User:NuclearVacuum/Sandbox

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This article is the sandbox subpage for NuclearVacuum. All sections here are only for temporary experiments and or ideas. Some information may be speculative, but under reasonable tensions. All information on here will be removed at one time or another, but not all sections here are permanent (only a few I intend to keep longer than others).

Featured timelines

 * Great White South:
 * September 2010
 * April 2013


 * New Union:
 * July 2011
 * March 2012

Saved Images
Here are images I found here, and may find use for (rather than uploading new ones).

Saved Links

 * Parliamentary Seating Chart by Hellerick.
 * Image Test (Thumbs)

Duplicate Files
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= 1983: Doomsday =


 * BrianD's talkpage

Targets in New York


List Over-killing map Simulator (Another one)


 * Primary




 * Secondary


 * (all south of and west of  to state line)
 * (all south of and west of  to state line)


 * Tertiary



Other Random Ideas For The Hell Of It

 *  &mdash; While likely nothing more than disfigured raccoon carcass which washed up in Long Island, many rumors spread that it was something unnatural (from aliens to a genetic experiment). I find it amusing to think that had this happened ATL that it might be considered a mutated animal from the irradiated lands that were once New England. I would also like to assume that it might become the Outer Land's equivalent to Bigfoot, the Loch Ness Monster, and the Chupacabra (almost a kind of national animal).


 *  and  &mdash; As an atheist, I find screwing around with religion in alternate history to be fun. The Branch Davidians were a religious group which believed that the end times were nearing. David Koresh was a leader who claimed to be the second coming of Jesus Christ. Koresh and his followers gained infamy in, for being held up in their compound and eventually setting their building on fire (or the government did it, wouldn't surprise me either way). Without knowing Koresh's location on Doomsday, I find it rather funny to assume he lives and the noting of the end times coming true and Koresh claiming to be the second coming eventually leads the Davidians to become a growing religious belief (on par to Christianity at its beginnings). Just a random idea, not sure if it already been looked into.




 *  &mdash; This is by far very nostalgic for me. I pretty much grew up near the memorial, and I believe we've passed by it on a regular basis when we lived there. I remember my aunt and parents would take us there all the time, I even remember calling it something like the "Ma Oreo" (childish way to say "memorial"). I've wanted to incorporate this into the timeline for some time, so I'm finally writing it down. Since it wasn't built until the early 1990s, it would not exist as in OTL. Instead it would become a "Doomsday Memorial" built more recently (the 2000s or 2010s maybe). I may still have it located in Farmingville (LI would officially annex all of Brookhaven by the late 2000s), and was built there to symbolize the lives lost but to act as a marker of hope on the farthest border of Long Island (also because of its central location in all of LI). If not than it could be somewhere else on LI.

Power Plants
I recently came to the realization that there exists several other power plants within the Outer Lands, with many having been built prior to Doomsday. Several of them are on Long Island, which leads me to reconsider the place of Shoreham ATL.


 * Power Plant Maps (INTERESTING)


 * Massachusetts (DETAILED)
 * New York (DETAILED)
 * Rhode Island (DETAILED)


 * Conclusion

Taking a quick look, it appears that most of these power plants require oil in order to run, with virtually all of them having low wattage capacity (compared to what Shoreham was designed for). Only Block Island, Long Island, and Martha's Vineyard would have power plants which could survive Doomsday and remain active. Cape Cod's sole power plant would both be damaged by Doomsday and within Plymouth's jurisdiction, while Nantucket was in the dark (at the time). While they could remain in operation, these plants may remain inactive for years, and may only be of little use depending on oil dependencies. Even if powered at full capacity, most plants only produce enough megawatts to power a few hundred homes (with may be diverted to primary buildings like hospitals and utilities). As for other potential power plants I may have missed, they were either more centered (such as garbage plants) or would've been aging by the 1980s (if not well within the electromagnetic range of the nuclear blasts).

The Shoreham plant was designed with over 800 MW in mind, which would help ease the need for oil and allow these other plants (at least on LI) to become less used. Since the government of the Outer Lands is on Block Island, it may be safe to assume a population increase, thereby a bigger demand of energy. An undersea cable would connect LI to BI, thereby extending Shoreham's range. While OLPA would run the utilities in Cape Cod, Plymouth's nuclear plant would provide power to the Cape. An undersea cable may also connect Nantucket to the grid (much like OTL today). Tensions with Plymouth may have cause some to promoted loosening CC/NT's demand on Plymouth (since it could be used in the same manner Russia is doing with its oil in Easter Europe), but the need to has diminished following 2012. Still other projects have been proposed, including wind farms off the coast of Cape Cod and Block Island (not to mention the installation of wind turbines at the Shoreham site).

Billy Joel within Doomsday


A couple of years ago I began an article about Billy Joel. As a big fan, I had many ideas in mind for him within this timeline, but have procrastinated on the article because I feared I was pushing an idea onto him when IRL he would not do so. I envisioned him as a political figure within Long Island and the Outer Lands (maybe even President), but this seems so unlike what I knew of him when I wrote the article. Just like with Valentina Tereshkova, I felt I was only seeing what I wanted to see. But I got to thinking today and decided to take another look at this idea, as well as what I envision him to be within this timeline.

First off, I'm a big fan of Billy Joel (as previously stated). First knowing about him from his role in , I quickly began listening to more of his songs. As I got older and began reading more about him, I came to realize we both have a lot in common. Excluding the fact that we're both Long Islanders, we both enjoy history (in fact I remember reading he initially considered becoming a history teacher), and we both have a fascination for Russia (he even became the first American to tour the Soviet Union in the 1980s). Now that I got these out of the way, on to the critiquing.

I'm unaware of the exact location of Joel on Doomsday (September 1983). His newest album, , had just been released and works were already underway for shooting the music video for "" (which took place in late September 1983 OTL). I'm simply speculating that he would've been at this residence in the, but I'm unaware whether he actually lived there at the time (I know he does now).

Assuming he is in eastern Long Island on Doomsday (which took place in the evening), he would very likely survive Doomsday as the Hamptons are unaffected. Also speculating that he would have a boat (I do know he has a thing for the fishing community of Long Island), I would like to think he would help in the evacuation of Long Islanders during the chaos, and would very likely continue to help by becoming part of the fisherman community. Years after the chaos, he emerges as a community leader and becomes active in politics. Unlike Tereshkova (whose political nature is vague), Joel is a liberal and supports the Democratic Party of the USA. Also given his support for the community, I can see him as a populist. This could lead to him becoming President of the Outer Lands (which is the ultimate prize).

Other than that, I don't have much else in mind. I do have the idea that he still releases the song "" ATL, as its imagery of the fisherman community slowly dying in the Long Island region could very easily turn into a patriotic song of how these men bravely fought to serve the people of the Outer Lands (I even have interest in making this the national anthem for the Outer Lands).

It may also be doubtful Joel meets and marries (who played the uptown girl in his music video for "Uptown Girl"). This would also mean Joel's daughter,, would likely not have been born. With Doomsday right within this juncture of Joel's life, this might mean he continues to have relations with (who "Uptown Girl" was initially written about), but the chaos could also lead to different realities.

I could also see (if the stars are aligned) Joel favoring a diplomatic trip to, thereby becoming the (potentially) first post-American leader to the former USSR (but I'm unaware if this title is currently taken).

OL timeline

 * October 1983 &mdash; The provisional governments of the OL5 are established.


 * December 1983 &mdash; Formal contact between the OL5 are made. Informal contact with Plymouth.


 * January-March 1984 &mdash; Establishment of the Outer Lands as an alliance of states (comparable to NATO). Primarily focuses on military and resource cooperation. invited to join but refuse.


 * May 1984 &mdash; "Provisional Government of Massachusetts at Plymouth" is established. Claims Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket (mostly the former).


 * September 1985 &mdash;


 * October 26, 1985 &mdash; The Outer Lands is reorganized into a loose confederation (comparable to the ). Provincetown formally secedes from Cape Cod to join Plymouth. Election of the first president. Relations go sour with Plymouth. Capital moved to New Shoreham. Formally declares independence from the United States.


 * 1997-1998 &mdash; "Commonwealth of Plymouth" established.


 * June 2001 &mdash; A new constitution is adopted in the Outer Lands. The OL is restructured into a true federation (potentially with more centralization than the US).


 * August 2012 &mdash; Plymouth drops claims to the Outer Lands. Diplomatic relations re-established some time later.

Foreign relations of the OL



 * Current Relations


 * New England pine flag.svg
 * 1983DD Delmarva Flag.jpg
 * Plymouthflag.png
 * Flag of Vermont Republic.svg


 * Likely Relations


 * American Republic Union Flag.png
 * ANZ Union Flag with the golden ratio.svg
 * Flag Proposal 2.png
 * Flag of Brazil.svg
 * Flag of Canada.svg
 * Flag BerthelierInterceltic.jpg
 * Flag of the West Indies Federation.svg
 * Flag of Florida.svg
 * Flag of Mexico.svg
 * Flag of Neonotia (Doomsday).png
 * Flag of Portugal 1983Doomsday.svg
 * Flag of Puerto Rico.svg
 * Flag of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.svg
 * Flag of the Soviet Union.svg
 * Flag of Pennsylvania.svg
 * Flag of Texas.svg


 * Biased Relations


 * Just places I personally like, but not too sure how likely relations would be.


 * Alps flag.jpg
 * Flaggenentwurf 7 Südwestafrika 1914.svg
 * Flag of Egypt.svg
 * 83DD-GFedFlagRoyal.png
 * Flag of Israel.svg
 * 83DD-LondonFlag.png
 * 83DD-MacauFlag.png
 * New Britain Flag 3.png
 * 83DD-NiagaraFallsFlag2.png
 * OuterBanksFlag.png
 * Piedmont Flag.png
 * Sicilian Flag.svg
 * SpainFlagNew.png
 * Flag of Superior.svg
 * 83DD-virginiaflag4.jpg
 * Afrikaner Vryheidsvlag.svg

Boroughs and Towns
Following the attacks on Doomsday, the regional governments which united to form the Outer Lands were as followed.


 * → Cape Cod
 * → Martha's Vineyard
 * → Block Island
 * → Long Island
 * → Long Island

These governments would remain the same and would gradually evolve into the borough governments of today.

With the majority of the OL being from New England, each borough is divided into towns. These towns act similarly to how they worked in pre-Doomsday New England (and to some degree in neighboring Vermont). Long Island would adopt this system, which previously had a similar structure. Given the increased population from OTL (since they were more habitable), Block Island and Nantucket would be divided into more towns (where in OTL they only include one town).

The term "borough" eventually became the designation of the five governments. The names became official in the early 2000s, and may have been in homage to the former boroughs of New York City. Though most see this happening since these governments no longer acted like the counties they once were, yet were not as powerful as the states they once belonged to. Also like the borough of NYC, the names of the OL boroughs differ from their former county names.

Federal Powers
The OL is a federation. The boroughs would have more federal powers than the counties they once formed, but would have less powers than what the US states once had.

Among the departments these boroughs lack would be control over their resources and their borough-wide economies, which are controlled by the federal government. This came about following Doomsday when the regions pooled together their resources and established a sharing system, thereby assuring everybody gained resources their borough may lack. As time has moved on, more departments have been established which is nation-wide (the most noted example being OLPA).

The sovereignties the boroughs do have include electing their own governments and governors, and having most regional say (especially among the towns). Schooling and law enforcement are orchestrated by the boroughs.

Legislature of the OL


The Federal Assembly of the Outer Lands will be a legislature comprised of 30 seats. Half of the seats are distributed among the boroughs equally (three each), while the other half is distributed based on population.

Based on the number of seats, that borough is divided into that number of constituencies, with three being borough-wide.

All representatives are elected to an unlimited amount of six-year terms, with elections being timed so only a third of the seats are up for election every two years.

Potential Political Parties
I currently foresee five political parties being active in the OL. The Democratic and Republican parties still exist and have evolved due to Doomsday. Additional ones are added later on.


 * Democratic Party &mdash;, , ,


 * Federalist Party &mdash;


 * Libertarian party &mdash;, ,


 * Progressive Party &mdash;, , ,


 * Republican Party &mdash;, ,

Presidential ideas

 * (MA)
 * (RI)
 * (RI)
 * (MA)
 * (MA)
 * (MA)
 * (NY)
 * (NY)
 * (NY)
 * (NY)
 * (NY)


 * List


 * 1985 &mdash;
 * 1989
 * 1993 &mdash;
 * 1997
 * 2001 &mdash;
 * 2005
 * 2009 &mdash; (L)
 * 2013
 * 2017

Plymouth's Admission Into the OL
Please note that this is not an actual idea that I'm looking to achieve, but rather a brain teaser I've done to look into how this idea may be viewed ATL.

Plymouth and the OL (respectively) are the only nations to physically border the other. In the years following Doomsday, Plymouth could've been considered the "6th Borough" of the [then non-existent] OL. Even after the OL became officially in the mid 1980s, there was some hope that Plymouth would become part of which (or at least become a close ally).

Instead, Plymouth began initiating a foreign policy focused on reconstituting Massachusetts as an entity, thereby ruining its relations with the OL. The most noted of these relation disasters was Plymouth demand for the return of Cape Cod (and to a lesser extent the Islands), which the majority of Cape Codders opposed. With the exception of Provincetown (which willingly left to join Plymouth), Cape Cod remained closer to its southern neighbors (probably due to the physical land connecting CC and Plymouth having been directly attacked on Doomsday).

It wouldn't be until recently that Plymouth abandoned this foreign policy, relinquished its claims to Cape Cod, and began to re-open itself to the OL. Following this, talks of a potential unification of the two came up.

While Plymouth's criteria for how to unite may differ, the OL's criteria would likely include the following notes.


 * 1) Plymouth would relinquish independence and become an equal borough of the OL (no new nation or constitution would be allowed). Plymouth's economy, foreign relations, and military would be merged into the OL. While some federal rights may differ from the other boroughs, Plymouth would virtually be equal along with the other boroughs.
 * 2) Plymouth may be required to hand over territory which once belonged to Barnstable County (which would be reincorporated into Cape Cod). While the boroughs mostly constitute what once was a single county, it's unsure what will become of Plymouth's direct claims to  and  (most likely to remain unaffected).

Towns
The following includes the towns of the OL. The towns have similar autonomy as the towns of New England OTL. Because of varying populations and regionalism, more towns would exist ATL (mostly in Block Island and Nantucket).


 * Block Island




 * Cape Cod




 * Long Island




 * Martha's Vineyard




 * Nantucket




 * Narragansett




 * Ronkonkoma


 * (maybe)
 * (maybe)
 * (maybe)

Territories of the Outer Lands


I was initially interested in the OL establishing bases in New Jersey (and possibly ), but this would've made me happy.

LG states that the coast of may be open for such settlements, which I'll try to work out here.

According to the timeline and  would be hit. Combined with the attacks on, Newport would be the main clincher for the OL. Any attempt to recolonize this area would be recent, which hopefully gives the area some time to become more habitable. I've used this map as a reference (as well as this one to some degree).

, has the largest farming sector of the state. This very well may mean these settlements were established for farming (where the rest of the OL fails).

Given how recent such a project would be, I doubt the OL would expand that far inland as of now. The towns of and  would've avoided direct strikes but would've been in the "Ring of Fire." Most of and  would've avoided direct strikes and could have some area included in this territory.

would've completely been ground zero and would likely be off the table. The remaining towns of (which had some areas directly hit),, and  would likely not be included in the territory but may in the future.

While Block Island may attempt to claim these territories as part of its territory (following Cape Cod and Long Island gradually reclaiming some of their territory), but I'd prefer it remain separated from BI (due to... water). I may also include, since it was directly attacked (via New London).

I personally would like to name the territory "Narragansett" (after the bay and an original name for Washington County), but since the bay and town would not be significant for this territory it leaves me unsure. I'd prefer not to call it "Rhode Island," or at least leave this as a last resort. The only other name I can think of is naming it after the "Block Island Sound," which can be problematic. Maybe the "Sound Territories"?


 * Possible Names


 * Block Island Sound Territories
 * Narragansett Territories
 * Ninigret Territories
 * Pawcatuck Territories
 * Rhode Island Territories
 * Washington Territories

Ronkonkoma Idea
Not sure how well this idea will work out, but I'll write it out to see if it works.

What should be noted first is that as part of timeline canon, the town of Brookhaven was incorporated into LI recently (not originally part of the provisional government).

In my head, I've left open the idea that Brookhaven and the rest of Suffolk County not yet incorporated would be incorporated into the OL as its own borough some time in the future. But now with the potential that parts of Rhode Island may become a new territory, I may incorporate this LI idea into this.

Rather than expand into Brookhaven alone, this idea would also include the neighboring towns of Islip and Smithtown. These three would be incorporated as a second territory known as Ronkonkoma (named after the lake which borders the three towns).

The only downside is that the new towns would've been harder hit (with the westernmost parts being directly attacked ). My only justifications to this being accepted is that any annexation would happen as of recently (late '00s to early '10s), by which time these areas would be more habitable than at the start. The second reasoning is that parts of the new Rhode Island territory would be very similarly attacked and they should be fine by now. Regardless, the vast majority of this territory's population would be in Brookhaven (which is better off), with some gradual expansion into the more affected areas.

As part of this idea, I'd also have the OL formally claim the remainder of Suffolk and Washington County (the latter to be settled down the line).

Would I Survive Doomsday?
I started this as a thought experiment several years ago, but hit a downturn when my father passed away some time after I started this. As of lately I have taken another look at the destinies of my family in this timeline.

I was born in 1989 (six years after Doomsday) in Western. My parents didn't meet each other until a few years prior.

My father (who I was lucky enough to have asked before his passing) was living in, on Doomsday (along with his girlfriend I wasn't aware of). Amityville would be destroyed as part of the attacks on New York City. While there could've been a very slim chance of him surviving (either by fleeing to eastern Long Island or possibly [some how] catching a ride on a boat), I doubt he would've done this. Knowing my father, he very likely would've just stayed where he was, toast to a good life, and take the inevitable. Or more likely (given the time of night at which Doomsday started in New York), he might have already been passed out. I'd much prefer the former of these scenarios.

To some relief, my mother was living in, on Doomsday. She had moved there a few years prior so as to get away from her [annoying] mother (now that I live with her, I can see why she moved to Canada). She chose Strathroy because her father's family lived there (owning a farm) and her [abusive] boyfriend also was from there. My grandmother and aunt were living in Nassau County at the time, while my uncle was in the Bronx. While Nassau was directly targeted, Strathroy avoided being a target on Doomsday and appeared to have only suffered from minimal fallout from neighboring regions. After discussing this "what if" scenario with her, she mentioned that she wouldn't have returned to New York (even if she could've) and likely would've requested the help and support of her family in the area. She would've left her boyfriend shortly after Doomsday, rather than marrying and divorcing him as in OTL.

So I believe it's safe to say I wouldn't have been born in this timeline. Probably for the best, as I couldn't imagine myself living in this world (for long). My younger brother and sister would've also been erased from history. Excluding my grandfather's family (who I barely know), my mother would be the only person in my immediate family to have survived Doomsday.

BIO
= Russian America =


 * AHC Willardo Romney sworn in as Mexico's president (interesting idea)


 * Redo the Republics of Russia:0:0
 * Presidential and political party suggestions


 * Redo States of the United States:0:0 and territories


 * Reconsider Borealia:0:0


 * Redo States of Polynesia:0:0


 * Redo subdivisions of Japan:0:0


 * Re-examine Germany and Italy


 * Possibly bring back Tahuantinsuyo:0:0
 * Explore Chile without getting Bolivian-Peru territories


 * Rename Queen Charlotte:0:0?


 * Other ideas


 * (Аляскинские авиалинии, Alyaskinskiye avialinii)
 * (Горизонт, Gorizont')
 * Gorizont:0:0
 * Gorizont-Alaskan Airlines (possible combined name like "Aeroflot - Russian Airlines")
 * Горизонт – Аляскинские авиалинии, Gorizont - Alyaskinskiye avialinii)
 * 


 * Chukotka US-Russian Heritage Flag


 * File:Russian_Sloop-of-War_Neva.jpg


 * Links


 * http://www.cherylannestapp.com/fort-ross/
 * http://www.russianwashingtonbaltimore.com/en/node/22629
 * http://newmnflag.com/2008/01/15/flags-of-other-states-in-question/
 * http://zebratigerfish.blogspot.com/2012/06/american-mexican-state-heritage-flags.html

Plains, Trains, and Automobiles

 * A bridge or tunnel connecting Baranof Island (New Archangel) with the rest of the country would have a length around the same as the in Denmark or the.
 * Climate and ice may be an issue.
 * It may be easier to have a connection through Yakutat via the . Though this would mean going close to a glacier.

Olympic games held in Alaska

 * &mdash; (bid)
 * &mdash; (offered)
 * &mdash; (bid)
 * &mdash; (bid)
 * &mdash; (won)


 * Updates


 * Given that Vancouver was a loosing bid in 1976 (being in fourth place) and Whistler was only offered the games after Coloradans voted against hosting the games. Likely just leave this alone.


