Principia Moderni III (Map Game)

​Principia Moderni, or "The Beginning of the Modern" in late Latin, was a map game beginning in the final days of the Middle Ages in Europe, and the early days of the Ming Dynasty in China - in 1400 C. E, a turbulent era; in other words, an era of change; an era in which power is cemented. The first game was perhaps the most successful map game on the wiki in terms of length, finishing without dying and plausible expansions. However, it did have its problems, and has now finished. The second game, instead of being a worthy successor to the first, was marred by over-expansionism, feuds between players, ambiguity in the rules, which often caused controversy on wars between player nations, over-competitiveness, and overall inactivity of the moderators, but was nevertheless successful in reaching the Modern Age. And thus, this third installment has been created. Welcome to Principia Moderni III!

Active

 * 1) Andr3w777
 * 2) Collie Kaltenbrunner (Moderator-in-Chief, Assistant Mapmaker)
 * 3) Callumthered
 * 4) Commandante Lemming
 * 5) CourageousLife
 * 6) Fedelede
 * 7) Feudalplague (Algo Mod, ASB Hunter, Mapmaker)
 * 8) Monster Pumpkin
 * 9) Mscoree (Moderator and Mapmaker)
 * 10) Scandinator (Mapmaker, Disaster Mod)
 * 11) Sine dei gloriem (Moderator and Mapmaker)

Honorary

 * AwesomePeruvian
 * Cosman246 (creator of the first game)
 * Detectivekenny (moderator-in-chief of the first game)
 * Galaguerra1
 * PitaKang
 * LurkerLordB (moderator-in-chief of Principia Moderni II until about 1580)
 * VonGlusenburg
 * Scrawland Scribblescratch (Mapmaker only)
 * CrimsonAssassin

Current Map
As a note to everyone, do not edit the map unless you are authorized as a mapmaker. Inability to follow this rule will be met with action. "This is not your grave  but you are welcome in it. " 00:00, April 10, 2014 (UTC)

Remember to align the map to the center! Bfoxius (talk)

Please use the posted map as the Base map for editing from now on. -Feud



Sign-ups

 * See Also: Territories 

Western Europe (France and Iberia)

 * Lordship of Albret --
 * Andorra --
 * Anjou (Personal Union under Provence) --
 * Brittany -- Sine dei gloriem (talk)
 * Empire of Hispania --
 * Foix (Personal Union with Andorra) --
 * French Monarchy (Predominant French control, Still some nations away from direct monarchic control)
 * Alençon (Dynastic Union with Valois) -- Sine dei gloriem (talk)
 * Angoulême (No Ruler, governed by Valois) -- Sine dei gloriem (talk)
 * Armagnac (Dynastic Union with Valois) -- Sine dei gloriem (talk)
 * Auvergne (Personal Union with Berry, Vassal of France) -- Sine dei gloriem "Ex Initio Terrae" (talk)
 * Berry (Dynastic Union with Valois, Vassal of France) -- Sine dei gloriem (talk)
 * Blois (Personal Union under Orléans with France) -- Sine dei gloriem (talk)
 * Bourbon (Dynastic Union with Valois, Vassal of France) -- Sine dei gloriem "Ex Initio Terrae" (talk)
 * Duchy of Burgundy (Personal Union with France) -- Sine dei gloriem (talk)
 * Dunois (Personal Union under Orléans with France) -- Sine dei gloriem (talk)
 * Forez (Personal Union under Bourbon, Vassal of France) -- Sine dei gloriem "Ex Initio Terrae" (talk)
 * France: -- Sine dei gloriem (talk)
 * La Marche (Dynastic Union with Bourbon) --
 * Nemours (Personal Union with Armagnac) -- Sine dei gloriem "Ex Initio Terrae" (talk)
 * Nevers (Dynastic Union with Burgundy) --
 * Orléans (Dynastic Union with Valois, Vassal of France) -- Sine dei gloriem "Ex Initio Terrae" (talk)
 * Parthenay (Vassal of Orléans) -- Sine dei gloriem (talk)
 * Périgord (Personal Union under Orléans) -- Sine dei gloriem (talk)
 * Rodez (Personal Union with Armagnac) -- Sine dei gloriem "Ex Initio Terrae" (talk)
 * Valois -- Sine dei gloriem (talk)
 * Vendôme (Personal Union under La Marche) -- Sine dei gloriem (talk)
 * Limoges --
 * Portugal -- Collie Kaltenbrunner (talk)
 * Saluzzo (Vassal of France) -- Sine dei gloriem (talk)
 * Kingdom of the Netherlands -- With Blood and Iron (talk)

Northern Europe (Britain and Scandinavia)

 * UNC
 * Denmark -- Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor with haloes (1400-1806).svgLabarum.jpgCrimsonAssassin- I have special eyes
 * Sweden -- Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor with haloes (1400-1806).svgLabarum.jpgCrimsonAssassin- I have special eyes
 * Norway -- Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor with haloes (1400-1806).svgLabarum.jpgCrimsonAssassin- I have special eyes
 * Schleswig -- Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor with haloes (1400-1806).svgLabarum.jpgCrimsonAssassin- I have special eyes
 * Sligo --
 * Thomond --

Albion

 * Éire -- Sky Green 24 20:42, June 2, 2014 (UTC)
 * England -- Trust Me, I'm The Doctor (talk)
 * Wales -- Trust Me, I'm The Doctor (talk)
 * Dublin -- Trust Me, I'm The Doctor (talk)
 * Scotland -- Trust Me, I'm The Doctor (talk)

Holy Roman Empire

 * Alpine HRE States
 * Aargau --
 * Austria -- Mscoree (talk)
 * Basel -- Vassal of France Sine dei gloriem "Ex Initio Terrae" (talk)
 * Cilli (Vassal of Hungary) -- [[Image:1.png|23px]]Imp (Say Hi?!)
 * Freibourg --
 * Montfort --
 * Swiss Confederacy --
 * Salzburg -- (Vassal of Austria) Mscoree (talk)
 * Wallis --
 * Bohemian HRE States (Vassal states to Bohemia, except Moravia)
 * Bohemia -- (Personal Union with Austria) Millgy/Mscoree (talk)
 * Moravia -- (Dynastic Union with Bohemia) -- Mscoree (talk)
 * Silesia --  (Vassal of Bohemia) -- Mscoree (talk)
 * Lusatia -- (Vassal of Bohemia) -- Mscoree (talk)
 * Frankish HRE States
 * Bar --
 * County of Burgundy -- (Personal union under the Duchy of Burgundy) -- Sine dei gloriem "Ex Initio Terrae" (talk)
 * Cambrai (Bishopric) --
 * French Flanders -- (Artios, and the lands south of the county of Flanders, Personal Union with Burgundy) -- Sine dei gloriem "Ex Initio Terrae" (talk)
 * Lorraine -- (Vassal of Burgundy) -- Sine dei gloriem "Ex Initio Terrae" (talk)
 * Luxembourg -- (Personal Union under Moravia) -- Mscoree (talk)
 * Straßburg -- (Vassal of Austria)
 * Sundgau -- (Consolidated with Strassburg)
 * Verdun -- (Vassal of France) -- Sine dei gloriem "Ex Initio Terrae" (talk)
 * Grand Duchy of Bavaria
 * Bayern-Ingolstadt -- (Vassal of Bavaria) -- Cookiedamage (talk)
 * Bavaria (Bayern-Landshut) -- Cookiedamage (talk)
 * Bayern-Munchen (Vassal/Personal Union of Bavaria) -- Cookiedamage (talk)
 * Bayern-Straubing (Vassal of Bavaria) -- Cookiedamage (talk)
 * Burgau (Vassal of Bavaria) -- Cookiedamage (talk)
 * Nürnburg (Vassal of Bavaria) -- Cookiedamage (talk)
 * Burggraschaft (Vassal of Bavaria) -- Cookiedamage (talk)
 * Bamberg (Vassal of Bavaria) -- Cookiedamage (talk)
 * Würzburg (Vassal of Bavaria) -- Cookiedamage (talk)
 * Thuringia (Vassal of Bavaria) -- Cookiedamage (talk)
 * Saxony (Vassal of Bavaria) -- Cookiedamage (talk)
 * Cleves-Mark (Vassal of Koln) --
 * Köln --
 * Grand Duchy of Hesse
 * Hesse -- Blocky858 (talk)
 * Lippe -- Blocky858 (talk)
 * Bruchhausen -- Blocky858 (talk)
 * Bremen -- Blocky858 (talk)
 * Neu Lippe -- Blocky858 (talk)
 * Berg -- Blocky858 (talk)
 * Neu Bremen -- Blocky858 (talk)
 * Neu Bruchausen -- Blocky858 (talk)
 * Ludwig Insels -- Blocky858 (talk)
 * German HRE States (Under construction)
 * Augsburg -- (Vassal of Austria) -- Mscoree (talk)
 * Bamberg --
 * Brandenburg (Personal Union under Moravia) -- Mscoree (talk)
 * Duchy of Stade (Vassal of Hamburg) -- I am that guy (talk) 17:44, June 6, 2014 (UTC)
 * Burggrafschaft --
 * Duchy of Hamburg -- I am that guy (talk)
 * Holstein (Vassal of Hamburg) --
 * Jülich -- (Vassal of Trier) --
 * Magdeburg (Prince-Bishopric) -- (Vassal to Hamburg) --
 * Mainz (Prince-Bishopric) -- (Vassal of Austria) Mscoree (talk)
 * Mecklenburg (Personal union with Hamburg) --
 * Munster (Prince-Bishopric, Vassal Of Hesse) -- Blocky858 (talk)
 * Oldenburg -- Callumthered (talk)
 * Osnabrück (Prince-Bishopric, Vassal of Oldenburg) -- Callumthered (talk)
 * Paderborn (Prince-Bishopric, Vassal of Hesse) -- Blocky858 (talk)
 * Pfalz (Vassal of Austria) -- Mscoree (talk)
 * Pomerania (Vassal of Austria) -- Mscoree (talk)
 * Trier (Prince-Bishopric) -- NonEuclidean ツ (Talk)
 * Zweibrücken (Vassal of Trier) --
 * Swabia (Vassal of Austria) -- Mscoree (talk)
 * Italian HRE States
 * Corsica (Personal Union under Italy) -- Saturn (Talk) 18:22, May 29, 2014 (UTC)
 * Ferrara (Vassal of Italy) -- Saturn (Talk) 18:22, May 29, 2014 (UTC)
 * Genoa (Personal Union under Italy) -- Saturn (Talk) 18:22, May 29, 2014 (UTC)
 * Lombardy -- Tr0llis (talk)
 * Modena (Vassal of Italy) -- Saturn (Talk) 18:22, May 29, 2014 (UTC)
 * Padua -- (Vassal of Milan) -- Tr0llis (talk)
 * Ravenna -- (Vassal of Milan) -- Tr0llis (talk)
 * Provence -- Saturn (Talk) 18:22, May 29, 2014 (UTC)
 * Tuscany (Vassal of Italy)  -- Saturn (Talk) 18:22, May 29, 2014 (UTC)

Southern Europe (Italy and the Balkans)

 * Albania (Vassal of the Roman Empire) -- Monster Pumpkin
 * Arborea --
 * Bosnia (Vassal of Hungary) -- [[Image:1.png|23px]]Imp (Say Hi?!)
 * Bulgaria (Vassal of Rumania) -- Stephanus rex (talk) 22:46, March 26, 2014 (UTC)
 * Roman (Byzantine) Empire -- Monster Pumpkin
 * Croatia (Personal Union with Hungary) -- [[Image:1.png|23px]]Imp (Say Hi?!)
 * Epirote Republic (Vassal of the Roman Empire) -- MP
 * Garay (Vassal of Hungary) -- [[Image:1.png|23px]]Imp (Say Hi?!)
 * Hungary -- [[Image:1.png|23px]]Imp (Say Hi?!)
 * Empire of Hispania --
 * Italy -- (Personal Union under Spain) --
 * Kingdom of Venezia (Vassal of Spain) --
 * Duchy of Savoy (Vassal of Spain) --
 * Duchy of Genoa (Vassal of Spain) --
 * Naxos (Vassal of the Roman Empire) -- MP
 * Vatican City (Vassal of Italy) --
 * Ragusa (Vassal of the Roman Empire) -- MP
 * Rumania -- Stephanus rex (talk)
 * Sardinia (Personal Union with France) -- Sine dei gloriem "Ex Initio Terrae" (talk)
 * Serbia (Vassal of Hungary) -- [[Image:1.png|23px]]Imp (Say Hi?!)
 * Split (Vassal of Hungary) -- [[Image:1.png|23px]]Imp (Say Hi?!)
 * Zachlumia (Vassal of Hungary) -- [[Image:1.png|23px]]Imp (Say Hi?!)
 * Zeta (Vassal of Italy) -- Saturn (Talk) 18:22, May 29, 2014 (UTC)

Eastern Europe

 * Courland -- Yank
 * Great Perm (Vassal of the Tartary) -- Fed (talk)
 * Tatar Empire -- Fed (talk)
 * Lithuania (Vassal of Muscovy) -- Fritzmet (talk) 02:45, April 20, 2014 (UTC)
 * Mazovia (Prussian Vassal) -- Yank
 * Muscovy -- Fritzmet (talk) 02:45, April 20, 2014 (UTC)
 * Novgorod --
 * Rostov (Vassal of Novgorod) --  ...  Razor  - the Razor Nabil.png
 * Yaroslavl (Vassal of Novgorod) --  ...  Razor   -  the Razor  Nabil.png
 * Osel-Wiek --
 * Poland -- Willster22 (User talk:Willster22) 23:49, June 10, 2014 (UTC)
 * Pskov -- -Lx (leave me a message)Azarath Flag.png
 * Prussia -- Yank
 * Tver (Vassal of Novgorod) --  ...  Razor   -  the Razor  Nabil.png

Anatolia and Caucasia

 * Principality of Amier-Kavkasia (Vassal of Georgia) -- "Tom" TankOfMidgets (talk)
 * Ak Koyunlu (Vassal of Ottomans) -- SwankyJ (talk)
 * Kingdom of Armenia (Dynastic Union with Georgia) -- "Tom" TankOfMidgets (talk)
 * Cyprus (Vassal of the Roman Empire) -- MP
 * Dulkadir (annexed by the Ottomans) -- SwankyJ (talk)
 * Kingdom of Georgia -- "Tom" TankOfMidgets (talk)
 * Kara Koyunlu (Black Sheeps) (Vassal of Ottomans) -- SwankyJ (talk)
 * Karaman (Vassal of Ottomans) -- SwankyJ (talk)
 * Mardin (annexed by the Ottomans) -- SwankyJ (talk)
 * Ottoman Sultanate -- SwankyJ (talk)
 * Principality of Rani (Vassal of Georgia) -- "Tom" TankOfMidgets (talk)
 * Ramazan (Vassal of Ottomans) -- SwankyJ (talk)
 * Burjid Sultanate (under dominionship of the Ottomans/Personal Union with the Ottomans) --
 * Damascun Regent (Vassal of Ottomans) --  SwankyJ (talk)
 * Levant (Vassal of Ottomans) -- SwankyJ (talk)
 * ​Erzincan (annexed by the Ottomans) -- SwankyJ (talk)
 * Jalay --

