy – becomes increasingly important. Massive quantities of silver are imported from Qera, while copper is imported from the Mourians. These metals, along with locally-produced gold, monetize the economy. Similarly, Qeran spices are also imported en-bulk. However, the imports most prized by consumers are Syresian products, with imports including linen and wool, wine, amphorae, glassware, lead, and papyrus.


 * An expedition northwards is sent to Hythus. Similarly to the expeditions sent to Syres, the goal is to break Sillas' relative diplomatic isolation as well as acquire new products to further enrich the consumer economy.


 * With Qaryaati incursions from the north, the Cixians declare war and invade its mainland colony to the north; with the greater goal of severing contact between Qaryaati possessions in the Beraban peninsula.

[to be further organized]

 * Greater Silla: A force equivalent to two legions (~10,000) is sent to the Makuku provinces to quell the rebellion. A garrison of ~500 is stationed in every major settlement, while government regulations are placed upon the practice of utilizing maize as fodder in order to raise the food supply. In addition, further land distribution programs are enacted whilst laws regarding the inheritance of property are enforced to prevent the division of estates into small, scattered plots. While suppressed, it has led to the escalation of tensions between urban and rural areas in Makuku, as well as between its West and the newly-incorporated East; as the former is receptive to Sillan rule, while contrastingly, the latter is resistant to it. Due to the usage of illy-chosen tactics and strategies, which itself has been due to inadequate, hasty planning and limited logistics, the front lines have remained largely static. With the reports of high casualties (both military and civilian) and mass desertion, Empress Mariana begins to lose her status, with the failure of the campaign to achieve its goals being attributed to her decisions. As she starts to suffer from the ailments associated with her advanced age, she nominates a successor to the throne, a process which normally occurs on a deathbed or revealed on a deceased Empress' will (rather than being publically announced). Due to her inability to bear children (which itself has been a point of discussion among her political opponents), she has no direct descendants. This, alongside increasing hostility between her and members of the Imperial Council, leaves her with little options, and she eventually chooses her adoptive son (her first-cousin-once-removed biologically) Adrian as the heir to the throne. To solidify his claim, she arranges a marriage between him and her grand-niece, Sabina. While highly-capable and playing an important role in the Conquest of both East Makuku and Teninukal, the choice is subjected to heavy criticism, as the concept of an Emperor regnant is unfathomable to many in Silla's matriarchal society; thus, leading many to suspect the choice to be a ploy to maintain the power of her clan. In addition, many consider the marriage to be inherently wrong due to its "incestuous" nature; as despite being in the same age range, Adrian is technically the second-cousin-once-removed of Sabina (though in Sillan law, marriages of the sixth degree of consanguinity and above are permitted). Ironically, however, the relationship between Adrian and his adoptive mother is noted to be distant and aloof, as they come into conflict in terms of domestic and foreign policy. Similarly, the marriage proves to be disastrous, with Sabina being accused of numerous extramarital affairs due to the lack of emotional and sexual gratification–alledgedly due to Adrian's homosexuality. However, as he does not conform to the Sillan ideas of "true" homosexual conduct and behavior (which is to be feminine and thus inherently "superior" to heterosexual men), he remains alienated, with his rumored sexual encounters with other young men pejoratively viewed of as examples of "male lust and intemperance" rather than valid attraction. Ironically, however, the highly-respected Emperor consort approves of the choice and introduces him to the many aspects of court life, as well as mediates Adrian's relationship with the Empress. Meanwhile, the rift between the Cixites and the Ulmists continues to grow, with more of the latter referring to themselves as "Cixians" (or "little Cixi's") as opposed to a member of an Ulmist sect. Meanwhile, there is increasing rejection of orthodox Ulmism, prompting the complete dropping of Ulmist divine law and large portions of Ulmist texts from the Cixian scripture. With the focus on the integration of newly-absorbed territories, the persecution of Cixians under local authorities diminishes. This prompts an era of renewed proselytization, undertaken mainly by nuns and monks rather than itinerary preachers. The spread of Cixite Ulmism is facilitated by the maturation of the ecclesial structure and the entrenchment of a "Cixian orthodoxy". Meanwhile, the arts continue to flourish while multi-inclined roofs become more extensively used. The war with the "Five-Nation Coalition" continues.