 * I'm rather surprised that Anchorage not only bid to host the games, but did surprisingly well in almost winning the games in 1992 and 1994 (with talks of future bids for the 2020s). While weak in '92, its bid for the '94 games showed success, winning third place (beating Sofia, Bulgaria). Given that the city would be part of nation that hasn't hosted the games by this point (Noway hosted the games in 1952 and Sweden in 1912), Alaska may win in '94. Anchorage wouldn't exist ATL, so likely it would be either Saint Nicholas (Kenai) or Vasiliysk (Wasilla). The former is more popular IMHO.


 * It is already canon that Vladikaskady (Eugene) hosts the 2010 games. Though I'm now debating whether to have it hosted in New Westminster:0:0 instead (which is OTL Vancouver).

Design of the Chervonets
The chervonets would depict early explorers and administrators of the Pacific Northwest. While mostly Russians, other explorers (American, British, and Spanish) may also be represented). The reverse would depict a landmark based on the region that person explored.


 * People of interest (year of key explorations)


 * (1740s)
 * (1780s)
 * (1800s)
 * (1790s)
 * (1790s)
 * (1810s)
 * (1810s)


 * List

Alaskan and Russian Antarctica

 * See also: File:All Antarctic Claims past and present.PNG and Expeditions map



With a larger say globally, the Russian Empire would stake a larger say in Antarctica (nothing major, just more than OTL). This will culminate in Russia formalizing their claims by the early 1900s. The Russians would claim the areas discovered and charted by (who was the first European to sight the continent in 1820), which correspond roughly to the same area currently under dispute between Argentina, Chile, and the United Kingdom (OTL).

After the collapse of the Russian Empire, both Alaska and the Soviet Union claim the territory. Aside from both sides moving to legitimize their claim with surveys and stunts (not to mention the collapse of the USSR), nothing has been done to resolve this dispute (at least between these two).

For the most part, the rest of Antarctica would be the same. The only exceptions would be that Alaska and Russia make claims (in which the Antarctic Peninsula is now disputed by five state), Peter I Island is not claimed by Norway, and the US goes further and claims.


 * Historic notes


 * Prior to the collapse of the Russian Empire, its Antarctic claims were not organized into a territory. The Alaskans and the Soviets would be the first to organize it.


 * "Alaskan Antarctic Territory"


 * Under Alaskan law, their Antarctic territory is an "organized unincorporated oblast." In affect, this makes their Antarctic claim similar to how Guam and Puerto Rico act within the United States (OTL).
 * Under the Alaskan constitution, an oblast is regarded similarly to how they were under the Russian Empire (i.e., a territory).


 * A base within the claim may act as a capital of sorts, though the majority of the territorial governing would be done in Alaska (likely New Archangel).


 * Potential names (aside from the "Alaskan Antarctic Territory") could be "Alexander Land" (based on the historic name of Alexander I Island). I will be ignoring any name based on "Bellingshausen" (due to my other timelines and projects which use the name ).


 * "Soviet/Russian Antarctic Territory"


 * Under the Soviet Union, the territory may likely be administrated as part of the Russian SFSR (i.e., not a union-wide territory, or is at least vague in this respect). Maybe something along the lines of an "autonomous krai" (krai commonly being translated as "territory"). See also .


 * After the collapse, the Russian Federation would take control of the territory. Under Russian law, it may be similar (in comparison) to what and  are to Russia (but considered more a part of Russia). The term "autonomous krai" or "autonomous territory" may remain in affect.

Electoral college of Alaska

 * Flag of Alaska.svg Aleutia:0:0 &mdash; 7
 * Flag of Bering (Russian America).svg Bering:0:0 &mdash; 8
 * Flag of Charlotte (Russian America).svg Charlotte:0:0 &mdash; 11
 * Flag of Columbia (Russian America).svg Columbia:0:0 &mdash; 33
 * Flag of the Far North (Russian America).svg Far North:0:0 &mdash; 6
 * Flag.svg New Archangel:Federal District:0 &mdash; 4
 * Flag of Idaho (Russian America).svg Idaho:0:0 &mdash; 15
 * Flag of Kenai (Russian America).svg Kenai:0:0 &mdash; 19
 * Flag of Kodiak (Russian America).svg Kodiak:0:0 &mdash; 9
 * Flag of New Caledonia (Russian America).svg New Caledonia:0:0 &mdash; 18
 * Flag of New Irkutsk (Russian America).svg New Irkutsk:0:0 &mdash; 8
 * Oregonian New Flag Contest Winner.svg Oregon:0:0 &mdash; 35
 * Flag of Shelikof (Russian America).svg Shelikof:0:0 &mdash; 19
 * Russian Border Guard.svg Sitka:0:0 &mdash; 20
 * California Lone Star Flag 1836.svg Sonoma:0:0 &mdash; 28
 * Flag of Tongass (Russian America).svg Tongass:0:0 &mdash; 11
 * Flag of Vancouver Island.svg Vancouver:0:0 &mdash; 14
 * Flag of Yakutat (Russian America).svg Yakutat:0:0 &mdash; 8
 * Flag of Yukon (Russian America).svg Yukon:0:0 &mdash; 10


 * Flag of Alaska (Russian America).svg Alaska:0:0 &mdash; 283

Expansion of the Russia Federation

 * See also: Russia's territorial comeback and Ukraine splits


 * Note to LG

Not sure what you'll make of this idea, but as always, I do request that you take it easy if this makes no sense. I look forward to your reply.


 * Background

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, there has been several attempts to reunify much of the Soviet Union back together in one form or another. While none of these projections have taken place, to me there appears to be enough opening that reunification may be possible ATL. While no USSR, the most likely reunification would include Russia expanding into former Soviet republics which would support such reunification.


 * Keys


 * becomes President of Russia in 1993. Along with being more "Soviet" in comparison to Yeltsin, Rutskoy has expressed his support for the break-away republics of the former USSR: including the and  (as well as threatening to bomb Tbilisi over the South Ossetia issue during his Vice Presidency OTL). While I can find nothing which states his support for their annexation into Russia, to me this doesn't seem too far off (especially since much of these break-away regions are pro-Russian and wouldn't be viable as independent states without outside help).


 * Belarus' leader has expressed his interest towards a merger of Belarus and Russia. Though as the years moved on, the idea of reunification is gradually loosing support over the idea of a "Eurasian Union." Given Rutskoy's similar political standings towards Lukashenko, a merger before 2000 may be possible.
 * Lukashenko wouldn't want a unification with Russia? From my point of view, the opposite would've been the fact (i.e., Russia isn't willing to reunite while Belarus pushes it, and the time it hasn't happen left Lukashenko to realize how good he has it in an independent nation]). But I suppose something could happen with a civil war right next door.


 * Areas of interest



Other "areas of interest" could include and Manchuria:0:0 (both of which would have sizable Russian populations), and possibly (though very unlikely). Though I personally doubt these two regions should be included, especially since both would likely remain major allies of Russia and establish post-Soviet governments which the Russian residence would likely support (Kazakhstan relocated their capital further north to be closer to the Russian population).


 * WIP timeline


 * 1993 &mdash; Rutskoy becomes President. Russia's neighbors become nervous.


 * ~1995 &mdash; Russia adopts a new constitution that establishes itself as a federation of equal republics. Around the same time, a referendum takes place in Belarus, in which the people vote in favor of integration into Russia. The break-away republics also push for referendums to take place.

Alaskan dialects of the Russian language


The within Alaska:0:0 is divided into several dialects which vary across the nation. In general, Alaskan Russian is partially similar to the dialects spoken in the Russian Far East. As a whole, the dialects combine elements from, , , , , , and the many native Alaskan languages.

The following list is a rough idea, combining vague boundaries and names. I also included how I would envision these dialects to be acted upon the Alaskan people.


 * Aleutian &mdash; Comprised of the islands of Aleutia:0:0, the dialects combines many elements of the . Due in part to its isolation from the rest of the nation, the dialect is often described as being hard to understand (especially by Russian speakers) and is often described as being a creole language. The best example would be how distinctive -speakers are to other English speakers. This dialect may also have its roots with the of OTL.


 * Beringian &mdash; Spoken in Bering:0:0, Shelikof:0:0, and parts of New Irkutsk:0:0; the dialects is mostly centered around the Bering Sea and the river systems which flow to it. Colloquially, this dialects is often described as a "traitorous" and "communist" speech. This is due to this being the core of the Alaskan Socialist Republic:0:0, and can be seen similar to how can be seen in the US.


 * Yukonian &mdash; Spoken in the Far North:0:0, the Yukon:0:0, and the core of New Irkutsk:0:0; the dialect focuses on the Upper Yukon River region. In many cases, the dialect is betrayed as being a "prospector" or "mountain man" dialect. It should also be noted that the growing diversity in the Far North can make this area vague in what dialect it is.


 * Gulf &mdash; Spoken in Kenai:0:0, Kodiak:0:0, southern New Irkutsk:0:0, and possibly parts of Shelikof:0:0; this dialect is the direct decedent of/or is the dialect (which is slowly going extinct OTL). The dialect is often seen as being "religious" in nature (once again comparing it to Southern American English).


 * New Russian &mdash; Spoken in Charlotte:0:0, New Archangel:0:0, New Caledonia:0:0, Sitka:0:0, Tongass:0:0, and Yakutat:0:0; this dialect stretches across New Russia (focusing more on the Alexander Archipelago and coastal mountains). Because of the large immigration from Fenno-Scandinavia, this dialect combines many Scandinavian and Finnish words. For better or worse, this dialect is often described as being political.


 * Columbian &mdash; Spoken in Columbia:0:0 and Vancouver:0:0, this dialect focuses on the northern bank of the Columbia River, the lower Fraser River, and the . English plays a key role in the dialect. It is often described as being the "New Albion" or "Doug" dialect.


 * Oregonian &mdash; Spoken in western Oregon:0:0 (mostly the region).


 * Idahoan &mdash; Spoken across Idaho:0:0 and the Oregon:Oregon Panhandle:0, this dialect focuses on the and upper Columbia River. This dialect may have great influence from the  dialect. It's often betrayed as being "hillbilly" in nature, as well as being the dialect of Alaskan Mormons.


 * Sonoman &mdash; Spoken in Sonoma:0:0. The way I see this dialect would be like asking a Russian to mimic a Californian accent (dude, rad, gnarly, etc.). It's often betrayed as being "hippie" in nature.

= Eurasian Union and More =

Eurasian Union


The following are my thoughts on the proposed. I love the idea and believe it to help not just benefit Russia but the region as a whole, as well as to act as both a link and rival to China and the European Union. As of recently I only suspected it to include only the former Soviet republics, but I highly believe it will expand beyond this into neighboring states.


 * Member states


 * Flag of Belarus.svg
 * Flag of Kazakhstan.svg
 * Flag of Russia.svg


 * Candidates


 * Flag of Armenia.svg
 * Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg
 * Flag of Tajikistan.svg


 * Likely candidates


 * Flag of Abkhazia.svg 
 * Flag of Azerbaijan.svg
 * Flag of Nagorno-Karabakh.svg 
 * Flag of Gagauzia.svg 
 * Flag of Georgia.svg
 * Flag of Mongolia.svg
 * Flag of South Ossetia.svg 
 * Flag of Transnistria (state).svg 
 * Flag of Turkmenistan.svg
 * Flag of Ukraine.svg
 * Flag of Novorossia by NuclearVacuum.svg 
 * Flag of Uzbekistan.svg


 * Potential additions


 * Flag of Afghanistan.svg
 * Flag of Iran.svg
 * Flag of Iraq.svg
 * Flag of Kurdistan.svg 
 * Flag.svg ""
 * Flag of Jordan.svg
 * Flag of Israel.svg
 * Flag of Lebanon.svg
 * Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg 
 * Flag of Palestine.svg 
 * Flag of Syria.svg
 * [[File:French colonial flag of the Alawite State, or Sanjak of Latakia (northwestern Syria), ca. 1920-1936.svg|23px|border]] 
 * Flag of Kurdistan.svg 
 * Flag of Turkey.svg


 * Likely To Exclude


 * Flag of the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant.svg
 * Flag of Ukraine.svg


 * Overreaching?


 * Flag of Cuba.svg
 * Flag of New Zealand.svg
 * Flag of Venezuela.svg
 * Flag of Vietnam.svg


 * Main languages


 * : الإتحاد اليوراسي (al-ʾittiḥād al-yūrāsiyy)
 * : Евразийский Союз (Yevraziyskiy Soyuz)
 * : Avrasya Birliği


 * Personal notes


 * Eurasianism &mdash; One can argue that "" could can describe a state which is both/neither fully European and Asian. Russia is the best example both in culture and territory, but other nations could include Iran, Israel, Syria, and Turkey. While "" can be described as a contemporary and historically Russian ideal, it could be broadened to include more (though Russia would likely still dominate).


 * Multipolarism &mdash; In regards to the former Soviet states, Russia would dominate them in virtually all economic levels. Adding larger economies may help, with Iran and Turkey being the second and third largest economies in the region. Similar to the EU being dominated by three economies, this may help ease fears of Russian expansion among new members.


 * Turkey and Pan-Turkism &mdash; It has been suggested that Turkey wishes to establish a union (akin to the EU). Excluding areas in China and Iran, virtually the majority of Turkic peoples living in Russia and the former Soviet Union, with the majority still holding pro-Russian ties. Turkish involvement/membership in the EAU may help be an indirect way to allow such a union to exist. While Turkey is a candidate of the European Union, its currently unclear as to whether or not it will happen any time soon. Also given the many issues happening in Turkey, they may find closer similarities with Russia than the EU at the present. Also adding Turkey would expand the EAU to include any spheres-of-influence Turkey may have (including the Fertile Crescent, much of which is pro-Russian).


 * Israel &mdash; I was shocked to read that Israel is considering moving closer to the EAU, and I believe this would be great for multiple reasons. For one thing, I see Israel as being the closest example to a "Russian setter colony" outside the former USSR, with many Israelis having ancestry in Russia (with many leaders having been born there). Israel is also another fine example of being vague on whether its European or Asian/Middle Eastern. Also given the large amount of influence Russia has among the neighboring governments (mostly Syria), this may help give Israel a feel of security. Though as a whole, Israel's involvement in the EAU may effect Russia's relations with the region as a whole (such as in Iran and Syria).


 * "Internal Divisions" &mdash; With talk in the EU about new nations by means of divisions (i.e., Catalonia, Flanders, Scotland, etc.), as a federalist I would like to see more pros than cons to this in regards to the EAU. I could see the Caucasus regions going for something akin to this (Chechnya, unified Ossetia) and possibly other areas within Russia. Outside Russia, Kurdistan comes to mind.


 * Eurasian Integration &mdash; While I can't completely speak on this, a Eurasian Union as a whole may help further integrate the nations together in potentially positive and negative ways. While in no ways as democratic as Europe or the US, I could see non-democratic states moving closer to democracy due to which. Also having closer economies would help out the poorer regions develop.


 * Altyn &mdash; It has been announced that a single currency (called the Altyn) is likely to happen by the late 2010s. I for one like this idea, and also suggest using the former symbol (₳).

Novorossia

 * Territories

At the very least, Novorossia would include the following eight of southern Ukraine. These eight oblasts consistently vote similar and are predominantly Russian-speaking.


 * (Dnipropetrovsk)
 * (Kharkiv)
 * (Luhansk)
 * (Mykolaiv)
 * (Odesa)
 * (Zaporizhia)
 * (Odesa)
 * (Zaporizhia)

I'm also leaving open the possibility that the following four oblasts may also be included within Novorossia. Unlike the main eight, these four are more Ukrainian-speaking but to contain many Russian-speakers (you can think of them as being "neutral" linguistically). I also include them because in doing so would eliminate any boundaries between Russia and the rump Ukraine.


 * (Chernihiv)
 * (Kirovohrad)

While unlikely to be considered, I would still REALLY like to see the be included in Novorossia. But given the region's ethnic Russian majority and recent reunification with Russia, the Crimeans may not support this.

If including the oblasts of northeastern Ukraine, it may also be beneficial to include the within northern. While of no real value or importance, this would make administrating the region easier (since the zone is divided between Belarus and the Ukraine), plus I could [possibly] see Kiev be willing to rid themselves of the region and its responsibilities.

While not necessarily open to annexation, I've decided to include and  (both part of ) as areas to be highly effected from Novorossia. Either both may achieve some form of greater independence or could possibly be included within Novorossia.

= Wilt of the Carnation =


 * Angola


 * http://history.stackexchange.com/questions/11228/what-became-of-the-plan-to-partition-angola
 * http://www.africafederation.net/Ovimbundu_Government.htm
 * http://www.africafederation.net/Ovimbundu.htm


 * Mozambique




 * Links


 * http://www.alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=2658902&postcount=2

Assembly of the Commonwealth
The legislative body of the will be known as the "Assembly of the Commonwealth" (: Assembleia da Comunidade). Unlike Portugal and its former colonies today, this legislature will be, with both chambers having equal powers (akin to the US Congress). The assembly meets in Lisbon (which is the capital).

The lower house will either be called the "National Assembly" (Assembleia Nacional) or the "Chamber of Deputies" (Câmara dos Deputados) (the name depends on whether or not "National Assembly" is an appropriate name within a federation). This chamber takes into account the population of Portugal and is akin to the House of Representatives in the US. The deputies are democratically elected by the Portuguese people. OTL Portugal uses the for their legislature, but from the little I know about this system I can say it may not be done ATL. Instead, the deputies are elected by the people of a constituency, with these constituencies across the Commonwealth being of roughly equal population. Similar to the Congressional Districts of the US, the more populous the state, the more deputies they send to Lisbon.

The upper house will be called the "Senate" (Senado). Akin to the US Senate, this chamber takes into account equality among the states (i.e., each state gets the same number of senators). Depending on whether the Portuguese (as a whole) would be okay with this, I'm currently tempted to not have these senators not be democratically elected. Instead, they would be appointed by the (democratically elected) state legislatures. Pretty much what the US Senate was prior to the 17th Amendment.

The Prime Minister (who is appointed by the President) will also be the "President of the Senate." Among the deputies of the "National Assembly" will be elected the "President of the 'National Assembly'" [POTNA] (who also represents one of the nation's constituencies). Like Portugal OTL, the POTNA is second in line in the event the President of Portugal can no longer do his/her duties (death/resignation). Both the Prime Minister and the POTNA are affiliated with the majority political party of that house (the PM probably less so).

(The following is a WIP)

= Great White South =


 * User:Mister Sheen/Temp


 * A beautiful picture of Halley with the moon in the background.



Ognian

 * http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/ids/



The "Ognian language" is related to the native languages of and  (primarily  and ). While these two languages are not related, these two would merge in forming the modern day Ognian language.

The following are basic words and etymologies.


 * Quaoar &mdash; "seashore" (in reference to it being at the entrance of the Ellsworth Sea).


 * -арўн (-arwn) &mdash; land (used in country names).


 * ушијенкн (ushyenkn) &mdash; union, federation, confederation


 * Key words


 * Огнарўн (Ognarwn) &mdash;


 * Огана (Ogana) &mdash; Ognia, Ognic


 * Русарўн (Rusarwn) &mdash; Russia


 * Русана (Rusana) &mdash; Russian


 * Ушијенкн Огана (Ushyenkn Ogana) - Ognian Confederation


 * Краннкушарўн (Krannkusharwn) - Kathar, K'athar


 * Краннкушана (Krannkushana) - Katharan, Katharian


 * Ушиеӄўенн (Ushieqwenn) - Chiefdom (territory watched over by a chief)


 * Еӄўенн (Eqwenn) - Chief (leader)

Polynesian

 * http://faroutliers.blogspot.com/2009/04/russian-pacific-colony-of-atuvai-nigau.html


 * "Hukahunga" &mdash; From the looks of it, this word is the combination of the Maori words for "snow" (huka) and "people" (hunga). Based on this search, the placement appears to be wrong. Rather it should be "Hunga Huka" in order to say "snow people." I'm not a particular fan of this name, and would rather use something more... subtle.


 * "Antarctic Maori" &mdash; can be the official term used for all the Polynesian peoples/tribes of Antarctica. Similar to "Cook Islands Maori" or "New Zealand Maori" (the later not really used).


 * Oodavai (Удавай)
 * Note: давай (davai) in Russian means "lets go" (a slight symbolism to "going inland"?).

Governmental Structure of Ognia


I've personally seen Ognia as a kind of "Native American" nation with a unique history. Though its only been recently that I began to consider the governmental structure of Ognia.

Prior to European contact, virtually the whole of the "West Antarctic Archipelago" was under the control of the "Kingdom of Kathar" (I may change the name), which operated as an. A hierarchical system of chiefs would rule from the communal and regional level, with a "Paramount Chief" (PC) ruling the nation as a whole. These regional chiefs would come together in a council (headed by the PC), which would keep and resolve issues and laws. One of the functions of this council would be to elected a new PC upon the death of the incumbent. While the selection is meant to be based on a, the vast majority were those of the "Kathar" clan/ethnic group.

In 1820, European contact began, with the Russian Empire soon to dominate the area. For a combination of reasons, Russia wouldn't conquer the core of the chiefdom (which included the "Island of Kathar" and the "Byrdian Peninsula" (the large island of OTL Antarctic Peninsula is called "Alexandria"). Instead, the rump chiefdom became a protectorate of the Russian Empire (akin to and ). During this period the governmental structure changed little, though with the PC swearing loyalty to the Tsar and the council include several Russian deputies (who focused primarily on Russian interests and rarely participating in regional affairs).

