User:Scrawland Scribblescratch/sandbox/A World of Difference

 New TL: The Lion Kings. Richard II was a Plantagenet and Olav was a Bjelbo. Both of these houses utilized lions in their arms.

POD 1: Richard II of England dies in the Peasant's Revolt of 1381. His uncle John of Gaunt becomes King of England.

POD 2: Olav IV of Norway survives longer than in OTL as a result of butterflies. Olav establishes a long standing dynasty that rules over the three Nordic countries and is more centralized than the Kalmar Union.

First POD: 15th century England
Richard II died in the Peasant's Revolt of 1381. His uncle, John of Gaunt, moved quickly to take the throne for himself, ascending as John II and bypassing the heir presumptive, Roger Mortimer. Roger later died and left behind two sons, Edmund and Roger. Edmund and Roger were kept at Windsor Castle. Upon John's death in 1400, Owain Glyndwr, the Percys, and Edmund's uncle Edmund arranged to abduct the younger Edmund and his brother from Windsor. Near Cheltenham, the boys were almost caught, but Edmund managed to escape. Nothing is heard of Roger after this point. It can only be assumed that he died. Regardless, Edmund successfully reached Wales where he was declared rightful king of England as the heir of Richard II. Edmund agreed to recognize Owain Glyndwr as the independent Prince of Wales. Edmund's cousin, Edward, the Duke of York, declared his support for Edmund. Edmund and his various allies moved south toward London, winning multiple victories against the opposition. Henry IV fled south and was followed by Edmund. The two armies had a battle at Southampton in 1411, which was a victory for the Mortimer faction. However, Edmund died there. Henry fled to France where he was briefly hosted by Charles VI. The Treaty of Troyes was surrounded for Charles VI, making Henry IV and his heirs the heirs to France, disinheriting the son of the king, Dauphin Charles. In England, Richard, Duke of York, brother of Edward, Duke of York, assumed the throne as Richard III. Richard waited until Charles VI died to invade France, declaring his support for Charles VII. Charles agreed to concede Normandy to England in exchange for their support. Richard III died at Agincourt and was succeeded by his son as Richard IV. The alliance between Richard and Charles succeeded and Henry was defeated. He left behind only an infant son, Henry, who was taken back to England by the new king Richard.

Second POD: Bjellbo Union of Scandinavia
Under Olav IV of Norway, Scandinavia had one monarch. The House of Bjelbo held together this union before it was passed on to other houses. Olav's descendants later made the succession hereditary. Sweden never became independent under the Vasas, instead continuing to be a part of the Union.

Colonization of the Americas
Mostly the same as OTL. The Americas were discovered by Columbus, sailing for Castile. He named the Caribbean area 'Antillia'. Later explorers applied the name Amazonia to South America and Arcadia to North America. The Dutch presence in the Northeast was much stronger, stretching from the Connecticut River to the Delaware. This whole area was later lost to the English. New Scotland was also larger before that too was taken by the English. The Portuguese had larger holdings in South America.

War of the Austrian Succession
During the war, King Edmund III of England falls in battle and is succeeded by his son Edmund IV, who withdraws English support for the Austrians. The French, Bavarians, and Prussians win. Charles VII of Bavaria becomes Holy Roman Emperor and Bavaria gains control of Austria. Prussia gets Silesia. France got the Austrian Netherlands. The status quo is preserved in most other places. The Wittelsbachs are the Holy Roman Emperors for a while, before being succeeded by the Saxons.

War of the Bavarian Succession
The War of the Bavarian Succession began after the death of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian III. He intended for his nephew Frederick Augustus of Saxony to succeed him as Holy Roman Emperor and for his distant cousin Charles IV Theodore to inherit Bavaria. However, Frederick desired Bavaria and Charles sought the Empire, thus beginning a war that was nominally concerned with the Bavarian succession. Prussia backed Charles, while Frederick successfully gained the support of Poland. Frederick was later elected King of Poland, resulting in a more complicated conflict that came to involve Russia, as Russia did not want the Holy Roman Empire to gain control over Poland. The war was eventually settled with Frederick becoming Holy Roman Emperor and King of Poland, Charles gaining Bavaria, and Russia gaining Lithuania and Courland. Prussia gained land to connect Prussia with Brandenburg in exchange for giving Silesia to Saxony. This was the status quo until the Napoleonic Wars.

French Revolution
After the execution of King Louis, the Republic of OTL was not formed. Instead, the French Consulate was formed, with a system similar to the ancient Roman Republics. The inital two Consuls were Robespierre and Marat. After Marat died, Georges Danton became the Second Consul. However, Robespierre removed Danton and then made the second Consul his effective puppet, removing and replacing him as he please. Robespierre went through many second Consuls before the Assembly conspired to make Napoleon the second Consul. Napoleon was not a man Robespierre could name a traitor, since he was a popular hero for invading and retaking Normandy and Brittany from the English. However, Robespierre and his Jacobins were still very influential in Paris, so Napoleon was constantly away from the capital, warring against the nations that Robespierre declared enemies of liberty. In Paris, Napoleon was represented by his brother Alexander. However, when Robespierre arrested and executed Alexander Bonaparte, Napoleon marched home and waited outside Paris. Inside the city, the Girondins rose up and arrested Robespierre and other Jacobins. They then handed the city to Napoleon. The Consulate continued, with Napoleon becoming first Consul and the second Consul being whoever the Assembly decided to pick at the time. The second Consul served the purpose of governing Paris and France while Napoleon was warring. Many people compared Napoleon to Caesar and Robespierre to Pompey. Napoleon's parallel to Caesar became obvious when he abolished the Consulate, replacing it with the Directorate, a dictatorship with Napoleon as sole ruler of France. Napoleon later abolished the Directorate and replaced it with the Empire of the French, with himself as Emperor, which evolved into the Roman Empire.

Napoleonic Wars
Spain switches to the Coalition side, so Napoleon invades Spain. King Ferdinand died trying to escape Spain, but his brother Charles reached New Spain, where he named himself emperor of those lands. Their third brother, Francisco, became king and agreed to acquiesce to Napoleon's demands. Spain maintained neutrality in subsequent wars. Napoleon never invaded Russia, with Russia instead becoming his greatest ally. The last war was eventually ended with the Treaty of Paris, which firmly established Napoleon as the leader of Europe. Napoleon conquered almost the entire Holy Roman Empire, leaving only two states: Prussia and Saxony-Austria. The dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire after Napoleon destroyed it led to Napoleon declaring himself to be the Holy Roman Emperor. This was particularly notable as he was the first Roman Emperor to control the city of Rome in centuries.

Potsdam Congress and Treaty of Paris
The peace that ended the Napoleonic Wars. Despite Napoleon's stunning successes on the continent and in England, his fortunes were reversed by loss of German territory. Napoleon, satisfied with the empire he had built, believed he had defeated all his enemies. Upon returning to the continent after leaving England, Napoleon and Alexander of Russia began discussing the post war scenario of Europe. These discussions later extended to all of Napoleon's allies. Finally he called for a peace conference to be held. At Potsdam, all the powers of Europe, as well as dignitaries from the United States, New Spain, and the Ottoman Empire settled the terms of the peace. The most obvious changes were the territorial exchanges. Napoleon insisted on retaining all territory which he currently occupied. However, his allies were not satisfied by their gains, and his enemies would not accept such heavy losses. Finally, Napoleon agreed to return Saxony to the Saxons. Meanwhile, he convinced the Ottomans to end the occupation of Hungary, threatening invasion by France and Russia. The Hungarian kings became the Archdukes of Austria under the Kings of Saxony. In Hungary, Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, one of Napoleon's chief allies, was named king. This was an acceptable choice to the Russians. Meanwhile, with the HRE dissolved, all the land not owned by the Kingdom of Prussia or the Kingdom of Saxony became part of France. Denmark also annexed Mecklenburg-Schwerin. To compensate, the key part of Mecklenburg-Strelitz was given to Prussia. People in both Mecklenburgs were angered. Russia retained control of Poland and Lithuania, but the land connecting Prussia to Brandenburg was kept by Prussia. New Spain was recognized as an independent country by everyone. Francisco of Spainw as forced to accept, as his country was still largely under Napoleon's heel. England accepted the Scottish acquisition of Ireland. Although the future of Europe was decided at Potsdam, everything was finalized in Paris, where the official treaty to end the war was signed.

Portuguese intervention
Napoleon intervened in the Portuguese war between Miguel of Portugal and Maria on Maria's side.