 * Sillan Republic: While Agusta's reign has been relatively peaceful, her promotion of the imperial cult (alongside the state pantheon), as well as her policies towards Ulmists incites feelings of resentment from the latter. Partially due to increased organization among the various pagan religions (a phenomenon which itself had been prompted by the rapid growth in Ulmist adherents in the past century) and reemerging sectarian strife, the Ulmist faith has drastically slowed down in growth (with the notable exception of the Cixite sect) – stabilizing at one-third of the total population. The growing diversity in Ulmist beliefs (and the growth of Cixianism in-particular) continues to alarm the orthodox clergy. In a response to the continued proliferation of heterodox sects, the Western Ulmist Church reemphasizes the observance of orthodoxy (proper belief) among not only its church members but all adherents of Ulmism. Exploiting Agusta's policy of permitting the practice of religious law, it initiates a crackdown of accused "heretics". This results in the mass trial of Eastern Ulmists, who are then if found guilty, given punishment as prescribed by the scripture. Cixites, in-particular, are sought after and targeted, with about half of execution victims being attributed to this group. Among these martyrs is the Bishop of Alaban, Chrias, whose death leads to only one of the original Apostles remaining. This campaign marks the start of the persecution of the Cixites on a significant scale, though it remains sporadic and localized, and does not affect the growth of Cixianism. Due to the growing rift between the followers of "Old" Ulmism and "New" Ulmism, both have sought to establish a distinction between the two. As a result, many Cixites – particularly the gentile converts – begin to refer to themselves as "Cixians" (meaning, "Little Cixi"; in-reference to Cixi's Great Commision) rather than a follower of a mere Ulmist sect. To evade the public eye, the Cixites begin to meet at night (often secretly), though this arouses suspicion from the pagan population, who had been accustomed to the public nature of religion. Exploiting this, orthodox Ulmists begin to circulate malicious rumors; accusing the Cixites of meeting for political purposes to commit sedition, or falsely claiming they engage in illicit activities such as incestuous orgies and cannibalism (misconceptions which arise from their practice of referring to each other as siblings, and their practice of "bathing in the blood of the Anointed One", respectively). Meanwhile, Raul, an official involved in the Martyrdom of Chrias, and being a pious Western Ulmist, an avid supporter of the persecution of Eastern Ulmists (especially of the Cixites, whom he loathes), is visited by a resurrected Chrias while en-route to Banzeopolis for pilgrimage. As his carriage is stopped, he heard a voice saying unto him, "Raul, why hast thou condemned me to death?" He demanded his entourage to arrest the man for blocking the road, to which the Apostle replied, "I am a servant of God, a disciple of God incarnate, and the Apostle to Men; and in the name of the Lady and the Daughter, I shall condemn thee to a life of blindless lest thou repent." He then lost his vision for a period of three days, during which he fasted and sent his prayers to Cixi. After regaining his sight, he begins his life as an itinerant preacher, utilizing his noble status as well as his previous religious affiliations to minister both pagan and Ulmist audiences.

1. concept of venerable "saints" 2. orthodoxy in Cixianism + organization 3. rejection of "Azozicizers" & increasing anti-Ulmism

The promotion of pro-natalist policies and programs to further augment the population continues; aided by improvements in land-usage and agricultural technology. All city walls are maintained, and an intricate system of canals and paved roads are constructed to promote connectivity. As part of a public health and sanitation campaign, extensive sewer and plumbing systems, latrines, and public baths (with both heaters and evaporative coolers) are built in all major settlements – with water being supplied by a comprehensive system of aqueducts and minor channels. Meanwhile, irrigation channels and groundwater-wells are built to provide water to crops; boosting productivity. The excess is stored for food security, or sold to the market – thus stimulating commercialization. Workshops and bloomeries are constructed; and the production of textiles, ceramics, luxury goods, tools and machinery, and arms proliferate. Other major industries include sericulture, beekeeping, and the production of leather (from ratites and reptiles), glassware, and silverware. Cash crops include tea, maize, sugarcane, cocoa; cotton, piña, abaca, natural dyes; tobacco and cannabis. Within marshes or near bodies of water, highly-productive artificial islands are constructed – planted with maize, squash, and beans intercropped together. Similarly, farms raising seafood are built.


 * BASIC FORMAT
 * REFORMS SHIT
 * MILITARY SHIT
 * CULTURAL SHIT
 * BASIC DEVELOPMENT (MILITARY, ECONOMIC, DEMOGRAPHIC SHIT).