By the 1900s, the internal situation was changing in Kathar, leading to a mini civil war. Russia took the opportunity and formally annexed the territory (establishing the "Kathar Oblast"). This was short lived as the Empire fell several years later, resulting in the conflicts to continue. In the end, three nations emerged in the area, a rump "Chiefdom of Kathar" and two new chiefdoms centered around the two other tribes/ethnic groups. The internal structures of these new nations didn't differ from what had been in place.

With relations getting better and the overall changes across Antarctica, the three nations decided to reunite in the 1930s, this time under the name "United Chiefdom of Ognia." Under this new government, a meritocracy was ensured, though the chief was still selected by the council.

While the "Island of Kathar" had a native majority population, nearby Alexandria (which was colonized by the British and Russians) had a more mixed population (with creoles being dominant). There was initial hope to include the Russian regions of Alexandria, but this wouldn't happen for several decades. It wouldn't be until the early 1970s that Alexandria does, at which point the governmental structure is reorganized to appease all the peoples of the new "Ognian Confederation." The PC would be a co-head of state, still appointed by the "Council of Chiefs," yet would emerge more as a figure head. The second co-HoS and also the HoG would be the President, who is democratically elected by the people (who would act as the de facto leader). A "Council of Deputies" is also established, which will be the civilian legislature of a bicameral "Parliament" (the Council of Chiefs being the second and less powerful house). Additional territory is added to Ognia by the mid 1980s.

The "Council of Deputies" is democratically elected and focuses on laws and virtually all legislative matters of Ognia. The "Council of Chiefs" has less power, and is comprised of the many regional chiefs across the nation. Their main jobs are primarily among themselves and their communities, but are entitled to appoint a fixed number of deputies of the CoD (as well as select a PC upon the death/resignation of the incumbent). Unlike the CoD, the CoCh is only commenced once every few years.

Only existing in the "core region" are the traditional chiefdoms for the three provinces and several communities within them. These are the few non-democratic regions within the nation, but are placed under governmental scrutiny to secure the rights of the people. The chiefs of these selected communities, the three provinces, and PC himself all make up the CoCh.

Midnight Coast


The Midnight Coast is a governorate of Bellinsgauzenia. Unlike the other governorates, the Midnight Coast was initially a Dutch colony up until the 1830s/40s. Rather than force the Dutch settlers off of the continent, Russia allowed them to stay in the area. The reasoning was primarily to promote the development of the area. The Russians would also encourage non-Russian settling of the area, with both Dutch and Afrikaners moving to the area during the mid 1800s.

Today the governorate retains a distinctive identity compared to the rest of the nation. Those of Dutch decent make up the majority, though the population has been Russified by today.


 * Name


 * : Middernachtkust
 * : Полуночный Берег (Polunochnyy Byeryeg)
 * Полуночнобереговая губерния (Polunochnobyeryegovaya guberniya)
 * Полуночнобереговой (masculine)

Basic Timeline for Bellinsgauzenia (and Region)

 * The following is a basic timeline regarding Bellinsgauzenia's evolution following the collapse of the Russian Empire.


 * 1918 &mdash; Representatives from the six oblasts of Russian Antarctica come together in Novopetrograd in what would become known as the "Continental Assembly." These representatives express their support for the in the  and oppose communism both in Russia and Antarctica. The oblasts request Allied support in Antarctica, allowing foreign troops to enter Russian Antarctica.


 * 1920 &mdash; With Allied troops leaving Russia to communism, the provisional governments of Russian Antarctica officially declare independence form Russia. Fighting continues against communist forces in Antarctica, but to a lesser extent then in Europe. Most in Russian Antarctica request the end of Allied intervention, but the provisional governments are slow to request this (in fear of a communist takeover). The more radical elements of the White Movement begin to emerge in the Continental Assembly and Antarctic fascism begins to rise.


 * 1921 &mdash; Fighting between Allied/Assembly troops and the fascist Nationalists begin in Eastern Antarctica. Around the same time, the Krannkush majority begin to revolt against the Russian minority government in the Krannkush Oblast (the ).


 * 1923 &mdash; The majority of Allied troops have left Eastern Antarctica as Nationalist forces establish control in the Midnight Coast, New Ukraine, and the Lake Vostok area of Oodavai (modern day Upper Oodavai). The Ross Sea coast (including modern day Pakanga and Novopetrograd) and New Vestfold remain under Allied control. In Western Antarctica, the KLA is able to secure control over the oblasts, with some fighting taking place along the Ellsworth Sea and the "provisional safe haven" of "Zemlya Aleksandra".


 * 1925 &mdash; After years of fighting, the "Treaty of Novopetrograd" is ratified by the Allies and many Russo-Krannkush factions of Antarctica. As part of the agreement, the Allied forces would completely vacate the former Russian territories, in exchange a defined border between Russian Antarctica and the British would be established (in the process giving New Vestfold and the Ross Dependency to the British). Within months after Allied troops leave, fighting between the Ognian tribes (Krannkush against others) breaks out into a civil war. In Zemlya Aleksandra, communist forces begin to re-emerge and soon another civil war begins.


 * 1926 &mdash; Unable to establish a connection between the Nationalist East, Zemlya Aleksandra falls to the communist forces (establishing the People's Republic). The rise of a communist state in Antarctica creates a red scare among the nationalist governments of the east. Within the year, the eastern oblasts come together and establish Bellinsgauzenia as a "federation of fascist governorates."


 * 1927 &mdash; The first elections are held in Bellinsgauzenia, with the National Party (which was the only one) retaining control over the new nation. Modernization and militarization takes place. The former Krannkush Oblast eventually breaks up into three independent chiefdoms. The "People's Republic of Zemlya Aleksandra" would solidify communist control.


 * 1930s/40s &mdash; Likely following the chaos in Asia and Europe, Bellinsgauzenia goes to war against Zemlya Aleksandra in an attempt to crush communism (being this timeline's ). In Europe, Bellinsgauzenia expresses their support for the Axis Powers. Bellinsgauzenia also begins to secretly supply pro-Nazi New Swabia so they can fight off British imperialism, but Bellinsgauzenian troops are not deployed. Bellinsgauzenian pressure on Britain would help to secure a peace deal for New Swabia (allowing them to remain independent). Though as part of the deal, Stalin demands Bellinsgauzenia end their assault on Zemlya Aleksandra, which they reluctantly do (seeing more potential in New Swabia).


 * 1950s &mdash; Following the assassination of Boris Kovalenko (combined with the global demise of fascism in general), the National Party looses favor among the people. His successor implements reforms in Bellinsgauzenia. The less radical Constitution Party emerges following the end of the National Party.


 * 1960s/70s &mdash; After decades of containment by the Antarctic nations, the communist government collapses in Zemlya Aleksandra. A civil war soon breaks out between the Euro-Russian minority (supported by Bellinsgauzenia) and the Creole majority (supported by Ognia). At the same time, civil war breaks out in New Swabia, with Bellinsgauzenia initially supporting the fascist government. With the Progressives coming to power in Bellinsgauzenia in 1975, moves to end the wars begin. A democratic government is established in ZA, which eventually unites to form the Ognian Confederation. In New Swabia, democracy also emerges.


 * 1970s/80s &mdash; Under Progressive rule, Bellinsgauzenia becomes more internationalist. With terrorist actions breaking out in New Devon, Bellinsgauzenia becomes a pusher to peacefully resolve the situation (as opposed to outright supporting the violence).


 * 1990s &mdash; Bellinsgauzenia's global influence is expanded following the collapse of the USSR. The is established between Bellinsgauzenia and its continental allies. Its military is greatly expanded. In the later half of the decade, Bellinsgauzenia detonates a nuclear bomb, becoming the only nation in the southern hemisphere to have nuclear weapons.


 * 2007 &mdash; With the global economic recession taking place in Bellinsgauzenia, the Constitution Party wins the presidency for the first time since the 1970s.

Presidents of Bellinsgauzenia

 * N = National Party
 * C = Constitution Party
 * P = Progressive Party


 * 1927 &mdash; Sergei Gavrilov (N)
 * 1931
 * 1935 &mdash; Boris Kovalenko (N) (assassinated) - Leonid Itsov
 * 1939
 * 1943
 * 1947
 * 1951
 * 1955 &mdash; Alexei Yunge (N)
 * 1959 &mdash; Maksim Pogodin (C)
 * 1963 &mdash; Yevgeny Ryakhin (C)
 * 1967
 * 1971 &mdash; Vsevolod Onegin (C)
 * 1975 &mdash; Oleg Bogomolov (P)
 * 1979
 * 1983 &mdash; Sergey Fomin (P)
 * 1987
 * 1991 &mdash; Svetlana Lopatina (P)
 * 1995
 * 1999 &mdash; Dragoslav Brozovic (P)
 * 2003
 * 2007 &mdash; Dorofey Zakharchenko (P)
 * 2011 &mdash; Bronislav Vroom (C)
 * 2015


 * Picture ideas


 * 
 * 

Russian Antarctica


The Russian Empire establishes six oblasts in Antarctica.


 * Krannkush (Краннкушкая обл.) &mdash; Originally a protectorate of the Russian Empire, the region was formally annexed in the early 1900s. The region is the only area in Antarctica to retain a native majority.


 * Midnight Coast (Полуночнобереговая обл.) &mdash; The region was initially colonized by the Dutch, but became part of Russia following a short war. The oblast had a Dutch and Afrikaner population.


 * New Ukraine (Новоукраинская обл.) &mdash; Parts of this area were under dispute with the United Kingdom (later to become New Vestfold).


 * Vaiood (Вайудская обл.) &mdash; Occupying Lake Vostok and river system, the region was established following the discovery of gold.


 * Yuzhnaya Zemlya (Южноземльская обл.) &mdash; Initially named after (by Bellingshausen). The current name literally means "Southern Land," and was the Russian translation of  (the original name for Antarctica). The region is unique for Russian Antarctica as it consists of a Creole majority (those of mixed Russian and Ognian ancestry), with a unique culture to boot.


 * Zamorie (Заморская обл.) &mdash; The name literally translates as "beyond the sea" (in reference to beyond the Ross Sea) and is in homage to . The region is most noted for its abundance of coal.

South Pole
The following is for me to explain how the South Pole will function under the current layout of Antarctica.

Firstly, the South Pole would be a pseudo-independent nation. In which case it hold no sovereignty over its territory and no other nations have formal claims to the territory.

The entity was created in the mid 1950s (a little later than canon). Think of it similarly to the from OTL (i.e., free for all).

The "Antarctic Assembly" is the governing body of the South Pole. It would include representatives from (at the bare minimum) the Antarctic states which gave up territory. Issues are solved with a two-thirds majority vote. A "Director General" is elected from the assembly.

A potential full name for the territory may be the "South Pole Free Territory" (in reference to the ).


 * Flag of the United Kingdom.svg South Pole Free Territory (SPFT)
 * Flag of Russia.svg Южнополярная Свободная Территория (ЮПСТ)

Subdivisions of Antarctica
{{legend|lightblue|Unitary State}} {{legend|lightgreen|Federation}}


 * Notes

The German Empire would administer New Swabia as a colony, which in turn would become a mandate/province of the UK. Because of this unitary organization, New Swabia today would be divided into districts (Kreise).

New Swabia



 * History


 * Colony of New Swabia (1880s-1910s)
 * Mandate of New Swabia (1910s-1939)
 * State of New Swabia (1939-1980s)
 * Republic of New Swabia (1980s-Present)


 * Notes

When New Swabia fought for independence in the 1940s, the Nazi Party of New Swabia (NSPNS) mirrored Hitler's Third Reich as much as they could. With Germany's defeat in World War II, NS required to reform both its government and image to secure their independence and ideology. While still a single-party state, a true parliamentary system is established. A Chancellor runs the nation (not a Fuhrer), and the Reichstag is comprised of members from single-member constituencies. The citizens of New Swabia are entitled to vote in elections, but this is nowhere near as democratic as today.

Rather than deny the Holocaust and risk more war, the NSPNS opts to wash away any anti-Semitic platforms from government and party politics. Though the Jewish population didn't suffer the same fate as those in Europe, governmental segregation and de facto segregation would be implemented under NSPNS rule (think the US or ND to an extent).

Following the in the 1970s-1980s, a truly democratic nation is established. Much of the governmental structures remain the same, but more... democratic.

British Antarctica



 * Colonies


 * Cooksland &mdash; Initially claimed and settled by those from New South Wales, the colony split off later on. Became the core of.


 * Enderby &mdash; The first British colony in Eastern Antarctica, the colony claimed the territory west of the Amery Gulf. Today is the core of Eduarda.


 * Nova Hibernia &mdash; (New Ireland) Along the border with New Swabia. Founding province of.


 * South Virginia &mdash; Named after, this colony was established well inland and to the South Pole. The colony joined , but may have lost some territory to Eduarda (the "Eduardian Panhandle"?).

= 13 Fallen Stars =




 * (colors)
 * Term lengths by state
 * 


 * Have Alaska remain part of Russia, have it get more territory, and divide the area north (Yukon) and south (Alaska).


 * Greater New York City land reclamation


 * would be for the American Republics what Association Football is for Europe.


 * Soda Brands of the American Republics
 * (maybe Russia?)

Timeline for New Netherland

 * November 9, 1787 &mdash; New York declares secession from the Articles of Confederation.


 * March 24, 1788 &mdash; The USA dissolves. New Jersey gains independence.


 * Late 1788 &mdash; Talks for a unification of NJ and NY begin. War delays and alters unification moves.


 * November 1792 &mdash; New Netherland is established. New Jersey divides between east and west. Long Island becomes a state. Richmond County is sold to East Jersey. Upstate NY is given to the new federal government. The rump-NY becomes Hudson.


 * 1801 &mdash; The territories of Iroquois and Schenectady are established. Albany becomes a federal district.


 * 1805 &mdash; Schenectady gains statehood. The rest of the territory becomes the Adirondack Territory and the larger Capital District.


 * 1829 &mdash; Niagara gains statehood (splitting off from the Iroquois Territory).


 * 1836 &mdash; Iroquois gains statehood. The southern part of the territory becomes the Genessee Territory, with portions of the north being merged into the Adirondack Territory.


 * 1857 &mdash; Genessee gains statehood.


 * 1863 &mdash; Virgin Islands purchased.


 * 1872 &mdash; Adirondack gains statehood.


 * 1876 &mdash; Dutch East Indies purchased.


 * 1878 &mdash; St. Barts purchased.


 * 1880 &mdash; Caribbean islands united into the Curazao Territory.


 * 1883 &mdash; Spanish territory is purchased in Africa and the Pacific


 * 1898 &mdash; Bioko, Curazao, Fiji, and Micronesia gain territorial status. Islands off the coast of Venezuela annexed into Curazao.


 * 1900 &mdash; Tonga regains independence as a protectorate.


 * 1901 &mdash; Boundaries in Africa are finalized.


 * 1913 &mdash; NN Antarctic Territory established.


 * 1926 &mdash; African territories are united into the Biafra Territory.


 * 1958 &mdash; Curazao gains statehood. The rest of the territory becomes thee Statia Territory.


 * 1960 &mdash; Statia gains statehood.

Presidents in 13 Fallen Stars
{{legend|pink|Carolina}} {{legend|lightblue|Virginia}} {{legend|lightgreen|New England}} {{legend|lightsalmon|New Netherland}} {{legend|wheat|Pennsylvania}} {{legend|lightgrey|Others}}


 * Notes


 * The is hard to figure out. The patriarch  is from New Jersey, Samuel's son  was born in Ohio because of his father's work, and Prescot's son and grandson ( and ) were born in Massachusetts and Connecticut (respectively). From that, the family can be either New Netherlander, Pennsylvanian, and or New Englander (roughly in order).
 * The family seems to be more New Netherlander than New Englander. This may also be interesting to work into, since Prescot Bush is a suspect in the "failed" against Franklin D. Roosevelt.


 * was the first (and only) President born in California. However, given that both his parents originate from Ohio, and that he and his family were Quakers, I believe it is safe to assume Nixon may have been Pennsylvanian had the cards play right.


 * LG has helped out along

Candidates
With the multitude of nations, many presidential candidates in OTL may have better luck in their nations. Here are a few candidates.


 * Al Gore was born in DC. His father was a Senator from Tennessee, but his family originates from Virginia prior to the Revolutionary War. Likely, his family would probably remain in Virginia. This definitely eliminates the obvious nature of him being the VP of Carolinian-born Bill Clinton.


 * Hillary Clinton's mother would probably be Canadian. Given her troubled life, she may very well leave and comes across Pennsylvanian-born Hugh Rodham. Though the connections towards her being Pennsylvanian is pretty close, as her family tree has Virginian, Tennessean, and English on her father's side.

Other Persons

 * &mdash; likely a n. Family is of French ancestry and hails from Nebraska. His father was a congressmen OTL.


 * &mdash; Born in Alberta, his parents are Cuban and Delawarean. Both is parents eventually worked in the oil industry. While extremely close, I could potentially expect his mother to still do so (since Pennsylvania would be an oil power to an extent). His father could still leave Cuba for a higher education (either Pennsylvania or even "Texas"). Since they traveled (hence living in Alberta), they could travel around here and wind up together. The best case scenario would be he's Pennsylvanian (but very close to call if he'd even exist at all). New Netherland may also be a destination; while Louisiana, Mexico, and Carolina may also be areas of interest.


 * &mdash; possibly going to be a n. His parents were immigrants from Scandinavia. Not 100% sure whether they first arrived in California, but his father worked on the (which would be in California ATL).

Imperial Federation


The was a 19th century proposal to reorganize the  into a. While unsuccessful OTL, such an idea may very well be possible ATL. The following will be an explanation on how this Imperial Federation will function as I understand it.

Internal Structure
From what I've been able to read about the topic, there doesn't appear to be a well defined definition on what the Imperial Federation wanted to be beyond the federalization of the British Empire. Did they wish to form a strong federal government (a la the ) or something more comparable to the contemporary s (the or even the ). My initial expectations were closer to the former, but have gradually been moving towards the latter (due in great part to the input from LG). So the following will be my contemporary interpretation on what the United Britannic Commonwealth would be and how it would function.

The will be a federation of s,, and dependencies (of varying level). The dominions would hold the most power and would be comparable to the US states. The United Kingdom (as we know it) would loose considerable powers and would become an equal dominion. The crown colonies (or simply called colonies) would effectively act as territories (no different from OTL). Unlike OTL where the remaining colonies (mostly islands) fell under the control of either the UK or a dominion, all the colonies of the UC will be under the control of the federal government (though may still be closer to a specific dominion). The United Commonwealth would also include the which would not differ much in relations from OTL.

The British monarchy would still rule as the head of state of the United Commonwealth and would act mostly as a figurehead today (much like OTL). Some dominions and crown colonies may also have their own monarchy, though they are only regional and subordinate to the British monarchy. A single parliament will be the governing body of the UC and will include participation from all the dominions (and possibly the colonies). A single currency (the ) will be used across the United Commonwealth, with the federal government able to implement federal taxes. Freedom of movement is protected among the dominions and colonies. All residence within the United Commonwealth are citizens of the UC and of their respective dominion/colony. In most cases, those within the UC tend to show more identity with their respective region as opposed to being a "Britannic."

While a failure for the United States, the would become an inspiration for the United Commonwealth in the following ways. A single armed force is established and expanded during times of war and shrinking considerably during times of peace. Internal protections (especially during peace) are done by regional armed forces. Foreign policy is considerably weaker federally, with the dominions having more individual say (especially in regards to trade). In comparison to the United States OTL, the dominions are entitled to (and guaranteed) to be sovereign states.

The dominions (which would be large and populous entities) may have an internal practice of decentralization (or federalization in some cases), which give more regional say within a dominion. This especially plays out in Britain; where, , , and are given regional say within the dominion. They same can be said with Australia, Borealia, Canada, India, and indeed all the larger dominions.

Parliament
The Parliament would be the federal legislature of the United Commonwealth. The parliament may be considerably weaker than other national legislatures, leaving many areas open for dominion parliaments. The Parliament would be divided into two houses: the lower house will be called the, while the upper house would either be called the or the. The House of Commons are democratically elected and represent a specific constituency. The remaining house would be appointed by the dominions (either by their governments or independent committees).

The ruling government is headed by a Prime Minister (who will be the main person in charge of the UC besides the monarch). The dominions are headed by a Primer (as opposed to a Prime Minister, similar to Australia and Canada).

A potential issue may come about over the considerable population differences between some of the dominions. In particular that of Britain (likely the largest population among the "white colonies") and India (which has a population about 20 times that of Britain). It has been argued that the British Empire would become the Indian Empire if population was represented equally. Internal migration can only go so far, and dividing India into smaller dominions may help but potentially unlikely. A solution may be to have the house be based on "influence" or something to that effect (giving the British a boost).

Dominions and Colonies
The United Commonwealth is divided into dominions, [crown] colonies, and other areas (with Britain potentially being a different entity if needed). The dominions would be comparable to the US States, while the colonies would be more like territories. Some dominions and colonies would have special status, but would gain similar status within the Britannic Parliament.


