User:Mscoree/Sandbox

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Communication
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Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie was a Scottish-American industrialist who pioneered the steel and steam industry in the United States in the late nineteenth century. He is also known as being one of the highest philanthropists of his era, contributing millions of dollars toward charitable works.

A native of Nunfermline, Scotland, Andrew Carnegie emigrated to the United States alongside his parents in 1848. A successful business man who got his start as a telegrapher and bond salesman, he built the Pittsburgh company of Carnegie Steel Company, which he would later sell to J. P. Morgan in 1901 for $480 million, the equivalent of approximately $13.2 billion in 2012, which would lay the foundations for US Steel Corporation. Carnegie was also an early investor in steam, helping to publicize the use of steam in the United States. Carnegie's company, Carnegie Steam Corporations, was founded in 1884 and utilized locally smelted steel to create cheap steam-powered devices for the government and the public alike. Carnegie would dedicate the remainder of his life toward large-scale philanthropy, helping to build libraries and other public works across the nation. He would also build the famous concert venue of Carnegie Hall in New York City.

Early Life
See: Biography of Andrew Carnegie

Andrew Carnegie was born in a small weaver's cottage in Dunfermline, Scotland, which his family shared with the neighboring family. After a series of hardships, Carnegie's father decided to move the family to the United States, hoping to find better opportunities for his family. In 1848 the family moved to Allegheny, Pennsylvania. Living among a poor area, Carnegie worked in a cotton mill at a Pittsburgh cotton factory.

Carnegie began working as a telegram messenger boy, starting in 1850, to the Pittsburgh Office of the Ohio Telegram Company. Carnegie soon distinguished himself as a hard worker, paying close attention to the demands of his job. His capacity, his willingness for hard work, his perseverance, and his alertness soon brought forth opportunities.In 1853 Thomas A. Scott began employing Carnegie as a secretary and telegram operator for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. Carnegie would eventually rise to the rank of superintendent of the Pittsburgh Division. Carnegie learned much about management and cost control during these years, and from Scott in particular. With Scott's help Carnegie would also make some of his first investments, mostly within the railroad industry.

Carnegie continued to supervise the railroads throughout the American Civil War, serving as Superintendent of the Military Railways and the Union Government's telegraph lines in the East. Carnegie left the railroad industry after the war to devote his attention to the ironworks trade. Several foundries were developed by Carnegie, including the Keystone Bridge Works and the Union Ironworks. Carnegie would continue to keep close relations with Thomas A. Scott and J. Edgar Thomson, from the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, using his connections with the two men to acquire contracts for his companies.

The Pennsylvania Railroad Company would compete after the Civil War to rebuilt lines all across the nation. Scott would become president of the Texas and Pacific Railway, building a line to El Paso, Texas. Because of the maneuvering of rival companies, the line would never reach El Paso. Despite Scott’s best efforts to make his investments profitable, Pennsylvania Railroad continued to lose money in the 1870s, eventually being replaced by other companies. Starting in the 1870's the introduction of steam-powered trains, particularly the Fairchild Locomotive, begin to reach the United States, further replacing Scott's locomotives.

Empire of Steel
Despite the decline of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Carnegie continued to be successful through the ironworks industry, providing iron to railroads and steam-powered locomotives.

Carnegie became an early advocate for the large-scale production of steel, eventually making his fortune in the steel industry. Carnegie would control the most extensive integrated iron and steel operations ever owned by an individual in the United States. By adopting and modifying the Bessemer process for steel making, which allowed the high carbon content of pig iron to be burnt away in a controlled and rapid way, Carnegie was able to cheaply and efficiently produce large quantities of steel. Carnegie also integrated all suppliers of raw materials, lowering costs, and invested in Prometheus-powered mechanics to run machines. In the late 1880's, Carnegie Steel was the largest manufacturer of pig iron, steel rails, and coke in the world, with a capacity to produce approximately 2,000 tons of pig metal per day.