 * BASIC DEVELOPMENT
 * infrastructural development
 * canals, flattenned dirt-roads, maintenance of city walls
 * sewers & plumbing systems, latrines
 * communal baths (both thermal & underground cool baths), evaporative coolers, aqueducts
 * granaries, irrigation & groundwater wells
 * bloomeries & workshops (consumer goods + arms)

STUFF(S)

 * CULTURAL STUFF
 * architectural style
 * composed of wood & brick
 * courtyard-style; relatively open (to allow ventilation); many walls are curtain-walls or door pannels
 * typically one-story (tallest structures are three-story)
 * foundations of raised platforms (often of rammed earth)
 * limited usage of arches (stability maintained via beams & braces)
 * lots of gardens (w/ pavilions)
 * grid system


 * LATER:
 * Azozicization
 * scholars and the youth sent to the West for study > philosophy
 * educational reform; prose fiction boom
 * higher production + renewed emphasis in sculptures and other visual arts with more complex compositions
 * boom in artistic pottery (porcelaneous and glass-based wares, as well as lacquerwares) displacing earthernwares and metalwares + blast-furnaces (using fineries)
 * brocades become increasingly worn as status markers as well as practice of wearing multiple garments (previously used ceremonies only)


 * greater use of arches (primarily in bridges) plus developments in horticulture
 * greater use of multi-inclined roofs
 * greater use of sweeping roofs
 * spread of spa culture from elite to commoners
 * pavilions + mounds = short-story pagodas (of earth culture)


 * octagonal pagodas; brick & stone culture


 * REGIONAL ECONOMIC SPECIALIZATION & AGRICULTURE
 * deforestation > more farmland


 * Silla proper
 * main industries
 * beekeeping (for honey, mead, wax)
 * sericulture & textiles production (silk)
 * ceramics production (porcelaneous wares, lacquerwares, earthenware)
 * jewelry production
 * iron & arms production
 * cash crops
 * tea
 * sugar beets, ginseng
 * piña } clothing
 * ramie, abaca } industrial fibers


 * Makuku
 * main industries
 * leather production (from farmed ostriches, hunted crocodiles)
 * timber
 * cash crops
 * spices (nutmeg, peppers, cloves, cinnamon)
 * sugarcane
 * coffee
 * cacao (later moves to Teninkual)
 * tobacco (later moves to Teninkual)


 * later: Teninkual
 * main industries
 * production of wool & dairy products (sheep & alpacas)
 * poultry (rheas)
 * cash crops
 * peanuts & chili peppers
 * tobacco & cannabis (recreational for former, medical for latter)
 * cacao


 * Olmac
 * staple crops
 * millet, wheat, barley, maize (as fodder)
 * various berries & nuts
 * vegetables – various legumes, various gourds & squashes
 * root crops – true potatoes
 * main industries
 * alcohol production
 * textiles production (cotton = undergarments)
 * silverware & glassware production
 * cash crops
 * cotton & jute
 * opium
 * indigo, henna (natural dyes)
 * coffee (moves later to Makuku)


 * in marshes & bodies of water
 * artificial islands
 * intercropping of maize, squash, beans
 * high productivity = possible for seven harvests annually
 * aquaculture
 * fish, mollusk, crustacean farms > (discarded parts could be used as fertilizer together w/ bovine manure)
 * seaweed farms


 * staples
 * grain – rice, plantain
 * fodder – maize
 * vegetables – root crops, various leaf vegetables, various legumes, various gourds & squashes
 * various exotic fruits


 * CULTURE
 * equestrianism
 * sports
 * competitive archery
 * polo
 * contact sports


 * arts
 * sculpture-making


 * dance & theatre
 * ballet


 * lower school (elementary school)
 * basic arithmetic
 * basic literacy
 * moral education


 * higher school (for females)
 * I – mathematics
 * arithmetic
 * algebra
 * geometry
 * trigonometry
 * II – literature
 * basic literacy
 * poetry
 * prose and literary fiction
 * literary analysis
 * academic literature
 * III – history
 * IV – biological sciences
 * V – social sciences
 * VI – philosophy
 * VII – visual arts
 * VIII – performance arts
 * music
 * dance
 * theatre
 * X – military education


 * higher school (for males)
 * I – mathematics
 * arithmetic
 * algebra
 * geometry
 * trigonometry
 * II – basic literacy
 * III – history
 * VI moral education
 * V – physical education
 * VI – military education


 * MILITARY
 * reflex bows, sabers, lances
 * halberds, pikes, swords
 * arrows (incl. incendiary arrows), crossbow bolts