 * Dominions


 * Italic = Special dominions (not "settler colonies")


 * 1
 * 1
 * 1)  (Gujarat)
 * 2)  (Great Britain)
 * 3)  (flag idea)
 * 2
 * 3
 * 1
 * 1
 * 1
 * 2
 * 3
 * 1
 * 1
 * 1
 * 1
 * 1
 * 1
 * 1
 * 1
 * 1
 * 1
 * 1
 * 1
 * 1
 * 1


 * 1 = May be united to form a single "West Indies Federation" (the Bahamas, Jamaica, and Trinidad may be excluded).
 * 2 = May remain a colony.
 * 3 = India may be further divided to create dominions with populations more on par with the others. One idea I have would be "" (Bangladesh and easternmost India) and "" (the contemporary state and more).


 * Crown Colonies




 * Crown Dependencies


 * 1)  (not sure what it would be classified as)
 * 1)  (not sure what it would be classified as)
 * 1)  (not sure what it would be classified as)
 * 1)  (not sure what it would be classified as)


 * Protectorates (not part of the UC)




 * Potential


 * Dominions
 * (possible crown colony[s])
 * (possible crown colony[s])
 * (possible crown colony[s])


 * Crown Colonies




 * Protectorates


 * Not likely


 * (Canon)
 * (protectorate or independent?)
 * (Palestine)
 * (Canon)
 * (part of Egypt?)
 * (Prussian?)
 * (Canon)
 * (part of Egypt?)
 * (Prussian?)
 * (Prussian?)


 * (still French?)

Flag Ideas to Work Out Later

 * Acadia &mdash; A cross between the current flags of and . Take the current flag of Nova Scotia (minus the shield and a smaller ratio) and add four blue  in a manner similar to that of Quebec's flag.


 * Westralia &mdash; Based on this design (which I tend to see commonly), minus the Commonwealth Star and the swan facing the fly (as similar to the proposed ).

New infobox for the states of New Netherland

 * Populations are based on OTL, and will be altered to express a larger population and internal migrations.


 * Population


 * 1) Hudson
 * 2) Niagara
 * 3) East Jersey
 * 4) Iroquois
 * 5) Long Island
 * 6) Schenectady
 * 7) West Jersey
 * 8) Genesee
 * 9) Adirondack
 * 10) Curazao
 * 11) Capital District
 * 12) Statia

Louisiana for 13
This will be expanded later, but I found this and need to write it for later research.

With my original idea for Canada likely to be gone soon, I take some comfort that at the very least, my idea would still work for Louisiana (I do hope that is what you meant by "Louisiana would work as a destination, though, for revolutionaries" [I assume you will be reading this, LG]).

In the short, Louisiana wins independence as a French-speaking republic. But with the loss of Canada, and a recent find, I may alter the timeline on when they gain independence. My original idea was around the late 1830s/early '40s (around the same time as the Mackenzie Rebellion in Canada). Now I may be looking towards the late 1810s/early '20s.

My reasoning involves enough lag for fleeing revolutionaries from France to enter Louisiana, it corresponds (more or less) to when the the other Latin American revolutions would be taking place (which all fail here, excluding Carolina's gains in the Floridas).

I also came across someone who may be a potential leader towards independence. was Governor of Louisiana OTL, as well as serving in the French army. His father (who was also a general) was executed by the new Spanish government, and played a minor role during the War of 1812. He might be an interesting figure to look further into.


 * Potential presidents




 * From LG



The American Republics and the British


For a while now, I have been trying to organize what the relationships between the American Republics (the former United States of America) and the British would be like. With the recent addition of Canada as a dominion (from what I had previously), I feel it should be appropriate to lay out my thoughts on the matter.

The obvious two categories would be those who have good relations, and those with bad relations. I have no doubt that by today (and throughout the 20th Century, if not earlier) all the American Republics would have good relations with the contemporary United Commonwealth. This primarily discusses relations in the 18th and 19th Centuries, and how they evolved into what they are today.


 * Carolina


 * Maryland


 * New England


 * New Netherland

I believe that would have strained relations with the British throughout much of the 19th Century. Much of this would come from resentment of British occupation of the New York City region during the Revolutionary War, and a move to establish themselves as a distinctive region (this includes the adoption of "Netherland" in their name).

Though for the most part, much of this anti-British feel would not be centered around them, but one of their biggest allies: New England. Albany's relations with Boston would be highly strained after the Vermont War &mdash; in which New York lost Vermont and their claims to the disputed Northwestern Territory. While the British had no real part in the Vermont War, the British would gain much of the blame (especially since NN's claim to the NWT did end up being British in the end).

New Netherland's growing power within North America would eventually lead to better relations. After the completion of the Erie Canal and the failed revolt in Canada; the British looked to have good relations with New Netherland for economic and security reasons.

Relations would begin to get positive by the 1880s. New Netherland money and industry is used to help build up British North America (including the first Transcontinental Railway from Canada to Colombia). New Netherland's growing global power and their own moves towards imperialism gained little opposition form the British, leading to territorial compromises.

Today, New Netherland and the United Commonwealth are the two dominant powers in the Americas.


 * Pennsylvania


 * Virginia

Asia at it stands in 13
This is just a quick bullet point on what is pretty much going to become canon in Asia. Stuff in italic face represent topics I am not sure about (not necessarily canon).


 * The will expand to include , , and.
 * Parts Manchuria (the and a land connection to Korea) go to Japan.
 * Not sure whether Russia would only include all of, or simply (which was the only parts within Russia's sphere of influence).


 * The wi include, the , , and parts of Manchuria (see above).


 * will become a dominion of the.
 * Hong Kong would also expand about 20 miles inland.


 * will be incorporated into the.


 * will gain independence.
 * Not sure whether it would include or only a smaller area.


 * will regain complete sovereignty and independence from the European spheres of influence as a republic.


 * ,, , , and parts of will be divided between , , and the.
 * France and Portugal retain their claims, and all are incorporated into that nation.
 * is divided into several dominions and crown colonies within the United Commonwealth.


 * and southern (to be renamed "") will gain independence as republics. Portions of northern Pakistan are merged into Afghanistan (which will most likely remain a monarchy).


 * will remain a, and will be incorporated into the Netherlands as "Ceylon."


 * The will remain a protectorate of the United Commonwealth.


 * will be divided up into several Dutch countries (dominions) and two sultanates.


 * will remain Portuguese, and will be incorporated into the kingdom.


 * will gain independence.


 * Both the British and Dutch claims on will gain independence and unite into a single nation.
 * Not sure whether they would become a republic.


 * and will remain independent monarchies under the names of "Persia" and "Siam" (respectively).


 * The British claims in are incorporated into the United Commonwealth.
 * The emirates of the, , and are incorporated as crown colonies.
 * Not completely sure about, and .

Wars in 13

 * Defined


 * (1789-1791)
 * French Revolt (1789-1792)
 * Haitian Revolution (1791-1800s)
 * (1795-1797)
 * First Latin American Revolutions (1800s)
 * Fifth Anglo-Dutch War (1800s)
 * Louisianan Revolution (1810s)
 * West Florida Revolution (1810s)
 * Rebellions of 1837 (1837-1838)
 * "Revolutions of 1848" (1840s)
 * (1861-1863)
 * Second Latin American Revolutions (1880s-1890s)
 * Venezuela War (1890s)
 * Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)
 * Chinese Revolution (1911)
 * Liberia War (1980s)

Trenton Group: New Netherland's SOI
The idea of the "Trenton Pact" (a working name) was to be 's answer to the "Concord Pact" (which was an alliance between the British and New England) and the "Marseille Pact" (an alliance between France and Spain). It should be noted that these two pacts are no longer canon, so this reasoning for the Trenton Pact is out-of-date. Despite this, I still see some potential for the Trenton Pact to form out of New Netherland's imperial expansion, as well as New Netherland's answer to the Commonwealth of Nations.



This organization would combine elements of OTL "" and the "," while under the guise of 's. I could also see 's notion of the playing out in this organization. As a simplified of looking at this, think New Netherland forming an alliance between several American nations to both protect them from outside forces (particularly European domination) while securing New Netherland's interests in the Western Hemisphere. I may be stretching out the details, but it's a simple way of looking at it.

As its name suggests, the Trenton Pact would initially be an alliance between New Netherland and its allies among the American Republics (Pennsylvania and Virginia). Other members would join in later on. As to what kind of organization this would be, I have no real idea. I currently see parallels with the ; in which some cultural, economic, political, and military organizations are unified (though still dominated by New Netherland). I would say it could be similar to the, but I don't completely see this. Though the thoughts of a and  (?) do get my interest. In fact, I could see this organization establishing something akin to the, in which New Netherland wishes to expand its influence into the markets which it itself does not have in abundance (such as agriculture, coal, oil, steal, etc.). Military cooperation could likely follow (to both protect NN's interests and to keep European imperialism out). Who knows how far this could get by today.

Member States

 * Founding Members States




 * Likely Member States




 * Possible Member States


 * The following are not independent nations (canon), but I may change this later on.




 * Protectorates


 * (Virginia)
 * (New Netherland)


 * Unlikely Member States


 * The following states I have doubts about joining.




 * CALIFORNIA LOVE?


 * ''I'm leaving open the possibility that California becomes its own great power.



New Netherland Goes Swiss?


From the beginning, I've wanted to incorporate the as a basis of 's government. My initial understanding of the New Jersey Plan was to have a legislature in which all states were represented equally (a la the ). But to my initial frustration, the proposed plan included many more talking points which I did not understand (leading me to mostly ignore them). As my understanding began to improve, so did my curiosity on the expansion of these points within New Netherland.

The main talking point I'm focusing on is the proposal that would've had the United States adopt a collegial body to act as a collective (instead of a single presidency as what is currently in place). This system of government is known as a (or a collegial system), and made more confusing when the only contemporary user of this system is. To my amazement, several other nations had (at one point) used this system; including, the (to some extent), , and. But the key sticking point for me was that of all places, utilized this system of governance under the 1776 state constitution.

In conclusion, I can see many pros for incorporating this system into the timeline, with most of the cons relating to how alien this system sounds to me. The following sections will discuss and explore how I will envision New Netherland will function under this system.

Executive Branch
The executive branch of New Netherland will be dominated by an "executive council" &mdash; a collegial body which collectively acts as the. The number of councilors serving in such a body vary depending on the national examples: with Switzerland having, Uruguay having , and Pennsylvania having. As of now, I support having five serving for New Netherland.

The five councilors would also head one of five governmental departments, which would be comparable to a (not a constituency as I previously thought). Unlike most nations which establish new cabinets if needed, these executive departments would expand their responsibilities (similar to Switzerland). The five departments I have in mind include:


 * "Defense"
 * "Finance"
 * "Foreign Affairs"
 * "Justice"
 * "Interior" ( and more)

Despite these departments, each member of the council will be equal amongst each other. Among the five councilors will be selected a  president and vice president to lead the council and who will serve this position for about a year (with all councilors to serve this position at least one during their term in office).

As proposed in the New Jersey Plan, the councilors would only be allowed to serve a single term in office (barred from serving in the council afterwards). With members of the legislature holding a term of three-years, councilors would likely hold a longer time of six-years. The elections for councilors would be timed so about half are up for election every three years. Councilors were originally appointed by the legislature, but this has since changed so councilors are democratically elected. Under both systems, an is used based on the number of seats each state (and now territory) has. Since each state has the same number of votes, it boils down to who wins the most states.

Unlike what was initially hoped under the, the executive branch (not to mention the ) is constitutionally weaker in New Netherland than the legislative branch. This effectively makes New Netherland a compared to the  the United States established. Despite these hurtles, the executive council has somewhat evolved to give themselves more powers, which have been expanded upon since the council became democratically elected.

One of the constitutionally written duties of the councilors would be to appoint justices to the "supreme tribunal" (i.e., the ). Members of the council can constitutionally be removed from office only under the approval of all state legislatures (making impeachment either rare or non-existent). The council collectively may act as the, but this power is effectively under the responsibility of the legislature (similar to other parliamentary republics).

Councilors receive a fixed annual salary and are entitled to immunity during their term in office. Similar to what evolved in Switzerland, councilors don't receive as many luxuries as do other world leaders (this stemming from the New Jersey Plan's goal of making a weaker executive branch). Councilors aren't entitled to a residency during their term in office and are not under constant protection and supervision (though they are entitled to request such protections when needed).

Legislative Branch


The legislative branch of New Netherland will consist of a Congress. As proposed under the, the Congress will consist a single house where each state has equal representation. Each state would receive multiple seats which may vote individually (comparable to the ) but some legislation may require these members to vote as single states (a la ).

In contrast to how the, the , and the early were allotted to appoint members to Congress; members of congress (congressmen) will be democratically elected by the citizens of New Netherland. Each member represents a (called a Congressional District) which are drawn to have similar populations as the other districts of that state. Since each state has equal representation, this means that congressmen from the more populous states represent more constituencies than his/her colleagues from the least populous states. Each member of congress will be elected to a three-year term and would be able to serve an unlimited amount of terms if he/she wishes. Elections are held every three years, with all seats in congress being contested.

At the beginning of each cession, a president and a speaker will be appointed among the members of congress. The president (styled as the ) will become the (basically a  in all but name) and is usually the leader of the ruling coalition/political party. Leaders of the political parties are democratically elected by the members of that political party under a system. Formally, the president is elected by the members of congress, who in turn send their candidate to the executive council to be confirmed. The will be the presiding officer (chairman) of the legislature. Unlike the president, the speaker is elected by the members of congress, but is always a member from the governing coalition or political party. Both the president and the speaker will continue to represent their congressional districts and vote along side their fellow members of congress.

Unlike the executive council or other members of congress, the president would receive a residency during his time in the presidency (the ). The president is entitled to appoint other members of congress to a congressional cabinet (i.e., a ) who will work alongside the president (similar to the ).

State Governments
The appears to have focused more on the federal government and left the state governments to themselves. The only key I've found states that under the plan the [majority of] governors could recall members of the executive council. From this, it would be interesting to see each state potentially have a single head of state, while the federal government is the only one to use a collegial head of state. This could also vary between each state.

As I currently see it, the state governments of East Jersey (formerly New Jersey) and New York wouldn't change from their original constitutions and would act as the basis for future states. A governor would act as the single head of state and would be elected by the legislature. The legislature would be democratically elected. By today, governors may also be democratically elected.

Only the governors (either a majority of or all) have the constitutional authority to recall members of the executive council.

New Political Parties

 * {{legend|tan|Farmers' Party &mdash;, }}
 * {{legend|lime|Green Party &mdash;, }}
 * {{legend|yellow|Liberty Party &mdash;, , }}
 * {{legend|violet|Long House Party &mdash;, }}
 * {{legend|orange|National Party (Know Nothings) &mdash;, , , , }}
 * {{legend|black|People's Party &mdash;, , , , }}
 * {{legend|red|Progressive Party (Bull Moose) &mdash;, , , }}
 * {{legend|turquoise|Reform Party &mdash;, , , , , , }}
 * {{legend|blue|Unity Party &mdash;, }}


 * Current Congressional Makeup Idea


 * 145 members of congress (congressmen)
 * 11 members per state (11*11=121)
 * 3 members per territory (3*6*18)
 * 6 members for s
 * Africa
 * Antarctica and Oceania
 * Asia
 * Europe
 * North America
 * South America


 * Progressive Party


 * Leadership Ideas


 * Farmers' Party
 * Green Party
 * Liberty Party &mdash;
 * Long House Party &mdash; ?, ?
 * National Party &mdash;
 * People's Party &mdash;
 * Progressive Party &mdash;
 * Reform Party
 * Unity Party &mdash;

Party Members

 * Liberty Party






 * Progressive Party


 * ("progressive ")
 * ("progressive ")
 * ("progressive ")


 * Unity Party



Governments of the Other Nations
With using the  for the basis of their constitution, this has lead me to consider what the remaining  would adopt (not to mention other nations in general). The following will discuss in detail my current thoughts on this matter.




 * Would be a comprised of seven states.


 * I feel confident that Carolina would adopt the as the basis for its constitution. Under the plan, Carolina's legislature (likely called the "Congress") would be . Both houses would be proportioned based on population, with the upper house having far fewer seats than the lower. Members of the upper house may continue to be appointed by the state legislatures to this day. Given no opposition from the (not included) northern states, Carolina would likely not adopt the  and would include all slaves as part of their population. A president would act as the singular head of state and would be democratically elected.


 * Politically I would see Carolina as being a very conservative nation, with [East] Florida and Tennessee likely being the most liberal.




 * Maryland would be a state comprised of its current counties (with  being divided between Montgomery and Prince George's.


 * I feel the would be adopted in Maryland, with the counties acting as constituencies (similar to OTL). Both houses of the  legislature would be proportioned based on population (with the upper house having far fewer seats). The head of state would be a democratically elected President.




 * No doubt in my mind (let alone everyone else) that New England would be a [canonically] comprised of seven states (though I may expand the number of states by further dividing Maine in the future).


 * Compared to the other American Republics, New England would be unique in that it would include the large population of and the comparatively low populations outside Massachusetts. By comparison, Massachusetts' population was more comparable to that of New York and Pennsylvania, while the remaining New England states had roughly half of Massachusetts population. It is because of this that I feel it may be likely that New England may adopt something akin to the  (or Connecticut Plan) which was adopted by the United States OTL. Like in the US, the legislature (potentially called the "General Court") would be . The lower house would be proportioned based on population, while the upper house would be equally proportioned. Members of the upper house may continue to be appointed by the state legislatures, but this may have changed by today.


 * A singular head of state (a President) may be very likely for New England. But given the adoption of s in neighboring New Netherland and Pennsylvania, it might be interesting to see New England do something similar. In an ironic twist, I may partially get my wish as it appears both (see ) and Massachusetts (see ) do have something akin to an executive council which continues to exist. Since both systems are similar, New England would likely follow this system. Under this "New England system," the president would still be elected and would be the singular leader. Alongside him/her would be a democratically elected council whose job it would be to assist the president and keep a check on his/her powers. Unlike other directorial republics, these councilors would not head a specific department would would represent a specific district within the nation (comparable to a congressional district). These districts would be based on population, so they may cross state lines (as opposed to being the states themselves).


 * Politically I would see New England (much like OTL) being a very liberal nation, with "Maine" and New Hampshire comprising the conservative core.




 * Pennsylvania would be a currently comprised of 10 states.


 * I feel it'd be more likely that Pennsylvania would adopt the, but depending on what wants this may be parlayed into something akin to the . Pennsylvania's population (OTL) was comparable to that of New York's at the time. Depending on how populous the partitioned Pennsylvanian states would be, it may be possible Delaware would feel okay with adopting the Virginia plan on the grounds that it's own population would be more comparable to that of the rest.


 * Unlike OTL, Pennsylvania would likely keep its to this day, with a collegial body collectively acting as the head of state. Given its close relations with New Netherland, Pennsylvania may adopt similar rules as its neighbor by today.




 * Virginia would be a comprised of nearly 375 counties.


 * Virginia would very likely adopt the, with both houses of its legislature being proportioned based on population (with the upper house having far fewer seats). Virginia would also likely not adopt something like the and would count all slaves as part of its population.


 * The head of state would be the President, who is democratically elected. Since Virginia was late in abolishing the requirement to own land in order to vote, this may have played out in early Virginian history.


 * Elsewhere


 * Given their proximity and lack of any noteworthy alternatives, I suspect that and  would adopt a system comparable to that of Carolina (with some elements from the French revolutionaries). Cuba and Puerto Rico (if the later becomes independent, which it might) would likely follow a similar path.


 * The members of the United Commonwealth would no doubt follow that of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth Realm. Given good relations with New England, they may adopt some elements from them (particularly the Connecticut Compromise).


 * The Latin Republics may follow a similar path as OTL, though with more connections to that of Spain. As of right now (though still a WIP), California would adopt a unicameral legislature based on population (similar to that of Venezuela).

Departments of the Executive College

 * "Defense" &mdash; defense, war, homeland security, veterans affairs
 * "Finance" &mdash; economy, treasury, trade, customs, commerce
 * "Foreign Affairs" &mdash; state
 * "Interior" &mdash; interior, labor, health, housing, transportation, communications, education
 * "Justice" &mdash; attorney general, policing


 * Candidates


 * Defense
 * (1792)
 * (2014)


 * Finance
 * (1792)
 * (2008)
 * (2014)
 * (2014)
 * (2014)


 * Foreign Affairs
 * ? (1792)
 * (2002)
 * (2008)
 * ? (2014)
 * ? (2014)


 * Interior
 * (1792)
 * (2002)
 * (2008?)
 * (2014)


 * Justice
 * (1792)
 * (2008)
 * (2014)

Governor Ideas

 * (L-East Jersey)
 * (P-Long Island)
 * (L-Genesee)
 * (P-New York)

How Carolina Works
The following will be my personal attempt to work out how racial segregation would continue to shape the today. Chalk this up to either me being a New Yorker and growing up in the 1990s or me just being a (mostly) decent human being, but the concept of continued segregation blows my mind and is very troubling for me to work on. Because of which I hope to focus more on as many positives as there could exist in this scenario.