Mesopotamia

 * Mansuriyya Caliphate -- This is UglyTurtle, Signing off. 23:46, June 12, 2014 (UTC)
 * Grand Principality of Assyria (Vassal of Georgia) -- TankOfMidgets (talk)
 * Muzaffarid Dynasty --
 * Aleppo Eyalet --

Arabia

 * Caliphate of Mecca -- Captainjohnrex (talk) 13:51, May 27, 2014 (UTC)
 * Caliphate of Madinah -- User: HeiligReich (talk)
 * Oman -- FP(problem?)
 * Yemen -- Spartian300 (talk) 11:10, May 24, 2014 (UTC)
 * Province of Judea (a Province of Alexandria ATM) -- g greg e   (talk)  16:05, April 12, 2014 (UTC)

Central Asia

 * Safavid Empire -- Scarlet Outlaw
 * Khanate of Bukhara --
 * Khanate of Khiva -- Scarlet Outlaw
 * Shahdom of Verkana --  Scarlet Outlaw

South Asia

 * Andhra --
 * Bastar --
 * Bahmani -- GlobalConqueror (talk) 14:36, May 23, 2014 (UTC)
 * Bengal Sultanate -- &#34;SO SAYETH THE EAGLE&#34; - Fascist Eagle ಠ_ಠ (talk)
 * Emirate of Andamana -- &#34;SO SAYETH THE EAGLE&#34; - Fascist Eagle ಠ_ಠ (talk)
 * Rajya of Orissa -- &#34;SO SAYETH THE EAGLE&#34; - Fascist Eagle ಠ_ಠ (talk)
 * Swargadeo of Kamarumpa -- &#34;SO SAYETH THE EAGLE&#34; - Fascist Eagle ಠ_ಠ (talk)
 * Chutiya (Vassal of Tibet) --
 * Dhundhar (Disorganized) --
 * Gondwana --
 * Gujarat --
 * Gwalior --
 * Jaffna --
 * Jaisalmer -
 * Kathiawar --
 * Khandesh --
 * Kozhikode --
 * Malwa --
 * Marwar (personal union with the Mughal Empire)  --
 * Mewar (Disorganized) --
 * Raigam (Disorganized) --
 * Mughal Empire (personal union with Marwar) --

East Asia

 * The Great Liao Empire --
 * Western Chagatai Khanate (Vassal of the Tartary) -- Fed (talk)
 * Haixi Jurchens (Vassal of China) -- Guns
 * Hualian --
 * Japan (civil war between the Daimyos, highly decentralized) **
 * Akamatsu --
 * Amago --
 * Fusahito Theocracy -- Ozymandias2 (talk) 13:22, April 14, 2014 (UTC)
 * Hatekeyama (Fusahito vassal) -- Ozymandias2 (talk) 19:34, June 6, 2014 (UTC)
 * Imagawa --
 * Kamakura --
 * Kikuchi --
 * Mogami --
 * Oda --
 * Otomo --
 * Ouchi --
 * Satake --
 * Shimazu --
 * Shoni --
 * Takeda --
 * Uesugi --
 * Manchu Empire --
 * Korea (Vassal of China) --  Seiga
 * Ming China -- Guns
 * Mongol Khanate (Vassal of China) -- Guns
 * Mangut Nivkhgu --
 * Ryukyu --
 * Tainan (Vassal of China) -- Guns
 * Tibet --

South-East Asia

 * Ayutthaya --
 * Dai Viet -- Harvenard2 (talk)
 * Khmer Empire (Vassal of China) -- Guns
 * Lan Xang (Vassal of China) -- Guns
 * Lanna --
 * Pegu (Vassal of China) -- Guns
 * Shan States --
 * Sukhothai (Vassal of Ayutthaya) --
 * Taungoo --

Asian Islands

 * Aceh (Vassal of Ayutthaya) --
 * Aru (Vassal of Ayutthaya) --
 * Bima --
 * Bone --
 * Brunei -- Linq (talk)
 * Kutai --
 * Majapahit (Vassal of Ayutthaya) --
 * Makassar --
 * Minahasa --
 * Negara Dipa --
 * Pagaruyung --
 * Selebar --
 * Siak (Vassal of Ayutthaya) --
 * Sukadang --
 * Sunda --
 * Tidore --
 * Tondo --
 * Tulang Bawang --
 * Timor (Vassal of Marrukuwuyanga) -- RexImperio (talk)

North Africa

 * Hungarian Banu Sulaym (Hungarian Vassal) -- [[Image:1.png|23px]]Imp (Say Hi?!)
 * Gasfa --
 * Sultanate of Tunisia -- I'll be here thanks
 * Kingdom of Morocco -- (Vassal of Castile And Member of the Spanish Confederation)
 * Zab --
 * Zayyanid --
 * Alexandria -- g greg e   (talk)
 * Alexandrian Banu Sulayam --  g greg e   (talk)
 * Aiguptia (Dynastic Union with Alexandria) --  g greg e  (talk)

West Africa

 * Borgu --
 * Ghana -- Matt121 ??? Matt125 (talk)
 * Ife --
 * Igala --
 * Jenne --
 * Kanem Empire --
 * Kwararafa --
 * Mema --
 * Mossi --
 * Nupe --
 * Oyo Empire -- Flag of the Hurian Federation.pngorius: "I don't need a slogan"
 * Salum --
 * Siine --
 * Songhay --
 * Takur --
 * Tuareg --
 * Wolof --
 * Zafunu --
 * Kingdom of the Kongo --

South Africa

 * Great Zimbabwe -- VonGlusenburg (talk to Von!)
 * |on -- Saamwiil, the Humble

East Africa

 * al-Sumal  --
 * Ethiopia (Personal Union with Alexandria) -- g greg e   (talk)
 * Iritriya --
 * Interlacustrine States (fragmented) --
 * Madagasikara League -- Reximus55
 * Empire of Madagasikara  -- Reximus55
 * Dina Morgabin (Colony) -- Reximus55
 * Dina Arobi (Colony) -- Reximus55
 * Mozambika (Vassal) -- Reximus55
 * Pembara (Colony) -- Reximus55
 * Sofala --
 * Swahili City-States **
 * al-Swahili --
 * Dar es Salaam --
 * Kilwa --
 * Malindi (al-Swahili Vassal) --
 * Maputo --
 * Mozambique --
 * Mtwara --

TBN (Australasia)

 * Marrikuwuyanga -- User:RexImperio

TBN (Pacific)

 * Otago Maori --
 * Tonga --
 * Tahiti --
 * Samoa --
 * Hawaii --

TBN (North America)

 * Banche Esterno (Survivior of the Italian Downfall, independent) -- Saturn (Talk)
 * Cahokian Civilization -- Kiwi884 (talk)
 * Colorado Civilization --
 * Eastern Moundville Civilization (Vassal of the Cahokia) -- Kiwi884 (talk)
 * Etowah Civilization (Vassal of the Cahokia) -- Kiwi884 (talk)
 * Iroquois (disorganized) --
 * Lenni Leppei (disorganized) --
 * Parkin Civilization (Vassal of the Cahokia) -- Kiwi884 (talk)
 * Western Moundville Civilization (Vassal of the Cahokia) -- Kiwi884 (talk)
 * Natigoseg L'nu -- Krasnoyarsk (talk)

TBN (Central America)

 * Atlocuapo (under Aztec dominionship) -- Feudplague
 * Aztec Empire -- Feudplague
 * Guaymi -- Dr Cow Andrew (talk)
 * Yucatan -- Feudalplague
 * Ngobe-Bugle (Vassal and personal union with Guaymi) -- Dr Cow Andrew<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:monospace,Courier;line-height:22.399999618530273px;"> ( talk<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:monospace,Courier;line-height:22.399999618530273px;">)
 * Zapotecs -- CourageousLife (talk)
 * Itzapam (annexed by the Zapotec) -- CourageousLife (talk)
 * Cihuatlan (annexed by the Zapotec) -- CourageousLife (talk)
 * Soconusco (annexed by the Zapotec) -- CourageousLife (talk)

TBN (South America)

 * Aymaras (Fragmented) --
 * Chiribaya -- User:Jd2842
 * Tawatinsuyu (Inca Empire) -- What is this????Is this a signature??? (talk)
 * Vorlayacor -- IhaveSonar (talk)
 * Mapuche --

Wall of Shame
This list is for users currently prohibited from participating in the game.
 * User: Arceus The God of Pokemon :- permanent ban for sockpuppetting on the first game.
 * User: Eldwolf : permanent ban for deleting the entire page of the first game and replacing it with profanities.
 * User: Twisty123456789 : permanent ban for sockpuppeting on the second game.
 * User: Ratc3333 : permanent ban for sockpuppeting.
 * User: Vivaporius : week-long ban for repeated offence of implausibility and disregarding mod consensus.

1530
'''A flood in the Netherlands occurs. Parts of Flanders are struck, washing away many communities, most notably Verdronken Land van Reimerswaal.'''

'''Chester racecourse opens in Chester, Cheshire, England, holding the first horse race in the country. The event becomes a large spectacle, attracting large audiences. '''

'''Baba Siri Chand, a native of Sarae Naga, Muktsar District in Punjab, son of a successful trader and disciple of Sikhism is chosen as the second Sikh guru. '''

'''Jalal Shah Suri, sultanate of the Suri Empire launches an invasion into the Mughal territory proper to establish his rule over portions of the nation. He also establishes alliances with Mewar, Dhundhar, Jaisalmer, and Jaunpur. '''

'''For Future reference Vassals may only expand by 2500 sq km (this includes PU's). -Feud'''
 * Portugal: Continues a notable buildup in military strength and allows for a vigorous training program on the existing military forces attempting to train them up heavily. Meanwhile, the administration continues to be reformed, and agriculture and commerce are encouraged. Meanwhile, Portugal continues to develop its navy. Meanwhile, the colony in Lenhame continues exporting wheat to Portugal. Meanwhile, trade intensifies in the African coast. The Açores continue to be settled. Meanwhile, the naus continue to be used. Naval explorations directed to the west continue. Meanwhile, Santa Cruz expands north by 2000 sq km. Meanwhile, sugarcane continues to be planted in Santa Cruz. Meanwhile, pau-brasil (brazilwood) starts to be extracted in the colony. Meanwhile, the colony of São Sebastião expands 2000 sq km.
 * The Kingdoms of Great Albion (Scotland and England) - member nation of the UKGA: Many ships are modernized and replaced to keep the Royal Albion Navy a powerful force on the high seas. Port Edmundburg continues to experience a growth in population. Albionic settlers continue to explore the surrounding areas. The dialect of English originally found in Scotland and the Eire grows so large that it covers most of the North of England. This new dialect is called Bythigish (portmanteau of Brython and English). English nobles begin to enjoy the Celtic myths of Eire and Scotland. The Templar Order continues to undercut the King's enemies and seeks ways to privately grow the power of the King and Albion as a whole. The Order buys up many smaller businesses and collectivizes some farms. The Order begins to expand into other areas of Europe, seeking to grow understanding as well as pushing Albionic ideals. Albion continues to explore farther west and south. A clockmaker from Cambridge becomes popular for his accurate timepieces and the exquisite wood housing. He creates a chime for the St Mary's Cathedral, the chimes are called the Cambridge Chimes (OTL Westminster Quarters AKA Big Ben's chime). The Chimes become so popular, other clockmakers incorporate the chimes into their clocks. The Crown Dominion of Hamburg does well this year, as an influx of trade begins to repair the wounds of several wars. The English Renaissance is born when several painters in London show off some impressive works. The pocket watch is invented by Peter Royce. James Graff invents the use of etching. Albion, annoyed by the growing power of the Oyo, orders a blockade of shipping lanes and begins banning Oyoese goods. The Crowns of Oldenburg and Albion officially enter Personal Union. Nobles are outraged at the appointment of a foriegn German King, even though the real poltics is still done by the Queen. Several begin to openly conspire against the new regieme. Tension rise as the treat of civil disobedience looms. Troubled, the Queen begins to build up loyal forces in the event of a clash. In the meantime, the Royal Government of Albion, hearing of the unrest in Europe, vows to not get involved. Queen Jacqueline considers the Hamburgian proposal and accepts the return to soveriegnty. She explains to parliament that the recent unrest makes it impractical for Albion to retain control in these lands. In Wales, a man named Phillip Charles claims that he is the first in line heir to the throne. Several nobles hear these claims and throw their support behind Phillip. The Albionic Civil war begins. King Richard denounces Phillip calling him "Phillip the Pretender". The Queen organizes the Royal Guard to fight the rebels. South England becomes a war zone.
 * Calais: Military and navy are expanded.
 * Dublin: Dublin undergoes another remodel and expansion to the ports due to the massive influx of trade from Castile and Venice as well as an increased Eire trade.
 * Scotland: Expands navy and military. Pan Albion sentiments grow, Trade increases. Whiskey is traded down to central Albion.
 * Wales: Wales expands its military and navy. Cardiff becomes a large centre of trade for Wales. The Welsh appoint Adam Cyrdger as Royal Minister. The first sessions of parliament are held. Wales does not see as large a population boom as Albion or Scotland, but a minor one, centered around Cardiff and Swansea, does occur.
 * Port Edmundburg: Expands by 1000 sq km South and East down the coast. The African colonists begin looking toward mining and other ventures to generate profit.
 * New Cambridgeshire: New Cambridgeshire expands by 1000 sq km South and West. Colonists begin to explore around the region and begin to have a large fishing boom. The Port of New Rotham is expanded to handle excess ships from Albion and other European nations and is renamed by popular vote to New Oxford. The people of New Oxford also begin an attempt to gain knowledge of farming in Borealia from Native Peoples.