World War I
World War I took place in the early 20th century from 1906 to 1912. France and Russia formed the Grand Alliance after the Napoleonic Wars and were later joined by the Republic of Hungary, established in 1848. England and Prussia maintained their historical alliance from that same period. Prussia later united with Saxony-Austria to form the German Confederation. A natural ally for England and Prussia was the Ottoman Empire, as the Ottomans were opposed to both the Austrians and Russians. These tensions became war when Germany invaded the French-controlled Confederation of the Rhine. France, Hungary, and Russia all declared war on Germany, resulting in England declaring war on all three and the Ottoman Empire nominally declaring war on Hungary and Russia. France and the Ottoman Empire engaged in war later when Italy invaded Ottoman Libya. America later join the war by invading what remained of British North America (now called Borealia) with the help of Russia by way of Alaska. The war coincided with the New Spanish Civil War in South America.
 * America and Russia divided Borealia
 * Independent Kingdom of Greece formed with OTL George I as king
 * Persia established as puppet state of France and Russia
 * French India expands to include Hyderabad
 * French Cape Colony annexed English South West Africa
 * Russia establishes the Tsardom of Romania from territory taken from the Ottomans
 * Hungary expands further into the Balkans at the expense of the Ottomans, taking over Crotia and Bosnia
 * New Spain loses Cuba and other Caribbean territories to America and the Philippines to Japan
 * England loses the Sandwich Islands to Russia, and Russia renames them Alexandria
 * New Spain cedes northern provinces of Sonora and New Vizcaya to the United States
 * An independent Egypt under French influence is established
 * Kingdom of Serbia established
 * Gran Colombia, Rio de la Plata achieve independence from New Spain
 * France establishes the Kingdom of Jerusalem
 * China cedes Korea and Formosa to Japan
 * Japan agrees to recognize Russian influence of Manchuria and Russia recognizes Japanese control of Korea

World War II
World War II, alternatively the Second World War, was in many ways a continuation of the first. In Prussia, King Frederick III, who never wanted the first war to begin with, attempted to foster better relations with his neighbors France and Russia. This estranged him from many Prussians and his fellow German monarch, Frederick Augustus III of Saxony. Frederick's efforts were in vain after he died and was succeeded by his militaristic son Wilhelm. Wilhelm went against his father's wishes, preferring the more aggressive Saxon policies. The new alliance between the Two Angry Kings, as they were called by the French, was dangerous and would certainly start another great war in Europe. Wilhelm's assassination by Polish nationalists in 1908 was the trigger for the war. Although the new King Wilhelm III had been against his father's aggressive foreign policy, Saxony was eager for war and was prepared to declare war if the Prussians started it. The king knew that war with Poland, Russian Poland, meant war with France, and probably Denmark. The Ottoman Empire could always be counted on to invade Russia and Hungary. Anti-Polish rioting broke out across Prussia and Saxony, while Russia was ready to defend its puppet Kingdom of Poland. Finally, Wilhelm gave his consent and the German Federation declared war on Poland. Russia and France proceeded to declare war on Germany, so England declared war on them both. Serbia and Hungary also declared war on Germany, prompting the Ottomans to declare war on them.

US President Theodore Roosevelt was very keen on joining the war on the Allied side, but he had a hard time convincing Americans to join the war, for America had not been directly attacked. Many Americans wanted to support France as they had in the last war, but others did not care for war at all. In the former Mexican territories, there was still an older generation of people who wanted to return to Mexico. These people waited eagerly for Mexico to invade and take back this land. In 1909, Edward Grey, English Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, sent a telegram to Mexico inviting them to invade the southern United States and regain lost territories. This coincided with England and Prussia beginning unrestricted submarine warfare. Mexico accepted England's offer and declared war on the United States. The United States responded by declaring war on Mexico and England.

World War III
World War III: World War II Revenge. Germany led by Hitler, England led by Mosley?, Italy led by Mussolini.

Italy, which participated in World War II without any important gains, suffered more than any other winning country in the Great Depression. Benito Mussolini capitalized on the bad feelings in Italy to first legally become First Minister of Italy and later coerce the king into abdication. The king was later assassinated on Mussolini's orders.

The Italian sentiment was also felt in Hungary. Hungary sought to gain land from Germany and the Ottomans in both wars, but failed to do so, as Germany remained largely intact

The Depression especially hit France hard, culminating in the outbreak of civil war in 193?. In Germany, Hitler began revolt. Simultaneously, Italy and Iberia invaded. England later crossed the Channel into Normandy and Brittany. The French government, surrounded on all sides, flees to Africa while these invaders and rebels divide the empire. The conquerors then band together to assault their mutual enemies of Scandinavia and Eurasia.

In Asia, the Chinese Civil War had come to an end. The new China (probably RoC) promised to take back lost land from Russia and Japan and to make Greater China real again. China had already been at war with Japan in the Pacific. When war broke out in Europe, China invaded French Indochina. This promoted Russia to declare war on China, bringing the Asian and European conflicts into one war. China invaded the Russian puppet state of Mongolia and the Japanese puppet of Manchuria. Both of these started out as great successes. China also took over most French possessions in the Pacific as well as the Russian Pacific coast. After these massive victories, China decided against invading Japan, deeming it too costly and risky, instead demanding that America hand over the Alexandrian (Hawaiian) Islands. America refused, and China responded by bombing the islands, followed by a naval invasion. This prompted Mexico to declare war on America as well, bringing the war to North America

In South America, the Peruvian government had been taken over by the ultra-nationalist Jaguar Party, who promoted the unification of all Spanish speaking South American nations. Peru was allied with Brazil against Gran Colombia, who was allied to Mexico. Gran Colombia invaded American Panama and later the UPCA after Mexico and America began warring. Thus, the war engulfed South America. Despite the United States not wanting to be associated with the Jaguars, they had ended up on the same side of the war. The Jaguars were also forced to cooperate with the Lusophone Brazilians against fellow Spanish nations, effectively ending the potency of the Jaguars in the post war world.

In the Middle East, the Viceroy of Mesopotamia declares an independent nation but is with opposition from the loyal Viceroy of Egypt and the Russian backed Persians.

Cold War
Bleeding Years of Europe - Series of successive wars in Europe, including the English Revolution, French Civil War, German Civil War, Hungarian Rebellion, Italian Rebellion, Iberian Civil War
 * English Revolution - Radical republicans and other various rebel groups begin a revolution against the monarchists.
 * French Civil War - Republicans revolts against the imperial dictatorship. The war is resolved with Russian and Arcadian intervention.
 * Scottish Civil War - Similar situation to France. Devolved into bloody guerrilla conflict.
 * German Civil War - Monarchists battle republicans as well as minor communists and anarchists, as well as fascist holdovers.
 * Iberian Civil War - Military elements attempt to hold the union together against Portuguese rebels and Spanish republicans.
 * Italian Rebellion - After the referendum on union with France, some Italians, particularly in Sicily, attempt to form an independent nation again.
 * Hungrian Rebellion - The returned monarchists lose to the republicans.

Indian War - Newly independent India attempts to takeover neighboring states such as Bengal, Punjab, and Mysore

War of Arabian Unification - Many Arab states join together to form the Federation of Islamic States

Second Chinese Civil War - War broke out in China after the end of the American occupation and later escalated into the Third Pacific War

Third Pacific War - Vietnam War on steroids as it stretches to neighboring countries of southeast Asia and other Pacific territories as well as conflict in Australia

American intervention in Peru - After the fall of the Jaguars in Peru, America invades to establish a democracy and prevent the creation of an unfriendly military regime

Brazilian Civil War - The end of the Imperial-military domination of Brazil and the formation of a democratic society. The war in Brazil led to the independence of its Congo colony.

Congo War - After Congo receives independence from Brazil, there is a long Vietnam-esque civil war

American alliance: Trans Atlantic Treaty Organization and some Pacific thing

Russian alliance: Warsaw Pact

Arcadia

 * United States of Arcadia (Washington, D.C.)
 * United Provinces of South Arcadia (San Salvador)
 * Kingdom of Antillia (Willemstad)

Amazonia

 * Federation of Gran Colombia (Bogota)
 * Empire of Brazil (Brasilia)
 * Republic of Peru (Cuzco)
 * Argentine Federation (Buenos Aires)

Eurasia
Near East India
 * Kingdom of Scotland (Edinburgh)
 * Kingdom of England (London)
 * Kingdom of Ireland (Dublin)
 * Empire of the Romans (Paris)
 * Scandinavian Union (Copenhagen)
 * Iberian Union (Madrid)
 * German Federation (Berlin)
 * Republic of Czechia (Prague)
 * Republic of Slovakia (Bratislava)
 * Republic of Hungary (Budapest)
 * Yugoslavian Federation (Belgrade)
 * Kingdom of Romania (Bucharest)
 * Federation of Eurasian Commonwealths (Moscow)
 * Kingdom of Greece (Athens)
 * Kingdom of Jerusalem (Jerusalem)
 * Republic of Turkey (Ankara)
 * Federation of Islamic Nations (Baghdad)
 * Punjab Federation (Islamabad)
 * Republic of India (New Delhi)
 * Dravidian Union (Chennai)
 * Bengal Republic (Dhaka)

Far East
 * Empire of Japan (Tokyo)
 * Republic of China (Beijing)
 * Republic of Tibet (Lhasa)
 * People's Republic of China (Chengdu)
 * People's Republic of Vietnam (Saigon)
 * Khmer Kingdom (Phnom Penh)
 * Kingdom of Siam (Bangkok)
 * Malay Union (Kuala Lumpur)
 * Singapore (Singapore)
 * Indonesian Federal Republic (Jakarta)