The first thing to note is that Carolina would continue to have slavery well beyond the 1860s. A domestic abolitionist movement would be limited, while international pressure can only go so far during this time period. I predict that slavery will end sometime between the 1890s and 1930s. A working scenario I have is that gradually diminishes for Carolina economy following the 1860s. begins to cooperate with the northern republics (especially ) and the British begin to move cotton production into Egypt and India. Combined with the rise of new technologies, cotton and the use of slave labor becomes less needed every passing year. The final nail in the coffin would be the infestation of the around the 1910s, which further destroys cotton productions for Carolina, with slavery coming to an end in the later half of the decade.

Though slavery is abolished on its own in Carolina, racism would still be ingrained in the Carolinian psyche. Much like OTL, the states adopt which virtually keep all Afro-Carolinians no better off than when they were slaves. They have no freedoms (treated as second-class citizens) and are expected to work or are criminalized (to put it bluntly). would become common in Carolina (like it was in the US OTL) and would expand to include both Blacks and poor Whites (these Whites would even make up the sharecropping majority in some states). These White sharecroppers would eventually form a solidarity with the Blacks, and both would form the core of a populist movement in Carolina. As the economy worsens (a ) and a lack of innovation in the nation, men like emerge as into the national spotlight. While it may be a stretch for Carolina, I would like to assume that these populists would also work to improve the lives of Afro-Carolinians. A compromise to this would be to implement a policy of (which is what we know as the ). This policy may be implemented nationally or remain local (with some areas even going as far to declare equality for all). and Tennessee seem to be the most likely states to go in this direction.



Regardless of what policy is chosen, I'd still predict that the of Afro-Carolinians would still take place. If the Carolinian mentality is this strong, I doubt they'd oppose an exodus (not like this is East Germany or anything). I can see a large Afro-Carolinian diaspora living in British North America (Acadia and Canada), the Caribbean (British West Indies, ), Statia, (which would have a larger  population),, and the remaining American Republics ( and  especially).

While I doubt this would play a significant role in this timeline, I'd like to suspect that would play some role in Carolina policy. The biggest idea of which would propose the establishment of a Black-dominated nation where Carolina once was (the ). This idea would play out as the ultimate goal for hard core nationalist and as a rallying cry for white supremacists).

Presidential Terms of Carolina


I'm very much a fan of how the was to serve a single six-year term in office, and I've been interested in doing the same for Carolina for a while now.

The main reasoning for which will be that Georgia and North Carlina (at the time) used a three-term governorship, with Tennessee doing similar. It also appears that all of these states used single-term governorships early on. This could be worked out for the nation in the early 1790s.

Here's a WIP description. Carlina adopts a six-term presidency. Elections are held every three-years, with Representatives serving three-year terms and Senators serving nine-year terms. No term limits were stated in the constitution, but the early presidents would purposely serve a single term. This may have changed by today, with 's administration being a potential catalyst for this movement.

If 1791 would be the year of the first election, than the most recent presidential elections would've been in 2001, 2007, and 2013. With being in 2001 and  in 2007, than this may leave open  being elected in 2013 (serving until 2019).

Dutch "Cape Colony"


With no Napoleonic Wars, the would get to keep their colony in the. Because of this, southern Africa would be completely different from OTL. The more noticeable difference is that there exists two territories in what is OTL South Africa. The Dutch keep the Cape Colony, while the British take. The British would also expand northwards into and the wealth it has.

The Dutch too would expand to their north into southern. Much of the early colonists would be the s, who trek away from Cape Town to gain more farmland and to be isolated (similar to OTL). Instead of settling the upper they would instead settle the lower half of the river (i.e., ).

Similar to OTL, the "Cape Colony" would have a unique population comprised of European settlers (commonly known as ) and those of mixed decent. Given the low native population in the Northern Cape and southern Namibia (compared to eastern South Africa), there may be a good chance that Afrikaners may form a majority (if not a more sizable minority) within the "Cape Colony." With continued connections with the Netherlands, the would not exist (at least as an independent language) and  would continue to be officially spoken (though be it a regional variant).

By comparison, British would greatly resemble eastern South Africa from OTL. The population would have a native majority, with a sizable white minority living mostly in urban areas. With no Afrikaners to deal with, anything resembling would not exist within Natal (though it wouldn't surprise me if a de facto White-controlled government existed throughout its history). and would be incorporated into Natal, as would the southernmost portions of. The crown colonies of and  (though being separate entities) be withing Natal's sphere of influence.

Independence?


Not too sure how well this will work out, but I see potential in the "Cape Colony" gaining independence as a republic by today.

I don't have a specific reasoning for how this would happen aside from the Boers likely supporting and fighting for such a thing and the elite in Cape Town potentially favoring such a move. Depending on how the Dutch continue to rule the colony (I've read both good and bad things), the Afrikaners may see themselves as being an independent republic (more on par with the Americas) than remaining a colony (or dominion) of the Dutch.

From what I've read, I would place independence anytime between the 1830s to around the 1950s. If it gains independence, I'm tempted to name the new nation the Orange Free State as opposed to Kaapland (or even Volkstaad). Due to the Boers likely having influence in the region's independence and as a protection from invasion, the capital city of this nation would be moved north (though Cape Town could continue to be an economic center).

This nation would likely have no democratic traditions, though I'd like to assume that they eventually adopt some form of democracy (maybe following ). I'd also suspect some form of being implemented in this region (regardless of independence), but it would likely continue to this day if independence is achieved. Though with the population potentially being an Afrikaner/Coloured majority, it may loosen itself over time as the loss of power would be low.

I predict they would have very close relations with and possibly. I'm also playing around with the idea that Angola and Mozambique-Rhodesia (which LG state could become independent) may become something like puppet states of the Cape Colony and would adopt adopt White-dominated governments under the backing of the Cape (maybe even Carolina). While this may be possible for Angola, Mozambique-Rhodesia (which is north of Natal) may be less so.


 * Other Notes


 * The "Cape Colony" would have an area roughly similar to that of.


 * Under Apartheid, the provinces of South Africa were subdivided into districts (. The Cape Province was divided into (about) 150 of these districts. Given that Virginia has roughly 370 counties, it shouldn't be an issue for the "Cape Colony" (especially if independent) to keep this subdivision.


 * Potential Names


 * Republic of the Cape of Good Hope (Republiek van die Kaap van Goeie Hoop)
 * Free State of the Cape of Good Hope (Vrystaat van die Kaap van Goeie Hoop)

Counties of Virginia
When I became the caretaker of this timeline, many (including myself) assumed that Virginia would become a federation of states or (at the least) divided into states (much like that of its neighbors). But as the timeline began to be sorted out, it's become apparent that Virginia would actually be a with little difference between OTL Virginia. In a somewhat annoying way this does make sense, as Virginia (not to mention Maryland) would be the only colony/state which would go it alone, whereas the others would unite into regional nations (which would require federations). So the story should end here, with Virginia continued to be divided into counties and divided into much more of them with a larger area. But with this comes more confusion.

The first bit of confusion is that Virginia is unique within the United States for virtually allowing all its major cities to become independent from its surrounding county. Today there includes 38 independent cities of Virginia (along with 95 standard counties). This is one of the more confusing aspects of Virginia, and only makes it more frustrating to contemplate the inclusion of more cities from Kentucky et al.



I decided to do some research on this topic, but it leaves me with more questions than answers. The first tidbit was that these independent cities didn't become official until after the Civil War, but many had de facto independence since colonial times. The only reasonable answer I could find to explain why the independent cities came to be following the Civil War was (to keep things simple) because of Virginia's loss in the war. The explanation tells that Virginia supported rural communities and unincorporated the cities to allow these communities to not be sucked into these growing cities.

This explanation seems to be the best reason for me, but from a contemporary standpoint doesn't seem to fit. Most of the arguments against independent cities state that the rural areas have remained "too" rural, and lack many infrastructural necessities which the independent cities have more of. Pretty much that the rural and urban areas would make the county as a whole much better off. Combined with the fact that this only came about following their loss in the Civil War, I feel relieved to say that I will keep these cities included in their counties for this timeline.

But with one issue solved, another rises. This second issue is that both Kentucky and Virginia (Not to mention many Southern States) are notorious for having numerous small counties (both having about 100 counties each). This is a nightmare for a map maker like me, so I had to dig deeper to make myself satisfied. The best explanation I got for this phenomenon is ruralism once again. Having smaller counties was seen as a way to have average people feel more connected with their state. In particular, the argument states that having smaller counties would allow average people to be within a days travel (at the time) from the county seat.

Unlike independent cities, this explanation sits pretty well for me, and makes Virginia more uniquely Virginian. But this still makes the map making side very uneasy, especially since the counties north of the Ohio River would have to be redrawn to include this mentality (not to mention eliminating the borders of OTL). One idea I could do to solve this would be to eliminate the counties as the first-class subdivision and create something larger (like states or provinces which would still be part of a unitary state). But given the ruralism aspect and that Virginia was already dividing Kentucky into counties by the POD, I think this wouldn't sit well. I may establish larger regions which would play some role in Virginia by today, but they would not be a real subdivision (more like the ).

The only downside to having +300 counties is that there doesn't exist a real comparison from OTL. Texas is an okay comparison, but it has far less counties and a larger area than ATL Virginia. To some relief, I did stumble upon and its. Virginia would be twice the size of Uganda, but (2*2=4) and we get somewhere around Virginia's county number.

So as of now, the Commonwealth of Virginia will be a unitary state comprised of +300 counties. These counties are small and very local. These counties are divided into towns and cities. Many counties are included into larger regions, which only act as larger bodies to keep the counties connected with the national government in Richmond.

General Assembly of Virginia
The legislative body of the will be the. Following Virginia's independence, I feel the General Assembly (as well as the constitution) will be restructured. I feel it should be safe to assume that the would become the basis of the General Assembly. Under the Virginia Plan, the legislature is divided into two chambers, both proportioned based on population. The two chambers will be known as the House of Delegates and the Senate. Unlike the United States, Virginia would remain a. While subordinate to the national government, the counties will also act as constituencies under this plan.



The House of Delegates (lower house) will mimic the. Based on their population, each county will receive a set number of votes to send to the House (though each county may be entitled to at least one). Delegates to the House are democratically elected by the citizens living within those counties. The counties with multiple seats may be further divided into smaller constituencies to allow more regionalism, or the citizens of each county may vote on multiple delegates (I currently prefer the former). Each delegate is elected to serve a two-year term with no term limits. The House will be lead by a Speaker, who is elected among the delegates and is usually the leader of the governing party.

The Senate (upper house) will also be based on population (as opposed to equality as with the ). As with the House, each county will receive a set number of votes to send to the Senate, though the Senate will consist of far fewer seats than the House. Unlike the House or the US Senate, Virginian Senators are appointed (similar to what the US Senate was like prior to the adoption of the ). Since the counties hold no federal power, the county governments would not appoint Senators. Instead, it would be county officials (those who have a high standing within said county) who nominate candidates for the Senate, and are confirmed by the House. Each Senator is appointed to serve a six-year term with no term limits. The Senate will be lead by the Vice President of Virginia (to be known as the President of the Senate), regardless of party affiliation.

Given the likely political makeup of Virginia, I predict that the House of Delegates will fluctuate between conservative and liberal governments (potentially the opposite of which party the President is in), while the Senate may remain solidly conservative due to regional conservatism. (who would likely be Virginian) may be a member of the General Assembly to this day.

Russian Antarctica Idea
Not too sure this will work out (I want it to so thereby it won't). I would like to see the make a claim to Antarctica. Because... Russia (also the fact they discovered the continent). I was considering for a while that the best option for Russia would be to claim since the area is unclaimed (OTL), but it was assumed the the British would snatch it up.

In hopes of having this idea be possible, here is a potential timeline idea for a Russian Antarctic claim as it may play out.

Following British and New Netherlander claims to the continent, Russia begins to do the same. With no WWI or Revolution, it would be easy enough to do it. Russia lays claim to (for the most part) Alexander I Land, Peter I Island, and a chunk of the continent which would no doubt overlap some of the British claims.

As time moves on and the boundaries become standard, a treaty between the Brits and the Russians ends these disputes. In exchange for relinquishing claims to the area east of the 80th meridian (OTL BAT), the Russians would be able to expand westward to include all of Marie Byrd Land (with a small territory added to the Ross Dependency).

Russian Names for the American Republics
Because I'm bored and because I can.


 * &mdash; Каролинская Конфедерация
 * Karolina &mdash; Karolinskaya Konfyedyeratsiya


 * &mdash; Свободное Государство Мэриленд
 * Merilyend &mdash; Svobodnoye Gosudarstvo Merilyend


 * &mdash; Соединённые Штаты Новой Англии (С.Ш.Н.А.)
 * Novaya Angliya &mdash; Soyedinyonnyye Shtaty Novoy Anglii (S.Sh.N.A.)


 * &mdash; Соединённые Штаты Новых Нидерландов (С.Ш.Н.Н.)
 * Novyye Nidyerlandy &mdash; Soyedinyonnyye Shtaty Novykh Nidyerlandov (S.Sh.N.N.)


 * &mdash; Содружество Пенсильвании
 * Pensil'vaniya &mdash; Sodruzhyestvo Pensil'vanii


 * &mdash; Содружество Виргинии
 * Virginiya &mdash; Sodruzhyestvo Virginii

A Couple of Ideas to Work Out

 * By today, the is reorganized into a federation of equal members.


 * If not the governorates, than larger entities will be created which unifies several governorates together. These larger entities will be called "krais."


 * Without the famines and world wars of the 20th century, there may exist the possibility that the Russian people witness a population boom compared to OTL. The Russian Empire would have a larger population overall (though nowhere as large as the United Commonwealth).


 * Siberia could be much more developed than OTL, both in population and infrastructure. Dalny (or possibly "New Dalny") would become the Los Angeles of the Russian Empire.

Krais of the Russian Empire
As I currently have in mind, the would decentralize (or federalize) their territories by today, allowing the regions more autonomy. Rather than the governorates and oblasts having this power, a larger entity will be established which would combine these areas together. These areas will be known as krais, and would've evolved from the (also called ) which existed during the Russian Empire.

These krais would be structured similarly to the dominions of the. A will be appointed to act as the head of state and the vice-regal of that krai (pretty much what existed prior). The majority of the issues within these krais are done by means of a democratic legislature, headed by a premier.


 * General Ideas

The following are krai ideas which I believe are self-explanatory.


 * Alaska &mdash; and possibly parts of  and the.


 * Baltic &mdash; Much of and . (ru)


 * Poland &mdash; and possibly some (if not all) of.


 * Vague Ideas

The following are vague ideas which will have to be sorted out (just getting them out in the open).


 * Amur (or Primorie) &mdash;, the , , and parts of and.


 * Astrakhan &mdash; and more.


 * Baikal &mdash;, , and.


 * Bessarabia &mdash; and parts of the  (may be included in Novorossia).


 * Belorussia (or Belarus) &mdash; Much of.


 * Ciscaucasia (or Cossackia) &mdash; Southwestern (the Russian Caucasus).


 * East Turkestan (or Uyghuristan) &mdash; (see ).


 * Kamchatka &mdash;, , , and northern.


 * Kazan (or Tatarstan) &mdash; and more (see ).


 * Latvia &mdash; Much of (see ).


 * Malorossia (or Little Russia) &mdash;, , and much of northeastern (see ).


 * Manchuria &mdash; Northeastern (see ).


 * Mongolia &mdash; and possibly  and.


 * Novgorod (or Ingria) &mdash;, , and much of northwestern.


 * Novorossia &mdash; Southern and possibly the  (see ).


 * Pomorie (or Goluborossia) &mdash;, , , , and some more (see ).


 * Ruthenia &mdash; Western (see ).


 * Steppe &mdash; and northeastern.


 * Tobol (or Yugra) &mdash;, , and.


 * Transcaucasia (or Greater Armenia) &mdash;, , , and parts of and.


 * Velikorossia (or Muscovy) &mdash;, , and much of central (see ).


 * West Turkestan (or Turkestan) &mdash;, , , and (see ).


 * Yakutia (or Sakha) &mdash;.


 * Yenisei &mdash;.

Presidents of New Netherland: The Revenge
With New Netherland now becoming a parliamentary republic, the presidential lineup will have to be redone to work around this. The presidency will now resemble a premiership of any parliamentary system.

Election Years and Key Presidents

 * Bold = Elections of the Executive Council
 * Italic = Future elections


 * 1) 1792 &mdash;  (nonpartisan)
 * 2) 1795
 * 3) 1798
 * 4) 1801 &mdash;  (National Unity)
 * 5) 1804
 * 6) 1807
 * 7) 1810
 * 8) 1813
 * 9) 1816
 * 10) 1819 &mdash;  (National Unity)
 * 11) 1822
 * 12) 1825
 * 13) 1828 &mdash;  (Liberty)
 * 14) 1831
 * 15) 1834
 * 16) 1837
 * 17) 1840
 * 18) 1843
 * 19) 1846
 * 20) 1849
 * 21) 1852
 * 22) 1855 &mdash;  (National)
 * 23) 1858
 * 24) 1861 &mdash;  (Unity)
 * 25) 1864
 * 26) 1867 &mdash;  (Liberty)
 * 27) 1870
 * 28) 1873 &mdash;  (Liberty)
 * 29) 1876
 * 30) 1879 &mdash;  (Unity)
 * 31) 1882
 * 32) 1885 &mdash;  (Liberty)
 * 33) 1888
 * 34) 1891
 * 35) 1894
 * 36) 1897
 * 37) 1900 &mdash;  (Unity)
 * 38) 1903
 * 39) 1906
 * 40) 1909
 * 41) 1912 &mdash;  (Liberty)
 * 42) 1915
 * 43) 1918 &mdash;  (Progressive)
 * 44) 1921
 * 45) 1924 &mdash;  (Progressive)
 * 46) 1927
 * 47) 1930 &mdash;  (Liberty)
 * 48) 1933 &mdash;  (Progressive)
 * 49) 1936
 * 50) 1939
 * 51) 1942
 * 52) 1945
 * 53) 1948 &mdash;  (Liberty)
 * 54) 1951
 * 55) 1954 &mdash;  (Progressive)
 * 56) 1957
 * 57) 1960
 * 58) 1963 &mdash;  (?)
 * 59) 1966
 * 60) 1969
 * 61) 1972
 * 62) 1975
 * 63) 1978
 * 64) 1981
 * 65) 1984
 * 66) 1987
 * 67) 1990 &mdash;  (?)
 * 68) 1993
 * 69) 1996
 * 70) 1999
 * 71) 2002
 * 72) 2005
 * 73) 2008
 * 74) 2011
 * 75) 2014
 * 76) 2017

Expanded Details
The following will include some basic ideas I have for several presidents and their administrations.


 * Following the end of his governorship/presidency of New York, is either appointed or elected to the presidency of New Netherland upon its formation. Clinton leads a coalition government comprised of, , and fellow .  would lead an opposition comprised of former  and . Hamilton resigns following a scandal in the late 1790s (much like OTL).


 * Following the [likely] three terms of Clinton, would become his successor. Unlike Clinton, Burr was a moderate and attempted to establish a new government between the Anti-Federalists and Federalists. Though initially successful, Alexander Hamilton (fearing the decay of his influence) convinces Congress to vote Burr out after a single term. Continued feuding between Burr and Hamilton results in the  between them where Hamilton dies. Burr's place in history is similar to OTL and considered a failed leader in many respects.


 * would gain the presidency in around the 1820s. Unlike his uncle (George Clinton), DeWitt leads a government of Federalists. During his time as president, New Netherland expands its industrial sectors, drastically improve its relations with the British, and construction on the takes place (which transforms New Netherland into a major economic player in North America).


 * A former opponent to DeWitt Clinton, gains the presidency following Clinton (1820s-1830s). Becoming the first president of Dutch decent (with English being a second language for him), Van Buren gains the nickname "The Little Magician" for his role in the further democratization of New Netherlander politics and helping to shape the multi-party system which continues to be used.


 * would win the presidency during the 1850s. He leads a coalition government headed by the "Know Nothings" (which may do better with slavery not being an issue in New Netherland). His time as president is short-lived.


 * The presidency of would be dominated by foreign affairs. This included legislation for New Netherland to aid the  in its fight to abolish slavery, as well as the beginning of the "Empire State" when New Netherland purchases the Danish West Indies.


 * would continue in Seward's foreign issues and would establish closer relations with Virginia (then lead by ).


 * 's presidency would see the greatest expansion of New Netherland by orchestrating the purchase of Spanish colonies in Africa and the Pacific.


 * would serve a single term as president before being defeated by a very small margin. After three years of serving the opposition, he regains the presidency which he serve for one remaining term.


 * Despite opposition to which, would gain the presidency by the 1900s. He greatly expands New Netherland's great power status. After serving a few terms, he leaves but become greatly dissatisfied by his successors. He decides to run again, only to be turned down by his party. He establishes a new one (the Progressive Party) which is able to swing the election. The Progressives gain second place in Congress in 1912. It wouldn't be until the next election that they regain the government, which Roosevelt would serve until his death.


 * would be the president during the short time before Roosevelt regains the presidency.


 * 's time as president would further democratize New Netherland (including the presidency and executive council). Johnson's administration is also noted for implementing Prohibition in New Netherland.


