New Spain (Colony Crisis Averted)

New Spain (Spanish: Nueva España) is the colonial territory of the Franco-Spain Holy Alliance, in the southern half of North America north of the Isthmus of Panama. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by New Granada and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico.

Pre-Columbian Mexico was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya and Aztec before first contact with Europeans. It was established following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire in 1521, and following additional conquests, it was made a viceroyalty (Spanish: virreinato) in 1535. The first of four viceroyalties Spain created in the Americas, it comprised of Sinacoa, Nueva Vizcaya, and Nuevo León with the province of Mexico to the south and Guatemala still farther south. To the east of Mexico was the province of Yucatan on the peninsula of the same name. Nueva España also includes the Caribbean islands of Cuba, Santo Domingo, Puerto Rico, Santiago, and the Virgin Islands.

Three centuries later, this territory remained New Spain following the repudiation in 1821 after the colony's Mexican Revolution. The tumultuous post-rebellious period was characterized by economic instability and many political changes. The Rocky Mountain War (1846–48) led to the territorial cession of the extensive northern borderlands, one-third of its territory, to the North American Union. The Pastry War, a colonial civil war, and a domestic dictatorship occurred through the 19th century. The dictatorship was overthrown in the Hundred Day War of 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the viceroyalty current political system.