 * China: Continues to chip away at the underlying isolation and "sloth" that Emperor Houcong feels has afflicted his great nation. The locust swarm in China continues to be dealt with and combated against. More food continues to be supplied to the starving. The new trade policies continue to enrich the nation, and continues to convert followers to the cause of anti-isolationism, as the amount of gold flowing into China continues to be used by the government to pay for renovations of the cities of China, raising new walls, overhauling ports and ships, as well as a new road system started to cover every major town in China- expected to be completed by 1555. Meanwhile, China and its vassals Mongol Khanate, Khmer Empire, Lan Xang, and Pegu build up the military.
 * Korea: Korea continues to build up its military. Meanwhile, more Taoist, Neo-Confucian and Buddhist temples are built.
 * In the Empire of Madagasikara, Emperor Esteban the Pious continues to oversee the growth of the use of Latinized Malagasy and practice of Christianity. At the University of Mahajanga Carlos Ralofoaro continues to write an epic, which has the working title Del Mar Grande ("From the Big Sea"). Using the flowing language of Latinized Malagasy, the story tells of the many seafaring cultures that have impacted Madagasikara. There are three parts - one about the Austronesians, one about the Muslims, and one about the Spanish. Farming for profit, a drastic change from old practices of farming for sustenance, continues to be a powerful part of the Madagasikaran economy. The merchant navy, largely funded by Spanish merchants but also drawing from local wealth and resources, grows larger and larger as port cities like Mahajanga grow with them. Relations with Sofala continue to be bettered as some of our excess population continues to move to Sofala, which welcomes the settlers due to a lack of population. Adoption of the recent studies on how to grow spices lead to increased outputs and therefore greater possible output. Military turn.
 * Mozambika expands toward Sofala in the south. Construction on the new church, La Iglesia de San Marco de Julián de Anazarbo, is completed. Plans to unite Pembara with Pembara are completed and now integration begins, with the estimated time of completion being 1535. Pembara expands north around Kilwa and toward Dar es Salaam. Additionally, it develops closer to Madagasikaran culture.
 * Grand Duchy of Bavaria: Bavaria expands its economy. The population continues to rise. Grand Duke Heinrich XVII and his council continues to allow the training of new troops. Several markets are constructed in Landshut as well as trade houses for Austrian and Castilian traders. In Austria, several new ships begin being constructed, with twenty-five very large cogs being finished. We begin using an established trade route, with important stops in the trade route include Rome, Athens, Constantinople, Gibraltar, and the coasts of Brittany, due to a longstanding trade deal. Continuing in 1530, Heinrich commissions six cogs to sail around western Mediterranean coasts. The market center in Landshut continues to attract Bavarian and Venetian traders. In religious news, around 76% of the country adheres to the Western Church. Most adherents live around Munchen and Landshut. In other news, Bavaria continues implementing the Alliance and Merchant Act as well as the Militia and Navy Act. The Bavarian Court continues hosting a largely Venetian composition. However, many Bavarian families have intermingled with the Venetians, creating a distinct social class and gentry. In national news, the common courts continue to be implemented around Bavaria as several of the lower class make use of it. The serf laws begin to be used as well. Skeptics who theorized that the serf laws would mark no profound change in society begin to be proven wrong. In 1530, as many as three hundred serfs sue for their freedom. Heinrich begins to ponder a law that would fully abolish serfdom, seeing how it has more or less deteriorated in Bavaria. The wild unpopularity of these laws begin to wear off as well. Heinrich further incorporates the Collegiate Writs, allowing many more lower class men to enter college. In legal news, Heinrich continues implementing the Bavarian Commands. The war with Hesse has been ended, with Bavaria annexing a small section of Bremen to use as a port. In military news, Heinrich orders troops to stand-by (1500) in an attempt to quell unrest. Countess Elisabeth, aging and increasingly unwell, orders troops (1000) to stand-by. Her order is her last political action, as she resigns to her bedchamber by the end of the year. In more military news, Heinrich declares war on France and joins Austria against them. Siege equipment and 30,000 troops are deployed. 
 * Munchen: By 1529, the total class of Queen Isabell University amounts to about 4500 men. Troops authorized by Heinrich continue training. Several markets are constructed as well as trade houses for European traders. The Collegiate Writs begin to draw more men to college.
 * Straubing: Troops authorized by Heinrich continue training. Several markets are constructed as well as trade houses for European traders.
 * Ingolstadt: Troops authorized by Heinrich continue training. Several markets are constructed as well as trade houses for European traders.
 * Burgau: Troops authorized by Heinrich continue training. Several markets are constructed as well as trade houses for European traders.
 * Nurnburg: Troops authorized by Heinrich continue training. Several markets are constructed as well as trade houses for European traders.
 * Burggrafschaft: Troops authorized by Heinrich continue training. Several markets are constructed as well as trade houses for European traders.
 * Bamberg: Troops authorized by Heinrich continue training. Several markets are constructed as well as trade houses for European traders.
 * Wurzburg: Troops authorized by Heinrich continue training. Several markets are constructed as well as trade houses for European traders. A religious change begins occurring in Wurzburg upon the ascension of Franz-Albert, where many more Western Christians begin inhabiting the bishopric. The clergy begins being alarmed and they fear displacement. An envoy dispatched by Franz-Albert attempts to quell their fears.
 * Thuringia: Troops authorized by Heinrich and Countess Elisabeth continue training. Several markets are constructed as well as trade houses for European traders. Several markets are constructed as well as trade houses for European traders. Countess Elisabeth normalizes taxes in an effort to subset any rebellion. Elisabeth declares war on France. 15,000 troops and siege equipment are deployed.
 * Saxony: Troops authorized by Heinrich and Countess Elisabeth continue training. Several markets are constructed as well as trade houses for European traders. Countess Elisabeth normalizes taxes in an effort to subset any rebellion. Elisabeth declares war on France. 15,000 troops and siege equipment are deployed.
 * Bremen Port: Troops authorized by Heinrich continue training. Several markets are constructed as well as trade houses for European traders.
 * Tawatinsuyu: As the population continues to pull out of the plague, the growth rate remains extremely low, with the population just climbing above 790,000. Economy improves. Medical research continues. Peru, Chimu and Sican are developed. Anti-Spain riots settle down, though a strong anti-Europe sentiment remains in the empire. Population of Cuzco stands at 120,000 people, the largest in the nation. Machu Picchu currently has a population of 47,000, making it a distant second to Cuzco.
 * Duchy of Hamburg-Mecklenburg: Albion is thanked for agreeing to the return of Hamburg's sovereignty, and Friedrich II looks forward to improved relations with them. Immediately, the government turns to the events with France. Friedrich II calls in some of the representatives from Hanover to serve as a war council. They begin debating on entering the war on the side of the Empire. Friedrich II, though, begins sending military aid to the imperial forces from Mecklenburg and Hamburg proper. Friedrich and his council are holed up in the room for almost a week, weighing the options. When they emerge, they announce their unanimous support for the Empire, and declare war on France. Friedrich II calls in his Hamburger and Mecklenburger armies, and gains the troops of the Duchy of Stade.
 * Stade: War is declared on France.
 * Bruchhausen: Military and economy expanded.
 * Williamsburg: Militia and trade expanded.
 * Neue Lüneburg: Militia and trade expanded.
 * Bengal Sultanate: The decrease in taxes on the landed elite does its job in most areas of the Sultanate, decreasing the tax load on the peasantry and earning him their support. The tax cuts on the merchant class allow for more trade to be conducted, and a recent lax on some of the quota laws allows for more goods to be shipped from Bengal, greatly increasing trade income. Cash crops continue to be grown in large amounts. With our merchants traveling to Ava, Kamarumpa and Arakan regularly, Islam continues to grow in their areas. Merchants also travel exclusively to Multan, Sind, Ladakh, and Kangra. Due to Bengal having control over lands of multiple ethnicities and religions, literary works in the form of poems continue to take influence from all three religions of the Sultanate. Urdu, also called Hindi by some, becomes more common in the Sultanate due to the mixing of Hindu and Islamic ideals. We continue to help finance the Plutocratic State of Jaunpur, Delhi Sultanate and Bahamani Sultanate by sending gifts directly to the nobles/sultans, offering loans from powerful trade bankers, and decreasing the trade taxes over all of Bengal, allowing more of our merchant goods to travel into those states. We also raise a portion of the Sultan's personal levy and then divide it to be sent out to the states' leaders, so that they can do with them what they wish in order to maintain order in their nation. The construction of schools and universities several years ago has led to an increase in scholars and literacy in our nation. Due to the removal of trade barriers among a majority of states in the Indian League, their merchants and ours begin to travel with increased mobility and goods, thereby increasing the trade income and output in the agreeing nations. Several Bengali merchants continue to sponsor gem mines in the Mogok area of Ava, due to the high concentration of gems such as rubies, sapphires, garnets and moonstones, and the first of many mines begin to return with more successes. Construction of ships based upon Castilian designs, granted to us by them, continues, in order to further our efforts to explore and trade. New crops begin to enter into several plantations. (These weren't newly introduced to Bengal, they are just newly introduced to the plantations), opium and cannabis. The increasing need for an anesthetic due to many more surgeries in Bengal, simply due to an increasing population, leads opium cultivation to become very lucrative and results in many plantations including it in their crops. Cannabis becomes more popular, not simply due to its cultural history in Muslim societies, but also because of its popular use in several poetic works. The coastlands gained by Bengal from the former Mughal Empire begin to receive excessive shipments of Bengali goods, nobles, people, religion, soldiers, and ideals. The Bengali tax cuts, as well as plantations begin to take effect in the newly acquired lands, and woodblock printing is acquired from these lands as well, as it was previously unknown/not pursued by Bengal. Illyas-Sasaska, becomes the regent-king of Bengal until the point that the son of Illyas-Bhāṛāṭē-naiki comes of age (16).
 * Rajya of Orissa: Kapilendra Deva continues to listen to his advisers and bring about several reforms to his nation that make it more Islamic friendly, one of which is new, and calls for the creation of one mosque for each Hindu temple in the name of tolerance, when in reality, his advisers have prescribed this to bring about larger Islamic influence. Kapilendra Deva passes away and his titles pass to Kalua Deva, who begins an expensive campaign of military modernization.
 * Swargadeo of Kamarupa: Now vassalized by Bengal, the Swargadeo of Ahom continues to receive extensive help in creating viable farmland. They do this by continuing a process of land reclamation in the northern part of the state, which is largely marshy and thinly populated. This process of reclamation begins by using dikes, embankments and irrigation systems. The land reclamation, having been going on for decades, is extremely successful in creating viable farmland for rice, grain and other staple crops, increasing Kamarupa's population and their yearly trade output.
 * Bengali Diplomacy: (Gimme dat mod response yo ... Just kidding, please provide me with a mod response to my diplomacy request to an NPC): The Regent-King of Bengal asks the Jalal Shah Suri for a trade agreement, as well as an alliance. (The Mughals are the Mughals, and Delhi is Delhi. There is absolutely no way that he was able to stage some overthrow of two governments simultaneously. "The Mughals and local forces" is not Delhi. Delhi is wholely and entirely separate from the Mughals and has been since the First Indian War. There is just no way for this guy to lead his own rebellion in the Mughal lands, and then say "Delhi is my capital". In short, there's absolutely no way this guy controls Delhi.)
 * |onte Continues to have a large surplus of grain. Though adopting "western farming", the idea of "the tribe" is still very much so alive, as people always share the crops they have grown, or the animals they have hunted amongst the community. Due to the policy of planting tree groves, desert reclamation has started taking effect in some parts of |onte. This year has resulted in twenty elephants being killed. An expansion to the elephant pen is begun. |onte is rich with money made from elephant hunting, as they have nothing to spend the money on. Mon II tours the country teaching children in their playtime how to read. Most of the recent generation can read. However, only a minority can write, but that number is growing. Mon II continues the project that will be his life's work: the Kunene library. Mon II continues the creation of a printing press that is to be attached to the library. |onte's population rises to over 25,000. There is a population centre that is beginning to appear around the mouth of the Kunene, and is simply referred to as Kunene. Debarubo continues to consolidate recently acquired territories. Mon III continues combining the many narratives heard into one coherent story, called the Sahaka.
 * Zapoteca: Zapotecan troops patrol captured Aztec territory. Zapoteca wishes to begin direct trade with France and it's territories (via Hispania if necessary). The Spanish aid is greatly appreciated. The Emperor continues financing Spanish settlers to come to the kingdom and marry into the population. Trade increases and continues with the Spanish. The Emperor expands roadways connecting cities in the alliance to help merchants and soldiers move freer between them. The military, which had been outdated for many years, continues to be upgraded. The economy booms with trade as a result of the roads. Naval technology is rapidly advanced under the Spanish. The Emperor orders more to be manufactured to bring in goods from the sea. Itzapam continues prospering under Zapotecan rule, improving their military.
 * Hispania: The Spanish populace reaches about 13.5 million and growing thanks to the addition of the Aragonian populace and other growth. The economy, thanks to the aggressive colonialism, continues to expand immensely and the Spanish economy becomes the most powerful in Europe passing the French economy by leaps and bounds with the massive influx of gold, silver and jewels contributing heavily and its administration preventing heavy inflation of the Spanish economy. The armed forces continues their push to remain the most modern and begins to build a host of new ships to replace older ones which are sold to its vassals, trade companies and other territories of the Empire. The integration of Aragon into Castile and the formation of Spain is seen as relatively popular and the now majority Spanish population shows overwhelming support for their Queen. The Queen of Spain on the direction of an adviser incorporates the title of King of Italy as an integral part of Spain as well ruling over it in a personal union in which the monarch of Spain may rule as the King of Italy in a personal union but the title may not pass to any other than the Spanish monarch. Queen Alexis begins to push toward consolidation of new territories acquired and begins to increase troop amounts in Italy, Genoa and Savoy. Spanish general Alejandro Cortez writes a book on Spanish military history and with this writes a detailed doctrine describing the brilliant general Carlos's tactic of  line infantry. The General manages to get "Carolingian Infantry" a force of men five-to-seven ranks deep rotating to keep a continuous volley of fire on the enemy pushing its adoption by the Spanish Army. Influential Spanish traders from the Spanish East Indian company begin to asset economic influence over the disorganized states in the OTL Philippines (Turn Six of Seven). 1000 Royal Hispanian troops are sent to Madagasikara along with another 2000 men promised in payment of land in Cape Ferdinand for their service. Hispania begins a notable development of a new larger kind of ship. an evolution of the carrack designed to be much stabler and faster and outclass any other ships the European world has to offer This ship known as the Galleon multiple new ones are constructed to remain ahead of other nations in regards to naval technology. Phillip has a child named Alejandro now age 3. Carlos of Spain is offered up to any inclined nation for a royal marriage. Hispania warns Nijiria not to infringe of Kongo or face the consequences. Any further expansion into the area will not be tolerated, and the current expansion aside from bodering Kongo is to be handed over to Hispania immediately.
 * Kingdom of Italy: The Italian crown passes to Queen Alexis and is tied to the Crown of Spain. The Italian forces are immediately recruited to lightly aid Spanish coalition troops and the armed forces are expected to push 30,000 troops by the close of the decade. The Italian kingdom integrates Florence as an integral part and begins to push toward more movement toward involvement with the Spanish trade empire and Italian trade ships begin visiting Spain en masse. The Italian army is expanded moderately with some naval ships being purchased to replace losses. Queen Alexis is accepted as queen somewhat but some Italians remain disenfranchized with the Spanish due to the way in which the Spanish seized the throne. However, the Invulnerable Spanish army discourages any from speaking their mind and most deal with the relatively benevolent rule of the Spanish. The population of the Kingdom of Italy reaches about 13.1 million with growth falling short due to many men being killed in the war. The Italian navy is assessed as nearly 150 ships post war, many pressed into service. The Spanish begin to implement a system to allow for the expansion of the Italian navy from 150 ships to nearly 300 by the end of the next 50 years.
 * Savoy: Savoy is stabilized The Savoyan people accept their new overlords as the increased trade has left traders and many other with much more money than they had before. The economy, thanks to trade with Spain, expands moderately but much is spent rebuilding Savoy from the conflict. Savoy agrees to cede portions of territory to France due to the war and many people in Savoy are angered but powerless. The rulers of Savoy - realizing that inclusion into the Spanish empire is much better than being a target of it - manage to pacify the populace and begin to rebuild raising a small force of about 10,000 to handle security. The people of Savoy begin to work toward building up a trade fleet now at 40 ships.
 * Genoa: Now being free of Italy, but now a vassal of Spain, Genoa looks to rebuild its trade empire under the rising Spanish empire. The Genoan people and traders widely consider this to be a turning point with their people and begin to push for the mass acquisition of trade ships to rebuild their trade empire. Genoa begins to expand its military moving up to nearly 8000 troops with 5000 Spanish troops housed in Genoa. The Genoan people more than not show welcoming attitudes toward the Spanish as they have felt relatively oppressed by the Italians. However, some Genoans remain disenfranchized with the Spanish but the reputation of invincibility of the Spanish army makes any attempt at independence a far cry from possibility. These people more than not decide to find ways to live under the Spanish empire in a more prosperous way, by establishing multiple trade companies. These companies begin to be common throughout Spanish lands as the Genoans begin to build up a Trade fleet of a sizeable amount now at 50 ships
 * Kingdom of Morocco: The country begins the construction of various canals and cultivates trees farther inland to help increase arable farmland. The Moroccan economy continues to expand with greater trade coming from Castile and the Canaries all the way down to Capo Verde increasing the relative wealth. The Kingdom, with many canals having been completed, has vastly expanded its farmland among other things. Morocco's total population reaches one million with Christianity becoming dominant in the area. Calne-Vicuna is finished and is opened as a center for Christianity in North Africa with a library said to rival old Alexandria's. The Moroccan Assassins Guild forms and spreads keeping the peace and killing the corrupt as well as making Morocco much more peaceful for Castilian Rule. The Kingdom of Morocco officially enters into a personal union with Castile following the magistrates and princes deeming it unnecessary for the King to not have full control in the country. The Magistrates, however, are fully re-instated to continue as they were just under direction of the monarch of Castile. The Kingdom of Morocco eager to gain and even higher standing with the Spanish declare war on Italy and send 10,000 of its most experienced troops.
 * Kongo: The Kingdom begins to work toward a trade and production economy focusing on helping provide resources for Castile's burgeoning West African trade network. The King of the Kongo converting to Christianity and being baptised begins to call for the expansion of ports to the best of the Kongolese architects' abilities. The Kingdom of the Kongo in an attempt to increase economic output and trade begins to export a large amount of raw materials to Castile and begins to push toward heavy exploitation methods if possible. Kongo due to its backwardness in technology and administration puts itself in a protectorate/vassal situation in order to advance itself. The Kongolese population reaches about one million and beginning to grow much more rapidly. The King of the Kongo manages to calm down the people. The Kongo itself begins to see a noticeable improvement in the way of life. Kongo Adds the Former Oyo Gabonese colony to its domain. Kongo Expands 2500 sq km with 3 px inland and then down the coast back toward the Kongo.
 * Mapuche: With the defeat by the Spanish a royal governor is appointed by the Castilians. These people are immediately transferred onto available ships and throughout the year are sent up the coast via Spanish ships to a location unknown to the Mapuche. The Mapuche also continue to see major issues from European contact are given orders to isolate themselves if they are sick to prevent further expansion of the disease. The Mapuche people begin to see the first mixed children between Spanish and Mapuche people. The Spanish institute the Ecomienda system. However, the Spanish governor, in order to keep control of the people, orders the Spanish heads of the system to treat the natives fairly in order to prevent mass deaths from overworking and resentment. Spanish farming techniques have definitely prevented starvation as the Mapuche continue to expand toward the coast building a road to connect it all. The Spanish governor, also using the local Mapuche as scouts, is able to expand much more than the Buenos Aires colony and uses this to his advantage to secure more land to be able to turn over to Spanish settlers. The Royal Governor ramps up expansion for some of the new plantation owners setting up expanding the the territory by 2500 sq km. The Mapuche Area begins to see a notable increase in Castilian settlers, mostly farmers who begin to build special areas to employ the Inca farming methods.
 * Morelia: The former Mayan kingdom is renamed Morelia by the royal governor to reflect its new Spanish culture as thousands of settlers have settled in the major cities beginning to displace the remaining Mayans which have decreased almost 75% from their original population of two million leaving barely 500,000 Mayans left. An insightful priest says that destroying the cities will result in long term resentment that could never be repaired and instead they should be made Spanish-Maya hybrid. The new Royal Governor seeing wisdom in this declares that the cities will not be ransacked and a moderate tribute of gold and silver is demanded by the Spanish. The 2000 troops remain in the country and begin to establish areas along the coast suitable for Spanish settlement. The military and economy of the Maya under Spain is developed and roads are upgraded to Spanish standards. The Spanish sponsor some colonists who wish to remove themselves from the remainder of the Indians and establish themselves on an island (OTL Havana) and name the island Cuba. (2500 sq km).
 * Aztecs: With full control of the Aztec now reverting to the Spanish the Spanish begin to implement their econmienda system from the Mapuche in the south to the Aztec areas to extract gold and silver. Along with this many of the remaining Aztec people become infected decreasing population further. The Economy of the Aztecs becomes entirely reliant on the Spanish Empire and the military remains non-existent with areas being occupied by Zapotec and remaining Spanish forces. However, its garrison is made up of Spanish forces who are settling the territory. Almost 5000 Spaniards come to the Aztec nation. The royal governor is appointed and after conversation with Morelias governor decides eventually he will embark on a large expansion campaign up the Mexican area. The Aztecs expand by 2500 sq km through disorganized territory just north of it with Spanish settlers paving the way.
 * Kingdom of Venezia: With the establishment of the Kingdom of Venezia following the previous war and with the loss of a large portion of the fleet the Venezian people seem to believe that much can be rebuilt through utilization of the dynamically rising Spanish empire for its own benefit. The businessmen and high level economists, bankers and multiple other fully knowledgeable individuals of Venezia remaining after the war go on a trip to Spain's vibrant trade cities and after careful negotiations many of these men take over one of Spain's newest rising trade companies, the Buenos Aires trade company, with some offices based out of the Buenos Aires colony in Hesperia. The Venezians, unable to select a king from their remaining nobles, delegate to the Queen of Spain (Castile and Aragon) who chooses a man named Antonio Lo Grato to rule as Prince of Venice in place of the Queen of Spain. A well acclaimed and respected man, he immediately enacts reforms. The Venezian economy with access to the Spanish economy begins to recover and for the first time in years due to this. The Venezians begins its long road to naval recovery and begins to use its vast knowledge to begin building ships not only for itself but acquires the blueprints to improve on Spanish ships to allow for sale back to the Queen. The Venezian military is also raised to a token force of about 10,000 due to its location but remains lightly armed and unable to project power or fight any unsupported offensives. The Prince of Venezia, Antonio, begins the drift toward Spanish culture in an attempt to assimilate to a much more favorable nation than Austria or the Kingdom of Italy.
 * Viceroyalty of New Spain: The Viceroyalty of new Spain is established with a massive amount of coastal territory secured begins to expand its major settlements seriously with Buenos Aires maintaining the most with nearly 27,000 people and growing The colony proper reaches nearly 145,000 in population seeing large amounts of Colonial immigration. The Viceroy implements the first cattle ranches (they are not modern ranches) in order to expand the food supply of the large colony. The Spanish inhabitants of the colonies form their first militia under command of a Spanish officer which is trained only to fight off native attacks. The Colony specifically expands the areas around its main settlements by 10 px and extends its borders south by 10 px intending to reach the Straits of Torez (OTL Straits of Magellan). The viceroyalty seems extremely happy with the colonial status and support its received from Castile as well as the massive re-investment for the betterment of the colony giving a huge boost to the construction of a few forts and a road system. The first ships begin to arrive from Spain African colonies bringing goods and a few slaves. Ranching is taken up by men previously accustomed to this in Spain.
 * Cape Ferdinand: The Cape Ferdinand colony expands by 10 px around existing settlements beginning to push toward making the area a larger more controlled area for Spanish habitation. the semi-hostile climate has left Cape Ferdinand with barely 17,000 colonists in comparison to New Spain in Hesperia. The area itself begins to show up as a trade hub. Zulu Africans in the area begin to be contacted with missionaries looking to speak to these people.
 * France: Military, navy and economy are built up. The colony continues expanding and growing by 1000 among both colonies The colonies continue growing as expected. The navy begins a huge update in order to establish a stronger control over overseas territories such as the colonies and to have further control over Africa. While this, the king seeks the French influence to grow in unexpected territories. The colony of Nouvelle Rouen continues to expand eastward by 1000 px. The French government begins a measure to avoid the sweating disease attacking French domains, mostly by sending the infected back to their lands.We agree on the slave trade within the empire by the Dutch
 * Burgundy: Military, economy and navy are built up.
 * Bourbon: Military and economy are built up.
 * Lorraine: Military and economy are built up.
 * Verdun: Military and economy are built up.
 * Saluzzo: Military and economy are built up.
 * Sardinia: Military and economy are built up.
 * Basel: Military and economy are built up.
 * Aargau: Military and economy are built up. The French presence begins to be felt. However, the attempts to establish a pro-Germanic government in order to avoid eventual uprisings, internal vassalization begins as well to fully convince German leadership.
 * Andorra: Military and economy are built up.
 * Africa: Military and economy are built up.
 * Trier: Military and economy are built up.
 * Julich: Military and economy are built up.
 * Zweibrucken: Military and economy are built up.
 * Aurienne: Military and economy are built up. The nation expands both west and east toward the colonies of the French.
 * Guaxirenne: The country expands southward and military and economy are built up.
 * Anjou: Military and economy are built up.
 * Vendome: Military and economy are built up.
 * Provence: Military navy and economy are built up.
 * Alencon: Military and economy are built up.
 * Narbonne: Military navy and economy are built up.
 * Avignon: Military and economy are built up.
 * To be fixed to add the war declarations :v\
 * Poland: King Sigismund Szczuka continues to reform the military command structure, implementing more modern techniques within the army. The new training drills are also increasing the overall discipline of the army. The King also looks into reforming the judicial system, looking into the more modern systems in the other more advanced countries within Europe. The King starts to change his mind about staying entirely neutral within the region, and instead decides to open up relations with UNC, sending an offer of a trade pact and alliance.
 * Rumanian Dip: We offer friendship to the Poles and warn of possible Hungarian reprisal.
 * Vorlayacor: Due to a discovered structural deficiency in the doraks, the voyage across the ocean is delayed until 1534. Many port towns, particularly Nov Xoryan, expand immensely as a result of the influx of ocean-based trade. Roads and fortifications grow proportionally. Our northern and northwestern borders expand by 10 pixels.  A large movement begins to declare independence from Hispania; Jarvan is hesitant, as despite everything the Spanish guarantee of protection is a large benefit of being a protectorate.
 * Éire: The military expands further and the navy is modernized. King Faolán, due to his fondness toward the late Muiris, supports the Great Albionic renaissance, while the poets and writers look up to Muiris' Irish Gaelic and Latin works. Because of the fact that Muiris didn't ever perfect his Irish Gaelic, numerous loanwords from the languages he knew (Italian, Latin, Hungarian, Dutch, Croatian, Hindi, Persian, Chagatay Turk and French) are assimilated into the Éiric language. The King also supports Muiris' works as a basis for an official and standardized Éiric language.
 * Nuaphail: Colonial expansion, natives are taught the Éiric language.
 * Banche Esterno (Saturn's, posting in his name): Expansion of the protectorate as well as increase of relations with surrounding natives. Traders are influenced by the language(s) of Éire
 * Nova Roma: The Noble Council gains a Banche Esterno member, who aids the Duke's idea of reunification alongside of the Éiric delegates in the area. The Protectorate expands.
 * Safavid Empire: We build up our military and navy. Port cities are being rebuilt. More ships are being made for our navy. Our own version of guns is being made. Farming is becoming one of the most important industries, besides blacksmithy, trading and fishing. Guns are now mass produced in our country. We continue to make more woodblock printing presses for our libraries. Cannons at three feet long are being built for our military. Bigger cannons are also being built for our military. Cannon balls are made out of iron. A trade route from our home country to Oirat is mapped out. People are now trading with each other on this trade route. Foreign exchange banks are becoming popular in our country due to the ETA (Eurasian Trade Agreement). Trade has increased due to the ETA. A new art form is continuing to be drawn. It is a mix of Safavid, Oirat and Mughal art. Our art is continuing to be popular with all of the nation around us. Trade goes well with the Dutch merchants. All slaves that come from the Oyo nation are continuing to be converted to Shi'ite Islam. We continue to trade with the Roman Empire. Trade routes to Caliphate of Mecca are continuing to be drawn on maps. We send 30 ships to East Africa (OTL South Somalia) to set up colonies.
 * Khanate of Khiva: We improve our relations with the Safavid empire. We build up our military and navy. Trade routes are continuing to be mapped into the Safavid empire.
 * In the Tartary, the population grows. The news of a New World and the proof of the Aureannic existence through its delegation intrigue Alexander Khan, and he begins to wonder whether these lands can be reached by land through the East. Some Aureannic natives begin reaching the Tartary, whence they are settled in the warmer south. The economy continues to grow, with cities growing and the population doing so as well. Traders and production in the region begin booming. Minerals are discovered around the Urals, to the east of the nation. The nation begins expanding eastward into the Yamal, especially around the northern Urals, brought forth by prospecting for minerals, by 5000 sq km. The military is developed. Bukhara continues to be influenced. Relations are improved with Hungary and Rome.
 * ​Adyghea: Begins to grow more closely aligned with the Tartary itself. The population grows, accomodating Alans and Tatars leaving Crimea. The economy also does, as do the vantage positions on the Caucasus. A mild Chechen revolt erupts to the east of the nation.
 * Great Perm: Also begins to grow more dependent on the Tartary. The ruble continues spreading throughout North Asia, now becoming the primary method of trade in the Tartary, Adyghea, Kazakhstan, and to a lesser degree the Central Asian states. The military also grows, with modernisation occurring.
 * Kazakhstan: Continues to modernise. Centralisation continues to occur, with ulus and warlords being defeated quickly by the Manghud governors in the name of the Tartary. The economy grows because of increased centralisation, as cotton and apples begin to be produced rapidly in the region.
 * Azov: Continues construction of Özu-Cale. The main fort, now named Iskander-Hisar (or Alexander-Kremlin) continues construction. The port begins to grow with the town now having around 300 inhabitants and the first few shipfuls of grain leaving down the Dneiper, easier for transportation. Other cities continue to grow.
 * Fusahito Theocracy: Private shipping and trade continues begins to boom with increased shipments of spice from the islands to the South and the benefits becoming apparent from the contracting out of Imperial shipyards to merchants. Econ Turn. The Japanese Trade Association begin to assert a major economic presence in the OTL Philippines, almost holding a monopoly over spice shipments to the Theocracy. As this association is financed by a number of nobles, many at the Imperial court begin to amass vast wealth, including the Emperor and his son. Shipyards continue to work toward building of new warships and trading ships, with trade benefiting from the opening up of China and new trade links with Korea.  Priests are sent to the Shimazu clan to begin to convert the Daimyo to belief in the divine status of the Emperor.  Year Three of Seven.
 * ​Hosokawa province:  Powers are handed over from the Daimyo to the Imperial government in Kyoto. Meanwhile, many new military ships are built in Saijō, taking advantage of the relatively calm waters of the Inland Sea. Mil. Turn.
 * Naijiria: Naijiria continues to develop its military, economy and infrastructure, and continues production of the new class of warship. The government orders its states to do the same and continue expanding their own development. With an active hand in the expansion of the economy, trade with the Far East continues to play an active role in the nation's development. With hundreds of ships plying the seas for wealth, Naijiria positions itself as the gateway between the east and the west. A census reveals Naijiria's population to be 13,123,423 as of 1530. Angola is expanded by 10 px to the south, and a militia is formed to protect the colony against potential Kongolese raids against them. Naijiria warns Hispania not to come anywhere near its Beninese lands, and that it cannot dictate where a nation expands, especially when the Spaniards are not even from the region itself. The Asaaju further warns  that it would not be in the interests of Spain to be regarded as the aggressor in any conflict, and that Naijiria is commited to peace in the region.


