Italy (Scotland says "Yes")

The History of the Republic
Italy was formed the 17 March of 1861, after the unification under the Kingdom of Italy, during the First World War Italy he has emerged victorious from the conflict, during the period between the two world wars has known the Venetennio, characterized by the Government of Mussolini and the Fascism, Italy has been defeated by World War II, but thanks to the aid allied has recovered and has had an economic boom. The Italian Republic is officialy established the 2 June of the 1946 with a referendum, were the people have coosed between the Kingdom or the Republic, the people finally vote for the Republic with 12,717,923 votes in favor. After a constitutional assembly and after the creation of the Constitution. The Italian Parliament voted Enrico De Nicola as the first president of the republic, during the cold war Italy has had an economic boom, now Italy is a global superpower in the World and a member of the G8.

The Geography and the Territory
To the north it bordered with the Padania and with San Marino. To the south it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula. Sicily and Sardinia are the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy.

The Government and their duty
Formally and according to the Italian Constitution (Costituzione Italiana) was organized in the following way:
 * President of the Republic (Presidente della Repubblica), elected by the Parliament every seven years. The post was held by Sergio Mattarella.
 * The Parliament has a perfect bicameral system, and this are compose of the Chamber of the Deputies and of the Senate of the Republic.
 * The Chamber of the Deputies is elected by the people every five years. There are 100 deputies, twelve of which are elected in the overseas constituencies.
 * The Senate of the Republic is nominated by the President of the Republic. There are 100 senators, six of whom are elected in the overseas constituencies. There are also a number of senators for life, such as former Presidents or citizens appointed by the President, during his term in office, for having brought honor to the nation with their achievements.
 * President of the Council (Presidente del Consiglio), nominated by the President of the Republic. They were responsible for the administration of the Republic. Silvio Berlusconi is the new President of the Council.
 * The Constitution establishes the Government of Italy as composed of the Prime Minister (President of the Council) and Ministers. The President of Italy appoints the Prime Minister and, on his proposal, the Ministers that form its cabinet. The appointee can be the leader of the majority coalition that won the election, or it can be a person instructed by the President to form a national unity government in times of crisis for the nation. Either way, the government must receive the confidence of both Houses, so the Executive derives its legitimacy from the Parliament and the great number of political parties forces the Prime Minister to bend to their will. If the majority coalition no longer supports the government.
 * The Constitution states that justice is administered in the name of the people and that judges are subject only to the law. So the judiciary is a branch that is completely autonomous and independent of all other branches of power, even though the Minister of Justice is responsible for the organization and functioning of those services involved with justice and has the power to originate disciplinary actions against judges, which are then administered by the High Council of the Judiciary, presided over by the President.
 * There is only partial judicial review of legislation. Judicial review exists under certain conditions, established by the Constitutional Law, in the Constitutional Court, or Corte Costituzionale, which can reject anti-constitutional laws after scrutiny. When the Court declares a law unconstitutional, the law ceases to have effect the day after the publication of the ruling.
 * The Constitutional Court is composed of 15 judges, one of which is the President of the Italian Constitutional Court elected from the court itself. One third of the judges are appointed by the President of the Italian Republic, one-third are elected by Parliament and one-third are elected by the ordinary and administrative supreme courts.
 * According to the Constitution, any citizen that is fifty on the day of the election, and enjoys civil and political rights, can be elected President. The President cannot hold office in any other branch of power, and the office's salary and privileges are established by law.
 * In addition to powers inherent in being a member of the cabinet, the prime minister holds specific powers, most notably being able to nominate a list of cabinet ministers to be appointed by the President of the Republic and the countersigning of all legislative instruments having the force of law that are signed by the President of the Republic.
 * Often the Prime Minister's activity consists more in mediating between the various parties in the majority coalition, rather than directing the activity of the Council of Ministers. The Prime Minister's supervisory power is further limited by the lack of any formal authority to fire ministers, although a cabinet reshuffle, or sometimes even an 'individual vote of no confidence' on the part of Parliament, may in practice provide a surrogate measure.
 * The Ministers are 13 :

Foreign affairs after the 20 September 2015


The Italian foreign affairs after the 20 September 2015, nomination of Berlusconi as president of the Council is change drasticly, seach a alliance with Russia and with other asian state like Iran and made an embargo on the Padania, for the treatment they inflict at the Southern, cloused in Ghettos, and have requested a sanctions of the UN and of the EU against the Padania. 10.000 refugees are fled from the Padania, most of this are southern Italians or arabs. Italy have recognized Scotland and Kurdistan, also have an ambassy in Edimburgh and in Erbil. And it also have a consolate in Milan and a office for Italian Immigrants in the Padania in Milan. Berlusconi recently have talking with Putin about a economic partnership. On the immigration, the parliament have restored and applied the crime of illegal immigration, but only on immigrants who arrive illegally from countries not at war, apart from the Padania, where immigrants are classified as political refugees.

The Administrative organization
Italy is divided into Regions, Provinces and communes. The Regions are in charge of a Federal President, elected by the citizens of the Region. The Provinces are in charge of a Prefect, named by the President, who are in charge of all aspects of the state administration and public order. The chief magistrate of a commune is a Mayor, elected by the citizens of a city or in special case by a prefect. He was assisted by a Municipal Consul, composed of 5 councilors named by the Mayor. Rome has a Mayor, elected by the Citizens of Rome, assisted by a consult of 10 councilors named by the Mayor.

The economy after the 20 September 2015
Italy have a  mixed economy system, which is closely linked to both Europe and the wider world. Though traditionally the Italian economy has been dominated by industries, agricolture and tourism, since the 1970's and 1980's there has been much industrialisation, expecially in the north. after the indipendence of the Padania many industries and society have movied to the south, like Beretta, FIAT, Franchi or others. This have bring at a increase of the Italian economy, even if is afflicted by the crisis and by the indipendence, and a ripopulation of the industrial zones in south Italy, like at Castellammare di Stadia or at Napoli.

The Mass Media
All news media are licensed by the Ministry of the Interior (Ministero del Interno). The most reading newspapers are the Corriere della Sera, the Repubblica, the Sole 24 ORE, the Messaggero, the Gazzetta dello Sport, Tuttosport and the Secolo XIX. Printed media of all the religions are free to publish. The official news agency is ANSA.

The radio and the television are privatized, but from the 20 September of the 2015 the RAI (Radio Televisione Italiana) are the property of the state.

The Armed forces and internal security
The Italian Armed Forces (Forze Armate Italiane) are organized in :
 * Italian Army (Esercito Italiano, or E.I.) : 100.000 Military
 * Italian Military Marine (Marina Militare Italiana o M.M.I.) : 31.989 Military

The internal security and police were in charge of :
 * Italian Military Air Force (Aeronautica Militare Italiana or A.M.I.) : 32.117 Military
 * Army of the Carabinieri (Arma dei Carabinieri or A.C.) : 100.000 Carabinieri
 * Financial Guard (Guardia di Finanza or G.d.F.) : 52.335 Guard
 * Army of the Carabinieri (Arma dei Carabinieri or A.C.) : 100.000 Carabinieri
 * Police of State (Polizia di Stato or P.S.) : 72.400 Policemen
 * Financial Guard (Guardia di Finanza or G.d.F.) : 52.335 Guard

More information about the Armed Forces here : Forze Armate Italiane