User:Candiesrgood/Sandbox III/Han language

Han is the of Hani, with nearly all of its population having the ability to speak it fluently. It is widely considered to have three highly distinct dialects, though some sources describe the dialects as distinct languages. The official global regulatory body of the Han language is the, which governs the proper usage of the Han language.

Characteristics of Han include morphology with  (typically with  suffixes, such as –seumnida) to change or create new vocabulary, a flexible  utilising both  and, a relatively small phonemic inventory, and a noticeable lack of consonant clusters (e.g., [str] in English). Unlike the, which is alleged to be its parent language family, Hani has a different syntax and a large amount of vowels (a total of twelve), while in contrast Malayo–Polynesian languages typically have an average of only five vowels. As with other countries part of the, a sizeable amount of its vocabulary is adopted from.

The Han language is written in both and, with the former being of Korean origin. Hangul may appear, but is actually a phonemic alphabet which instead of being written sequentially, is organised into syllabic blocks called han. Each block is composed of at least two letters (at least one consonant and one vowel), but can fit up to six letters. , and was historically used before the adoption of Hangul, but today all are outdated. The usage of Hanja has rapidly declined over the decades, and is now taught only for legal and academic purposes.

Phonology
The Han language has 39 ; 24 and 15. This is in stark contrast to other languages which typically have an average of only 4 to 5 vowels and 16 to 22 consonants.

Vowels
Prior to change to the Han language due to with  and, Han had only three  (/a/, /i/, and /u/) and four. The former figure later expanded to six (additional /e/, /ɛ/, and /o/) with the introduction of Chinese loanwords, and surged to its current number of 8 with the adoption of (from ) as the national script (adding /ɯ/ and /ə/).

The original four compound vowels had all became obsolete and replaced by a new batch of 7 new vowels, doubling the total number of vowels from a original 7 (3 basic vowels and 4 compound vowels) to 15 (.

Consonants
Like vowels, and the adoption of, much original  found in  (the proposed ancestor of Han) are replaced by new ones adopted from both  and. Below is a chart of Han consonants, which are identical to those found in Korean; Glottal stops are not indicated. Glottal stops typically occur when;
 * The word starts with a vowel, like oso (bear)
 * The word includes a dash followed by a vowel, like wiro-aral (study)
 * The word starts with a prefix followed by a verb that starts with a vowel, like wiro-dae-ayosu ([will] fix)

Grammar
In the Han language, there are eight basic parts of speech: verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions and particles. Han is a partially language; pronouns are inflected for number while verbs are inflected for focus, aspect and voice.

Dialects
The Han language is split into three distinct different ; the spoken in, , and Han territories, the  spoken in , and the  spoken in  and the northern parts of Doshobei (coexisting with the Ansan dialect). The Ansan dialect is the standardised version of Han with official government documents, and political or economic exchanges being written or conducted in said dialect.

As a result of geographic isolation and political division between North and South Hani which persisted until the nineties, strong lexical, phonological, and grammatical differences have developed between the three dialects. An example of some dialectal differences are;
 * There are varying levels of Chinese loanwords, with the Solwon dialect having the most and the Shinan dialect having the least.
 * There is a notable lack of formality and in the Shinan dialect.
 * ng and the letter m is not present in the Shinan dialect, being both replaced by n. For example, jang ("the") (meaning "of") would be pronounced jan and sumnida (an affix stating a past action) would be pronounced sun-nida.
 * While the Shinan dialect has only five basic vowels, the Ansan and Solwon dialect both have the vowel /ə/. However, the Ansan dialect replaces /e/ with /ɛ/ so instead of having seven basic vowels as the Solwon dialect does, it has six. The compound vowels between the three remain unchanged.
 * The Shinan dialect preserves the usage of repetition to form new words (again, similar to other ), while the other dialects use a number in the place of the syllable.

Malayo–Polynesian languages
Below is a chart of Han and twenty Malayo–Polynesian languages (which is supposedly the parent language family of Han) thirteen words.