 * ​Benin: Benin continues to expand its lands by 2500 km in defiance of Hispania, stating that it is not for Hispania to tell where a nation may go or when, especially when it is in Hispania's interests to prevent such a thing from happen. The military, economy and infrastructure are further expanded to meet the needs of the nation, and to prevent any attempts by Hispania to hinder their expansion in Central Africa. A census is held for 1530, and shows a total population of 10,887,570, a great increase with the intergration of Igboland into Benin.
 * Mali: Mali expands its military, economy and infrastructure, and positions its troops across the state in preparation for any planned attack by the Spanish over the Kongo Crisis. As with the rest of the nation, a census is held for the year, and reveals a population of 17,434,944, a decrease thanks to the division of the state with the creation of Nijar.
 * Nijar: Nijar's first census reveals a total population of 9,010,943. The military, economy and infrastructure of the state are expanded, and the troops readied for combat, with apparent Spanish aggression against Benin and its expansion near the Kongo. Nijar's government condemns the Spanish for their actions, and warn that no aggression against a fellow Naijirian state will be tolerated by Nijar.
 * Prussia: The Prussians continue to develop their economy. The Prussians continue to build their new navy. Prussia continues to Germanize their ethnic minorities.
 * Courland: The Curonians also continue developing their economy.
 * Estland: Estland also continues developing their economy. Duke Franz dies after decades of rule over Eastland. The capital of Arenburg has been completely remade as a gothic masterpiece.
 * Netherlands: Efforts to relieve the areas effected by the flood begin. Karl and Asha have their first child. a boy named Johann. The East India Company continues to sell massive amounts of spices in Europe as their hold on the Spice Islands trade routes and Batavia continues to grow into the economic centre of the region. Sunda, now completely under the influence of the East India Company, requests that the rulers become a protectorate of the Netherlands in exchange the Dutch will allow the rulers of Sunda to continue to control internal affairs as long as they agree with Netherlander policies. (Mod response please. I've been influencing the courts of Sunda for well over 15 years and already have control of their trade, and to an extent of their lands due to previous treaties. This would be basically completing the arrangements.) Meanwhile, influencing over the southern Sumatran states continue. The garrison in Sunda is increased with local recruiting and some re-inforcements from the Netherlands. Naval and military expansion and reform continue. The high society of the Netherlands continues to grow in wealth and power, while banking and commerce flourish. The middle class continues to grow as well. The arts and sicences continue to flourish and the Universities of the Lowlands grow in importance throughout Western Europe. Mirza's family become increasingly influential in the nation's peotry and high culture following the marriage of the eldest daughter to Karl who is now unofficially known as the Prince of Batavia due to his large influence in Eastern Trade, and the massive Estates he is accumulating in Java. The slave trade continues to grow in importance as more slaves are brought to the New World and to the Indian subcontinent. The Guiana settlements continue to grow in population and in size along the coastline by 20 pixels in total toward Paramaribo on the Surinam River. from Macaba on the Amazon River and New Antwerp on the Orinoco River. The settlers now numbering 350 whites and about 200 black slaves in total begin to have some issues with the native population and troops are garrisoned in the three settlements. The increasing settlement of the area causes infections caused by old world diseases in the local native population, though the settlers have issues with the climate of the region themselves, and many suffer from heatstroke and malaria. the possibility of establishing a settlement in the islands to the North West are also explored in greater depth now.
 * Ottoman Sultanate: Now ruling for ten glorious years, Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, begins centralizing the nation. Sporting a more passive Islamic state. As the title: "Sword of Islam" almost died in the eyes of the people, the great Sultan continues to promote industry as the land sees much economic profit. The great militaristic unit, the Janissary, continues to be the backbone of the force, while more cannon and gunpowder units are implemented. Textiles begin to be produced on a larger scale, as well as glass making and asphalt mining. The empire sees much reprisal as the revival of the "sick man of Islam". We continue vassalizing Karaman (Five of Five). Trade rights are requested with the Safavid Empire, the great Kingdom of Armenia, and the Caliphate of Mecca. We finally finish the transition of giving the coastal regions to the Roman Empire in return for the 15 years of peace which will end in 1545.
 * Erzincan (vassal of the Ottoman Sultanate): The vassal continues a centralization period, beginning to merge into the empire, as one. The economy begins to pick up, as the the great Turkic state begins to get back on its feet. The region slowly joins the empire. The region is to merge next year.
 * Kara Koyunlu (vassal of the Ottoman Sultanate): The military is expanded, largely benefiting off the natural resources in the area to cover the debts and prices. We continue vassalizing Ak Koyunlu (Five of Six).
 * Dulkadir (vassal of the Ottoman Sultanate): The vassal continues a centralization period, beginning to merge into the empire, as one. The population begins to rise, as the Turkic state prospers, the vassal proselytizes young Greeks and Romans throughout the land, whoever still remains. The infrastructure is expanded. The region slowly joins the empire. The region is to merge next year.
 * Mardin (vassal of the Ottoman Sultanate): The vassal continues a centralization period, beginning to merge into the empire, as one. The military is expanded and soldiers are sent to support the imperial Turkic capital at Bursa. The region slowly joins the empire. The region is to merge next year.
 * Ramazan (vassal of the Ottoman Sultanate): The newly found vassal is lacking in economic power. The great Suleiman orders the continuation of reconstructing and large promotion or migration to the great city of Antioch. As the city has still, after hundreds of years after the crusades, hasn't fully recovered, the city is given much support from the Ottoman treasury. Infrastructure is re-inforced as the regions cities and towns begin to prosper.
 * Karaman (vassal of the Ottoman Sultanate): Establishing a small city to act as a subcapital in the large region is deemed upon by the Sultan. Infrastructure is expanded.
 * Austria: This turn in both our nation and in all our vassals is dedicated to military. We train and expand our military using new experience from recent wars, and grow our nation economically. In Morocco our position in Melilla is fortified. All fortifications around the region are rebuilt and manned by stationed guards in case of an attack. To protect Melilla the construction of a fortress outside the city is considered, although postponed for now. The port of Melilla is rebuilt to begin operation as a trade port and military outpost. Construction continues on a shipyard in the Melilla port to facilitate the construction and repair of friendly ships. Melilla is granted a permanent naval garrison in the city’s port. to respond to dangers in the area, and to support the small garrison on land who mans the fortifications. Our position in Morocco is fortified by re-inforcements, bringing Melilla operational against attacks. For now a small fleet is stationed in its harbor, while its garrison continues to hold the north and its supply lines, supporting our Christian brethren. With much of the Muslim population of Melilla left dead after the war against Morocco, the local government attempts to entice settlers by offering large quantities of land to Christian settlers. Many Europeans, particularly of German descent and/or from central Europe begin settling the area around Melilla. With finances from Augsburg-based banking establishments, the Trieste Company continues to launch expeditions to West Africa. Abrechtburg has grown to a decently sized settlement, supporting a population of farmers, traders, and a small garrison of soldiers. The town also houses a well furbished fort, armed with a small amount of cannons intended to defend the settlement and the harbor from any attack. Built out of necessity, the port at Abrechtburg is refurbished and expanded to support more trade ships, and allied countries are welcomed to trade and stay in the town. The second largest settlement in Westenland, Dominusburg, follows suit, finishing the construction of a port similar to Abrechtburg ‘s. Trade posts continue to be built and exploited, now numbering several dozen along the coast of Westenland and into allied territory. Our reliance on the Wolof becomes less so, but we sign a trade agreement with their nation to continue our positive relationship. Deals are made with the Wolof for slaves and other goods. Conversion of the natives begin around the settlement. Several bimereiches and caravels begin construction in Trieste, Melilla, Corfu, and other ports,  to further facilitate and protect overseas trade. Trade is increased with the Grand Duchy of Bavaria and other trade partners, bringing about new avenues of trade and commerce. Expeditions to the New World continue to increase trade with Spanish possessions, establishing a trade route between Westenland and colonies in the Yucatan. Trade posts in the Caribbean are expanded and grow as they become more frequently visited.
 * Roman Empire: The Roman Empire continues to expand its trade to the far reaches of the world, and Roman and Ragusan traders are now seen in most ports. The annexation of Cyprus, while maintaining the Spanish trade dominance, also adds to the bounty of trade goods available to the Roman economy. To expand a base of operations in the New World a group of Roman traders establish a trade post and small harbor on the island of OTL Bermuda, claiming it for the Empire and proclaiming it the island of Atlantis. While it quickly becomes apparent that there was no ancient empire there, the name sticks and the island becomes a valuable Roman asset in the New World. Back in Europe, the Roman military occupies the coast of the Sea of Mamara and the city of Canatakkal, securing the sea for Roman rule and trade. While the Ottomans are still distrusted, the Romans abide by the NAP and demand that the Ottomans stay the same. Leverlocks and galleasses continue to be produced, along with Caros for more oceanic travel.
 * Albania: The country grows prosperous from expanded Roman trade, and some nobles begin advocating joining the Empire as an Archonate. No one is sure how this would work out, and as such the Empire is not worried about this right now. The navy is increased by a few small galleys.
 * Ragusa: The nation continues to expand its trade. Some ships begin to base themselves in the new Roman trade post at Atlantis, although these ships are few in number and show up rarely. The Ragusan foundries begin to produce leverlocks of their own.