 * would become the first Catholic President of New Netherland. His administration would be noted for ending Prohibition. His presidency would be regarded as a failure when his administration fails to do much in regards to the Great Depression.


 * would lead a Progressive government spanning two-decades. He continues on progressive reforms, including a . Without WWII, his administration holds power primarily due to economic insecurities, but is still regarded as a national figure to this day.


 * 's presidency would help to shape the Liberty Party as we know it (into a "" party). His administration is also noted for growing instabilities within New Netherland (Attica, Civil Rights, Economy).


 * would become the first president of Italian decent. His administration is dominated by what he calls "Progressive Pragmatism." He would serve several terms as president before being defeated in a surprising election.

About the States and Territories of New Netherland
The following will be a general summary of how I see the states and territories of New Netherland demographically, economically, geographically, historically, and politically. Territories will be marked in italic.


 * (Capital: )


 *  (Capital: )


 * Bioko is a territory located in (OTL ). The territory was purchased from  in the 1880s and became New Netherland's only claim on the continent during the.


 * Throughout its history, Bioko was a successful plantation colony focusing on, , and . During the , these plantations and the industrialization of the territory resulted in a population boom. Since the late 1900s, extraction became a major part of the territory's economy. Due to these factors, many "Biokeños" have favored either independence or statehood (to the latter is more favorable).


 * The territory is demographically diverse and is commonly divided into two regions: the islands of and  (which hosts the capital) and the mainland territory of . Those of European decent currently make up the majority on the two islands, with a large portion having migrated from New Netherland during the 20th century. The mainland currently retains an aboriginal majority with a sizable European minority along the coast.


 * Bioko is politically diverse and sometimes considered a, though its national influence is minor. The three major parties (Liberty, Progressive, and Unity) have major say across the islands and the mainland coast. Despite once being an -based political movement, the Long House Party has been gaining support as an indigenous rights party outside New Netherland. The Afro-dominated People's Party has also held some say, though this has slowly been in decline due to the party's Afro-Carolinian dominance and little support for native Africans.




 * (Capital: )


 * (Capital: )


 * Curazao is an insular state comprised of, (Curazao), , and most of the . The islands were purchased from the Netherlands following the abolishment of slavery, while the remaining islands were occupied and later annexed following the independence of Venezuela in the 1890s.


 * Since the 1900s, the economy of Curazao is dominated by extraction and refining (due to the large oil reserves along the Venezuelan coast).


 * Unlike OTL, the population is dominated mostly by those of European decent. The main European groups include those coming directly from New Netherland (who are predominantly, , , and ), those whose ancestry originated from the , and (coming either from  or ; with  sometimes included). The rest of the population comprises of , , s, and small aboriginal population. Curazao is the only state to have two official languages:  and.


 * Due to the state's lucrative oil interests, Curazao is politically dominated by the Liberty Party and the Unity Party. The Green Party and the People's Party also have some say within the state.


 * (Capital: )


 *  (Capital: )


 *  (Capital: c/s)


 * (Capital: )


 * Genesee was established in the late 1820s following the completion of the and became the first state to be established in the west. It includes all of New York west of the  (historically known as the "Genesee Country") and the . The state contains the city of, and is one of the most populous state within New Netherland.


 * The economy is dominated by and continues to be the gateway for the  and the world. A smaller chunk of the state's economy is focused on  (mostly in the south) and.


 * Culturally, Genesee was the core of the historic, which at the time was an area dominated by religious revivalism. This religious fundamentalism has cooled down by today, but still remains a contemporary feature of the state. Because of which, Genesee has become something of a politically, with the Progressive Party having dominance in the major cities while the Unity Party has say in traditionally religious and business friendly regions. In the southern portions of the state, the Farmers' Party has held support in the farming regions, with the Long House Party having some say along the central Genesee River.


 * Genesee is dominated by those of . Other ancestral groups include, , , , , and.


 * (Capital: )


 * Iroquoia was established around the 1830s and includes much of the area south of, north of the , and east of the . The completion of the became the primary reason for the state's existence, with its economy being centered on the canal. Many cities along the canal eventually became manufacturing hubs and would include the cities of  and.


 * In many ways, Iroquoia acts as the reincarnation of the historic, making the state one of the most conservative in the nation. The state is also noted as the birthplace of several new religions, the most noted being (which continues to play a dominant role in the state). Because of which, the Unity Party has held dominance in state politics. The southernmost regions have been dominated by the Long House Party for decades.


 * Demographically, those of hold dominance in the state. Other noted groups include, , , and  (to name a few). In the southernmost portions of the state, the native  peoples continue to hold dominance.


 * (Capital: )


 * One of the founding states of New Netherland, Long Island would constitute the entirety of Long Island and its islets (from the to ). Because of which, the "Greater City of New York" would not exist as OTL, with  continuing to be its own city and with  remaining a suburban area on part with  (which would remain a part of Queens) and . During the, Long Island attempted to secede from New York and join  (following Vermont), but would later parley this into statehood.


 * The economy would've been dominated by and  for most of its history. As of recently the state has developed as a the s of Brooklyn and New York, as well as being something of a . Due to its connection with New York City, Long Island would be one of the most populous states of New Netherland. Demographically, Long Island would be dominated by those of  ancestry, as well as those of, , , , and  ancestry.


 * Politically, Long Island would remain somewhat of a to this day. Brooklyn would be dominated by the People's Party and the Progressive Party, while the fishing-dominated and summer colonies of Suffolk County would be a haven for the conservative Unity Party. Because of this huge political split, the moderate Liberty Party would probably hold dominance in the center of the state (if not being the state-wide favorite).


 *  (Capital: )


 * Micronesia is an insular territory located in the . Encompassing the majority of the, the territory would include the , , the , , the , , and would also likely include . The territory was purchased from in the 1880s, with it being organized into a territory by 1900.


 * Unique to the Pacific, the majority of people within the territory are non-native peoples. The largest groups include and New Netherlanders.


 * (Capital: )


 *  (Capital: )


 * This territory would include and most of the . The region became part of New Netherland in the early 1900s mostly as a response to the British formalizing their claims on the continent. New Netherland's claims focused primarily on, which were named after its New York-born discoverer , and would gradually expand to include most of Eastern Antarctica. The territory would be organizes around the mid 1900s, and named in honor of.


 * Unlike the continent of OTL, Antarctica would be "colonized" and "exploited." By this I mean a larger population would live within the territory, with most having some part in resource extractions. The economy would be dominated by, , , , and mining; with  and  potential existing as well.  Because mining these resources would be difficult given the Antarctic climate, any such projects would be recent ventures. More apparent to the economy in the long run would be  located in the , as well as  and  playing an early role in the region (the later may have been discontinued by today).


 * To help expand these projects, a permanent population would be established within the territory. Because most of the territory is covered in ice, the population would be focused along the several along the coast (most notably the ) and the . While it may be interesting to see the continent further  to help suit a new population, I'd guess the largest population for the territory would be around 2,000 people. Excluding the two main political parties (Liberty and Progressive), I'd predict that the pro-business Unity Party may have a large say in the territory, with the pro-ecology Green Party not being too far behind.


 * (Capital: )


 * (Capital: )


 * Statia is an insular state comprised of, (St. Barts),  (Statia), , and the . Originally included as part of the "Curazao Territory," the northernmost islands split off due to cultural and economic differences (eventually becoming its own state).


 * While once thriving, the abolishment of slavery in by the late 1800s would be a major blow to the island's economy. Upon becoming part of the Empire State, industry gradually began to grow, reaching its peak by the late 1900s. Tourism has become the primary industry and dominates the state's economy.


 * Those of and  decent form the vast majority of the state's population, with those of European decent forming a sizable minority. Following the abolishment of slavery in nearby, many freed slaves would migrate to New Netherland and its Caribbean territories. Today, Statia has a uniquely Afro-Carolinian culture which differs from the neighboring Afro-Caribbean islands of the British.


 * Politically, the state is dominated by the Liberty Party and the Progressive Party (with the latter currently having most say), with the National Party and the Unity Party having very little support in the state. Because the state has an African majority, the African-dominated People's Party hold little say in the state. The state is politically connected to neighboring and the.


 * (Capital: )

More Expansion for New Netherland



 * Clipperton Island


 * Mostly on the grounds that the island is claimed by France. My idea is that NN claims the island instead, and would become something of a way-station for the Nicaragua Canal.


 * Kiribati (or simply the )

Like always, I would love for this to work but fate usually isn't on my side (but I'll give this a try).

I recently found a few key arguments which may support the notion of the becoming territory of New Netherland. These arguments include:


 * (which is an unorganized incorporated territory of the United States) was officially claimed by a New Yorker (though this was under the ).


 * Spain appears to have had residual claim to, which New Netherland could use as an argument to the islands.


 * 's expedition confirmed many islands in the region (including the ). Wilkes also coined the name "Kingsmill Group" which was used for the Gilbert Islands (Kiribati).

Capitals for Carolina and New England
will be 's capita. Boston will be part of a federal district (not part of Massachusetts). This federal district will consists of as it was in 1793 (excluding  and ). What remains will contain the name "Suffolk" (not ). Boston would later annex all the territory in this district, but would be smaller than OTL.

will be the capital of, and it too will be within a capital district. This district would likely consist of the Charleston Peninsula and may include. St. Philip's & St. Michael's Parish?

's capital will still be. It will be included in a diamond-shaped capital district the same size as the District of Columbia. The northernmost point of this diamond will be at the northern border point of the and the. This district will include the majority of Harrisburg and the surrounding areas of Cumberland, Dauphin, and York counties. The district will be along the border of two Pennsylvanian states.

= Venusian Haven =

Key missions



 * &mdash; A proposed mission from NASA which would've utilized the and a human habitation module which would've replaced the s (LMs) used during the Manned Moon missions. The first launch window would've happened in 1973, with a flyby and return by 1974.


 * &mdash; A proposed Soviet manned Venus flyby, using similar methods to that of the American idea. The Soviet mission would've launched in 1971, but would've also included a Mars flyby. The TMK-E mission (which would've happened in the 1960s) was a proposed manned landing on Mars, and would've required multiple N1 launches and the construction of an interplanetary "space station" in orbit.

Key dates from OTL
The following is a list of key events from OTL that pertain to Venus and potential ATL events.


 * 1645 &mdash; Italian is the first person to sight the supposed satellite of Venus.


 * 1672 &mdash; Italian/French is the second to note a potential satellite of Venus. He didn't make notes of it until 1686 when he sights the possible satellite again.


 * 1761 &mdash; Russian discovers that Venus has an atmosphere.


 * 1962 &mdash; American  becomes the first man-made object to flyby Venus.


 * 1965 &mdash; Soviet  becomes the first man-made object to impact Venus (i.e., it crashed).


 * 1970 &mdash; Soviet  became the first man-made object to transmit date from the surface of Venus.


 * 1975 &mdash; Soviet  became the first man-made object to orbit Venus, as well as the first lander to return pictures from the planet's surface.


 * 1982 &mdash; Soviet  brought back the first colored images of the Venusian surface. In a curious development, Russian scientists in 2012 announced possible evidence of life on the surface after re-examining the date from Venera 13.


 * 1985 &mdash; Soviet  begins its mission at Venus.


 * 1990 &mdash; American  begins its mission at Venus. Using radar, the mission produces a detailed map of the Venusian surface (despite the thick clouds).


 * 2006 &mdash; European  begins its mission around Venus.


 * 2024' &mdash; Russia plans to launch ', becoming the first Russian mission to Venus since the collapse of the Soviet Union. The mission is believed to follow Magellan and create an updated map of the Venusian surface, and the possibility of a Soviet-styled lander with modern technology.''

Participating nations and organizations

 * http://www.alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=3355047&postcount=6
 * http://www.alternatehistory.com/discussion/showthread.php?t=270158 (de Gaulle)


 * Notes


 * The UK and Canada don't take part in the formation of ESA (choosing instead to form a Commonwealth-wide effort). With the USSR remaining strong (more details to come), ESA only includes participation from Western Europe (with East Germany being the farthest east it goes [more to come]).


 * Saddam attempts to form a Pan-Arab program, but due to their military buildup and their (most likely successful) nuclear program (but no invasion of Kuwait), only pro-Iraqi Arab states co-operate. These include major efforts from Syria and Libya. Arab Spring would greatly affect this co-operation.


 * The first British landing on Venus would take place around 1998 (roughly). However, a joint Anglo-American settlement was established around 1996. It wasn't until later that the British took over major responsibilities for that settlement (space-wise, that is).

Nations and Settlements on Venus


All of the areas labeled in bold face refer to independent nation states. Countries in parentheses refer to the primary (Earth) nation to control said area. Areas in quotation marks are basic ideas which may or may not become canonized.


 * American Venus


 * Flag.svg "Fortune Bay"
 * (South Africa)
 * Flag.svg Reagan
 * Flag.svg "Tethus"
 * Flag.svg Reagan
 * Flag.svg "Tethus"
 * Flag.svg "Tethus"


 * British (Commonwealth) Venus


 * (Canada)
 * Flag of Australia.svg "New Oceania" (Australia and New Zealand)
 * "Anzia"
 * "Anzland"
 * (Canada)
 * (Canada)


 * Chinese Venus


 * Flag of Albania (1946-1992).svg "New Albania" (Albania)
 * "New Dardania" (alternate name)
 * Flag of North Korea.svg "New Pyongyang" (North Korea)
 * Flag of Tibet.svg "New Tibet"
 * Flag of Tibet.svg "New Tibet"


 * European (Franco-German) Venus


 * Flag of Italy.svg Galileo (Italy)
 * Flag of Italy.svg Galileo (Italy)


 * Iraqi (Arab) Venus




 * Japanese Venus






 * Flag of Yemen.svg Gorbachevsk
 * Bandera del Turquestan.svg New Aral
 * Flag.svg "New Caucasia"
 * (Vietnam)
 * Flag of Poland.svg "New Warsaw" (Poland)
 * (Vietnam)
 * Flag of Poland.svg "New Warsaw" (Poland)

Thoughts for the timeline

 * The is regarded as a failure. Rather than say "it was designed with Venus in mind", simply have the Soviets begin designs for a new rocket design. This "N2" or "Raskat" (a proposed Russian name for the N1 had it worked) would be the answer to the Saturn V.


 * Despite still losing the Moon to the Americans (the  would've also been a failure ATL), the Soviets could possibly still reach the Moon by the 1970s (especially if Venus was still a prime target in the Space Race). was regarded as the likeliest candidate for the first Soviet on the Moon. The name Gerkules ("Hercules") and/or Gerkules-Raskat were potential names for the Soviet Moon missions.


 * The infamous of 1975 possibly might not happen. The "Apollo 18" module may have been used for a proposed Manned Venus Flyby in 1973/74. The USSR may also do a manned flyby a few years later.


 * Given Venus's Earth-like atmosphere (ATL), it would take rockets of enough strength (at least along the lines of the Mercury or Vostok) to escape the planet's atmosphere. Given the complexity of this, it would be very unlikely to send the first men back from Venus without rocket experts and contractors already on the planet. In affect, the first Venus landing would be a one-way trip.


 * The Soviet manned Venus landing mission (personal codename "Vega") would likely happen around the mid 1980s. The mission would be a modified TMK-E station (which was designed for a manned Mars landing OTL). Two missions could possibly take place in the mid to late 1980s.


 * The Americans would follow with a landing in the early 1990s (personal codename "Magellan"). Likely based on a similar design to the Soviet mission.


 * By 2010, China, Europe, and Japan may follow suit and land a colony on Venus. The United Kingdom may go it alone (not too sure about this) and an Iraqi-led Arab mission may be possible (if the cards are played out, though I'm having second thoughts).

Rotation Period
Venus is unique in that it's rotation period is the slowest within the Solar System at around 243 days to make one Venusian day. Since this could literally be changed to anything I want, I've chosen to increase this period to 34.2 hours. I chose this number as it is the anadrome of 243. I also wished to avoid having a Venusian day be similar to that of Earth and Mars (which both are 24 hours) and to make it as alien as possible.

Axial Tilt
Venus will continue to have an axial tilt of around 177 degrees, as this is very unique within the Solar System. The only noticeable difference this has is that Venus would appear to rotate backwards in respect to the other planets. While this would not change the Sun's direction in the sky (as I initially thought), this would still change the locations of the constellations. Northern constellations (e.g., the ) would be seen in the southern hemisphere of Venus, while southern constellations (e.g., the ) would be seen in the northern hemisphere.

While Venus does have an extreme tilt compared to the Earth (which is roughly 23 degrees), in reality it would be best to think of Venus as being tilted more at 3 degrees. Since seasons on Earth are caused by the axial tilt, the virtual lack of which would mean that Venusian seasons would be unnoticeable for those who settle on the planet.

The fact that Venus would be upside down and have a minor tilt compared to the Earth, this would mean that the planet's equivalents to the and the s would be in different places. The tropics would likely be around the 3rd parallels from the equator, while the polar circles would be roughly around the 87th parallels from the equator. The tropics would be named after the constellations in which the Sun is located in during the solstices (just as on Earth).


 * Convert Latitude / Longitude in Degrees/Minutes/Seconds to/from Decimal


 * North Pole &mdash; (90)
 * North Polar Circle &mdash; (87.36)
 * Tropic of Sagittarius &mdash; (2.64)
 * Equator &mdash; (0)
 * Tropic of Gemini &mdash; (-2.64)
 * South Polar Circle &mdash; (-87.36)
 * South Pole &mdash; (-90)

Neith

 * Semi-Major Axis &mdash; 197,774 km (~33 Venus radii)
 * Orbital Period &mdash; 11 days, 3 hours (7.8 sols)
 * Mass &mdash; 0.014 Earths
 * Radius &mdash; 1,812.4 km

I've decided to keep as much of the initial characteristics of Neith first proposed by astronomers. With an orbit of around 11 days, Neith would have to be much closer to Venus (which will help mask the moon from the naked eye). I also decided to make Neith slightly larger than the Moon as an ironic twist. This (combined with its closer distance) would make Neith look almost twice the size of the Moon in the Venusian skies.


 * Neith, the Moon of Venus, 1672-1892
 * Orbital period of a planet calculator

Soviet Union in VH


My overall thoughts on what the Soviet Union would be like in this timeline.


 * Basic


 * With Venus a juicy target, the USSR initiates moves to compete in this "Second Space Race." These include expanding the brought forward during the late 1960s (note: what I foresee is that the reforms are "expanded" beyond what they were OTL [which was virtually ignored]).


 * On January 22, 1969, the on  is successful. After a short power struggle, Premier  becomes the new leader.


 * Kosygin continues in the economic reforms (when in OTL they were abandoned), transforming the USSR into a "" (this makes me think Soviet Yugos, but likely more successful). The does not happen.


 * Kosygin's liberal views on the Eastern Bloc (combined with new economic interests) leads to the gradually end of Soviet occupations in the area. The was already crushed when he took power, but Kosygin does loosen control which allows a rebirth of the movement in both Czechoslovakia and other Eastern Bloc nations. All of these nations follow the USSR in their reforms, meaning communism remains in tact in these nations. Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia remain together (due in part to continued Soviet presence and better economies). Germany reunites earlier, while the Warsaw Pact is reformed to be more on par with NATO (also expanding to include Mongolia and Yugoslavia). The  would not be used under Kosygin, meaning their would be no  (Moscow would no doubt continue to fund the communist government there).


 * When he comes to power in the mid 1980s, inherits a different nation. The USSR is economically better, and domestically stable (thanks in part to the national pride in getting to Venus first). Gorbachev's reforms are more successful than OTL, leading to a more open nation.


 * Today, the USSR continues to be a socialist and communist state, but very different from China. The USSR is far more democratic and open. To some degree, the USSR is comparable to the USA today in many areas. The economy is one of the largest in the world (just behind the US). Not to mention one of the largest space programs of the world, and a major player on Venus.


 * Miscellaneous


 * The USSR has evolved into a multi-party, but functions as a de facto two-party state (on par with the USA). These include:
 * &mdash; while still a party, the CPSU has somewhat devolved to promote more  ideas (on par with  OTL).
 * &mdash; initially established to be a "puppet party," the LDPSU evolved to be its own independent party during the 1990s (gaining national support). Despite its extremely nationalist and fascist beginning (which it's remains to this day), the LDPSU has also devolved to more of a  party (more the polar opposite of where the CPSU stands). Comparable to  OTL.


 * The is transferred to  during the 1970s (which becomes the Crimea/Transnistria for Lithuania). The USSR may also have admitted new republics (Chechnya and Tatarstan being the most likely become so).


 * See also


 * Великолитовская Федеративная Республика (ВЛФР)

Venus Treaty layout

 * Prelude

... the ultimate destiny for Venus is to be placed upon those who call Venus their home (the Venusians)...


 * Articles


 * Land rights/Sovereignty
 * Earth nations can't claim large areas.
 * Claimed territory only extends to settled areas.
 * Earth can't directly govern areas of Venus (no "French Guianas").
 * Venus given autonomy from Earth governments.
 * Venus should be dominated by Venusians (Venusian "Monroe Doctrine").


 * Military activity
 * Earth protects Venus
 * No WMDs in any manner
 * No weapons testing
 * Military activity limited to defensive (coast guards,, etc.).