Africa
foreign territory
 * Empire of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa)
 * Republic of Zaire (Pedroville)
 * Republic of the Congo (Louisville)
 * Kanem Federation (Lagos)
 * Sultanate of Morocco (Casablanca)
 * Sahel Federation (Nouakchott)
 * Guinean Federation (Accra)
 * Kingdom of Fidelia (Portland)
 * Republic of Kenya (Nairobi)
 * Union of Tanzania (Dodoma)
 * Republic of the Cape of Good Hope (Cape Town)
 * Union of South Africa (Johannesburg)
 * Roman Empire - Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya
 * Iberia - Angola and Mozambique
 * Arab Union - Egypt, Sudan, and Somalia

Australia and Oceania

 * Tasmania (Adelaide)
 * New Wales (Sydney)
 * New Caledonia (Albany)
 * Westralia (Perth)
 * Novorossiya (Konstantingrad)

Monarchs
Plantagenets: Lancasters, Mortimers and Yorks, Merediths From the House of Meredith From House of Pole From House of Bolton From House of Rurik From House of Winchester-Orleans
 * Edward III, King of England
 * Edward, the Black Prince, Prince of Wales
 * Richard II, King of England
 * Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence
 * Philippa, 5th Countess of Ulster
 * +Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March
 * Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March
 * Edmund I, King of England
 * Anne de Mortimer
 * +Richard III, King of England
 * John II, King of England
 * Henry IV, King of England
 * Henry V, King of England
 * John III, King of England
 * John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset
 * John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset
 * Margaret Beaufort
 * +Edmund Meredith, 1st Earl of Richmond
 * John IV, King of England
 * +Elizabeth of York
 * Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York
 * Richard III, King of England
 * +Anne de Mortimer
 * Richard IV, King of England
 * +Cecily Neville
 * Edward IV, King of England
 * +Anne of France
 * Elizabeth of York
 * +Henry VII, King of England
 * Edward V, King of England
 * +Anne of Britanny
 * Elizabeth I of England
 * +Henry VIII of England
 * Richard V of England
 * Richard VI, King of England
 * George, Prince consort of Aragon
 * +Catherine, Queen of Aragon
 * House of York-Trastamara, monarchs of the Crown of Aragon
 * Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk
 * John de la Pole
 * Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk
 * Richard VIII of England
 * Edmund II, King of England
 * +Elizabeth II of England
 * George, Duke of Clarence
 * Edward, Duke of Clarence
 * Richard, Duke of Gloucester
 * John IV, King of England
 * +Elizabeth of York
 * Margaret Tudor, Queen of Scotland
 * John V, King of England
 * +Elizabeth I of England
 * John VI, King of England
 * Mary, Queen of France
 * +Francis II of France
 * Elizabeth II, Queen of England
 * +Edmund II, King of England
 * House of Pole
 * Edward VI, King of England
 * Edward VII, King of England
 * +Anne Howard
 * Elizabeth III, Queen of England
 * +Charles II of Scotland
 * +Margaret of France
 * Edward VIII, King of England
 * Elizabeth of England
 * +Infante Charles of Spain
 * John VII, King of England
 * Elizabeth IV, Queen of England
 * +John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough
 * Elizabeth V, Queen of England
 * +Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, claimant to the crown of Castile
 * Anne, Queen of Scotland
 * +James VIII, King of Scotland
 * Charles III, King of Scotland, claimant to the crown of England
 * Henry, Prince of Wales
 * Richard, Duke of York
 * Edmund, Duke of York
 * Mary, Duchess of Cumberland
 * +John Bolton, Duke of Cumberland
 * William Bolton, Duke of Cumberland
 * +Sophia of the Palatinate
 * Edmund III of England
 * William Bolton, Duke of Cumberland
 * +Sophia of the Palatinate
 * Edmund III, King of England
 * Edmund IV, King of England
 * Edmund V, King of England
 * Edmund VI, King of England
 * Edmund VII, King of England
 * Elizabeth VI, Queen of England
 * +Grand Duke Nicholas Rurikov of Russia, Prince consort of England
 * House of Rurik, Kings of England
 * Elizabeth VI, Queen of England
 * +Grand Duke Nicholas Rurikov, Prince consort of England
 * John VIII, King of England
 * Richard VIII, King of England (changed name to House of Westminster)
 * Richard IX, King of England
 * John IX, King of England
 * Edmund VIII, King of England
 * Elizabeth, Princess of Wales
 * Richard X, King of England
 * Henry, Duke of Kent
 * Edward IX, King of England
 * Edmund, Prince of Wales (died)
 * Elizabeth, Princess of Wales
 * +Francois de Orleans, Duke of Gloucester
 * House of Westminster-Orleans
 * Elizabeth, Holy Roman Empress
 * +Napoleon III, Holy Roman Emperor
 * House of Bonaparte, Holy Roman Emperors
 * Elizabeth, Princess of Wales
 * +Francois de Bourbon, Duke of Gloucester
 * Edmund, Duke of Cambridge
 * Edward of Cambridge
 * Henry, Duke of York
 * Edward, Earl of Sussex
 * Mary, Princess Royal
 * Richard, Earl of Hereford

History of England
Edward IV was killed by Lancastrians, who then freed Henry Tudor from the Tower of London and declared him king. As Edward V was in Normandy at the time, Henry was able to be king. News quickly reached Edward, who prevailed upon his grandfather Louis XI of France to give him aid to retake England. Edward's forces were commanded by his uncles, the Dukes of Clarence and Gloucester. Henry VI's reign was quickly put to an end when he and his son Edward both died. This incident became known as the Lancastrian Rebellion. The last remaining Lancastrians were the Tudors, who certainly did not have the power to usurp the Yorks. However, upon the death of Owain, Prince of Wales, created a power vacuums that the Tudors filled. Henry Tudor became the Prince of Wales in 1490.

In 1491, Edward V married Anne of Brittany. This was seen as a challenge to the rule of Charles VIII of France, Edward's uncle, as it brought more continental territory under the control of England. Anne died giving birth to Edward's daughter, Elizabeth. When Charles died in 1498, Edward declared himself King of France and invaded France through Normandy and Brittany. Despite initial successes, Edward was defeated by Louis XII and killed, to be succeeded by his five year old son, Richard V. As per the initial marriage arrangment of Edward V and Anne of Brittany, Richard inherited England, but Brittany went to his sister Elizabeth, who had it from the death of her mother. England was governed in Richard minority by his uncle Richard, the Duke of York. The Duke of York succeded his nephew when the already sickly king died on a visit to Normandy. The Duke of York then became King Richard VI. The new king was childless, having gone through three wives, none of whom bore him a child. Thus, his heir was his couse Edward, the Duke of Clarence. Richard decided to return to France to achieve what his brother had not, thus beginning the second period of the War of the French Succession. While Richard was in France, Henry, Prince of Wales, invaded England, claiming the throne of England as Henry VII. Henry was married to Richard's sister Elizabeth, adding further legitimacy to his claim to England. Richard was unable to return to England, tied down by the war in France. His cousin Edward, Duke of Gloucester, led the defense of England. However, Gloucester was killed by the Welsh as they continued to make their way through England. Richard decided to abandon his claim to France, and signed a damaging peace treaty with the King of France. Richard never made it back to England, as his was lost in a storm during the crossing of the Channel. The deaths of King Richard and Gloucester allowed Henry Tudor to successfully conquer England, uniting England and Wales under his rule. Henry sent his people to Brittany to arrange the marriage of his son Henry to Elizabeth of Brittany. However, the match was rejected, prompting Henry to invade Brittany. Things changed, however, when the Yorkist supporters rose up again, declaring Elizabeth to be the Queen of England. Normandy was firmly in the control Yorkist partisans, as well as parts of England, thus continuing civil war in England. However, the so-called Britannic Rebellion was put down by Henry's superior numbers. Henry took Elizabeth back to England and she married the Prince of Wales. Thus, Henry solidified his rule over England (and Wales).

Things fell apart again after Henry VII's death. Henry only had two children by Elizabeth before she died, a son Henry and a daughter Mary. To make peace with France, Mary married Dauphin of France, Francis. Henry was an enemy of the Holy Roman Emperor and initially made common cause with the King of France against him. However, Henry later changed sides to be against the French. This led to France invading Normandy, which cost Henry both the territory and his life. The new king was his young son, Henry IX. Henry's reign was challenged almost immediately by the existing Plantagenet heirs, the Poles of Suffolk. Additionally, his brother in law, King Francis II of France, was interested in removing King Henry and replacing him with his sister Mary, Francis' wife. The question about who would strike first was resolved when Richard de la Pole, 4th Earl of Suffolk, declared himself King Richard VI. Many of Henry's councilors began to abandon him. After a year of fighting, the young Henry decided to abdicate and let Pole assume the throne. Henry went into exile first in Austria, and later in Russia. However, Francis of France was not happy with Richard becoming the king, so he invaded England with the intention of making his daughter Elizabeth the Queen of England. Francis' invasion of England marked the beginning of the War of the English Succession, a bloody conflict that involved other countries, including Scotland, the Holy Roman Empire, and Spain. The end result was a narrow Pole victory. Richard VI married Elizabeth to put an end to the French claim n England and Francis II of France was succeeded by his brother Henry II.

