Welsh History Post Glyndwr

This timeline looks at what might have been if Wales under Owain Glyndwr had won the War of Independence (1400-1409).

The POD for this timeline is the Battle of Worcester. In the OTL this battle never happened. The two armies faced off and with the Welsh at the end of a long supply chain did not force a battle with Henry IV. This timeline sees not only that battle happening, but with the Welsh winning it. With such a victory the entire territory west of the River Severn would have been open to the Welsh. With support from the Bretons, the Scots and official recognition from the French Glyndwr would have been well placed to force the English to recognise his independent Principality.

This entry portal to the timeline contains the Kings List for the Principality and then Kingdom of Wales. Each monarch has their own page and there are links to some of the major conflicts that Wales has been involved in.

The bottom of this page also see's a list of the major nobles of the Kingdom, including the Princes of Glamorgan and Powys.

This is very much a work in progress and the main page contains a link to every page in this Alt-History, including pages on the three branches of the military and a Nation page.

Note On Regnal Numbering
In the OTL under the House of Aberffraw the Princes of Gwynedd (and de facto Princes of Wales) they began to recognise a numbering sequence for the Royal House. As such this Alternate Timeline follows on from the internally recognised (and the English) externally recognised numbering of the Royal Princes.

As such the following Princes are also counted as part of the Royal House of Wales in this timeline under the House of Aberffraw

House of Aberffraw

 * Owain Gwynedd (Owain I of Wales) Reign:1137-1170 - Titles used or claimed by Owain included, King of Gywnedd, king of Wales, king of the Welsh and finally Prince of the Welsh.
 * Dafydd I of Gwynedd and Wales. Reign: 1170-1195


 * Llywelyn I "the Great" of Gwynedd and Wales. Reign: 1195–1240. Title recognised by Philip Augustus of France.


 * Dafydd II of Gwynedd and Wales. Reign: 1240-1246. Title of Prince of Wales recognised by England and the Vatican.


 * Owain II of Gwynedd and Wales. Reign: 1246-1253


 * Llywelyn II "the Last" of Gwynedd & Wales. Reign: 1246-1282. Title recognised by the English Crown. Brother of Owain II


 * Dafydd III of Gwynedd & Wales. Reign: 1282-1283. Brother to Llywelyn the Last


 * Owain III "Lawgoch". Reign in Exile: 1372-1378. Claimed the throne via descent from Llywelyn the Great

The House of Glyndwr
This is the first Royal House of Wales. Prince Owain was himself of the House of Mathrafal, the Princely Dynasty of Powys. However upon Owain's death, his son Maredudd changed the dynasty's name from Mathrafal to the House of Glyndwr. It ruled Wales from independence in 1401 till the end of the Protestant Uprising in 1600. Although by this time it should technically be called the House of MacGregor-Glyndwr, following Queen Elen's marriage (the later Princely House of Gwynedd would call itself the House of MacGregor-Glyndwr). It would be a period of entrenchment in terms of building an independent State and expansion as Wales pushes the border out to include Bristol and the northern coast of Somerset.


 * Prince Owain IV Glyndwr: 1401-1419
 * Maredudd: 1419-1462. 43 Year Reign; Died age: 67Coat_of_Arms_of_Wales.png
 * Owain V: 1462-1490. 29 Year Reign; Died age: 61
 * Hywel I: 1490-1512. 22 Year Reign; Died age: 38
 * Hywel II: 1512-1545. 33 Year Reign; Died age: 45
 * Rhodri: 1546-1554. Brother to Hwyel II. Eight Year Reign; Died age 50
 * Elen: 1555-1598. 43 Year Reign; Died age 60 (Period known as the Reign of the Three Queens)
 * Marc: 1598-1600. Two Year Reign; Died age 44 (The Protestant Uprising)

The House of Deheubarth
The second Royal House of Wales is also a direct descendant of Owain Glyndwr's house. Dafydd is the nephew of Marc, the last king of the House of Glyndwr. However as Dafydd is the titular Duke of Dyfed, he takes as his coat of arms that of the old Royal House of Dinefwr, and changes the name of the Royal House to that of Deheubarth (the title held by his father, the Prince Rhys). This is a young Royal House, with three of the five kings assuming the throne during their minority and the remainder gain it whilst still young men. This is a period of growth and a flourishing of art, science and a period of change for the cities of Wales. It is also the last Royal House before the 78 year long English Occupation, with Dafydd the Rash the last king of an independent Wales.


 * Dafydd IV: 1600-1640. 40 Year Reign; Died age 52DeheubarthCoA.png
 * Lords Council: 1640-1642 (Minority Rule of Hywel III)
 * Hywel III: 1642-1683. 41 Year Reign; Died age 60
 * Hywel IV: 1683-1706. 23 Year Reign; Died age 36
 * Dafydd V the Rash: 1706-1718. 12 Year Reign; Died age 38

The Third Anglo-Welsh War: 1718 &amp; House of Deuhbarth in Exile 1718-1750
This period of Welsh history is technically part of the history of the House of Deheubarth, with the last king of the house, Rhys. Rhys is the Welsh king in exile. Based in France he will try unsuccessfully to reclaim his homeland during his 42 year reign. During this period the heads of all the major Noble houses live with the king in exile and following his death in 1750 they form a Regency Council, managing Welsh affairs between themselves for five years before deciding to elect one of their own to the kingship.