 * Environment/Power
 * Limits amount of resource extraction on Venus.
 * Limits fossil fuel use.
 * Allows civil nuclear power.
 * Regulates and protects native life.
 * Prevention of the complete contamination of Venus (no "Columbian Exchange").
 * Regulates which Earth species can travel to Venus (mostly humans and a few domesticated animals and plants).


 * Scientific research
 * Freedom for all nations to do research on Venus.
 * Requires all nations to make public all research on Venus.


 * Others
 * Makes the null and void in regards to the Venusian System.
 * Makes Neith under similar conditions as the Moon (see ).
 * Establishes the of the UN.

Venerka: The Venusian Currency

 * Coinage


 * 5 kopeks &mdash;  (copper)
 * 10 kopeks &mdash;  (copper)
 * 25 kopeks &mdash;  (silver)
 * 50 kopeks &mdash;  (silver)
 * 1 venerka &mdash;  (gold)
 * 2 venerkas &mdash;  (gold)


 * Banknotes


 * 5 venerkas &mdash;
 * 10 venerkas &mdash; (Earth)
 * 25 venerkas &mdash; (Venus)
 * 50 venerkas &mdash; (Moon)
 * 100 venerkas &mdash;
 * 200 venerkas &mdash;

The banknotes are orange in color, but each denomination has a distinctive hue to them (similar to what new USDs look like).


 * NOTE TO SELF: The font will also include something distinctive within the background (such as a planet or other celestial object)

Timekeeping on Venus
I HATE MATH!

Basic Information
The time period it takes for Venus to make one orbit around the Sun would remain 224.701 days (or 5,392.82 hours). For this timeline, a Venusian day (to be called a sol) would consist of 34.2 hours (an anadrome of 243).


 * $$5392.82/34.2=157.684795322$$

Based on the above equation, a Venusian year would consists of about 157 sols (or rounded up to 158 sols).

Interplanetary Communications
Since s travel at the, and that the distances between Earth and Venus vary during their rotation around the Sun, the amount of time it will take to transmit data between the planets will vary. At their closest, the two planets are roughly 25 million miles (40 million km) apart. At their farthest, it is roughly 162 million miles (261 million kilometers).


 * (25 million miles = 2.2367474 light-minutes)
 * (162 million miles = 14.4941231 light-minutes)

Putting these distances into Google, the time period it would take to communicate between the planets would be between 2 minutes (at their closest) and 14 minutes (at their farthest).

Decimal Clock


http://marsonefans.com/archive/index.php/t-206.html

A Venusian sol would consists of 10 "hours," which is divided into 100 "minutues," which is divided into 100 "seconds." To prevent confusion between Earth and Venus, the names decisol, centisol, and milisol would be used instead.


 * $$34.2/10=3.42$$
 * (3.42 hours = 205.2 minutes)
 * $$205.2/100=2.052$$
 * (2.052 minutes = 123.12 seconds)
 * $$123.12/100=1.2312$$

With the above equation, a Venusian sol consists of:


 * 1 sol = 34.2 hours
 * 1 decisol = 3.42 hours
 * 1 centisol = 2.052 minutes
 * 1 milisol = 1.2312 seconds

Year Zero
Given its scientific importance to Venus, the year will correspond to year zero on Venus. It was during this year that became the first to observe the  (not to mention likely discovering  ATL). Everything about Venus prior to this year was based mostly in mythology, while everything following which was based on science. This also assures that there will be several years between year zero and the present.


 * $$(EY-1610.5)*1.625=VY$$

Based on the above equation, it would currently be year 656 on Venus.

Since the seasons don't assert themselves on Venus (due it the planet's axial tilt), they would play no role in determining when the year would begin on Venus. A potential starting point could be either the planet's or.


 * WIP Notes

Year zero on Venus would begin on November 15, 1609 (1609.87). This date marks the perihelion of Venus prior to the start of 1610 on Earth (a key year for Galileo Galilei).


 * $$(EY-1609.87)*1.625=VY$$

As of December 1, 2014, the current date on Venus is 658.19 (i.e., early in the year 658).


 * $$(2014.91-1609.87)*1.625=658.19$$

Calendar Layout
On Earth, the length of a corresponds [roughly] to the time period it takes for the  to orbit around the Earth (about 27 days). By comparison, Venus' moon,, orbits its planet every 11.125 days (or 7.8 sols). In a similar manner, a Venusian neith will correspond to eight sols. Since this would not be comparable to a month, let's increase the number of neiths by three to get around 24 sols and create a new unite called a trineith.


 * $$158/24=6.6$$

The above equation shows that a year of 158 sols can be divided into six trineiths of about 24 sols each (give or take). This would fit nicely as a year on Venus is a little over half a year on Earth &mdash; with a consensus of it being divided into 12 months (12/2=6).

Unlike many Earth calendars, the names of these six trineiths should be neutral in origin. After much consideration, I've decided to follow the and name the trineiths after famous scientists. The trineith names I have in mind are (as well as their rough Earth counterpart):


 * 1) Galileo (February-March)
 * 2) Newton (April-May)
 * 3) Darwin (June-July)
 * 4) Tesla (August-September)
 * 5) Curie (October-November)
 * 6) Einstein (December-January)

Galileo would be the first trineith of the year and would begin at the of Venus's orbit (i.e., when Venus is closest to the Sun). This would be helpful as Venus' perihelion is roughly in the same areas as the beginning of February on Earth.

For the sake of simplicity, let's also say that a Venusian sol equates to 1.5 Earth days. This means that it would take two sols (three days) before the day-night cycles of both planets are synced.

Earth = aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaabbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbcccccccccccccccccccccccc Venus = aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaabbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb

This will be crucial as the human body would continue to function under a 24-hour day, so any Venusian "week" would have to be based on twos. As mentioned above that a neith consists of eight sols, than an optimal layout would be to have a "week" of four sols or a semineith (roughly six Earth days).

Russian Translations
The following is the Russian translations to the new words created within this section.


 * centisol &mdash; сантисол (santisol)
 * Curie &mdash; Кюри (Kyuri)
 * Darwin &mdash; Дарвин (Darvin)
 * decisol &mdash; децисол (dyetsisol)
 * Einstein &mdash; Эйнштейн (Eynshtyeyn)
 * Galileo &mdash; Галилео (Galilyeo)
 * milisol &mdash; миллисол (millisol)
 * neith &mdash; нейт (nyeyt)
 * Newton &mdash; Ньютон (N'yuton)
 * semineith &mdash; полунейт (polunyeyt)
 * sol &mdash; сол (sol) [not to be confused with соль ("salt")]
 * Tesla &mdash; Тесла (Tyesla)
 * trineith &mdash; тринейт (trinyeyt) [also трёхнейт (tryokhnyeyt)]

Alternate Calendars
As is on Earth, not all nations/settlements on Venus would be required to follow the exact means of timekeeping. One of these alternatives (which I'm temporarily calling the "Aldrinian Calendar") will simply ignore the planetary characteristics of Venus and continue to follow the timekeeping system as on Earth. This system would have a 365 day year (comprised of 12 months) and a 24-hour day (comprised of 60 minutes each). Since seasons don't happen on Venus, they wouldn't need to worry about the year that much. But since a Venusian day (sol) is 34 hours, using a 24-hour day would not be the same as on Earth. This will be mitigated by the fact that both planets [kinda] sync-up every three days (two sols). There may also be a system of "leap hours" adopted to keep the two planets in sync as much as possible.

Proof That I Have No Life


The legislative body of is the. The Supreme Soviet is comprises of 150 seats which are divided up among the governorates by their population (the more populous a governorate, the more deputies they send to the Supreme Soviet). Each governorate is divided into several constituencies, whose residence vote in deputies to represent them. Using an system (known as "rating voting" in Russian), seven political parties current hold say within the Supreme Soviet. To simplify, think of the House of Representatives and the many Congressional Districts within the United States.

Here is a map of New Kamchatka's 150 constituencies and the political party which represents them. The cities of Gagaringrad (A), Vladivenera (B), and Korolevsk (C) have multiple constituencies within their city limits. The top-right map shows the governorates by themselves and which political party hold the plurality of constituencies within the governorate. This map has been worked on for the past few weeks, proving that I have no real life.

Rethinking the Supreme Soviet
The seats of the Supreme Soviet are determined by a (which is what Russia used between 1993-2007). Half of the seats (75) are democratically elected using single-member constituencies. Each governorate (plus the federal district) would be allotted one seat, while the rest are given to them based on population. The number of seats each governorate receives is to be up for review following every census. The remaining half (75) would be proportionally filled based on a nation-wide support for a specific political party (with a threshold of 5% required to get seats). A system is used to fill the seats which are allotted to a political party.

All members are are to serve a term of eight Venusian years (roughly five Earth years), with no term limits. Legislative elections are always held two years prior to the presidential elections. To ensure this, the 1st Supreme Soviet only served a term of five Venusian years (three Earth years), with the subsequent Supreme Soviets having the larger terms.

In recent years, the Supreme Soviet has begun to adopt new systems to assure fair elections. The first came in the late '00s when several governorates adopted to determine elections to the Supreme Soviet (replacing ). This system is currently used in a majority of governorates and (if not already) is being considered for presidential elections. The second came in the early '10s when New Kamchatka began to use the shortest-splitline method to draw their constituencies.

Under this new system, the Pirate Party would win zero constituencies but still gain seats based on the nation-wide vote.

Election Dates
Elections take place every eight Venusian years. The First Supreme Soviet was only for five years. Elections are to take place either at the beginning or end of that year.

January 1, 2001 = 635.375 (Venus year)


 * 635 (~2001) &mdash; First elections (legislative and presidential)
 * 640 (~2003) &mdash; Legislative
 * 643 (~2005) &mdash; Presidential
 * 648 (~2008) &mdash; Legislative
 * 651 (~2010) &mdash; Presidential
 * 656 (~2013) &mdash; Legislative
 * 659 (~2015) &mdash; Presidential (next)
 * 664 (~2018) &mdash; Legislative (next)

New Capital for New Kamchatka


Not too sure whether it was a dream or something thought of during a semi-conscious state, but I have the idea of moving New Kamchatka's capital. The best candidate for this would be "Guevara" located on the Gulf Coast of New Havana. This city is virtually the same distance between from Gagaringrad and Vladivenera, is very close to Korolevsk (which has the only cosmodrome), and would likely make the Cuban New Kamchatkans very happy.

The only issue I have is with the name. While I support naming the city after, my OCD is unimpressed by the fact that both this capital and the largest city (Gagaringrad) would begin with the letter "G". I thing I'd much prefer the name "Che" but grammatically speaking (especially in Russian) would be difficult. Other possibilities could be "El Che" or fully "Che Guevara".

Another possibility is that "Guevara" wouldn't be serving as the capital at the moment. Instead, the city is still under construction and won't become the seat of government until the completion of vital buildings and infrastructure. Brasilia and Canberra took years to complete, but since this is on another planet it might take longer. New Kamchatka was established and expanded in 2001. I estimate that it would take around five years to survey the area, select a location, and have a design planned out. It may take an additional 10 years to get vital areas completed within the city. But not too sure at the moment.

Another idea I just got is that this city would be named "Vladivenera", which means the current city would have to be renamed. An excellent name would be "Chaika", but this too is also used and would thereby need a new name.


 * Vladivenera → Chaika
 * Chaika → Brezhnevsk?

Names of New Kamchatka
Because I'm bored.


 * : نوفايا كامشاتكا (nuufaya kamshatka)


 * : 新堪察加 (xīn-kānchájiā)


 * : Nouveau-Kamtchatka


 * : Neukamtschatka


 * : Νέα Καμτσάτκα (Néa Kamtsátka)


 * : נוביה קמצ'טקה (nwbyh qmẕ'tqh)


 * : नया कमचात्का (nayā kamcatkā)


 * : Nuova Kamčatka


 * : ノヴァヤ・カムチャツカ (novuaya-kamuchatsuka)


 * : 노바야캄차카 (nobayakamchaka)


 * : Nova Camtschatca


 * : Nowa Kamczatka


 * : Nova Kamchatka


 * : Новая Камчатка (Novaya Kamchatka)


 * : Нова Камчатка (Nova Kamčatka)


 * : Nueva Kamchatka


 * : Нова Камчатка (Nova Kamčátka)

New Nation Ideas for Venus

 * Punjab3.jpeg "New India" &mdash; Potentially to be located in Ulfrun Regio, the nation will be India's answer to Venus. Will be a parliamentary republic on par with India and would likely hold close ties with New Kamchatka.
 * POTENTIAL NAME
 *  &mdash; (personal favorite) means "new province" in Hindi and is in reference to the " regions" of India.


 * Flag of Tibet.svg "New Tibet" &mdash; Located in, this nation would be established by Tibetans from China, India, and indeed all exiled communities (with China being more than happy to "eliminate" this problem on Earth). The nation would likely be a democracy, with the Dalai Lama as the head of state and a "prime minister" as the head of government. Since it's rather unlikely (or desirable) for the Dalai Lama actually relocate to Venus, he would appoint a regent to this post, but most power would go to the government. This nation would not consider itself a successor state but more along the lines of a new colony or province of Tibet.
 * POTENTIAL NAME
 * /Drolma &mdash; a who is regarded as the protector of Tibetans (called the "mother of liberation") and whose origin story and characteristics are strikingly similar to those of Aphrodite/Venus.

Potential Venusians

 * &mdash; He initially hopped to be an astronaut but was turned down. There's a possibility he decides to carry out his by going to Venus.


 * &mdash; He may play a small role in the establishment and development of.

Political Makeup of Venus
The following is my personal thoughts on what the political makeup would be like within several Venusian nations and settlements.




 * The political makeup of Saigyo is completely up to Seiga to decide. Both him and I have discussed this issue, and the following is what likely may become canon.


 * The current government of Saigyo is a coalition between the and the . In comparison to their Earth counterparts, the Democrats are more liberal, while the Communists would include . Because of this, Saigyo would be center-left to left-wing in comparison to Japan (which is centrist to center-right). The  would lead the opposition and would continue to be center-right in policy. The politically Buddhist  would also be in opposition.


 * While having few seats in the Diet (if none at all) would be an "Independence Party" which favors the complete independence of Saigyo from Japan. The party is dominated by monarchists and republicans.




 * From what I've read, the Church of Scientology does not dictate what political views their followers should follow. While members of the church have individually endorsed both political parties in the United States, the main patter tends to be in support of those who are alright with the church. With that factor not existing within Teegeeack, this leaves open many possibilities.


 * As of right now, I personally foresee two main political parties. One will be a "Libertarian Party," which would favor limited government in economic and social policies. This party would be pro-business and possibly may be secular in some form. The second party would be a "Scientologist Democratic Party" which would basically be a (just replace Christianity with Scientology). This party would favor a stronger government in economic and social issues and would favor Scientology's incorporation into everyday life (more so than the libertarians).


 * I see doubt that a socialist party would exist within Teegeeack due to their limited support for capitalism.

Taxonomy of Venusian Life

 * Dominus temporis = Time Lord
 * Polygeminus grex = Tribble


 * System: Solaria (Solar System)
 * Biosphere: Venusiana (Venus)
 * Kingdom: Tereshkovia (Animal-like)
 * Phylum: c/s
 * Class: Pseudokoris (False bug)
 * Order: c/s
 * Family: c/s
 * Genus: c/s
 * Species: incubus


 * Incubus novacamtschatcium

Random Ideas for VH

 * Kosmopochta (Космопочта) &mdash; a and  service centered on Chaika, New Kamchatka. This company is one of the few to transport packages between Earth and Venus. Much of the company focuses as the primary courier for packages in New Kamchatka and Soviet Venus.

Ovdan Civilization
For various reasons, I've made the decision to not include any advanced civilizations on Venus today. However, I did leave open the idea that there once existed such a civilization, but for some reason it became extinct. This is what I currently see for such a discovery.


 * Evidence for this civilization was uncovered in late 2012 in (ironically).


 * The civilization likely existed in the Ovda Regio region, likely stretching from the easternmost islands of, northern Teegeeack, and a little further west.


 * This civilization (and the species) became extinct anywhere from a few thousand years ago to as far as a few million years ago. Debates over how this happen range from volcanic activity (such as a or ) or an astronomical event (such as an  or  strike).


 * Based on the evidence, the civilization was likely no more advanced than the (but no further than the ).

Venusian Coffee/Tea


I came across a map a while back which shows the nations of the world and whether they prefer coffee or tea. Given the cost of shipping goods to Venus, I thought it would be interesting to see a native species replace both coffee and tea as the preferred drink for Venusians. Since I'm an American, my idea is more similar to coffee, with elements of tea added in.

The species in question I have in mind will be known as the Ishtar Melon, which is native across Ishtar Terra and the northern archipelagos. It grows in a manner similar to s and has a similar appearance, but the similarities end there. This species grows a fruit with a purple inside and a red, husk-covered exterior. The fruit itself has a naturally sweet taste to it. Much like a watermelon, the fruit is filled with dozens of seeds. Similar to s, these seeds are rich in caffeine (far more than coffee). But unlike coffee, these seeds (when roasted or otherwise) have a bitter taste. Because of which, it became preferable to mix the roasted seeds with the fruit juice, creating a naturally sweetened, caffeine-rich fruit drink which would be of similar color to coffee/soda (though maybe more red).

Given the humid temperatures which characterize Venus, this drink is rarely drunken hot like coffee or tea. Instead, it is chilled or dunk at room temperature. I imagine the residence of (being mostly Southern) comparing this drink to iced tea. I could also see some preferring it carbonated, while other may like it served at room temperature.

I'm thinking I'll call this drink ishtarade (иштарад, ishtarad), named after the continent of its origin.

= New Union =


 * La Nueva Unión (Spanish version)

To-Do List

 * Soviet Union


 * Soviet Union Pavilion at Epcot
 * Kaliningrad Disney
 * to become more of a global search engine (on par with Google).
 * (alternative)
 * LGBT flag of the Soviet Union (New Union).svg Гей окей! (60% opposition/16% support in 2002)
 * New Soviet interplanetary missions (e.g., ', ', Saturn?).
 * The USSR's economy was (after the US).
 * The population of the USSR was larger than the USA's around 1990.
 * The becomes the basis for Nintendo's popularity in the USSR.


 * Foreign Issues


 * Have and  remain in a currency union with the USSR . The Baltic states were moving out, while Moldova becomes moot following reunification with Romania.
 * Have Armenia and Georgia remain part of the (zone 7). Possibly have Mongolia (and maybe Afghanistan) join in?
 * With NATO not expanding into Eastern Europe, NATO as a whole would be more willing to cooperate with the USSR?
 * Cuban election ideas
 * (Democratic socialist Cuban)
 * (Spanish version says this guy is president??)
 * Partition of Afghanistan for ending the war
 * remains in power in . He may be voted out of office after a single term.

Flags of New Union
{{legend|pink|OTL contemporary flag}} {{legend|lightblue|OTL historic flag}} {{legend|wheat|OTL proposed flag}} {{legend|lightgreen|Personal flag}}

Elections: Spicing Them Up
The new constitution of the Soviet Union came into affect in 1992. The same year, legislative elections are held. A presidential election was held off for a few years so Gorbachev would have time to assure a peaceful transition for the USSR (also because he announced he would not be seeking re-election.

Both presidential and legislative elections are run every five years (though not the same year).


 * 1991 &mdash; Russian President
 * 1992 &mdash; Legislature
 * 1994 &mdash; President
 * 1996 &mdash; Russian President
 * 1997 &mdash; Legislature
 * 1999 &mdash; President
 * 2001 &mdash; Russian President
 * 2002 &mdash; Legislature
 * 2004 &mdash; President
 * 2006 &mdash; Russian President
 * 2007 &mdash; Legislature
 * 2009 &mdash; President
 * 2011 &mdash; Russian President
 * 2012 &mdash; Legislature
 * 2014 &mdash; President


 * 2.0

Under this potential scenario, a new constitution is signed in 1992. Gorbachev (who I believe mentioned he wished to resign following the USSR's transformation) allows presidential elections to take place the same year. Elections for the legislature take place two years later (so as to keep in sync with previous elections).

Both president and legislature hold five-year terms.


 * 1992 &mdash; Presidential
 * 1994 &mdash; Legislative
 * 1997 &mdash; Presidential
 * 1999 &mdash; Legislative
 * 2002 &mdash; Presidential
 * 2004 &mdash; Legislative
 * 2007 &mdash; Presidential
 * 2009 &mdash; Legislative
 * 2012 &mdash; Presidential
 * 2014 &mdash; Legislative
 * 2017 &mdash; Presidential
 * 2019 &mdash; Legislative

A potential combination would be that Ryzhkov wins in '92 ad '97, then a new guy wins in '02, only to loose to Tereshkova in '07 and '12. Ironically it could be this unknown guy's handling of the War on Terror which causes him to loose (getting the USSR into a war with Somalia and all). This could also give Tereshkova more time to "politically develop" (i.e., choose a side).

Ryzhkov would be a compromise candidate, favored by progressives and hardliners.

"States" of a Romanian Federation
Following the successful separation of and and  from  in the early 1990s, there no longer exists any reason why Moldova can't reunify with Romania. Reunification takes place in the mid 1990s, with a new constitution and government being adopted for the newly reunified nation. A federation is established with Moldova becoming its own "state", while "Romania Proper" is separated into several new subdivisions.