1531
'''An earthquake strikes Lisbon, killing 30,000 people. The disaster, a 6.4-7.1 magnitude earthquake in modern standards, causes quite a stir in Portugal. The friars blame the Jews for this.'''

'''In Ming China a tsunami floods over the seawall in Haiyan County of the Zhejiang province, inundating the agricultural crop fields with saltwater and ruining many acres of crops. This drives up the price of crops and many are forced to live off of tree bark and weeds or face starvation. '''

'''A popular Revolt breaks out among the Songhai, who rally under a new ruler against the Oyo Empire. Rebel forces lead several sieges against major cities, as well as beginning a guerrilla campaign along Oyo trade routes. Having captured significant ground, the independent Songhai Empire is declared (Undoubled scores: Military: 10, Economy: 5, Infrastructure: 3).'''
 * Portugal: Continues a notable buildup in military strength and allows for a vigorous training program on the existing military forces attempting to train them up heavily. Meanwhile, the administration continues to be reformed, and agriculture and commerce are encouraged. Meanwhile, Portugal continues to develop its navy. Meanwhile, the colony in Lenhame continues exporting wheat to Portugal. Meanwhile, trade intensifies in the African coast. The Açores continue to be settled. Meanwhile, the naus continue to be used. Naval explorations directed to the west continue. Meanwhile, Santa Cruz expands north by 2000 sq km. Meanwhile, sugarcane continues to be planted in Santa Cruz. Meanwhile, pau-brasil (brazilwood) starts to be extracted in the colony. Meanwhile, the colony of São Sebastião expands 2000 sq km.
 * Naijiria D: Naijiria would like to purchase from Portugal a hundred ships of the recent naus class. We are seeking to expand our fleet, and wish to have only the best ships in our navy. Any required resources needed for their construction can be provided to Portgual by our nation.
 * Ottoman Sultanate: Now ruling for 11 glorious years, Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, begins centralizing the nation. Sporting a more passive Islamic state. The great Sultan continues to promote industry as the land sees much economic profit. The great militaristic unit, the Janissary, continues to be the backbone of the force, while more cannon and gunpowder units are implemented. Textiles begin to be produced on a larger scale, as well as glass making and asphalt mining. The empire sees much reprisal as the revival of the "sick man of Islam". Trade rights are requested with the Safavid Empire, the great Kingdom of Armenia, and the Caliphate of Mecca. We finally finish the transition of giving the coastal regions to the Roman Empire in return for the 15 years of peace which will end in 1545. Dulkadir, Erzincan, and Mardin merge into the empire. We begin vassalizing Levant (One of 12). With the recent succession of Burjid, we begin to instead start vassalizing Jalay (One of Seven).
 * Kara Koyunlu (vassal of the Ottoman Sultanate): The military is expanded, largely benefiting off the natural resources in the area to cover the debts and prices. We finish vassalizing Ak Koyunlu (Six of Six).
 * Ramazan (vassal of the Ottoman Sultanate): The vassal is lacking in economic power. The great Suleiman orders the continuation of reconstructing and large promotion or migration to the great city of Antioch. As the city has still, after hundreds of years after the crusades, hasn't fully recovered, the city is given much support from the Ottoman treasury. Infrastructure is re-inforced as the regions cities and towns begin to prosper.
 * Karaman (vassal of the Ottoman Sultanate): Establishing a small city to act as a subcapital in the large region is deemed upon by the Sultan. Infrastructure is expanded.
 * Ak Koyunlu (vassal of the Ottoman Sultanate): Janissaries are sent to establish bases in order to guard against any resistance from the Kingdom of Armenia. Military expands.
 * Safavid Dip: We will accept the trade agreement.