The War of the English Succession also had an underlying religious basis, as the Poles and their allies had converted to Protestantism, as had many other nobles of England, while the Tudors and the French were Catholics. England started to lean toward the Protestant side in general during the reign of Henry IX, so the Catholic French were not welcome successors. The Protestant Poles weakened the power of Catholicism in England and ruled four approximately 100 years.

In the late 17th century, Edward VIII died and was succeeded by his daughter, Elizabeth III. Elizabeth was married to the Catholic Duke of Rothesay, heir to the Kingdom of Scotland. Upon the death of Rothesay's father, he became James VIII of Scotland. The English people and Parliament were wary of this new Catholic consort and his Catholic sons. Parliament forced the monarchs to agree to the division of the kingdoms. Their older son, Charles, would inherit Scotland, while the younger son, Henry, would inherit England. This matter was complicated when Henry died and his parents decided that Charles would become king of both England and Scotland. Parliament decided to act swiftly, declaring that Elizabeth had lost the rule and invited the John Bolton, the Duke of Cumberland and a Protestant, to be king, thus beginning the English Wars of Religion. The Wars of Religion involved massacres of Protestants on the orders of the Catholics monarchs and vice versa. The war was won with the St. Andrew's Day Massacre, where King James of Scotland, Queen Elizabeth, and their supporters and family members were massacred by their own men, who had betrayed them for John. With the deaths of his primary adversaries, John succeeded to the throne of England. Charles, son of James and Elizabeth, escaped the massacre and was captured by John's forces. John allowed him to return to Scotland to be king there, although the massacre had crippled him and severely burnt large areas of his body. John knew Charles could not father an heir, and his succession to the throne of Scotland laid the groundwork for the War of the Scottish Succession.

After the American Revolution, American Loyalists moved to Africa and founded the Kingdom of Fidelia in OTL Liberia. The King of England was named king of this new kingdom. The capital of Fidelia was named Portland after the Prime Minister at the time.

The War of the Scottish Succession broke out during the reign of Edmund V. England was coming off of their losses in the American Revolution and sought to reassert their dominance by laying claim to Scotland, utilizing a convoluted claim through Sophia of the Palatinate, mother of William IV and John III and granddaughter of James VI of Scotland. His rival, Louis XVI of France, was the primary opposing claimant. Louis claimed descent from Mary, sister of James III and grandmother of Louis XV of France. Louis XVI knew he could not reasonably expect to rule both Scotland and France, so he put forth his brother Charles as King Charles IV of Scotland. Although the French succeeded in placing Charles on the throne of Scotland, the price they paid was dear, as the French Revolution began the next year. A series of deaths lead to Charles of Scotland becoming the heir to France, with his brother Louis XVIII claiming the throne. However, Napoleon's reign preventing him from actively claiming this title. Many members of the French nobility fled to Scotland. Scotland and England's mutual enemy of Napoleon forced them to become allies. Louis XVIII died in exile in Scotland, and the kings of Scotland began adding King of France to their titles as well. This was ended when Napoleon II invaded Scotland in the reign of Charles V. Napoleon installed his brother Alexander as the King of Scotland.

Henry X was responsible for the rise of English Nazi-equivalent Party. He was their supporter in the 1920s and through World War III. At the end of the war, when it was clear England had lost, Henry abdicated the throne to his brother Edmund and fled England. He was never found and is presumed dead. Edmund VII attempted to surrender to the Allied powers, and for this he was pardoned and allowed to be king after the war ended. New elections were held and Winston Churchill, leader of the Resistance during the war, was elected Prime Minister as the head of the newly formed Union Party. Churchill, despite his immense popularity and promises, was assassinated in 1951 by the English Republican Army. This started the earliest stages of the English Civil War. (OTL Cromwell war never happened.) The war began in full when King Edmund, his wife, and his daughters were assassinated by a car bomb in 1952. The new king Richard X went into hiding until French troops began landing in Cornwall to support him. It was seen to be an easy win for the royalists with French and later Russian support, but Scotland and Ireland intervened on the Republican side, providing help in every way imaginable. The war lasted for seven years, and beyond the damage in England, all colonial possessions England still retained went ahead of post-war plans for decolonization and declared their independence. These new nations were formed bloodlessly as England could do nothing to stop them. The war ended when US President Earl Warren brought both sides to peace negotiations. The fighting was ended and the ERA formed a legitimate political party. The Liberal Republican Party is one of the three largest in England, with the other two being the centre-left National Union Party (the party of Churchill) and the right-wing Conservative Alliance. The Prince of Wales was assassinated in 1972 by remnants of the ERA and the king was assassinated in 1975, succeeded by his nephew Edward, the Duke of Kent. The ERA continues to exist today, although its numbers are small and is primarily based out of Scotland and Ireland.

Scotland
Alexander Bonaparte became Alexander IV of Scotland. His Scotland strongly resembled his brother's France in terms of how powerful the emperor was. However, the Scottish Parliament existed as an advisory body due to the influence of the nearby England. Scotland had a civil war that coincided with the French Civil War. The Scottish royals lived in exile in Sweden during the war. The war saw power being held by a series of generals, but the war primarily expanded the power of Parliament. It became apparent that the people of Scotland wanted a government similar to that of the new England. The war ended after 13 years, longer than the French Civil War, primarily because foreign powers were too busy intervening in France to get involved in Scotland. At the end of the war, the royals were invited back to Scotland by Parliament, with their new role being clearly defined in the Constitution of Scotland as nothing more than figureheads.

House of Stewart House of Bourbon-Scotland: House of Bonaparte
 * Robert III of Scotland
 * David III of Scotland
 * Malcolm V of Scotland
 * Duncan III of Scotland
 * Duncan IV of Scotland
 * David IV of Scotland
 * Duncan V of Scotland
 * David V of Scotland
 * Charles I of Scotland
 * Charles II of Scotland
 * Robert IV of Scotland
 * Robert V of Scotland
 * Charles III of Scotland
 * Charles IV of Scotland
 * Louis of Scotland
 * Charles, Duke of Albany
 * Charles V of Scotland
 * Alexander IV of Scotland
 * Alexander V of Scotland
 * Napoleon, Duke of Albany
 * Robert VI of Scotland
 * Alexander VI of Scotland
 * Robert IV of Scotland
 * Alexander VII of Scotland
 * Robert, Duke of Rothesay

Ireland
Napoleon sent his stepson Eugene de Beauharnais to Ireland to ignite rebellion against English rule there. After successfully driving the English from the isle, Eugene continued to lead the Irish defense. He threw back two English invasions and one Scottish invasion, earning him great popularity among the Irish. However, during this time, Ireland was technically under French occupation by Eugene's forces. Eugene asked Napoleon to allow the Irish to make a new nation free of French influence. Since most of Eugene's earliest Irish supporters were republicans, the new constitution was highly republican in nature. However, the Irish representatives surprised Eugene by offering him the Crown of Ireland, which he accepted, becoming the first King of modern Ireland. Unlike the other Bonaparte monarchies (France, Scotland, Naples, Hungary), Ireland never reached such a high degree of imperial authority due to the constitution vesting most power in the Oireachtas (legislature). However, Eugene was an active head of state and took a greater part in the affairs of Ireland than his contemporary limited monarchs.

House of Beauharnais House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Ireland has been historically allied to France since the days of King Eugene I. This means it is always at odds with England, suffering multiple attacks from across the Irish Sea. Anglo-Irish conflict was worst during the Sixth World War, when the English succeeded in occupying the island and subjected the people to terrible horrors,  attempting to commit genocide on the Irish people. The English captured the royal family of Ireland and executed them. The devastation done by the English in Ireland cemented the bad blood for the two nations for several generations. Anglo-Irish relations continue to be tense, despite Ireland having supported the English Revolution.
 * Eugene I, King of Ireland, Prince of France
 * Alexander I, King of Ireland, Prince of France
 * Michael I, King of Ireland, Prince of France
 * Alexander II, King of Ireland, Prince of France
 * Eugene II, King of Ireland, Prince of France
 * Michael II, King of Ireland, Prince of France
 * Alexander III, King of Ireland, Prince of France
 * Eugene III, King of Ireland, Prince of France
 * Princess Mary of Ireland
 * +Prince Charles of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
 * House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
 * Princess Mary of Ireland
 * +Prince Charles of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
 * Michael III, King of Ireland
 * Eugene, Prince of Connacht

House of Bonaparte

 * Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, King of Italy later Holy Roman Emperor (1763-1804-1832)
 * +Josephine de Beauharnais
 * Napoleon II, Holy Roman Emperor (1799-1832-1863)
 * +Queen of Aragon
 * Napoleon III, Holy Roman Emperor (1820-1863-1874)
 * +Princess Elizabeth of England
 * Napoleon, Prince Imperial, King of Holland (1840-1851)
 * Louis I Napoleon, Holy Roman Emperor (1841-1874-1886)
 * Napoleon IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1864-1886-1892)
 * Louis II Napoleon, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Jerusalem (1887-1892-1932)
 * Louis III Napoleon, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Jerusalem (1914-1932-1968)
 * Napoleon V, Holy Roman Emperor (1950-1968-present)
 * Napoleon Charles, Prince Imperial, King of Holland (1986-present)
 * Louis Napoleon, Prince Imperial, Prince of Utrecht (2009-present)
 * Joseph Napoleon, Prince consort of Brazil
 * +Isabel, Empress of Brazil
 * House of Braganza-Bonaparte, monarchs of Brazil
 * Victoria, Princess of France
 * +John IV, King of England
 * House of Rurik (Winchester), Kings of England
 * Philippe Napoleon, Prince consort of Scandinavia
 * +Hedwig II, Empress of Scandinavia
 * House of Bonaparte, monarchs of Scandinavia
 * Alexander IV of Scotland (1802-1869)
 * +Louise of Orleans
 * Kings of Scotland
 * Marie, Empress of Russia (1803-1846)
 * +Alexander II, Emperor of Russia
 * House of Rurik, Emperors of Russia

History
France evolved into an autocratic absolute state, with the Grand Assembly being a powerless body. All real power was held by the Emperor and his Imperial Council, the ultimate decision making body in France.