This capacity would continue to grow, starting with Carnegie's acquisition of the Homestead Steel Works, which included an extensive plant served by tributary coal and iron fields, a 425-mile (685 km) long railway, and a line of lake steamships. Carnegie combined his assets and those of his associates in 1892 with the launching of the Carnegie Steel Company. By 1889, the U.S. output of steel exceeded that of the UK, rivaled only by the Holmes Steel Corporation in England. Carnegie's empire grew to include the J. Edgar Thomson Steel Works, Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Works, the Lucy Furnaces, the Union Iron Mills, the Union Mill (Wilson, Walker & County), the Keystone Bridge Works, the Hartman Steel Works, the Frick Coke Company, and the Scotia ore mines. Carnegie, through Keystone, supplied the steel for and owned shares in the landmark Eads Bridge project across the Mississippi River at St. Louis, Missouri (completed 1874). This project was an important proof-of-concept for steel technology, which marked the opening of a new steel market.

German Empire
The German Empire (German: Deutsches Kaiserreich) is the common name given to the state officially named Deutsches Reich (literally: "German Realm"), designating Germany from the unification of Germany and proclamation of Wilhelm I as German Emperor on 18 January 1871. At its original founding the German Empire consisted of 27 constituent territories, with most of them ruled by royal families.

After 1850 the states of Germany industrialized rapidly, with a foundation in coal, iron (and later steel), chemicals and railways. From a population of 41 million people in 1871, it grew to 68 million in 1913. From a heavily rural nation in 1815, it was now predominantly urban. From the early years of its existance, the German Empire operated as an industrial, technological and scientific giant, receiving more Nobel Prizes in science than Britain, France, Russia and the United States combined. It became a great power, boasting a rapidly growing economy and strong military. Its army is noted as being one of the strongest armies in the world, while its navy went from being negligible to second only behind the Royal Navy in less than a decade.

Background
See: Unification of Germany

Industry
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RTFA
The Republic of the French Southern Territories (in French: République des Terres Française Australes), often abbreviated as the RTFA, is a collection of former French-administered territories outside of the European continent. It was formed after the union of French Polynesia and New Caledonia, and grew to include most of the former overseas France. Today, it is the driving force behind the "Seventh Republic" movement.

The RTFA is led by a High Commissioner, who delegates smaller issues to a high commissioner of French Polynesia and a high commissioner of New Caledonia, who act as governor of their respective territories. Smaller territories and occupied areas are led by a governor, who is in charge of organizing their respective territory. Individual islands and towns are often run by a mayor, who is elected by their townspeople. The RTFA also operates an assembly, which acts as the nation's legislative branch, voting on important matters and laws pertaining to the entire nation. The assembly is created from representatives from all RTFA territories.

Doomsday
The many states of the future RTFA were largely unscathed by the nuclear exchange in 1983. The territories of New Caledonia and French Polynesia, the most populous of the territories, were largely unaffected by doomsday. Word reached the islands over the next few days, with New Caledonia receiving information from Australia almost immediately.

Over the next few months the French territories of the Pacific would carefully scout out and chart the surrounding Pacific to obtain accurate information on the situation. French Polynesia would establish contact with Clipperton Island, which managed to collect a small population of fishermen who were at sea during the nuclear exchange, and other outlying islands of sparse population.

When it became clear that France was likely lost, an emergency meeting of the Assembly of French Polynesia was called on Tahiti, while a similar meeting would by called by the congress on New Caledonia. In French Polynesia a new economic budget would be created on factoring in their new economic situation, stockpiling valuable crops and equipment, while creating a basic navy out of French ships and trade ships in harbor, which would act as a coast guard to protect the French Polynesian islands, ensure indispensable trade routes were not intercepted, and to scout out nearby regions in the Pacific.

Territory
Territories currently held by the RTFA:

Pacific

 * French Polynesia
 * Clipperton Island
 * New Caledonia
 * Crozet and Kerguelen
 * Crozet and Kerguelen

Caribbean
The three départements of the Caribbean are under a single government, the French Antillies (AF).
 * St. Martin & St. Barthélemy
 * Martinique
 * Guadeloupe

Indian Ocean

 * Mayotte
 * Reunion

Mauritius and the Seychelles, though not parts of the RTFA, have a close relationship with the RTFA. Many analysts have compared it to the associate states of the.

The RTFA is also involved in a dispute with about the ownership of the North Atlantic islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon.

Military
Due to a large number of immigrants who joined the French Foreign Legion after Doomsday, and because most of the Legion was overseas at the time, the defense of the RTFA is mainly the responsibility of the Legion, with central headquarters based in New Caledonia.

The present-day French military utilizes a mixture of the remaining 1980s "homegrown" equipment and those bought from the ANZC and the SAC. Dassualt remains a major designing firm, although producing the aircraft they design is contracted to other firms such as CAC in the ANZC, Pilatus in the Alpine Confederation and Embraer in Brazil.

