Alternative History:Alternate Names/Asia

Armenia

 * Hayastan or Hayk, Armenian names.
 * Arministān (Persian), Ermenistan (Turkish).
 * Somxet’i, Georgian name.

Bangladesh

 * East Pakistan, until 1971
 * East Bengal

Cambodia

 * Khmer Republic, 1971-1975
 * Kampuchea, 1975-1991

China

 * Zhonghua, Zhongguo, Chungkuo Mandarin Chinese.
 * Sin, Sinae, Hebrew and Latin respectively.
 * Kina, Hina, Shina, variants of "China".
 * Ser, Seres, the ancient Greek and Roman name for the north-western part of China; the word "silk" ultimately comes from it).
 * Cathay (English), Cataya, Kitai (Latin), Kitad (Mongolian), Kitay (Russian), from the Khitan people who lived in Northern China, introduced by Marco Polo.
 * Chuka, Chugoku, Kara, Morokoshi, Japanese names.
 * Junggwok or Zunggwok (Cantonese), Tsonkoh (Wu), Tiong-kok (Hokkien), Chung-koet (Hakka), Dung-gwok (Fuzhounese), vernacular names.

Macau

 * Macao - Alternative spelling.
 * Àomén - Hanyu Pinyin (Mandarin Chinese)
 * Haojing - Before Portuguese settlement.
 * Jinghai - Alternative name from above.

Taiwan

 * Formosa - As it was known in the past (comes from Portuguese 'Ilha Formosa')
 * Fúěrmóshā - Hanyu Pinyin (Mandarin Chinese)
 * Tayouan or Teyowan - Name by Dutch East India Company, see here for info

Georgia

 * Sakartvelo (in Georgian).
 * Gurj, Gurjistan (in Persian), Gürcistan (in Turkish) (the name "Georgia" is derived from the same source).
 * Gruzia or Gruziya (in Russian, after Gurjistan).
 * Vrastan (in Armenian)
 * Colchis (in Greek), K'olxeti (in Georgian), ancient state in the Western Gerogia.
 * Iberia or Iveria (in Latin), ancient name of the central Georgian region.
 * Kartli, Georgian name of the same region, after which currently whole country is named.

India

 * Bharat - name in Hindi
 * British Raj - until 1947
 * Hindustan
 * Tenjiku - An obsolete Japanese word to refer to ancient India
 * Tianzhu - What chinese have referred to India pre-modern

Indonesia

 * Netherlands East Indies, until 1945

Iran

 * Aryana, "land of the Aryans". Identical in meaning to "Iran".
 * Persia

Iraq

 * Mesopotamia, ancient name of the territory.

Israel

 * Palestine, the name of the territory as opposed to the name of the people (Israel).
 * Eretz Yisrael, "Land of Israel" in Hebrew.
 * Judea, ancient Jewish kingdom.
 * Zionist State, Jewish State.

Japan

 * Nippon or Nihon - Japanese Name
 * Land of the Rising Sun - Translation of both Nihon and Nippon.
 * The Sun's Origin - Literal translation of Nippon and Nihon.
 * Wakoku or Wa - Before Nihon came into official use.
 * Yamato - Alternate name of the above.
 * Iaponia - Latin name

Jordan

 * Transjordan, in 1921-1946.
 * Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, official name.

Kazakhstan

 * Qazaqstan, Kazakh name.
 * Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, in 1920-1925 (not to be confused with Kyrgyzstan).
 * Alash, ancient tribal union.

Korea

 * Hanguk or Chosŏn - South and North Korean names of Korea, respectively.
 * Joseon - Old name of Korea, another transliteration of Chosŏn
 * Gojoseon - The nation before Joseon.
 * Han or Samhan - Alternative, from old Kingdom of Korea
 * Goryeo - Another alternative name
 * Baekje, Silla - former kingdoms, alt names of Korea.
 * Cauli - Italian transliteration of Goryeo.
 * The Land of the Morning Calm - nickname, orginally from Chinese Characters of Joseon translated
 * Hermit Kingdom - Nickname of when it was isolated during Joseon dynasty.
 * Kankoku and Kita-Chōsen  - name for South Korea and North Korea in Japanese, respectively
 * Chōsen - Japanese name to refer to Korea as a whole
 * Solongos - Mongol name of Korea
 * Corea - spelling variant in English
 * Baedal - Ancient reference of Korea
 * Asadal - Old Korean form of Joseon.
 * Cháoxiǎn - PRC name before establishing relations South Korea
 * Hánguó - Taiwanese name to refer to all of Korea in the past.

Kyrgyzstan

 * Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast, in 1920-1925

Malaysia

 * Malaya, until 1963

Myanmar

 * Burma, until 1988; many sources still refer to the country by this name.
 * Pagan, former empire before British colonization

Russia
See Alternative History:Alternate Names/Europe

Sri Lanka

 * Ceylon, until 1972

Syria

 * Levant, Sham (in Arabic), a larger region originally synonymous to "Syria", also know as "Greater Syria".

Thailand

 * Siam, until 1949
 * Ayuthaya, Sukhothai, various early kingdoms in the region, named after cities

Turkey

 * Asia Minor, an ancient Greek Phrase.
 * Pontus, an ancient kingdom.
 * Cappodocia, the Roman Provence.
 * Anatolia, the peninsula most of Turkey located in.
 * The Ottoman Empire, Porte, Sublime Porte, the former empire.

Vietnam

 * Indochina, colonial name under French rule in conjunction with Laos and Cambodia
 * Yuenan, in Chinese
 * Champa, in Sanskrit

North Vietnam

 * Tonkin, former name of the north under French rule
 * Nam Viet, Dai Viet former names

Central Vietnam

 * Annam, formerly used for central Vietnam
 * Champa, former kingdom in central-south Vietnam, distinct culture from Vietnamese culture

South Vietnam

 * Cochinchina, former name of the south under French rule