Napoleon, initially calling himself Emperor of the French, expanded his holdings to include Aragon, the Rhineland, and western Italy. Most notably, he also held Rome. At the end of the Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon convinced the Pope to crown him Holy Roman Emperor. This title had been abandoned by the Germans, who were now in free fall. Although Napoleon's nation was now officially the Holy Roman Empire, everyone outside the empire continued to call it France for a long time.

After winning his wars, Napoleon sent the Imperial Navy on a Great Tour to establish Napoleonic control over former French and Dutch colonies. The Dutch colonies resisted, as the Dutch government in exile had given those colonies to England. French India also resisted, resulting in brief bloodshed.

Napoleon II later expanded his territory in the Indian region by taking control of Sindh, Punjab, and Kashmir, establishing the Colony of Punjab. Under Napoleon II, France's colonial holdings expanded considerably. France began to conquer Algeria and seized territory in West Africa.

France occupied Italy after World War III. Post war agreements between the victors of the war allowed for a referendum as to whether or not Italy should become part of France. Italy was very close to France since the days of Napoleon, since Napoleon made his younger brother King of Sicily, and later Italy. The results of the referendum were very clear. Italians wanted to be part of France. However, Albania voted for independence. Libya was less clear, so France continued to occupy the region.

The French Civil War began in 196?. The war initially started out as small protests that turned into full scale rebellion. Louis III was counting on the army to suppress the rebellion, but large parts of the army defected to the rebels. Russia soon sent troops to intervene on behalf of the emperor, while the United States intended its forces to bring peace between the two parties. American forces met with rebel leadership and the rebels agreed to allow the Emperor to continue ruling as long as the powers of the Grand Assembly were expanded and the people received more rights. America fully supported these goals and then became clearly on the side of the rebels. The terms of the rebels were delivered to the Imperials after the capture of Paris. The young new emperor Napoleon IV accepted their terms and the war was brought to a close.

After the war, the Imperial Commonwealth was established between France and its former colonies. It consists of the Roman Empire (France), Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Kenya, Congo, Guinea, Mauritania, Dravidia, Punjab, and Tasmania.

Jerusalem
The Kingdom of Jerusalem was established after the First Great War as an area under French occupation. Louis II of France claimed the title King of Jerusalem. The French continued to control Jerusalem into the 1960s, but the beginning of the Civil War allowed Jerusalem to become an independent state. Jerusalem continued to call itself a kingdom despite the noted lack of a king. The Kingdom of Jerusalem continues to be an independent state today, although it is surrounded on all sides by the Arab Union. Jerusalem stands as an independent nation due to support for foreign powers and is noted for its neutrality and peacefulness.

Government
Pre-Civil War government: Current government:
 * Emperor - the head of state and government, supreme leader of France
 * Imperial Council - the selected advisers and government ministers of the emperor, theoretically the collective heads of the Assembly
 * Grand Assembly - elected representatives of the people, who only real duty was to affirm the decisions already made by the Emperor and his Council
 * Supreme Tribunal - judges selected by the Imperial Council to serve on the highest court of the land
 * Imperial Council - The Council has seven members, appointed by the Prime Minister, who in turn is selected by the Assembly. Each member of the council is the head of one of the seven ministries.
 * Prime Minister
 * Foreign Affairs
 * Interior
 * Justice
 * War
 * Army
 * Navy
 * Air Force
 * Treasury
 * Human Resources
 * Education
 * Health
 * Transportation
 * Urban Affairs
 * Housing
 * Federation and the Territories
 * Grand Assembly - elected representatives of the people, hold most real power
 * Prime Minister - chosen by the Assembly, typically leader of the majority party
 * Each department of France is given a proportionate number of representatives in the Assembly based on their population.
 * Supreme Tribunal - seven judges selected by the Assembly

Imperial Commonwealth
The Imperial Commonwealth is a quasi union between the Roman Empire and its former Commonwealth. All Commonwealth states share the Roman Emperor as their head of state, but other than that, they have separately functioning governments. All Commonwealth states elect representatives to the Commonwealth Assembly, but this body is lacking in power. Most power is given to the national governments of each Commonwealth nation. It has been proposed that all the Commonwealth nations should join together into a single federation with one federal government. This idea has been shot down primarily due to opposition from foreign powers.

Monarchs
Olaf II of Denmark (IV of Norway) inherited Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Although Albert of Mecklenburg attempted to take Sweden, Olaf emerged victorious, laying the groundwork for the Empire of Scandinavia. Olaf was succeeded by his son Valdemar, who was succeeded by his son Magnus. Magnus was not well appreciated in Poland, and many preferred his brother-in-law, Casimir of Poland. Valdemar pushed for Magnus as his successor, establishing hereditary succession as the rule of Scandinavia. Until Magnus, the three Scandinavian countries were technically three separate nations. Magnus attempted to bind them all into a singular Scandinavian nation. This idea was fulfilled by his more popular son Olaf. Olaf was succeeded by his cousin, John Jagiellon, son of the aforementioned Casimir. John was the first emperor of a united Scandinavia.

House of Jagiellon House of Rurik House of Stuart House of Palatinate-Simmern House of Bolton House of Bonaparte House of Bourbon
 * John I, Emperor of Scandinavia
 * Anna I, Empress of Scandinavia
 * +Ivan IV, Tsar of Russia
 * House of Rurik
 * Anna I, Empress of Scandinavia
 * +Ivan IV, Tsar of Russia
 * Valdemar, Emperor of Scandinavia
 * John II, Emperor of Scandinavia
 * Anna II, Empress of Scandinavia
 * +James VI, King of Scotland
 * House of Stuart
 * Anna II, Empress of Scandinavia
 * +James VI, King of Scotland
 * Henry Frederick, Duke of Rothesay
 * Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia
 * +Frederick V, Elector Palatine
 * House of Palatinate-Simmern
 * Charles I, King of Scotland
 * Kings of Scotland
 * Frederick I, Emperor of Scandinavia
 * Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia
 * +Frederick V, Elector Palatine
 * John III, Emperor of Scandinavia
 * Frederick II, Emperor of Scandinavia
 * +Princess Mary of Scotland
 * John IV, Emperor of Scandinavia
 * Valdemar, Crown Prince of Scandinavia
 * Hedwig I, Empress of Scandinavia
 * +Edmund IV Bolton, King of England
 * House of Bolton
 * Sophia of the Palatinate
 * +William Bolton, Duke of Cumberland
 * John III Bolton, King of England
 * Edmund IV Bolton, King of England
 * +Hedwig I, Empress of Scandinavia
 * House of Bolton
 * Hedwig I, Empress of Scandinavia
 * +Edmund IV Bolton, King of England
 * Edmund V Bolton, King of England
 * Kings of England
 * Frederick III, Emperor of Scandinavia
 * Frederick IV, Emperor of Scandinavia
 * Frederick V, Emperor of Scandinavia
 * Frederick VI, Emperor of Scandinavia
 * Frederick, Crown Prince of Scandinavia
 * Hedwig II, Empress of Scandinavia
 * +Prince Philippe Napoleon of Rome
 * House of Bonaparte
 * Princess Anna of Scandinavia
 * Kings of Greece
 * Kings of Greece
 * Hedwig II, Empress of Scandinavia
 * +Prince Philippe Napoleon of Rome
 * John V, Emperor of Scandinavia
 * Anna III, Empress of Scandinavia
 * +Alfonso XIII, King of Spain
 * House of Bourbon
 * Anna III, Empress of Scandinavia
 * +Alfonso XIII, King of Spain
 * Jaime III and I, King of Iberia
 * John VI, Emperor of Scandinavia
 * John VII, Emperor of Scandinavia
 * Frederick, Crown Prince of Scandinavia
 * Hedwig, Princess of Scandinavia

Governance
Scandinavia is divided into the nine crowns: Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, Novgorod, Estonia, Livonia, and Courland. Each kingdom elects representatives to the Riksdag, in English known as the General Assembly of Scandinavia. The special territories of the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and the Aland Islands also elect representatives. The leader of the the Riksdag is the Speaker, the head of government.