 * Potential States/Provinces


 * (maybe)




 * /Moldavia (historically known as )


 * (historically known as )


 * Flag of Szekely Land.svg





Soviet ruble 2014

 * Old layout (2012)

Denomination ideas

 * Coins


 * 5 kopeks
 * 10 kopeks
 * 25 kopeks
 * 50 kopeks
 * 1 ruble
 * 2 rubles


 * Banknotes


 * 5 rubles
 * 10 rubles
 * 25 rubles
 * 50 rubles
 * 100 rubles
 * 200 rubles
 * 500 rubles
 * 1000 rubles

'Merica
As of right now it has been canonized that in 1998 Puerto Rico. This snowballs into the admission of two states into the US. Puerto Rico and the USVI become the single "State of Puerto Rico," while Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands are united to for the "State of Mariana."

However, I've been considering for a while the fate of. Clearly too small to become a viable state, I've been considering the idea that it is annexed/merged into Hawaii (thereby getting the benefits of being within the US). A couple of sites have suggested the same thing.

I feel this to be the best options for the following reasons.


 * 1) There exists proposals to just tack on American Samoa onto a Guam statehood proposal. Hawaii is closer to AS than Guam (or Micronesia in general).
 * 2) Culturally the  and  are, with their languages being very similar.
 * 3) In an ironic twist, the monarchies of Hawaii and Samoa were confederated. This was for a VERY short time, but a historical connection none the less.


 * Links


 * http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=51st_state&oldid=360395097#Other_U.S._territories_or_former_territories
 * http://petervandever.com/2013/03/should-american-samoa-be-a-state/
 * http://www.hawaiiankingdom.org/treaty_samoa.shtml

Another Look At Europe


With the ongoing crises in Eastern Europe OTL, I've decided to take another look at what Europe would be like in the New Union timeline. The following is what I currently have in mind.


 * and the

There was an unwritten agreement between and  that NATO would not expand beyond a reunited Germany (i.e., East Germany). This agreement never lasted, with Poland et al. becoming part of NATO in 1999 (with more joining by today).

With the USSR continuing to be a superpower and under the administration of Nikolai Ryzhkov, Moscow would put more pressure on its neighbors to remain out of NATO. ('see "Visegrad Group" below'').

As for the European Union, it may also not expand much ATL for similar reasons as NATO. Norway would join in 1995 (with their referendum being a yes). Eastern Europe and the Balkans would not be included, but would still show close ties with the EU.



The V3 was established between, , and in the early 1990s as a co-operative organization. The main goals of the V3 were to be integrated into NATO and the EU, which would not happen ATL. Instead the group would be re-organized into something new (an expansion of my "").

From what I've read about him, I feel confident that could play a key role in this scenario. Havel was the President of Czechoslovakia and unilaterally dissolved the. In a similar move, he favored the notion that NATO was going to dissolve in the future and would be replaced with a pan-European defense organization (barring the USA and USSR). The ongoing conflicts in the Balkans and the former USSR lead Havel to see this as being impossible and that NATO was the best option for the region.

ATL, the wars in the former USSR would be minor and short-lived, while the Yugoslav Wars would not be as devastating as OTL. It would also be likely (though probably downplayed slightly) that those in Slovakia (which is still part of Czechoslovakia) would remain pro-Soviet (compared to the anti-Soviet Czech Republic). In comparison, the situation in Czechoslovakia would be similar to that of the (divided loyalties). Fearing a violent dissolution of Czechoslovakia and the continued belief that NATO was still lacking motivation since the end of the Cold War, Havel would propose a new policy for the Visegrad Group. Havel opposes NATO membership and instead favors a united defense force for the V3 that co-operates with both sides (something similar to what's being proposed OTL). EU membership is still seen as a goal, but it would not happen by today. The V3 instead begin to integrate themselves into a "mini-EU." The overall goal of this is to assure regional independence/co-operation, while creating a buffer zone between NATO and the USSR (which would be favored by Moscow).

There may also exist the possibility of and  becoming members of the V3 (V5), as these states have historical connections. I also seem some potential for the to join this group, but it wouldn't surprise me to see these three willingly remain out (''see "Baltic States" below).



,, and would likely remain the most anti-Soviet states of Europe (just like OTL). Because of this, they may oppose participation in the Visegrad Group and would focus completely on NATO and EU membership. Both would not happen by today and their membership in either is a controversial topic. Regardless of which, the Baltic States would still be pro-European and would be closer to them.


 * (excluding Yugoslavia)

(minus and ) would still reunite with  into a federation.

From what I've read about and, these two have the potential to remain economically tied with the USSR. In 1994, a pro-Moscow government is, but crumbles OTL. With the USSR being economically and politically stable, I could see them helping Bulgaria out and allowing the BSP to remain popular. Romania would continue to be lead by a socialist government until the 2000s (OTL). The inclusion of Moldova would mean more votes of a left-leaning government.

Both states would remain militarily neutral (though I could see the USSR inviting them to join the CSTO). Instead, these two would become economically and politically closer to Moscow.

I would also guess that would re-emerge as being pro-Soviet in a manner similar to how they are pro-USA OTL (51st state).


 * Former Yugoslavia

The still dissolves into five new states (with one of them being a rump ). Croatia and Slovenia would be closer to the west, while Macedonia and Yugoslavia would be closer to the USSR. Macedonia may have considered reunification with Yugoslavia during the 2000s.

Rather than rejecting the at the last second, the leaders of  ratify the plan. BiH would adopt a Swiss-styled system of ethnic cantons and a directorial executive. The (as we know it) doesn't happen (as the major factions agree to share power early on). Instead, the more nationalistic groups start an insurgency, which is gradually crushed due to UN-peacekeeping (no NATO). BiH becomes a buffer state between Croatia and Serb-dominated Yugoslavia, which continue to fight each other.

The ends around 1995 when the proposed  is reluctantly ratified between Croatia and the  (the Soviets would put pressure on Yugoslavia and Krajina to accept the deal). Krajina is required to return much of its claimed territory, in exchange Croatia would recognize them as an autonomous territory. Both sides are unhappy with the plan, yet war ends.

The USSR (being their only real ally) would put pressure on the FRY to hold free elections by the late 1990s. would be elected President and would work to democratize and liberalize the FRY. This includes striking a peace deal with so that they remain in the FRY (now as an equal republic). and soon follow. What's left of Serbia is divided into regional republics.

New Elections for the Soviet Union
Based on new information that I came across, I've been rethinking how elections will take place in the. This will include the restructuring of the, new presidential elections, and a new lineup of political parties. The following is what I currently have in mind, though this may change over time.

The last legislative election to take place in the USSR was in. With the Supreme Soviet serving five-year terms, the next election would've been scheduled for 1994. For this scenario, the 1994 election will happen as planed. Subsequent elections will then take place in 1999, 2004, 2009, and 2014.

I don't recall the source, but I remember reading that was intending to resign the presidency some time after the  was ratified. For this scenario, he waits until a new constitution is ratified before resigning. This means that presidential elections will take place in 1992, which (no doubt) would be an positive move for the newly transformed USSR to democratically elect their leader. With the President serving a five-year term, this means that subsequent elections would take place in 1997, 2002, 2007, and 2012.

The first democratically elected leader of the USSR would be, whose administration would be seen as a compromise between hardliners and reformers. His administration focuses mostly on domestic issues (such as corruption and the economy) but would continue to support their allies abroad (especially in their own moves towards democracy). The USSR does not implement to its economy, opting instead for a middle, China like ground of gradual privatization. This improves the Soviet economy and allows the ruble to become a global currency by today.

The presidential election in 2002 would see the rise of a new candidate who runs under a conservative and platform. This administration would be noted for its role in the "re-globalization" of the USSR, especially in the and the Soviet invasion of  following terrorist attacks in Moscow. In a manner similar to George W. Bush, this administration would be more and would attempt to curb liberties in the name of security. Unlike OTL, the Soviet people won't tolerate this, voting him out of office in the most heated election in Soviet history. A potential candidate to fit this persona could be, a former general whose quoted many authoritarian leaders (e.g., ). Despite dying in 2002, Lebed's death could be butterflied away if elected President months prior.

The heated election of 2007 would see the rise of to the presidency, whose administration would be liberal and populist. Her administration sees the largest economic growth of the Soviet Union, further privatization, and generally a very positive time for the USSR. Tereshkova will remain in office until 2017.

As part of this scenario, the USSR today would be dominated by three political parties: a conservative party on par with, a liberal party on par with , and a pro-Gorbachev socialist party. These three form the basis for the "" of the USSR. With the first system being complete control by the Communist Party (1917-1990), the second system comprises the domination of the CPSU and the during the 1990s. As of the recent legislative elections (either 2009 or 2014), I'm thinking the Socialists form a coalition government with the Communists (similar to what has been trying to do with the ), creating the first socialist government of the USSR in over a decade.


 * Political Party Name Ideas


 * Constitution(al) Party &mdash; liberalism
 * Democratic Party &mdash; conservatism
 * Workers' Party &mdash; socialism

An alternative (since my mind is still on Venusian Haven a little) is that the Communists and remain in power today. Anti-communist sentiment still leads to the rise of the LDPSU in the early '90s. The latter-half of the decade sees the falling out of the LDPSU into two new parties: the Democratic Party and the Liberal Party. The Democrats center around nationalism and conservatism, while the Liberals are... well, liberal. During this infighting, the Communists gradually reform their platform. First into Rutskoy's Communists for Democracy and into today's social democrats/democratic socialists (i.e., comparable to other communist parties during this time).

The Democrats win the presidency in 2002, only to loose it to the Liberals in 2007. In 2014, the Communists win the control of the Supreme Soviet for the first time in a decade.


 * Old List


 * Communist Party &mdash;, ,


 * Democratic Unity &mdash;, ,


 * Green Party &mdash; ,


 * Party of Regions &mdash;, ,


 * Pirate Party &mdash;


 * Renaissance Party &mdash;


 * Soviet People's Bloc &mdash;, , ,


 * Union of Social Democrats &mdash; ,


 * "Yabloko" &mdash; ,

Others




 * More Detailed CPSU/LDPSU Ideas

Ryzhkov (an Independent) wins the presidential election in 1992. Legislative elections take place in 1994, in which the LDPSU wins a plurality (if not a majority). Political parties during this time were predominantly regional, but the LDPSU gained national popularity as an anti-communist alternative. The party itself was internally split between a conservative base and a liberal minority, with anti-communism and regionalism being the main factor keeping it together.

Following Ryzhkov's re-election in 1997, the LDPSU begins to collapse. By the time of the 1999 legislative elections, the party ceased to exist and was divided into two new parties. The conservatives formed the Democratic Party (DPSU), while the liberals form the Liberal Party (LPSU). Both parties split the Supreme Soviet, giving the CPSU a slight edge.

In 2002, Democratic Lebed wins the presidency. Following the terrorist attacks on the USSR in 2003, the Democrats win a majority in 2004. Lebed's authoritarian policies cause him to loose to Liberal challenger Tereshkova in 2007. Both houses of the Supreme Soviet would be split in 2009 (with the Liberals possibly forming a coalition with the Communists?).

During this whole period, the CPSU goes through many changes during its time in opposition. The party of the 1990s was lead by the Lukashenko-Rutskoy Bloc (Communists for Democracy). This began to change during the 2000s as the party transformed into a social democratic and left-wing populist party (ironically more on par with Gorbachev's policies). In 2014, the Communists regain control of the Supreme Soviet for the first time in 20 years.


 * {{legend|red|Communist Party &mdash;, , , , }}
 * {{legend|blue|Democratic Party &mdash;, /, , }}
 * {{legend|yellow|Liberal Party &mdash;, , , , }}


 * Timeline WIP


 * 1992 &mdash; New constitution ratified, first presidential elections held. Following a run-off election, Nikolai Ryzhkov (I) becomes the first democratically elected leader of the USSR. Legislative elections are also held (though elected members are to serve only a two-year term). The CPSU looses its domination in both houses, with the LDPSU winning the majority.


 * 1994 &mdash; The second legislative elections are held. The LDPSU looses its majority, but retains a plurality. An Anti-Communist coalition is established between the LDPSU, minor parties, and Independents.


 * 1996 &mdash; A turning point for politics within the USSR, Communist challenger defeats  for the Russian presidency. The CPSU soon sees a revival of sorts.


 * 1997 &mdash; The LDPSU becomes splintered during the presidential elections. Ryzhkov wins a second term. The LDPSU soon splits into two new parties (DPSU and the LPSU).


 * 1999 &mdash; The CPSU, DPSU, and LPSU pick up seats. DPSU still retains a plurality.


 * 2002 &mdash; DPSU candidate wins the presidency, becoming the first non-Communist leader.


 * 2004 &mdash; Following the USSR's involvement in the War on Terror, the DPSU wins a majority in the Supreme Soviet. The CPSU looses some seats to the LPSU.


 * 2007 &mdash; In the most heated election in the nation's history, LPSU challenger defeats incumbent Lebed.


 * 2009 &mdash; The DPSU looses their majority. A coalition between the CPSU and the LPSU control the government.


 * 2012 &mdash; Tereshkova wins re-election.


 * 2014 &mdash; The CPSU picks up more seats. The CPSU/LPSU coalition remains in tact. (Communists may outnumber Liberals to lead the coalition).


 * Notes from OTL Parties


 *  &mdash; centrism, center-left? (LPSU?)
 *  &mdash; centrism, conservatism (DPSU)
 *  &mdash; centrism, liberalism (LPSU)


 * Other Party Ideas



New Political Parties of the USSR

 * Major Parties

{{legend|red|Communist Party &mdash;, , , }}

{{legend|blue|Democratic Party &mdash;, , , , }}

{{legend|yellow|Liberal Party &mdash;, , , , , }}


 * Minor Parties

{{legend|orange|Christian Democratic Party &mdash;, , }}

{{legend|white|Congress of Russian Communities &mdash;, , , }}

{{legend|green|Green Party &mdash;, , }}

{{legend|black|Monarchist Party &mdash;, , }}

{{legend|brown|National Bolshevik Party &mdash;, , , , }}

{{legend|olive|Renaissance Party &mdash;, }}

{{legend|pink|Social Democratic Party &mdash;, , }}


 * WIP Parties


 * and
 * and
 * and

Moscow Metro Bombing

 * References



Layout of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
The Supreme Soviet (lit. "Supreme Council") is the of the. A body, the Supreme Soviet consists of a lower house (the Soviet of the Union) and an upper house (the Soviet of Republics). Both chambers have the exact same number of seats, both are given equal rights to introduce legislation, and both must agree on legislation before it can go to the President (to become law or vetoed).

For this scenario, both chambers will consist of 900 seats (making a total of 1800 seats).

Soviet of the Union
The Soviet of the Union (lit. "Council of the Union") is the and is democratically elected by the citizens of the Soviet Union. Exactly half of these seats (450) are distributed among the subjects of the USSR based on population (though each is entitled to at least one). The remaining half is proportionally chosen based on a second, union-wide vote on the support of a particular political party (with a threshold of 5% required to gain any seats). This is called a (or mixed-member majoritarian).

Based on their representation, the subjects will be divided into single-member constituencies of (roughly) equal population. The leader of the Soviet of the Union will be the Chairman/Chairwoman, who is elected among the members of the council and is usually the leader of the ruling political party. Elections for the council take place every five years.

Soviet of Republics
The Soviet of Republics (lit. "Council of Republics") is the and is based on equality among the subjects of the Soviet Union. Each republic and union city will send 20 deputies (or senators?) while the autonomous republics send 10. Unlike the Soviet of the Union or the former, this council is not democratically elected by the people. Instead, the individual Supreme Soviets of the subjects vote on those to represent their subject (similar to the United States Senate prior to the 17th Amendment). This came about as a compromise to give the sovereign republics more national say (likely backed by Russia and the Ukraine, among others).

Somewhat similar to the of South Africa, the Supreme Soviets have generally appointed deputies/senators based proportionally to the control of that subject (though this is not always the case). All deputies/senators are up for election every five years (unlike the US Senate).

Among the jobs this Council does is confirm appointments by the President (Prime Minister, Justices, Cabinet officials, etc.). The leader of the Council will be the Chairman/Chairwoman, who is elected among the members of the council and is usually the leader of the ruling political party.

Getting Pissed Off!


I've been working on this particular topic on and off for the past few years, contemplating different ways to have it work out. But with all the personal frustration I'm having over Russia's blatantly backwards attitude over this issue, I've decided to "come out of the closet" (bad pun is bad) and will be openly working on the best case scenario for the New Union timeline.


 * The USSR would (once again) decriminalize same-sex relations around 1992 (possibly written within the constitution). This would become a federal law, meaning all the republics would now recognize this earlier (as is the case with Azerbaijan and much of Central Asia) or would now adopt what they wouldn't OTL (as is Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan).


 * While some republics may do so (such as Azerbaijan, Belarus, and the Ukraine), the constitution of the USSR will not define marriage between a man and a woman. A family code may be adopted, but more on this below.


 * With the continuation of and the, a Gay Rights Movement would gain more ground within the USSR. The LGBT community is able to safely state their case and gain more sympathy.


 * The mid to late 2000s would become a turning point within the USSR as the Liberal Party takes hold. While initially hesitant to take sides, the LPSU is now supportive of equal rights. The CPSU is slowly moving in this direction, while the DPSU is strongly opposed to this.


 * Some republics may independently take the final steps and recognize same-sex marriages. Karelia and Saint Petersburg seem like the best candidates, with Moscow being iffy (given ).


 * For the best case scenario, the Constitutional Court of the USSR rules on the issue and concludes that the republican bans and other laws go against the constitution. The USSR follows a similar path as Brazil and South Africa.


 * In such a case, an anti-discrimination act may need to be required to assure this takes hold.


 * The national consensus today stands at around 40% in support of gay rights and 60% opposed (on par with Brazil, South Africa, and South Korea).

Little Red Scare
The Little Red Scare is an idea I've had for a while. The period between the POD (1991) up until the would see the post-Cold War world begin to settle with a democratic USSR and its reemergence as a global superpower.


 * More Soviet involvement in the
 * Bulgaria and Romania return to Soviet influence.
 * Norway votes to join the EU.
 * The V3 and the Baltic States are pressured away from the EU and NATO.
 * Afghanistan becomes a pro-Soviet democracy and monarchy. This would be considered a huge embarrassment for the US as they can no longer oppose Soviet-dominance in the nation (especially since the pro-Pakistani forces aren't democratic).
 * Many pro-Western nations begin to open up with the USSR, ending western domination there. These include Argentina, Brazil, France, Germany, and South Africa (to name a few).
 * With a growing Soviet presence in the Caribbean (Cuba, Venezuela, Nicaragua, etc.), Puerto Ricans in 1998. All the territories of the US are eventually re-organized.
 * Sino-Soviet relations don't become as friendly as OTL and both remain rivals (comparable to the US-USSR relations). With a growing Soviet economy, the CCP also sees the Soviet's success as a threat to their control.
 * Sino-Soviet relations don't become as friendly as OTL and both remain rivals (comparable to the US-USSR relations). With a growing Soviet economy, the CCP also sees the Soviet's success as a threat to their control.

Autonomous Republics... Again
The majority of the autonomous areas within the USSR were in the process of becoming full ASSRs (if not full SSRs). This continues to this day.


 * Always canon


 * (self creation)
 * (self creation)
 * (self creation)
 * (self creation)
 * (self creation)
 * (self creation)
 * (self creation)


 * To Be Recanonized


 * (exclave)
 * (supported by Yakutia)
 * (supported by Yakutia)
 * (oil rich)
 * (oil rich)
 * (oil rich)

Political Structure of the USSR
I'm still not 100%. So this is just to help me out.


 * President &mdash; The head of state, commander-in-chief, and the main figure of the executive branch. Democratically elected to serve a five-year term (no more than two consecutive terms).


 * Vice President &mdash; Elected along with the President, the second most important figure within the USSR, and is to represent the USSR when the President is unavailable. The first in the line of succession.


 * Cabinet of Ministers &mdash; An executive body which assists the President. Appointed by the President and confirmed by the Soviet of Republics (upper house). Pretty much similar to the presidential cabinet of the USA.


 * Prime Minister &mdash; the head of government of the USSR. Appointed by the President and confirmed by the Soviet of Republics. The head of the primary minister of the Cabinet of Ministers (hence the name Prime Minister). Not required to be a member of the Supreme Soviet, though may need to be a member of the ruling political party . Fourth in the line of succession.


 * Chairman of the Soviet of Republics &mdash; the speaker of the upper house of the Supreme Soviet. Is elected among the members of the council and is usually the leader of the ruling party. The second in line of succession.


 * Chairman of the Soviet of the Union &mdash; the speaker of the lower house of the Supreme Soviet. Elected among the members of the council and is usually the leader of the ruling party. Third in line of succession.




 * 1) Vice President
 * 2) Chairman of the Soviet of Republics
 * 3) Chairman of the Soviet of the Union
 * 4) Prime Minister

Unlike in the US, the line of succession is only temporary and new elections are required to happen within three months of the President's resignation/death/impeachment.