Portugal (Principia Moderni II Map Game)

The Kingdom of Portugal is a nation on Europe. It is bordered by the Kingdoms of Galicia, at north, and the kingdoms of León and Sevilla, at east.the kingdoms mentioned are all part of the Crown of Castille, except for Portugal.due to having the city of Ceuta and surroundings, it also borders Morocco at south.

History
The territory present on the present borders of the Kingdom of Portugal has been continuously settled since prehistoric times: occupied by Celts like the Gallaeci and the Lusitanians, integrated into the Roman Republic and later settled by Germanic peoples such as the Suebi and the Visigoths.

In the 8th century most of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Moorish invaders professing Islam, which were later expelled by the Knights Templar under the Order of Christ. During the Christian Reconquista, the County of Portucale was formed in 868, with its first count being Vímara Peres, after whom the city of Guimarães is named.the county was for most of its history, a subject of the Kingdoms of Asturias (until 924), Galicia (whenever it and León didn't had the same monarchs), and León.The County essentially ceased to exist by the first time after the Count Nuno (II) Mendes started to claim the title of "King of Portucale", and subsequently died on the Battle of Pedroso, fought against Garcia II of Galicia.Garcia then, started to use the title of "King of Portucale".However, Garcia didn't last much with the title, as he was deposed by his brothers Sancho II of Castille and Alfonso VI of León.Thus, the Kingdom of Galicia, along with the territory of the county of Portucale, was absorbed by the Kingdom Of León.

The former Kingdom of Galicia, including the Portugal and Coimbra, was given by Alfonso VI as a county to his son-in-law Raymond of Burgundy. However, concern for Raymond's growing power led Alfonso in 1096 to separate Portugal and Coimbra from Galicia and grant them to Henry of Burgundy, nephew of Alfonso's wife. Henry chose Braga as the base for this newly formed county, the Condado Portucalense, know at the time as Terra Portucalense or Província Portucalense, which would last until Portugal achieved its independence, recognized by the Kingdom of León in 1143. Its territory included much of the current Portuguese territory between the Minho River and the Tejo River.On 24 June 1128, the Battle of São Mamede occurred near Guimarães. Afonso Henriques, Count of Portugal, defeated his mother Countess Teresa and her lover Fernão Peres de Trava, thereby establishing himself as sole leader. Afonso Henriques officially declared Portugal's independence when he proclaimed himself king of Portugal on 25 July 1139, after the Battle of Ourique. He was recognized as such in 1143 by King Alfonso VII of León and Castile, and in 1179 by Pope Alexander III.

Afonso Henriques and his successors, aided by military monastic orders, pushed southward to drive out the Moors, as the size of Portugal covered about half of its present area. In 1249, this Reconquista ended with the capture of the Algarve on the southern coast, giving Portugal its present-day borders, with minor exceptions.the borders on the Iberian peninsula were defined in 1297.

In 1348 and 1349, like the rest of Europe, Portugal was devastated by the Black Death.

In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with England.It was apparently reaffirmed in 1452.

In 1383, the king of Castile (Juan I), husband of the daughter (Beatriz) of the Portuguese king (Fernando I) who had died without a surviving male heir, claimed his throne. An ensuing popular revolt led to the 1383-1385 Crisis. A faction of petty noblemen and commoners, led by João of Aviz (later João I), seconded by General Nuno Álvares Pereira defeated the Castilians in the Battle of Aljubarrota.

In 1415, Portugal acquired the first of its overseas colonies by conquering Ceuta. It was the first prosperous Islamic trade center in North Africa. There followed the first discoveries in the Atlantic: Madeira and the Azores, which led to the first colonization movements, that are still being undertaken.