History
After the death of Tsar Ivan V of Russia and the subsequent murder of his child son, Russia spiralled into anarchy. The Scandinavian John II invaded Russia as the son of Ivan IV. However, he met resistance from the Poles, the locals, and other groups. Scandinavia had a strong grip over Novgorod, but Moscow and other areas further south changed hands between the Poles, Scandinavians, and Russians frequently. Eventually Michael, later Emperor of Ruthenia, managed to solidify his rule of Moscow and made peace with the Poles and Scandinavians.

Scandinavia colonized Arcadia, establishing the colony of Maryland. However, Maryland was caught between the English, Castilian, and Aragonese colonies. Maryland was seized by the United States in the Second Arcadian War. Scandinavia did not colonize many other parts of the world, only taking over islands in the Antillian Sea.

Scandinavia was historically allied with France until the French Revolution. Scandinavia initially opposed the Revolution and the Consulate, but later supported Napoleon Bonaparte. Scandinavia's contribution in the defeat of the Holy Roman Empire led to its emergence as one of the three great powers of Europe (the other two being Rome and Ruthenia).

States and Territories
Original Seven Colonies First Friends of the Revolution 18th century states States formed after the Arcadian War States of the Louisiana Purchase States of the Mexican Cession and Texas Other 19th century states States of the Third Arcadian War States of the Russian Revolution and the Fourth Arcadian War States of the Fifth Arcadian War The Last State Free states vs slave states in 1861 Foreign areas proposed for annexation and/or statehood
 * New Scotland
 * Queensland
 * New York
 * Jansylvania
 * New Richmond
 * Cumberland
 * Carolina
 * Haudenosaunee
 * Westsylvania
 * Franklin
 * Erie
 * Ohio
 * Tennessee
 * Indiana
 * Michigan
 * Mississippi
 * Quebec
 * Canada
 * New France
 * Louisiana
 * Missouri
 * Jefferson
 * Washington
 * Sioux
 * Montana
 * Iowa
 * Texas
 * Lincoln, split after the Second Arcadian War
 * New Mexico
 * Rio Grande
 * Utah
 * California
 * Colorado, formed in the 1860s
 * West Florida
 * East Florida
 * Sonora
 * New Vizcaya
 * Cuba
 * Hispaniola
 * Antillia
 * Nassau
 * Hudson
 * Beringia
 * Alyeska
 * Yukon
 * Baranovia
 * Nootka
 * Columbia
 * Oregon
 * Assiniboia
 * Athabasca
 * New Galicia
 * Mexico
 * Yucatan
 * Panama
 * United Provinces of Central America

History
America's colonial history was only slightly different in this TL. Some colonies developed different names. New Scotland was a much more thorough colonization of the far northeast by Scotland in this TL as Scotland continued to be an independent nation. Nova Scotia was backed by Scotland's ally, France. The English eventually conquered Nova Scotia and began referring to it as New Scotland. New Scotland became one of the original 13 colonies to rebel against England. America expanded its territory through the Louisiana Purchase; the Canadian War, which was when America became involved in the Upper and Lower Canada Rebellions; the Mexican-American War, where America took more territory than in OTL, primarily due to southern states being concerned about the lack of new slave states to balance the new Canadian states; the Spanish-American War; and the three Great Wars. America also annexed Panama under Theodore Roosevelt and annexed Alaska during the chaos of the Russian Civil War. This created tension between the United States and the newly formed Eurasian Federation. This tension evolved into the Cold War, which started out as a potential four-way conflict between the four great powers: the United States, Eurasia, France, and Japan. However, France's power was curbed by its civil war and Japan quickly associated itself with the American bloc to protect itself from Eurasia. American interests are represented by the Trans Atlantic Treaty Organization, the All-American Alliance, and the Pacific Cooperation Council. The American bloc is closely allied with the Asian Mutual Defense Organization. America has a permanent seat on the Security Council of the UN-equivalent.

Piet de Wolff and the Wolfe Lines
Piet de Wolff (1757-1847) was a Dutch New Yorker and important Founding Father. He was one of the earliest proponents of what later became known as Manifest Destiny and strongly advocated the spread of American revolutionary ideals to other areas colonized by Europeans. Wolff was responsible for securing Nova Scotia during the Revolution and was a staunch Jeffersonian in the early days of the nation. He was known as Peter Wolfe later in life and was closely associated with the Jefferson administration. Wolfe and fellow New Yorker Aaron Burr were well known for their rivalry with Alexander Hamilton. However, Wolfe and  Hamilton shared a mutual respect of each other, while Hamilton and Burr had a more vitriolic relationship. Wolfe condemned Burr for Hamilton's death in a duel. Wolfe was named as ambassador to Napoleonic France and shared many of Napoleon's ideals. Wolf was responsible for the restructuring of the Napoleonic Empire into its constituent kingdoms and for successfully coordinating the alliance between Napoleon and Scandinavia. At the outbreak of the Second Arcadian War, Wolfe successfully negotiated the transfer of Scandinavian Maryland to the United States. After Napoleon defeated Aragon and Castile, Wolfe purchased New Aragon, Georgia, and Florida for the United States. He later returned to Arcadia to participate in the invasion of English Canada. Wolfe divised the Wolfe Lines to divide the recently acquired Louisiana Territories and even lended his name to the State of Wolfe. Wolfe returned to France in his old age, but split with the Bonapartes over the issue of the colonization of Africa. Wolfe then lived in Russia and Scandinavia before returning to New York, where he died at the age of 89. Wolfe and Benjamin Franklin are the only two people who were not presidents to have states named after them.

New York
New York City has five counties: New York (Manhattan), Brooklyn, Queens, Bronx, and Hudson (Hudson County, NJ in OTL). Nassau County is part of Queens. OTL Suffolk County is divided into Suffolk and Peconic Counties.

Presidents
The President of the United States is elected by the popular vote in an election every four years. The President is not limited to any number of terms and can be re-elected indefinitely.

Currency

 * Coins (cents): 5 (Jefferson), 10 (FDR), 25 (Washington), 50 (Abe Lincoln), 100 (Eagle/Presidents)
 * Paper (dollars): 1 (Washington), 5 (Abe Lincoln), 10 (Jefferson), 20 (Theodore Roosevelt), 50 (Marshall), 100 (Ben Franklin)

New Spain/Mexico
After Napoleon defeated Spain, Charles, Count of Molina fled to New Spain. A new Empire of New Spain was proclaimed in Mexico City. The empire's divisions between north (Mexico and Central America) and south (New Granada and Rio de la Plata) became obvious. When America declared war on New Spain over Texas, the southern kingdoms did not send aid to the northern kingdoms and America was able to significantly reduce the territory of the Kingdom of Mexico. New Spain took heavier losses in World War I, when the two southern kingdoms declared independence as the Republic of Gran Colombia and the Argentine Federation. Japan seized the Kingdom of the Philippines and America seized Cuba and other Caribbean possessions. After World War II, Central America became the independent United Provinces of Central America. New Spain was now reduced to the Kingdom of Mexico, which officially became the new name of the king's remaining lands. The United States occupied Mexico after World War III and later annexed it, thus ending the legacy of the Empire of New Spain.

Monarchs of New Spain
 * Carlos I (V of Spain)
 * Carlos II (VI of Spain)
 * Juan I (III of Spain)
 * Carlos III (VII of Spain)
 * Jaime I (III of Spain)
 * Alfonso I (XII of Spain)
 * Carlos IV (VIII of Spain)
 * Carlos, Prince of Veracruz, Carlos Bourbon the Pretender

Aragon
Aragon and Castile never united. OTL Ferdinand II married Isabella, but his older brother Charles was king of Aragon. Charles' daughter Catherine married an English prince, George, son of Edward IV of England. Aragon remained independent until Napoleon conquered it.
 * Charles I of Aragon (IV of Navarre)
 * Catherine of Aragon
 * +George of York, King of Aragon and Navarre jure uxoris
 * George II
 * Charles II
 * George III
 * John III
 * Peter V
 * George IV
 * John IV
 * John V
 * George V
 * George V
 * Charles III
 * Catherine, Holy Roman Empress
 * +Napoleon II Bonaparte, Holy Roman Emperor

Castile
Castile basically has the same history as OTL Spain until Napoleon invades. Ferdinand VII refused to surrender to Napoleon. He was caught attempting to escape Spain and was killed. His brother Carlos managed to escape to New Spain, where he proclaimed an empire out of Mexico City. With Ferdinand's death and Carlos in exile, Spain fell to their other brother, the Duke of Cadiz. He became king as Francisco I and surrendered to Napoleon, agreeing to stay out of future wars against France. In Spain, Carlos, now the Emperor of New Spain, was derided for abandoning his country, while Francisco was despised for bending to Napoleon's will. However, Francisco made sure Spain survived as an entity in the new Napoleonic world. Napoleon arranged the formation of the Iberian Union with the marriage of Francisco to Maria of Portugal.