 * China: Continues to chip away at the underlying isolation and "sloth" that Emperor Houcong feels has afflicted his great nation. China aids the affected in the recent tsunami, and clean up begins along with the sending of food to the affected. Plans to rebuild the seawall are made. The new trade policies continue to enrich the nation, and continues to convert followers to the cause of anti-isolationism, as the amount of gold flowing into China continues to be used by the government to pay for renovations of the cities of China, raising new walls, overhauling ports and ships, as well as a new road system started to cover every major town in China- expected to be completed by 1555. Meanwhile, China and its vassals Mongol Khanate, Khmer Empire, Lan Xang, and Pegu build up the military.
 * Korea: Korea continues to build up its military. Meanwhile, more Taoist, Neo-Confucian and Buddhist temples are built. Korea also sends aid to China in wake of the recent tsunami.
 * |onte Continues to have a large surplus of grain. Though adopting "western farming", the idea of "the tribe" is still very much so alive, as people always share the crops they have grown, or the animals they have hunted amongst the community. Due to the policy of planting tree groves, desert reclamation has started taking effect in some parts of |onte. This year has resulted in twenty elephants being killed. An expansion to the elephant pen is begun. |onte is rich with money made from elephant hunting, as they have nothing to spend the money on. Mon II tours the country teaching children in their playtime how to read. Most of the recent generation can read. However, only a minority can write, but that number is growing. Mon II continues the project that will be his life's work: the Kunene library. Mon II continues the creation of a printing press that is to be attached to the library. |onte's population rises to over 26,000. There is a population centre that is beginning to appear around the mouth of the Kunene, and is simply referred to as Kunene. Debarubo continues to consolidate recently acquired territories. Mon III continues combining the many narratives heard into one coherent story, called the Sahaka.
 * Hispania: The Spanish populace reaches about 13.5 million and growing thanks to the addition of the Aragonian populace and other growth. The economy, thanks to the aggressive colonialism, continues to expand immensely and the Spanish economy becomes the most powerful in Europe passing the French economy by leaps and bounds with the massive influx of gold, silver and jewels contributing heavily and its administration preventing heavy inflation of the Spanish economy. The armed forces continues their push to remain the most modern and begins to build a host of new ships to replace older ones which are sold to its vassals, trade companies and other territories of the Empire. The integration of Aragon into Castile and the formation of Spain is seen as relatively popular and the now majority Spanish population shows overwhelming support for their Queen. The Queen of Spain on the direction of an adviser incorporates the title of King of Italy as an integral part of Spain as well ruling over it in a personal union in which the monarch of Spain may rule as the King of Italy in a personal union but the title may not pass to any other than the Spanish monarch. Queen Alexis begins to push toward consolidation of new territories acquired and begins to increase troop amounts in Italy, Genoa and Savoy. Spanish general Alejandro Cortez writes a book on Spanish military history and with this writes a detailed doctrine describing the brilliant general Carlos's tactic of  line infantry. The General manages to get "Carolingian Infantry" a force of men five-to-seven ranks deep rotating to keep a continuous volley of fire on the enemy pushing its adoption by the Spanish Army. Influential Spanish traders from the Spanish East Indian company begin to asset economic influence over the disorganized states in the OTL Philippines (Turn Seven of Seven). The Spanish troops in Madagasikara are dismissed and the nation is given the right to retake Sofala at its own leisure. Hispania begins a notable development of a new larger kind of ship. an evolution of the carrack designed to be much stabler and faster and outclass any other ships the European world has to offer This ship known as the Galleon multiple new ones are constructed to remain ahead of other nations in regards to naval technology. Phillip has a child named Alejandro now age 4. Carlos of Spain is offered up to any inclined nation for a royal marriage. 
 * Kingdom of Italy: The Italian crown passes to Queen Alexis and is tied to the Crown of Spain. The Italian forces are immediately recruited to lightly aid Spanish coalition troops and the armed forces are expected to push 30,000 troops by the close of the decade. The Italian kingdom integrates Florence as an integral part and begins to push toward more movement toward involvement with the Spanish trade empire and Italian trade ships begin visiting Spain en masse. The Italian army is expanded moderately with some naval ships being purchased to replace losses. Queen Alexis is accepted as queen somewhat but some Italians remain disenfranchized with the Spanish due to the way in which the Spanish seized the throne. However, the Invulnerable Spanish army discourages any from speaking their mind and most deal with the relatively benevolent rule of the Spanish. The population of the Kingdom of Italy reaches about 13.1 million with growth falling short due to many men being killed in the war. The Italian navy is assessed as nearly 150 ships post war, many pressed into service. The Spanish begin to implement a system to allow for the expansion of the Italian navy from 150 ships to nearly 300 by the end of the next 50 years.
 * Savoy: Savoy is stabilized The Savoyan people accept their new overlords as the increased trade has left traders and many other with much more money than they had before. The economy, thanks to trade with Spain, expands moderately but much is spent rebuilding Savoy from the conflict. Savoy agrees to cede portions of territory to France due to the war and many people in Savoy are angered but powerless. The rulers of Savoy - realizing that inclusion into the Spanish empire is much better than being a target of it - manage to pacify the populace and begin to rebuild raising a small force of about 10,000 to handle security. The people of Savoy begin to work toward building up a trade fleet now at 60 ships.
 * Genoa: Now being free of Italy, but now a vassal of Spain, Genoa looks to rebuild its trade empire under the rising Spanish empire. The Genoan people and traders widely consider this to be a turning point with their people and begin to push for the mass acquisition of trade ships to rebuild their trade empire. Genoa begins to expand its military moving up to nearly 8000 troops with 5000 Spanish troops housed in Genoa. The Genoan people more than not show welcoming attitudes toward the Spanish as they have felt relatively oppressed by the Italians. However, some Genoans remain disenfranchized with the Spanish but the reputation of invincibility of the Spanish army makes any attempt at independence a far cry from possibility. These people more than not decide to find ways to live under the Spanish empire in a more prosperous way, by establishing multiple trade companies. These companies begin to be common throughout Spanish lands as the Genoans begin to build up a Trade fleet of a sizable amount now at 60 ships
 * Kingdom of Morocco: The country begins the construction of various canals and cultivates trees farther inland to help increase arable farmland. The Moroccan economy continues to expand with greater trade coming from Spain and the Canaries all the way down to Capo Verde increasing the relative wealth. The Kingdom, with many canals having been completed, has vastly expanded its farmland among other things. Morocco's total population reaches one million with Christianity becoming dominant in the area. Calne-Vicuna is finished and is opened as a center for Christianity in North Africa with a library said to rival old Alexandria's. The Moroccan Assassins Guild forms and spreads keeping the peace and killing the corrupt as well as making Morocco much more peaceful for Spain. The Kingdom of Morocco officially enters into a personal union with Castile following the magistrates and princes deeming it unnecessary for the King to not have full control in the country. The Magistrates, however, are fully re-instated to continue as they were just under direction of the monarch of Spain The Kingdom of Morocco begins construction of a sizeable navy and adds nearly 30 ships, many purchased from private builders from abroad bringing its fleet up from 20 ships to nearly 50.
 * Kongo: The Kingdom begins to work toward a trade and production economy focusing on helping provide resources for Castile's burgeoning West African trade network. The King of the Kongo converting to Christianity and being baptised begins to call for the expansion of ports to the best of the Kongolese architects' abilities. The Kingdom of the Kongo in an attempt to increase economic output and trade begins to export a large amount of raw materials to Castile and begins to push toward heavy exploitation methods if possible. Kongo due to its backwardness in technology and administration puts itself in a protectorate/vassal situation in order to advance itself. The Kongolese population reaches about one million and beginning to grow much more rapidly. The King of the Kongo manages to calm down the people. The Kongo itself begins to see a noticeable improvement in the way of life. Kongo Adds the Former Oyo Gabonese colony to its domain. Kongo Expands 2500 sq km up the Congo River finally reaching supply and population levels to support this.
 * Mapuche: With the defeat by the Spanish a royal governor is appointed by the Castilians. These people are immediately transferred onto available ships and throughout the year are sent up the coast via Spanish ships to a location unknown to the Mapuche. The Mapuche also continue to see major issues from European contact are given orders to isolate themselves if they are sick to prevent further expansion of the disease. The Mapuche people begin to see the first mixed children between Spanish and Mapuche people. The Spanish institute the Ecomienda system. However, the Spanish governor, in order to keep control of the people, orders the Spanish heads of the system to treat the natives fairly in order to prevent mass deaths from overworking and resentment. Spanish farming techniques have definitely prevented starvation as the Mapuche continue to expand toward the coast building a road to connect it all. The Spanish governor, also using the local Mapuche as scouts, is able to expand much more than the Buenos Aires colony and uses this to his advantage to secure more land to be able to turn over to Spanish settlers. The Royal Governor ramps up expansion for some of the new plantation owners setting up expanding the the territory by 2500 sq km. The Mapuche Area begins to see a notable increase in Castilian settlers, mostly farmers who begin to build special areas to employ the Inca farming methods.
 * Morelia: The former Mayan kingdom is renamed Morelia by the royal governor to reflect its new Spanish culture as thousands of settlers have settled in the major cities beginning to displace the remaining Mayans which have decreased almost 75% from their original population of two million leaving barely 500,000 Mayans left. An insightful priest says that destroying the cities will result in long term resentment that could never be repaired and instead they should be made Spanish-Maya hybrid. The new Royal Governor seeing wisdom in this declares that the cities will not be ransacked and a moderate tribute of gold and silver is demanded by the Spanish. The 2000 troops remain in the country and begin to establish areas along the coast suitable for Spanish settlement. The military and economy of the Maya under Spain is developed and roads are upgraded to Spanish standards. The Spanish sponsor some colonists who wish to remove themselves from the remainder of the Indians and establish themselves on an island (OTL Havana) and name the island Cuba. (2500 sq km).
 * Aztecs: With full control of the Aztec now reverting to the Spanish the Spanish begin to implement their econmienda system from the Mapuche in the south to the Aztec areas to extract gold and silver. Along with this many of the remaining Aztec people become infected decreasing population further. The Economy of the Aztecs becomes entirely reliant on the Spanish Empire and the military remains non-existent with areas being occupied by Zapotec and remaining Spanish forces. However, its garrison is made up of Spanish forces who are settling the territory. Almost 5000 Spaniards come to the Aztec nation. The royal governor is appointed and after conversation with Morelias governor decides eventually he will embark on a large expansion campaign up the Mexican area. The Aztecs expand by 2500 sq km through disorganized territory just north of it with Spanish settlers paving the way.
 * Kingdom of Venezia: With the establishment of the Kingdom of Venezia following the previous war and with the loss of a large portion of the fleet the Venezian people seem to believe that much can be rebuilt through utilization of the dynamically rising Spanish empire for its own benefit. The businessmen and high level economists, bankers and multiple other fully knowledgeable individuals of Venezia remaining after the war go on a trip to Spain's vibrant trade cities and after careful negotiations many of these men take over one of Spain's newest rising trade companies, the Buenos Aires trade company, with some offices based out of the Buenos Aires colony in Hesperia. The Venezians, unable to select a king from their remaining nobles, delegate to the Queen of Spain (Castile and Aragon) who chooses a man named Antonio Lo Grato to rule as Prince of Venice in place of the Queen of Spain. A well acclaimed and respected man, he immediately enacts reforms. The Venezian economy with access to the Spanish economy begins to recover and for the first time in years due to this. The Venezians begins its long road to naval recovery and begins to use its vast knowledge to begin building ships not only for itself but acquires the blueprints to improve on Spanish ships to allow for sale back to the Queen. The Venezian military is also raised to a token force of about 10,000 due to its location but remains lightly armed and unable to project power or fight any unsupported offensives. The Prince of Venezia, Antonio, begins the drift toward Spanish culture.
 * Viceroyalty of New Spain: The Viceroyalty of new Spain is established with a massive amount of coastal territory secured begins to expand its major settlements seriously with Buenos Aires maintaining the most with nearly 27,000 people and growing The colony proper reaches nearly 160,000 in population seeing large amounts of Colonial immigration. The Viceroy implements the first cattle ranches (they are not modern ranches) in order to expand the food supply of the large colony. The Spanish inhabitants of the colonies form their first militia under command of a Spanish officer which is trained only to fight off native attacks. The Colony specifically expands the areas around its main settlements by 10 px especially up the Rio De Toro River (OTL Uruguay river.) and extends its borders south by 10 px intending to reach the Straits of Torez (OTL Straits of Magellan). The viceroyalty seems extremely happy with the colonial status and support its received from Castile as well as the massive re-investment for the betterment of the colony giving a huge boost to the construction of a few forts and a road system. The first ships begin to arrive from Spain African colonies bringing goods and a few slaves. Ranching is taken up by men previously accustomed to this in Spain.
 * Cape Ferdinand: The Cape Ferdinand colony expands by 10 px around existing settlements beginning to push toward making the area a larger more controlled area for Spanish habitation especially up the orange river. the semi-hostile climate has left Cape Ferdinand with barely 17,000 colonists in comparison to New Spain in Hesperia. The area itself begins to show up as a trade hub. Zulu Africans in the area begin to be contacted with missionaries looking to speak to these people.
 * Philippines: The Vassalization of the Philippines concludes with the Spanish having established majority control over the area through trade and other means. The Spanish then begin to send in a royal governor who makes plans to expand the island nation, and begins work on its economy and military to do so. Gold, and Silver from Spain is sent to facilitate buying materials to build up the area as the Philippines are garrisoned by Mercenaries hired by spain and nearly 300 of Spains most well trained troops.
 * Fusahito Dip: The Emperor sends greetings to the Spanish govenor in the Philippines, suggesting free rights to trade and dock in ports between our nations.
 * Naijiria: Naijiria is outraged by the turn of events in Mali and Nijar. Public outcry for the blood of the traitors reaches the highest echelons of the Naijirian government, and Asaaju Ajani gives a speech to the public decrying the actions of the new government in Timbuktu. Volunteers to serve in the army are ready to lay down their lives to preserve the union, and are assembled with a full force of cavalry, artillery, and infantry to deal with those who would seek to divide the nation. Such is the outcry for action, that Ajani joins the campaign in person to deal with the traitors face-to-face, and bolster the morale of his people by taking a more "hands-on" approach with the troublesome nation that his forefathers had to suffer with. The coastline of Songhai is blockaded, and marines are quick to strike the port city of Mbour as it is still under construction. Angola is expanded by 500 km along the southern coast. Ilu Jamaica is expanded by 500 km.
 * Colonies in this regard can not be independent until 1775. -Feud
 * Benin: Answers the call to aid Naijiria in dealing with the Songhai traitors, and sends its own forces to aid the fight against them. The people of Benin contribute generously to the war chests of the nation, seeking to maintain the stability of the country as a whole.
 * That is NOT how it works. Colonies must remain colonies. They cannot be turned into vassals just to game the system and get more expansion. This madness must stop.
 * What rule said that? ~Viva
 * The rule that says colonies can-t be independent until 1775 - right in the independence section. It's pretty blatantly stated -Feud
 * That's for them to rebel. Colonies can't start breaking away from the motherland until then, and the rules give the player the option to play as the colony. Jamaica has self-government, not independence. Last time I checked, it was a vassal, not a nation-state. And there are no rules against that. ~Viva
 * Prussia: The Prussians begin to develop their economy. The Prussians continue to build their new navy. Prussia continues to Germanize their ethnic minorities.
 * Courland: The Curonians also continue developing their economy.
 * Estland: Estland also continues developing their economy.
 * France: Military, navy and economy are built up. The colony continues expanding and growing by 1000 among both colonies The colonies continue growing as expected. The navy begins a huge update in order to establish a stronger control over overseas territories such as the colonies and to have further control over Africa. While this, the king seeks the French influence to grow in unexpected territories. The colony of Nouvelle Rouen continues to expand eastward by 1000 px. The French government begins a measure to avoid the sweating disease attacking French domains, mostly by sending the infected back to their lands.We agree on the slave trade within the empire by the Dutch.
 * Naijirian D: Naijiria wishes to sign a non-aggression treaty with the French nation on behalf of peace and prosperity. We bear you no ill will, and we wish the same of France.
 * Burgundy: Military, economy and navy are built up.
 * Bourbon: Military and economy are built up.
 * Lorraine: Military and economy are built up.
 * Verdun: Military and economy are built up.
 * Saluzzo: Military and economy are built up.
 * Sardinia: Military and economy are built up.
 * Basel: Military and economy are built up.
 * Aargau: Military and economy are built up. The French presence begins to be felt. However, the attempts to establish a pro-Germanic government in order to avoid eventual uprisings, internal vassalization begins as well to fully convince German leadership.
 * Andorra: Military and economy are built up.
 * Africa: Military and economy are built up.
 * Trier: Military and economy are built up.
 * Julich: Military and economy are built up.
 * Zweibrucken: Military and economy are built up.
 * Aurienne: Military and economy are built up. The nation expands both west and east toward the colonies of the French.
 * Guaxirenne: The country expands southward and military and economy are built up.
 * Anjou: Military and economy are built up.
 * Vendome: Military and economy are built up.
 * Provence: Military navy and economy are built up.
 * Alencon: Military and economy are built up.
 * Narbonne: Military navy and economy are built up.
 * Avignon: Military and economy are built up.
 * The Kingdoms of Great Albion (Scotland and England) - member nation of the UKGA: Many ships are modernized and replaced to keep the Royal Albion Navy a powerful force on the high seas. Port Edmundburg continues to experience a growth in population. Albionic settlers continue to explore the surrounding areas. The dialect of English originally found in Scotland and the Eire grows so large that it covers most of the North of England. This new dialect is called Bythigish (portmanteau of Brython and English). English nobles begin to enjoy the Celtic myths of Eire and Scotland. The Templar Order continues to undercut the King's enemies and seeks ways to privately grow the power of the King and Albion as a whole. The Order buys up many smaller businesses and collectivizes some farms. The Order begins to expand into other areas of Europe, seeking to grow understanding as well as pushing Albionic ideals. Albion continues to explore farther west and south. A clockmaker from Cambridge becomes popular for his accurate timepieces and the exquisite wood housing. He creates a chime for the St Mary's Cathedral, the chimes are called the Cambridge Chimes (OTL Westminster Quarters AKA Big Ben's chime). The Chimes become so popular, other clockmakers incorporate the chimes into their clocks. The Crown Dominion of Hamburg does well this year, as an influx of trade begins to repair the wounds of several wars. The English Renaissance is born when several painters in London show off some impressive works. The pocket watch is invented by Peter Royce. James Graff invents the use of etching. The Crowns of Oldenburg and Albion officially enter Personal Union. Nobles are outraged at the appointment of a foreign German King, even though the real poltics is still done by the Queen. Several begin to openly conspire against the new regime. Tension rise as the treat of civil disobedience looms. Troubled, the Queen begins to build up loyal forces in the event of a clash. In the meantime, the Royal Government of Albion, hearing of the unrest in Europe, vows to not get involved. Queen Jacqueline considers the Hamburgian proposal and accepts the return to sovereignty. She explains to parliament that the recent unrest makes it impractical for Albion to retain control in these lands. In Wales, a man named Phillip Charles claims that he is the first in line heir to the throne. Several nobles hear these claims and throw their support behind Phillip. The Albionic Civil war of England continues as rebel forces, uncoordinated and under trained, face off against loyalist forces, suffering heavy losses at the Battle of Canterbury. Due to the rebelling nobles, The King and Queen pass an act that severely limits the power of the nobility and grants more powers to parliament. This also allows a sort of middle class to begin to develop in England.
 * Calais: Military and navy are expanded.
 * Dublin: Dublin undergoes another remodel and expansion to the ports due to the massive influx of trade from Castile and Venice as well as an increased Eire trade.
 * Scotland: Expands navy and military. Pan Albion sentiments grow, Trade increases. Whiskey is traded down to central Albion.
 * Wales: Wales expands its military and navy. Cardiff becomes a large centre of trade for Wales. The Welsh appoint Adam Cyrdger as Royal Minister. The first sessions of parliament are held. Wales does not see as large a population boom as Albion or Scotland, but a minor one, centered around Cardiff and Swansea, does occur.
 * Port Edmundburg: Expands by 1000 sq km South and East down the coast. The African colonists begin looking toward mining and other ventures to generate profit.
 * New Cambridgeshire: New Cambridgeshire expands by 1000 sq km South and West. Colonists begin to explore around the region and begin to have a large fishing boom. The Port of New Rotham is expanded to handle excess ships from Albion and other European nations and is renamed by popular vote to New Oxford. The people of New Oxford also begin an attempt to gain knowledge of farming in Borealia from Native Peoples.
 * Poland: King Sigismund Szczuka continues to set his reforms into place, hoping to finish their implementation by the end of next year. The King happily accepts the Rumanian offer and thanks their warning of possible Hungarian reprisal. The King sends an offer hoping to finalize there friendship in an official alliance, while also sending an offer of a trade pact between the two nations. The King also continues to reform the judicial system, implementing more modern ideas within the system. He also hopes the implementation of the reforms will be done by the end of next year. The King sends another offer of alliance and a trade pact to the UNC.
 * Fusahito Theocracy: Private shipping and trade continues begins to boom with increased shipments of spice from the islands to the South and the benefits becoming apparent from the contracting out of Imperial shipyards to merchants. The Japanese Trade Association begin to assert a major economic presence in the East Indies, almost holding a monopoly over spice shipments to the Theocracy. Econ Turn As this association is financed by a number of nobles, many at the Imperial court begin to amass vast wealth, including the Emperor and his son. Shipyards continue to work toward building of new warships and trading ships, with trade benefiting from the opening up of China and new trade links with Korea.  Priests are sent to the Shimazu clan to begin to convert the Daimyo to belief in the divine status of the Emperor.  Year Four of Seven.
 * ​Hosokawa province:  Powers are handed over from the Daimyo to the Imperial government in Kyoto. Meanwhile, many new military ships are built in Saijō, taking advantage of the relatively calm waters of the Inland Sea. Mil. Turn.
 * County of Oldenburg: After a slow year last year, Oldenburg re-emerges onto the world stage. Countess Adelheid sends troops to Albion to assist her son and daughter-in-law. The "Albionnic Expeditionary Force" as it is known, is equipped with the new "uniform" first worn by the Comital Guard, and the "yellowcoats" look impressive when all in formation. She also sends a letter to Queen Jacqueline urging her and her son to be more active in the bedchamber so as to assure the continuation of the royal line. In other news, the outpost in Neu Norderney (Labrador) is given a proper name to celebrate a second season there: Buchtstadt.