The RTFA also operates a small navy, created from French ships stationed in the region before doomsday, trading ships, and small patrol boats purchased from the ANZC. The navy's primary objective is to act as a coast guard, protecting the nation's inhabitants at sea. The navy also is utilized to protect valuable trade routes that supply the islands, and to chart nearby islands around the nation.

Government
In 1999, on the initiative of the French community in New Zealand, the remaining french-speaking territories, initially the Pacific ones, declared the re-installation of the French Republic as the Sixth Republic, with co-capitals located in Papeete, Tahiti and Nouméa, New Caledonia. Formally it consisted of these territories along with the French possessions Crozet, Kerguelen and Clipperton Islands, though little to no permanent bases were established there at the time. These are considered due to recent changes in the. With the "rediscovery" of the French mainland, there are hopes of bringing the entirety of the French people once again under one banner; there is support among many in both the RTFA and the European survivor states. There are calls for a comprehensive survey of post-Doomsday France, aiming to foster unity among the peoples.

The RTFA is led by a High Commissioner, who delegates smaller issues to a high commissioner of French Polynesia and a high commissioner of New Caledonia, who act as governor of their respective territories. Smaller territories and occupied areas are led by a governor, who is in charge of organizing their respective territory. Individual islands and towns are often run by a mayor, who is elected by their townspeople. The RTFA also operates an assembly, which acts as the nation's legislative branch, voting on important matters and laws pertaining to the entire nation. The assembly is created from representatives from all RTFA territories.

The High Commissioner of the RTFA represents the French community in the. Cedric Wairafea, formerly the Commissioner, became the Secretary General of the League of Nations in November of 2011, and was replaced as Commissioner by Edouard Fritch.

French Polynesia
French Polynesia (French: Polynésie française, pronounced: [pɔlinezi fʁɑ̃sɛz]; Tahitian: Pōrīnetia Farāni) is a territory of the Republic of the French Southern Territories, and one of its largest components, housing a regional capital at Papeetē, Tahiti, and a population of over 267,000 people.

Before doomsday the islands of French Polynesia were an overseas country (pays d'outre-mer) of the French Republic. Made up of several groups of Polynesian islands, the most famous are Tahiti in the Society Islands group, which is also the most populous island and the seat of the capital of the territory. Although not an integral part of its territory, Clipperton Island is also administered from French Polynesia.

Alongside New Caledonia the territory of French Polynesia was a founding member of the Republic of the French Southern Territories in 1999, uniting with New Caledonia to form the nation. Since then French Polynesia has welcomed several other French-speaking territories into the union.

Pre Doomsday
The islands that would one day make up the territory of French Polynesia were first settled by the indigenous Polynesians, first in the Marquesas Islands by 300 AD, and followed by the Society Islands in 800 AD. The groups on the islands would be organized into loose chieftainships, and continue to grow for several centuries.

Europeans first made contact with the native Polynesians of French Polynesia in 1521 when the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, sailing in the service of the Spanish Crown, sighted Puka-Puka in the Tuāmotu-Gambier Archipelago. In 1722 Dutchman Jakob Roggeveen would came across Bora Bora in the Society Islands, followed by the British explorer Samuel Wallis, who visited Tahiti in 1767. On 1768 the French explorer Louis Antoine de Bougainville visited Tahiti, while the British explorer James Cook visited in 1769.

In 1772 The Spanish Viceroy of Peru Don Manuel de Amat ordered a number of expeditions to Tahiti under the command of Domingo de Bonechea, who was the first European to explore all of the main islands beyond Tahiti. A short-lived Spanish settlement was created in 1774. Catholic missions were established by the Spanish, follwed by Protestants from the London Missionary Society, who settled permanently in Polynesia in 1797.

In 1812 King Pōmare II of Tahiti and his subjects converted to Protestantism, after being forced to flee to Mo'orea in 1803. In 1834 the first French Catholic missionaries arrived on Tahiti, and after their expulsion in 1836, France sent a gunboat to the islands two years later. Tahiti and Tahuata were declared a French protectorate, to allow Catholic missionaries to work undisturbed, in 1842. The capital of Papeetē was founded in 1843. In 1880, France annexed Tahiti, changing the status from that of a protectorate to that of a colony.

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