Monarchs of Castile (Trastamara, Luxembourg, Wittelsbach) Monarchs of Castile (Bourbon)
 * Ferdinand V and Isabella
 * Joanna and Philip I
 * Charles I, King of Castile
 * Philip II, King of Castile
 * Philip III, King of Castile
 * Philip IV, King of Castile
 * Charles II, King of Castile
 * Margaret Theresa
 * Maria Antonia
 * Ferdinand VI, King of Castile
 * Anne
 * Louis XIV of France
 * Louis, the Grand Dauphin
 * Philip V, King of Castile
 * Philip V, King of Castile
 * Charles III, King of Castile
 * Charles IV, King of Castile
 * Ferdinand VII, King of Castile
 * Francisco I, King of Castile and Portugal

Monarchs of Iberia (Braganza-Bourbon):
 * Maria and Francisco I
 * Francisco II
 * Miguel I
 * Luis I
 * Luis II
 * Miguel II
 * Luis III

Ruthenia/Federation of Eurasian Commonwealths
During the Time of Troubles, Scandinavia took over Novgorod. This resulted in the center of Russia being both politically and culturally shifted to the south. The Poles and Scandinavians occupied Russia for a long time, resulting in the weakening of the Orthodox faith. The weaker Orthodoxy in the new Ruthenia, combined with the larger presence of the Northernist and Roman Catholic faiths meant that the Ruthenian government was much more secular than the old Russian one from the start. Orthodoxy began to collapse in the Balkans as well due to a stronger HRE counter-Reformation and greater Ottoman presence in the Balkans led to the Holy Reunification in the early 1700s, when leaders of the Orthodox and Catholic faiths met to discuss the reunification of the churches in the face of the rising Northernist Church. This led to the formation of the Roman Orthodox Catholic Church, generally known as the Orthodox Catholic Church, vs the Northern Catholic Church. The Orthodox peoples of Ruthenia continually moved east. Emperor Peter later decided to move the Orthodox people to the recently conquered Nippon.

After WWII (OTL WWI), Russia had a civil war that led to the creation of a constutional monarchy with Michael II as the Tsar and Alexander Kerensky as the first Chancellor of the Eurasian Federation. Many minorities were given autonomous commonwealths and representation in the newly formed State Assembly of Russia. The war was short and mostly bloodless thanks to Russian emperors being much less reactionary than in OTL. The Westernization of Russia began under Peter the Great, who was influenced by his originally Catholic mother and English wife. Liberal reforms were carried out by later emperors such as Alexander I, Constantine I, Alexander II, and Alexander III. Today the Emperor is little more than a figurehead and the State Assembly rules supreme.
 * Michael I
 * Alexis I
 * Paul I
 * Ivan VI
 * Peter I
 * +Mary of York
 * Alexis II
 * Peter II
 * Peter III
 * Paul II
 * Alexander I
 * Constantine I
 * Alexander II
 * Alexander III
 * Nicholas, Prince consort of England
 * Alexander III
 * Paul III
 * Alexis III
 * Michael II
 * Constantine II
 * Michael III
 * Konstantin Mikhailovich, Grand Duke of Poland

Chancellors of the Eurasian Federation
The Chancellor is the head of government of the Federation. The Chancellor is elected to six year terms by the people of the Federation. There are no term limits.

Eurasian political parties
The two oldest parties in Eurasia are the National Conservatives and the Social Liberals. Major third parties include the Freedom Front, which promotes the total independence of the smaller republics and minority nations; the Republican Party, which aims for the complete end of the monarchy and the creation of a government similar to that of the United States; and the Democratic Worker's Party, a communist party. All Chancellors have been from the two major parties, and one of the two major parties has always controlled the Assembly.

Nations of Eurasia
Commonwealth-level nations Commonwealths Special areas
 * Empire of Russia
 * Kingdom of Poland
 * Principality of Finland
 * Grand Duchy of Lithuania
 * Grand Duchy of Prussia
 * Kingdom of Georgia
 * Kingdom of Manchuria
 * Commonwealth of Karelia
 * Commonwealth of the Ukraine
 * Baltic Commonwealth
 * Commonwealth of Crimea
 * Commonwealth of Siberia
 * Kazakh Commonwealth
 * Uzbek Commonwealth
 * Commonwealth of Yakutia
 * Commonwealth of Kamchatka
 * Commonwealth of Karakalpakstan
 * Commonwealth of Turkmenistan
 * Commonwealth of Tajikistan
 * Commonwealth of Kyrgyzstan
 * Cossack Commonwealth
 * Altai Commonwealth
 * Buryat Commonwealth
 * Mongol Commonwealth
 * Uyghur Commonwealth
 * Commonwealth of Tuva
 * Commonwealth of Dagestan
 * Commonwealth of Kalmykia
 * Commonwealth of Circassia
 * Commonwealth of Abkhazia
 * Commonwealth of Alania
 * Commonwealth of Ossetia
 * Commonwealth of Azerbaijan
 * Commonwealth of Armenia
 * Commonwealth of Nagorno-Karabakh
 * Commonwealth of Checnya
 * Msocow (federal district)
 * Petrograd (imperial district)
 * Russian Antarctic Territory (Russian territory)

Australia and Oceania
After the Dutch discovered Australia, the French decided to explore it. The French colonized the southeast coast, including the island of Tasmania. The French called their colony Tasmania after Abel Tasman, despite the fact that Tasman had called the area Van Diemen's Land. The English, not wanting to be left behind, began colonizing north of the French, calling their colony New Wales. England laid claim to the entire continent, despite not being fully aware of its size. The border dispute between England and France was resolved after the Seven Years' War, with the border between Tasmania and New Wales being set at the OTL Murray River, in this TL called the Elisabeth River. England later laid claim to the west coast of Australia by establishing settlements there. Scotland joined the powers in Australia by colonizing the northeast, calling their colony New Caledonia and establishing the settlement of Albany (Brisbane). The border between New Holland and New Wales was set at the OTL border between NSW and Queensland. During the French Revolution, the government of Tasmania nominally retained loyalty to the royalists. This was the state of things until Napoleon sent his Imperial Navy on the Great Tour. Tasmania accepted the rule of Napoleon, resuming normal relations with France. In Europe, Napoleon II later met with the English and Scottish governments to officially set the borders for Australia.

Russia colonized New Zealand, calling it Novorossiya. Novorossiya went independent during the Russian Civil War. New Wales, Tasmania, and New Caledonia all became independent during the civil wars of their respective countries. Tasmania later agreed to join the French Commonwealth.

United Nations thing
Not called the UN or LoN.

Permanent security council members: United States, France, Eurasia, Japan, Brazil

Football

 * AAAF (Association of Arcadian and Amazonian Football) (8) - Bermuda, United States, New Prussia, Antillia, Colombia, Brazil, Peru, Argentina
 * EFA (European Football Association) (21) - Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Novgorod, Estonia, Courland, Livonia, Rome, England, Scotland, Ireland, Iberia, Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Czechia, Romania, Eurasia
 * AFC (African Football Confederation) (20) - Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Fidelia, Guinea, Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Central African Republic, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Zaire, Congo, Angola, Mozambique, South Africa, Natal
 * AOFF (Asian and Oceanian Football Federation) (20) - Turkey, Trebizond, Jerusalem, Arabia, Punjab, India, Dravidia, Bengal, Tibet, China, Guangdong, Brunei, Khmer, Siam, New Caledonia, Westralia, Australia, Tasmania, Novorossiya, Polynesia

Gridiron
Arcadian gridiron's main professional league is the Arcadian Gridion Association. There are 64 teams, 63 from the United States and 1 from New Prussia.

Other Arcadian sports

 * Basketball - National Basketball Association
 * Baseball - Arcadian Baseball League
 * Soccer - Arcadian Football Federation
 * Hockey - National Hockey League

Hockey
Hockey is an important sport in Scandinavia, Eurasia, and Arcadia. Teams from these three nations participate in the International Hockey Federation. The IHF includes all NHL teams.

Calendars
Since the Gregorian calendar was developed after the POD of this timeline. a different calendar system emerges. In this other system, January and February are placed at the end of the year. Thus, 1 January becomes 1 March, 16 April becomes 16 June. This ATL calendar gained widespread use, just like the Gregorian calendar.

Later, a rival calendar system was developed during the American Revolution. This calendar divided the year into 12 months of 30 days, with the 5 remaining days being placed in the center of the year (between months 6 and 7) as new month. This month was called Libertas and was intended as a national holiday commemorating America. Libertas has a sixth day during leap years. This calendar is commonly called the New Calendar, as its calendar era begins in 1500, the year the first European arrived in mainland North America. This calendar was at first only used in the United States and was derided in Europe as the "Revolutionary calendar". However, it spread to France after its revolution, although Napoleon abolished it when he became emperor. The Empire of New Spain adopted the New calendar, which was considered eccentric, but it put distance between the people of New Spain and those of Spain. Brazil also adopted the New calendar. As other nations became independent from foreign powers, they also adopted the New calendar. The New calendar is used primarily in the Americas, Africa, and Oceania.

Geography
Due to butterflies, South America is known as Amazonia, land of the Amazons. North America is known as Arcadia. Australia's name remains the same.

Astronomy
OTL Uranus is called Neptune and OTL Neptune is called Pluto.