 * ​Prince-Bishopric of Osnabruck: After a good length of time in Albion studying their universities, the Bisop returns full of ideas. He throws opwn the episcopal treasury, and comissions a grand university complex to be built in his capital. He vision: a new global centre of learning.
 * Hesse: We observe the events in Europe with interest. We continue to develop infrastructure. We continue to be neutral.
 * Duchy of Hamburg-Mecklenburg: Friedrich's armies prove competent in the war against France, assisting the imperial forces in the reclamation of imperial territory. Back home, the economy is improved, and new ships are built. The HTSC sends the government a report on the Neue Hamburg outpost, expecting the outpost to become more self-sufficient and ready for a permanent population in about ten years. Mean while, Hamburger ships return to the islands they discovered a few years ago. They land on one, apparently the largest, and establish a trade post there, naming it Neue Hannover (OTL Great Nicobar).
 * Stade: Troops return home. Economy expanded.
 * Bruchhausen: Military and economy expanded.
 * Williamsburg: Militia expanded.
 * Neue Lüneburg: Militia expanded.
 * Éire: The ever-glorious nation of Éire expands its economy further. Adventurous young nobles are supported to go to Nuaphail.
 * Nuaphail: An aristocratic circle is born in Nuaphail as it expands by another 20 px alongside the coast.
 * Banche Esterno: Expansion along the coast.
 * Nova Roma: Expansion along the coast toward the south.
 * Pskov: Expands its economic reach by founding more banks in more areas, and introducing their currency to whomever wants it. In the meantime, the knyaz decides to use the extra surplus to send another explorere to the new world, to attempt to do some meagre trade with the american natives. Pskov pursues closer relations with the North Sea trade alliance nations, especially Scandinavia, with whom they have develoiped a close relationship with over the years. Pskov begins work on refurbrishing its navy, as more merchants begin to buy more and more ships. The interest payments from Poland finally start coming in, booming the Pskovian economy, and giving the Veche more money to spend on public projects, such as acquiring more books for the library, funding education and also, the creation of a new school in Ozero and Nizhnigiorodsk-na-Narve. Pskov's artist continue to experiment with new styles of drawing. Pskov begins to expand culturally aswell as scientifically, with Heliocentrism becoming the dominant school of astropnomical thinking not only in the University's Academy of natural Philosophy, but also in the general public, with the church not voicing many concerns(mostly because, in Russia, the Church is usualy subservient to the state). Pskov Veche begins to worry about the growing absolutism in their neighbours Novgorod, the ones that gave them the freedoms they know, the rule by Veche, slowly being transformed into nothing more than the servants of the Tyrant in moscow, who refuses to abide by the treaty written in part by Pskov to keep the people's rights. Pskov turns its attention to trying to increase the economic dependance of Moscow on Pskov, in turn in an attempt to avoid conquest or military action, and safeguard its people's rights and freedoms.
 * Scandinavian Empire: Construction of the Winter Palace continues. The military of Scandinavia expands, the nation improving its army and navy. The fourth and fifth fleets are updated and repaired. Scandinavia works on improving relations with its fellow Baltic states. The nation begins exploring areas of Borealia, seeking to establish a new colony. Supplies are sent to Vinland, along with a small detachment of ships from the navy. The militia is expected to make their own army.
 * Finland: We expand by 3500 sq km to the north. The military is expanded.
 * Iceland: The military is expanded.
 * Schleswig: The military is expanded.
 * Vinland: The military is expanded. We expand by 250 sq km through native land.
 * Austria: This turn in both our nation and the nations of Bohemia, Moravia, Luxembourg, Brandenburg, Pomerania, Silesia, Lusatia, Salzburg, Augsburg, Swabia,  Elsaß-Lothringen, Mainz, Palatinate, and our colonial territories and possessions is dedicated to economy. We train and expand our military using new experience from recent wars, and grow our nation economically. In Morocco our position in Melilla is fortified. All fortifications around the region are rebuilt and manned by stationed guards in case of an attack. To protect Melilla the construction of a fortress outside the city is considered, although postponed for now. The port of Melilla is rebuilt to begin operation as a trade port and military outpost. Construction continues on a shipyard in the Melilla port to facilitate the construction and repair of friendly ships. Melilla is granted a permanent naval garrison in the city’s port. to respond to dangers in the area, and to support the small garrison on land who mans the fortifications. Our position in Morocco is fortified by re-inforcements, bringing Melilla operational against attacks. For now a small fleet is stationed in its harbor, while its garrison continues to hold the north and its supply lines, supporting our Christian brethren. With much of the Muslim population of Melilla left dead after the war against Morocco, the local government attempts to entice settlers by offering large quantities of land to Christian settlers. Many Europeans, particularly of German descent and/or from central Europe begin settling the area around Melilla. With finances from Augsburg-based banking establishments, the Trieste Company continues to launch expeditions to West Africa. Abrechtburg has grown to a decently sized settlement, supporting a population of farmers, traders, and a small garrison of soldiers. The town also houses a well furbished fort, armed with a small amount of cannons intended to defend the settlement and the harbor from any attack. Built out of necessity, the port at Abrechtburg is refurbished and expanded to support more trade ships, and allied countries are welcomed to trade and stay in the town. The second largest settlement in Westenland, Dominusburg, follows suit, finishing the construction of a port similar to Abrechtburg ‘s. Trade posts continue to be built and exploited, now numbering several dozen along the coast of Westenland and into allied territory. Our reliance on the Wolof becomes less so, but we sign a trade agreement with their nation to continue our positive relationship. Deals are made with the Wolof for slaves and other goods. Conversion of the natives begin around the settlement. Several bimereiches and caravels begin construction in Trieste, Melilla, Corfu, and other ports,  to further facilitate and protect overseas trade. Trade is increased with the Grand Duchy of Bavaria and other trade partners, bringing about new avenues of trade and commerce. Expeditions to the New World continue to increase trade with Spanish possessions, establishing a trade route between Westenland and colonies in the Yucatan. Trade posts in the Caribbean are expanded and grow as they become more frequently visited. After several explorations and expeditions along the coast north of the Imperial Sea, a third expedition is sent. A bay is explored (Chesapeake Bay), where a site for a possible future trade post is spotted, known as Schlossburg (Baltimore). In the war against France, our garrison in Luxembourg successfully repulses a French siege, costing heavy casualties for the French. By this time a large force of German soldiers is gathered from our territories, as well as the contingents of the Holy Roman Empire, making up the Reichsarmee, and our forces are able to take heavy gains in the Rhineland.
 * Safavid Empire: We build up our military and navy. Port cities are being rebuilt. More ships are being made for our navy. Our own version of guns is being made. Farming is becoming one of the most important industries, besides blacksmithy, trading and fishing. Guns are now mass produced in our country. We continue to make more woodblock printing presses for our libraries. Cannons at three feet long are being built for our military. Bigger cannons are also being built for our military. Cannon balls are made out of iron. A trade route from our home country to Oirat is mapped out. People are now trading with each other on this trade route. Foreign exchange banks are becoming popular in our country due to the ETA (Eurasian Trade Agreement). Trade has increased due to the ETA. A new art form is continuing to be drawn. It is a mix of Safavid, Oirat and Mughal art. Our art is continuing to be popular with all of the nation around us. Trade goes well with the Dutch merchants. All slaves that come from the Oyo nation are continuing to be converted to Shi'ite Islam. We continue to trade with the Roman Empire. Trade routes to Caliphate of Mecca are continuing to be drawn on maps. The 30 ships land in east Africa. We start to build a port city. The city is called رایگان بندر. (Free Port)
 * Khanate of Khiva: We improve our relations with the Safavid empire. We build up our military and navy. Trade routes are continuing to be mapped into the Safavid empire.
 * Ottoman Sultanate dip: We request admission into the ETA (Eurasian Trade Agreement).
 * Safavid Dip: Resquest in the ETA is granted.
 * Tawatinsuyu: As the population continues to pull out of the plague, the growth rate remains extremely low, with the population just climbing above 798,000. Military improves. Medical research continues. Peru, Chimu and Sican are developed. Anti-Spain riots settle down, though a strong anti-Europe sentiment remains in the empire. Population of Cuzco stands at 130,000 people, the largest in the nation. Chimu currently has a population of 87,000, making it a distant second to Cuzco. Third largest goes to Machu Picchu, with a population of 51,000. Fourth Largest is Peru, with 35,000 people. The smallest of the Golden Cities, Sican, has a population of 16,000. After Years of Westernization aid from the Spanish, the Inca decide to invade Chiribaya, saying that it is part of Tawatinsuyu from the First Empire. We also hope that this war will show the Spanish and Inca the might of Inca.
 * Burjid Sultanate: In the year 1513 the nation had a period of reconstruction under the Mosque Model and everything was going smoothly, until the Sultan suddenly died. Since the Sultan didn't declare a clear successor, the Sultan's son and Burjid's military leader Al-Adin Sayf ad-Din Tuman Bay and the Sultan's best friend and Burjid's religious leader Haddi went to war. Because Al-Adin had the military on his side, he quickly took over the capital, Aleppo and thus de jure succeeded as the Sultan. De facto however, Sultan Tummad only had control over Aleppo and the surrounding area while de facto, Hadi ruled since he was supported by the majority of the people. Because of this, Sultan Tumman had to deal with various pro-Hadi and anti-Government rebellions. Meanwhile, the Sultan  had a daughter named A'shadieeyah (Meaning Princess, cute, perfect) Tummad Bay. Over the past the 18 years Sultan Tummad Bay had to deal with rebellions while his daughter grew up into a woman. This year, the Religious Leader Hadi died and while many warlords have tried to succeed Hadi's greatness, they have failed to do so. In an attempt to recentralize and gain trust among the people once again, Sultan Bay Talmund goes declares war on the warlords. Unfortunately for the Sultan, however, his repetutation is already tarnished and many still distrust him. Instead, they seek a new Sultan, one who is great at everything from religion, to military, to adminstration. When news of the greatness of Suleiman the  Magnificent many begin to demand his leadership. After much consideration and news of vassalization, Sultan Tulman Bay offers A'shadieeyah's (the Sultan's daughter) hand in marriage with Sultan's Suleiman The Magnificent's eldest son, Sulimen. (Upon the Ottoman's acceptation I shall resign from the Burjid Sultanate and perhaps join as another nation if allowed.)
 * Ottoman Sultanate dip: Suleiman the Magnificent: So impressed and overjoyed by the propostition, the great Sultan himself, travels to Burjid to accept the proposal. Burjid will become a vassal of the Ottomans, and will be split between north and south. With two regions the north being the Damascan Regient, and the South being the state of Levant the new vassal of the Ottomans. The restoration of Damascus will be immediately underway next year. And set up as the subcapital for the time being, overlooking the new southern territories. The personal union between A'shadieeyah and Sulimen will make Sulimen the regient Sultan of Damacus as he rules over the sub capital under his father's orders.
 * Bengal Sultanate: The decrease in taxes on the landed elite does its job in most areas of the Sultanate, decreasing the tax load on the peasantry and earning him their support. The tax cuts on the merchant class allow for more trade to be conducted, and a recent lax on some of the quota laws allows for more goods to be shipped from Bengal, greatly increasing trade income. Cash crops continue to be grown in large amounts. With our merchants traveling to Ava, Kamarumpa and Arakan regularly, Islam continues to grow in their areas. Merchants also travel exclusively to Multan, Sind, Ladakh, and Kangra. Due to Bengal having control over lands of multiple ethnicities and religions, literary works in the form of poems continue to take influence from all three religions of the Sultanate. Urdu, also called Hindi by some, becomes more common in the Sultanate due to the mixing of Hindu and Islamic ideals. We continue to help finance the Plutocratic State of Jaunpur, Delhi Sultanate and Bahamani Sultanate by sending gifts directly to the nobles/sultans, offering loans from powerful trade bankers, and decreasing the trade taxes over all of Bengal, allowing more of our merchant goods to travel into those states. We also raise a portion of the Sultan's personal levy and then divide it to be sent out to the states' leaders, so that they can do with them what they wish in order to maintain order in their nation. The construction of schools and universities several years ago has led to an increase in scholars and literacy in our nation. Due to the removal of trade barriers among a majority of states in the Indian League, their merchants and ours begin to travel with increased mobility and goods, thereby increasing the trade income and output in the agreeing nations. Several Bengali merchants continue to sponsor gem mines in the Mogok area of Ava, due to the high concentration of gems such as rubies, sapphires, garnets and moonstones, and the first of many mines begin to return with more successes. Construction of ships based upon Castilian designs, granted to us by them, continues, in order to further our efforts to explore and trade. New crops continue to enter into several plantations, opium and cannabis. The increasing need for an anesthetic due to many more surgeries in Bengal, simply due to an increasing population, leads opium cultivation to become very lucrative and results in many plantations including it in their crops. Cannabis becomes more popular, not simply due to its cultural history in Muslim societies, but also because of its popular use in several poetic works. The coastlands gained by Bengal continue to receive excessive shipments of Bengali goods, nobles, people, religion, soldiers, and ideals. The Bengali tax cuts, as well as plantations begin to take effect in the newly acquired lands, and woodblock printing is spread to Bengal proper as its use and replication is more fully understood. We begin work on a grand and lavish new Mosque outside the large city of Pandua, named the Grēṭa-jaṅgabāza Grant Mosque  named after the previous Sultan of Bengal, in an Urdu translation of his name.
 * Rajya of Orissa: Kapilendra Deva continues to listen to his advisers and bring about several reforms to his nation that make it more Islamic friendly, one of which is new, and calls for the creation of one mosque for each Hindu temple in the name of tolerance, when in reality, his advisers have prescribed this to bring about larger Islamic influence. Kapilendra Deva passes away and his titles pass to Kalua Deva, who begins an expensive campaign of military modernization.
 * Swargadeo of Kamarupa: Now vassalized by Bengal, the Swargadeo of Ahom continues to receive extensive help in creating viable farmland. They do this by continuing a process of land reclamation in the northern part of the state, which is largely marshy and thinly populated. This process of reclamation begins by using dikes, embankments and irrigation systems. The land reclamation, having been going on for decades, is extremely successful in creating viable farmland for rice, grain and other staple crops, increasing Kamarupa's population and their yearly trade output.
 * Bengali Diplomacy: (Gimme dat mod response yo ... Just kidding, please provide me with a mod response to my diplomacy request to an NPC): The Regent-King of Bengal asks the Jalal Shah Suri for a trade agreement, as well as an alliance.
 * Mod Response: The accept both the alliance and the trade agreement.
 * In the Tartary, Alexander I falls injured in a hunting trip. Already aged over fifty years, he seems to make a remarkable recovery for his age, until a cut becomes infected. He falls very ill. However, this does not stop the Tatar impetus, which continues expanding eastward by 5000 square kilometres. The Tartary furthermore finishes its influencing of the Khanate of Bukhara, which becomes a Tatar puppet. The heir of the Tatar crown, Avvakum (Christian name: Julian), visits the new territories, and decides that the puppet in Almaty is to merge eventually with the new Khanate. The economy and military grow, as urbanisation continues.