 * Rhys: 1718-1750. 32 Year Reign; Died age 42. King in Exile.
 * Regency Council in Exile: 1750-1755 Regency_Banner.png

The House of Glamorgan in Exile - English Occupation and Second War of Independence
Following the election process, the young head of the Princely House of Morgannwg (also called the House of Bren) is elected to the Welsh throne. Rhisiart is through his mother a descendant of Owain Glyndwr, so a member of his house still sits on the Welsh throne, although only through the female line. The first two kings of this new Royal House spend their reigns fighting the Anglo-Scottish forces of George the Third of the United Kingdom of England and Scotland. In the end a mixture of diplomatic overtures and solid military success sees the Restoration of the Welsh State in the year 1796.
 * Rhisiart I: 1755-1773. 18 Year Reign; Died age 41. King in Exile
 * Rhisiart II: 1773-1795. 22 Year Reign; Died age 42. King in Exile

The Restoration - House of Glamorgan Continued
Following the official Restoration the House of Morgannwg (Glamorgan) continues to rule the Welsh State. They see the Welsh state grow into an Imperial Power, with a Colonial Empire, the Industrial Revolution, which in turn sees Wales become an early economic powerhouse. It also sees years of political repression, with Parliament not being restored to full privileges until the early 20th Century. This period also sees a Welsh Civil War as the direct male line descendants of Owain Glyndwr (the Princes of Gwynedd) fight to reclaim the throne from the House of Morgannwg. It would be a fight that the House of Morgannwg would win.

The 20th Century would see the Welsh State involved in the Great War of 1939-45 (World War One) after failing to become involved in the European War of 1914-18 (OTL World War One). It would see Communist revolutions, Communist governments, American involvement in Welsh politics and the eventual Welsh membership of the European Union.

Welsh Civil War: 1845-1848
 * Arthur I: 1795-1831. 36 Year Reign; Died age 62 Coat_of_arms_of_Morgannwg.png
 * Cystennin: 1831-1845. 14 Year Reign; Died age 45
 * Rhisiart III: 1848-1870. 22 Year Reign; Died age 40


 * Rhisiart IV: 1870-1904. 34 Year Reign; Died age 51
 * Iorwerth: 1904-1920. 16 Year Reign; Died age 35
 * Iago: 1920-1950. 30 Year Reign; Died age 40
 * Marged: 1950-1959. Sister to Iago. Nine Year Reign; Died age 47
 * Arthur II: 1959-1982. 23 Year Reign; Died age 44
 * Llywelyn III: 1982 - Present

Government and Political Structure of the Welsh Kingdom
Under King Owain the Fifth of Wales, the political landscape was created that would last until the modern era - Welsh Political Divisions.

The Senedd y Cymru - The Welsh Senate

Latest Elections - 2006 Ty Uchaf & the 2008 Ty Isod Elections

The Welsh Empire

Flags and Banners of the Kingdom

Orders and Honours

2011 Defence Review

Posts,Offices and Departments of the Welsh Government

Officers of the Royal Court

Wars, Conflicts & Other Major Events
Welsh War of Independence

The Pembrokeshire War

The 1st Anglo-Welsh War

The 2nd Anglo-Welsh War

The Protestant Uprising

The 3rd Anglo-Welsh War

2nd War of Independence

The Welsh Civil War

The Welsh Reformation

Irish Wars

Greco-Turkish War

The 1939-45 World War

Countries in this Alternate Timeline
The United Kingdom of England &amp; Scotland

The Republic of Ireland

The Greek Kingdom

The Republic of Guinea

Y Lluoedd Arfog Gymreig - Welsh Armed Forces
The Welsh Armed Forces are split into three services;

Naval
Llynges Frenhinol Gymreig

Current Naval Fleet

Historic Welsh Ships

Army
Byddin Frenhiniol Gymreig

Army Regiments

Regimental Honours

History of the Welsh Army Uniform &amp; Equipment

Welsh Special Forces

Air Force
Llu Awyr Frenhiniol Gymreig

Air Force Current Order of Battle

Aircraft used by the Welsh Air Force throughout history

Other Welsh Noble Families
This is a list of the major Noble Families of Wales.


 * The Princes of Powys
 * The Princes of Morgannwg
 * The Princes of Gwynedd
 * The Dukes of March
 * The Dukes of Gwent
 * The Dukes of Dyfed
 * Earls of Brycheiniog
 * Lord Archbishops of St Davids
 * Earls of Kidweli
 * Earls of Pembroke
 * Earls of Gower
 * Earls of Ystrad Trywy
 * Earls of Ergyng
 * Earls of Henfford (Hereford)
 * Earls of Gwlad yr Haf
 * Earls of the North Coast
 * Earls of Ceredigion
 * Earls of Seisyllwg