Wars
Arcadian Wars World Wars
 * First Arcadian War - North American front of the Seven Years' War
 * Second Arcadian War - North American front of the Napoleonic Wars
 * Third Arcadian War - Mexican-American War
 * Fourth Arcadian War - US Civil War
 * Fifth Arcadian War - North American front of the First World War
 * Sixth Arcadian War - North American front of the Second World War
 * Seventh Arcadian War - North American front of the Third World War
 * First World War - War of the Spanish Succession
 * Second World War - Seven Years' War
 * Third World War - French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
 * Fourth World War - ATL war of the 1890s
 * Fifth World War - OTL First World War
 * Sixth World War - OTL Second World War

Political parties
Political parties in this world are called clubs. The earliest modern party was the so-called Prince's Men of the English Civil War, who met in the Falcon Club. Thus, they became known as Falcons. Their opposition were known as the Mountaineers. The Falcons later supported the Stuarts during the Wars of Religion, destroying them, as they had picked the losing side of two civil wars. The Mountaineers remained largely opposed until the question of how powerful the monarch should be arose. The Mountaineers supported the strong crown, while their radical enemies became known as the Eagles. The Eagles later discarded their name when the Eagle became associated revolutionary clubs in Arcadia and France. Prince Nicholas, who was married to the Princess of Wales and later Queen Elizabeth V, gave the Eagles their new name when he called the leader of the Eagles "no more than a muddy farmer", contrasting him with the Mountaineer First Minister, who he respected as a gentleman. Thus, the Eagles became known as the Muddies. When Nicholas's son became king, he advocted the position of the Muddies, but asked them pick a more suitable name. They became the Hydra Club, as the mythological beast would grow two more heads each time it lost one, just as the Club reformed everytime the Mountaineers seemed to destroy them. The Hydra Club later became associated the fascist regime of the Sixth World War. During the subsequent English Revolution, the rebels reactived the Eagle as the symbol of their club. The moderate peace party after the war became known as the Silver Lions Club. The Mountaineers are officially the Club of His Grace's Mountaineers.

In France, the Eagle Club, initally the more radical republican club, became associated with Napoleon and his regime. Thus, they moved away from their republican roots. The true republicans formed the Phoenix Club, who believed their republic would rise from the ashes like a Phoenix. To this end they burned France in the 60s.

In Arcadia, the Eagle was the symbol of the Club of the Sons of Liberty. However, the Arcadian Eagles divided after achieving independence. The Jeffersonian group of republicans continued to be the Eagles, while the Hamiltonian federalists became known as the Crows. The Crows collapsed due to long term Eagle control. The next opposition to the Eagles was the Blues. The Blues supported abolition of slavery among other things. This eventually culminated in the Third Arcadian War. After that, the Blues and Eagles continued to be the main clubs. However, the Eagles suffered a split. The Eagle Club represented business interests, while the breakaway populist club was known as the Free Silver Club. The weakened Eagle Club led to a rise of the Blues, but the Blues suffered their own split when Theodore Roosevelt led his supporters away from the Blues, forming the Bull Club. The Free Silver Club collapsed on its own due to its positions becoming largely irrelevant. At this point, the Bulls represented reform and progressivism, the Eagles represented traditional conservatism, while the Blues were caught in the middle, destroying the Blues. A sudden reversal at the heart of the Eagle Club started under Franklin D. Roosevelt. He dragged the Eagles left, so many conservative Eagles left to form the Wolf Club. In this system, the Bulls were isolated as too far left. This period saw the demise of the original Bull Club. However, scandal rocked the Eagle Club, leading to a reformation of the new Bull Club. The new Bull Club was led by people like Jerry Brown and Gary Harts. The Bulls became associated with the new left, while the Wolves took over the right. The Eagles began their resurgence under the leadership of the charismatic Francis Underwood of South Carolina, who outlined the new strategy of the Eagles. Under Underwood, the Eagles began gaining the support of centrist and moderate voters, as well as Eagles. Underwood proposed both everything and nothing at all, attacking the bipolar nature of Arcadian politics, with the Bulls being just as far left as the Wolves were right. The so-called "Reasonable Republican" had no voice in this radical period. Underwood capitalized on the frustration of moderates to steal away those groups from both the Wolves and the Bulls. Thus, the Eagles became a prominent force in Arcadian politics. The Wolves responded by moving even further right with the advent of the neoconservative movement. This movement was championed by figures like Donald Trump and Curtis Jackson.

Political ideologies
An important ATL ideology is Singularism. Singularism promotes the idea of establishing a single government for the entire world, which is to be united a single nation as part of the New World Order. The first step of singularism is for large states to begin dominating their regions of the world. Then all these large nations must unite, be it through war or through peace. Singularism was first devloped in the late 19th century in Arcadia. Arcadian political thinker Carson Drummond based his ideas on the pre-existing conception of Arcadian Manifest Destiny. Although Manifest Destiny initally entailed stretching from coast to coast, that is, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, Drummond updated the idea to promote expansion to the other coasts, from the Arctic down to the Antillian. In essence, in his new ideology, the United States was to unite the whole Arcadian continent. Drummond detailed his proposal for the unification of Arcadia in his book The Arcadian Principle. He noted that Arcadia was the home of Pan in Greek mythology, and that Pan means all. Drummond later extended his "Arcadian Principle" to the other continents of the world. He wrote books on Europe, Amazonia, and Asia in four books, The Roman Legacy, Jungle Imperialism, A Revision of the Mohammedan States, The Oriental Questions. He specifically left out Africa, stating it would not fit into Singularism until the rest of the states joined together. He was also confounded by Russia's status as a transcontinental empire. He decided that Russia must then be the driving force for the foundation of the Eurasian Singularity. It is generally accepted that the United States and the Eurasian Federation (formerly Russia) have successfully established Singularities. Singularism became a serious political ideology in the 20th century because of political groups such as the Peruvian Jaguar Club, the Diamond and Swastika Clubs in India, and various Asian clubs. Singularism was furthered in the 20th century by Lionel Barron, who is generally regarded as Drummond's spiritual successor as the leader of Singularism. With new nations being formed because of decolonization, Barron wrote books about the Singularization of Africa and Australia, and postulated that the time for the Global Unification had begun. Barron theorized that the world would enter a duality between the United States and Eurasia, which would be Singularized only by war.

Religion
The Protestant Reformation occurred differently ATL. Instead of having numerous new sects and denominations of Christianity, the Protestants were united behind the new Northern Church (officially the Church of the Northern Christians). It is called the Northern Church because most of the early Northernists were Northern European monarchs. The Northern Church is governed by a council of the highest clergymen from all of its countries.

The formation of the Northern Church and the weakening of the Orthodox Church led to a seven year long council that led to the reunification of Rome and the Orthodox Church as the singular Orthodox Catholic Church. Orthodox and Catholic are both acceptable demonyms for a member of this faith, but Catholic is used more frequently as there are still many people who hold to the independent Orthodox faith. People who disapproved of the united church in the Balkans and eastern Europe moved to Trebizond, greatly boosting its population and the strength of Orthodoxy in the nation. Trebizond became the center of the Orthodox remnant and the city of Erzincan became the center of the exile faith. Ruthenian Orthodox were forced to move further east, until the emperors found a use for them: forcefully Christianizing Nihon. The Orthodox moved to the islands in droves, accompanied by Catholic Ruthenians. The strong introduction of the Orthodox faith made it easier for the emperors to enforce Catholicism later on, although the Orthodox remain a majority.

The expansion of the Sultanate of Brunei in the region known as the East Indies in Western culture meant Islam was expanded to southeast Asia and Chinese Guangdong. Brunei also attempted to convert Korea to Islam, resulting in a fractured and divided land today. Bruneian expansion to the south meant the natives of Australia had limited contact with Islam and European colonists encountered Muslim natives.

Flags

 * United States: 7 red and white stripes, with a blue circle in a middle. 55 stars in concentric circles in the blue circle.
 * England: Cross of St. George
 * Rome: Blue-white-red tricolor
 * Germany: Black-green-gold tricolor. Black=Prussia, green=Saxony, gold=Austria
 * Scandinavia: Flag of Sweden, except two of the corners are white instead of blue
 * Eurasia:  Black-gold-white-blue-red horizontal stripes

Shakespeare
English historical plays:
 * Second trilogy:
 * Henry IV - After the death of John II, Henry IV is faced with rebellion in Wales and conspiracy to place Edmund Mortimer on the throne.
 * Richard III - England goes to war with France and Henry V.
 * Richard IV - Richard IV decides to invade Scotland.
 * First trilogy:
 * Edward V, Part 1 - Edward V becomes king upon the murder of his father Edward IV and destroys the rebels.
 * Edward V, Part 2 - Edward V invades Frace and subsequently dies.
 * John IV - John, Prince of Wales, invades England and subsequently becomes king.
 * Other
 * Richard II - Richard II is faced with the Peasant's Uprising, culminating in his death.
 * Richard VII - The war between France and England after the death of John VI.

Ideas

 * Scottish Bourbons flee to New Caledonia after Napoleon deposes them.
 * Alternatively, the French Royalists move to French Tasmania, depriving Napoleon of holdings on the continent.
 * Perhaps even both, resulting in Tasmania and New Caledonia uniting into a single Kingdom of Australia.
 * The OTL Latin American revolutionaries from the 19th century become part of the imperial regime and become symbols of brutal royal authoritarianism and are despised in modern Amazonia.
 * Or they lead an exodus to some other country or perhaps even Africa.