Space Exploration (Premysloides Dynasty)

Historical background
Theoretical and historical background of Space Exploration had in Roman Empire very strong base since era of Romanos V, who was passionate astrolog and astronomer. Many theoretical works based on Ancient Greece and Roman works and new discoveries based on improved optic technologies and telescopes, boosted imperial scientific efforts in space exploration since 13th Century.

Presence of Roger Bacon, al-Tusí and building of telescopes and observatories in Minor Asia, Constantinople and Thessaloniky with opening Astromathematical Faculty of Constantinople University, all of these laid down strong bases for future exploration and discoveries and Roman Empire became most advanced realm in terms of astronomical and space exploration.

Timeline (pre-1730)

 * 1314, Greek astronomer Gregory Choniades, former pupil of Roger Bacon and al-Tusí, based on works of his teachers, published comprehensive work "On Sun, On Earth, On Moon", where he described motion of cosmical bodies and mathematically proved rotation of Earth around Sun. While most of society accepted this decades and centuries before, Choniades work was first fully recognized and accepted scientific work proving position of Earth in Solar System. Among other, Choniades also proposed "Three Laws of Motion", known later as Choniades Laws. In honour of his work, Choniades was in 1317 appointed as General Praetor of Imperial Astronomic Society.
 * 1331, Smyrna artisan and engineer Julian Gaves, by coincidence during his contract with Smyrnian Observatory, he discovered reflecting telescope, because of material mistakes of optical glasses. Julian Gaves, who never was astronomer, or scientist, continued his life in improving reflecting telescopes and optical technologies (telescopes for observatories and universities, while optical technologies for imperial military and architects).
 * 1348 - 1358, Dark Age. No informations about any scientific efforts, works and results in universities and observatories. Julian Gaves probably died during this period, as last informations about him traces to 1345, when he helped with building Vargas Observatory and after 1348, no information about his activities found.
 * 1375, Madhava, Indian-born Roman astronomer published "Moons of Sol Invictus", astrological/astronomical work. While astrological part of his book was later dismissed by skepctics, his discoveries and observing of about 40 different Moons in Solar System became important breakthrough in understanding physical laws and history of Solar System. Madhava also proposed system of Moons and Dwarf Planets, based on their physical characteristics. Madhava decided that every Moon-like body with radius 500 miles and more, should be called small planets. However, as there were only few tools and viable possibilites to determine, this methodic proposal was soon forgotten and resurfaced in 16th Century.
 * 1452, David ben Yakub, Italian-Jewish astronomer and mathematician at court of Emperors Valerianus the Scholar and Tiberius the Conqueror, formed and proposed "Theory of Gravitation". While Valerianus was very open to all scientific discoveries, most of Tiberius rule was in shadow of bloody wars and campaigns and as that, funding for science decreased in favor of funding of imperial military. Ben Yakub, however caught Tiberius interest, when he moved from Constantinople to war frontline on Sinai, just to propose Emperor his theory. Ben Yakub later expanded his theory and claimed that "We are possible to break chains of gravitation!", while generally it was very inaccurate statement, ben Yakub had on mind development of early rocket and missile technologies.
 * 1470, Siege of Askalon. Heavily fortified Mamluk city Askalon, main obstacle on way to conquer Sinai and reach river Nile, is besieged for five years by Imperial Army and Navy. With support from locals and strong Mamluk Fleet, Askalon defending without any real problems and defenders are able to raid some of siege camps. Emperor Tiberius met with Adolph Kyeser, grandson of military engineer Konrad Kyeser. Adolph is succesful military scientist, engineer and technician and proposing early missile technologies to Emperor Tiberius. At first, Emperor is skeptical, but Adolph Kyeser, from inheritance of his grandfather, already few years experimented with missile technologies and rockets and offered to deploy his "Raketnica" against Askalon. Each "rocket" is fill with gunpowder and Greek Fire substance. Based on Kyeser Equation, "Raketnica" fired 25 missiles over massive and high Mamluk fortification and ignited fire in Askalon. City burned to ground in two days, after many years of siege and most defenders perished. Tiberius appointed Kyeser as chief of imperial military construction office and Kyeser continued with development and improving rockets for next 17 years.