 * ​Perm expands its economy. The military also grows. The population expands quickly. Islam, vestigial from converts from the first occupation of Perm by the Jochid Ulus, has by now been mostly sidelined, with Mastoravism being the prominent faith in the region. The King of Perm dies, and, after bitter competence between major families, it is agreed that Perm's King is to be elected by the nobility every seven years.
 * Adyghea grows in its population. Fortresses are established in Caucasus passageways to the south. These continue to grow as large cities. Adyghea begins to become heavily dependant upon the main government of the Tartary.
 * Azov expands its population and military. The construction of Özu-Cale, a massive fortress and port, is finally completed; thousands of carpenters, shipsmen, ironworkers and traders move or are moved to the port city extremely soon. However, the infrastructure of the nation still does not prepare for 100% efficiency in the port.
 * Kazakhstan begins to be integrated with the newly-acquired Emirate of Bukhara. The population of both Persified Tajiks and Turks grows, as does the city of Astana.
 * A pro-Tatar ruler in Bukhara rises to power. The ruler immediately begins to improve the economy, connecting the cities of Bukhara and Samarkand to the trade routes on the west. The population grows quickly, immediatley as the leader rises to power. The economy grows, as Permic merchants for the first time begin to trade between the (actual) Silk Road and the West without a hitch.
 * Netherlands: Control over the spice islands trade continues to grow as Batavia grows into an ever expanding city and port in the region, the White population of the city also grows. Karl and his first wife Asha have their second child a girl named Shriya. Karl having spent more then half his life in the orient and the other half under the influence of his old mentor Mirza converts to Sunni islam much to the shock of the his family and the Courts in The Hague and Brussels however due to his loyalty to his family and the large profits he has brought the Netherlands his brother and the ruling upper class turn a blind eye to the notion. Karl during his trip to the Bengali royal court takes an interest in the daughter of the Sultan, attempts to court her are made much to the anger of Asha and to the dismay of his family back home. The East India Compsny once more request that Sunda accept the protecterate status promising to allow them internal autonomy aslong as they go along Dutch guidelines. (mod response please) More troops are stationed in Batavia following the treaty established with the Sunda government years before, influence over the trade in Timr also grows due to treaties established with the emperor of the state. Trade with China and Japan also continue to grow. Infleunce over the South Sumatran states continue to grow. The slave trade continues to grow as more african slaves from the cameroon-nigerian region are collected through trade, and coercion. The Slaves are sold to French,spanish, Albionic colonies, imported to the Dutch settlements in the Guiana region, and also in increasing numbers to Bengal, and persia. An offer to sell slaves to the Tartary, the roman empire and to the Ottoman Empire. The Guiana settlements continue to expand along the coasts 20 pixels in total toward the central settlement of Paramaribo which is increasing becoming the centre of the West India's Company with the first sugar plantation being set up by a wealthy Dutch aristocrat from Ansterdam. The plant smoked by local natives starts becoming popular amongst settlers in the colony. The West india's Company names Frederick van de Bosch as its first governer of the settlements. The settlements become collectively known as Guiana. The population of the colony as a whole now stands at 900. tensions with the Natives continue to grow as more land is taking for settlement.  The Netherlands continue to enjoy a rise in standards of living and cultural development as the arts and science flourish and money tricles down the social ladder due to the Kingdom's large and extensive economic activities. The blacksmithing industry of Wallonia continues to grow and deliver the best quality metal goods in Europe. Military expansion and reforms continue. The army now standing at 35,000 while small remains well trained and drilled. Naval expanison continues and the dutch shipwrites near completion of their new ship design resembling OTL frigrates specializing in speed and firepower while maintaining the durability necesary to contend with the other naval powers of Europe if necesary. The universities of Brussels and Amsterdam continue to be centres of learning and the arts. The Mirza family along with other promient members of the literary community found the Society of Poets. Netherlander architecture continues to flourish as well as it develops further.
 * Mod response: The Sunda accept protectorate status, but they insist that a clause be added into the official document, stating that if the Dutch try to overly influence their internal affairs, the protectorate treaty will be null and void. 
 * Roman Empire: The Empire continues to expand its trade to many different regions of the world in order to expand the Empire's influence and wealth. The trading post at Atlantis begins to see a wealthy profit as trade goods from all the New World are stored there before being shipped back to the Empire. Some merchants begin considering starting up businesses there and bringing their families, although this is not done yet. Leverlocks and Galleasses continue to be produced, and the Roman navy now has a formidiable 20 galleasses at its disposal. With political intrigue in Alexandria, the Empire begins to extend its influence in that area using its trade, political influence, and the fact that most of Alexandrian law is based off of Roman law.
 * Albania: The nobles continue to debate back and forth the merits of joining the Roman Empire as an Archonate. The king ultimately decides that if Albania is to join, it must be completely united first.
 * Ragusa: The republic continues to profit from trade with the rest of Europe and beyond.
 * Lombardy: Work continues on the Certosa di Pavia, the Castle Visconteo, and on the extensive Milan Cathedral. We continue training a proper standing army, utilizing Swiss mercenaries and local recruits. With border disputes now settled between the nations of Austria and Switzerland, we continue opening friendly relations with both nations in hopes of repairing our diplomatic relations and protecting our northern border. We continue constructing cogs and galleys to strengthen our navy and protect our interests on the seas. Our turn is dedicated to economy in both our nation and our vassals. Wallis is declared a vassal of our nation, and we continue influencing them.
 * Novgorod: We continue the production of ships, cannons, muskets, advanced crossbows, swords, and composite bows, increasing our military capabilities in case of war. The nation’s training and advancement of military continues. The recent classes of Koch ships are being manufactured in Novgorod. The town of St Patriksburg’s population grows a bit more that last year. As the construction of the town improves, the Kremlin finishes, trade becoming more in demand, the town gains slightly. Because of the trade road built with Tver our economy increases. After seeing a great success with the private schools in the cities of Novgorod, St Patriksburg, Staraya Russa, and Nizhny Novgorod. We start building another private school in Rostov and Yaroslavl. We complete building private schools in Torzhok and a private school in Staraya Ladoga. We dedicate this turn to economy.
 * Tver: We complete the construction of the private school in Tver and we start the new one. We expand our economy because of the trade established between Yaroslavl, Rostov, Muscovy and Novgorod. We dedicate this turn to economy.
 * Yaroslavl: We complete the construction of the private school in Yaroslavl and we start the new one. We expand our economy because of the trade established between Tver, Rostov, Muscovy and Novgorod. We dedicate this turn to economy.
 * Rostov: We completed the construction of the private school in Rostov and start the new one. We expand our economy because of the trade established between Tver, Yaroslavl, Muscovy. We dedicate this turn to economy.
 * Karelia: We expand our economy because of the trade established between Tver, Rostov, Muscovy and Novgorod. We dedicate this turn to economy. As fur traders and hunters begin to move into Karelia, the land becomes more settled. We are pleased that peaceful terms have been met between us and Scandinavia, and we hope to improve relations in the future.
 * Rumania: Stephen, now 55, continually guiding the country wisely and with the assistance of his son pushes to grow the economy more this year. The Danube swells as a highway of commerce, thousands of barges travel up and down its length transporting people, materials, goods, and ideas. The spread of better sanitation systems, first introduced to Constanta by the Romans, causes a slow increase in the average lifespan. As much as 9.5% of the nation has reached basic literacy, and the Moralists promote education of commoners by priests, in order to give everyone the opportunity to read the bible. Education among the elite is becoming almost mandatory. The mining sector continues to expand; Iron, salt and coal mines dot the landscape. Coal is produced for metalworking and heating. These mines provide the resources required by the foundries and traders on the coast. The growing mines require more processing facilities, which spur more development along the coast. More large shipyards open and the lumber industry continues to expand to supply the shipbuilders. Leverlock muskets continue to grow as a major export. The gunsmiths of Rumania begin to gain a reputation for good-quality, reliable weapons. This fame pushes the smiths to experiment and create better variations on leverlock muskets. The creation of many skilled jobs allows a small middle class to grow within the nation. Constantius, now 31, helps his father rule the nation. He and his wife Phillippa continues to raise their son Vladimir.
 * The Consulate of Bulgaria: Radu, now 30, ruling as a Consul in the Bulgarian government strengthens ties with Rumania. He establishes a new system for immigration and allows thousands of Romanians move into the country, seeking cheap and productive land. Meanwhile inter-marriage becomes very common. Bulgarians also begin to migrating to trade towns in Romania to seek more economic opportunities. The economy grows similarly to Rumania.

1532
'''The Spanish city of Gibraltar is attacked by a fleet of Barbary pirate under the command of a renegade in the service of the Ottoman Empire. Although the attack is repulsed, the citizens call for the creation of updated defenses, leading to the construction of the Muralla de San Benito, a defensive curtain wall. '''

''' After almost half a century of Madagasikaran migration to Sofala, the Madagasikaran population has officially doubled the Sofalan population. This leads to a young Madagasikaran noble leading a rebellion outside of the city calling for rule by a Madagasikaran leader. The noble points to Emperor Esteban Ralofoaro as the true king of Sofala. '''

Clement X issues the papal bull titled the Regimini militantis Ecclesiae, approving the Society of Jesus (Jesuits).


 * Mansuriyya Caliphate: In 1474 the plague arrived Baghdad harshly and Caliph Fatih caught the plagued and battled with the illness for 1 year until the Caliph died. After his death, the Caliphate decended into chaos and eventually was fragmented by various warlords. 57 years later, a direct decendant of Caliph Fatih, Aashif ibn Nuquad declares himself the new Caliph and is able to control Baghdad. Like his Grandfather before him, (his father died in defending Baghdad from invaders) he builds up the New Caliphate's military and economic power with the blessing of an already well established city. With his new found power he calls upon his people to unite under his banner inorder to restore greatness to the nation. Caliph Aashif is able to arise small groups of bandits and orders them to not attack merchants but those who opose the new Caliph, Any opposition, shall not be tolerated, whether clerical, civilian or military is brutally oppressed, until any challengers to his title are silenced.Caliph Aashif justifies this in order to bring law and order into a lawless and chaotic land. In order to strengthen the nation, trade offers are made to the Ottoman Empireand the Savafids.
 * China: Continues to chip away at the underlying isolation and "sloth" that Emperor Houcong feels has afflicted his great nation. China continues to aid the affected in the tsunami, and clean up continue along with the sending of food to the affected. Plans to rebuild the seawall continue to be made. The new trade policies continue to enrich the nation, and continues to convert followers to the cause of anti-isolationism, as the amount of gold flowing into China continues to be used by the government to pay for renovations of the cities of China, raising new walls, overhauling ports and ships, as well as a new road system started to cover every major town in China- expected to be completed by 1555. Meanwhile, China and its vassals Mongol Khanate, Khmer Empire, Lan Xang, and Pegu build up the military.
 * Korea: Korea continues to build up its military. Meanwhile, more Taoist, Neo-Confucian and Buddhist temples are built. Korea continues to send aid to China.
 * Naijiria: Naijirian forces crush all resistance to their rule in Songhai, making sure to prove a point to those in the land who would dare defy the government in Oyo-Ile. Tens of thousands of Songhai rebels are captured, and their eyes poked out as punishment. Generals and leaders are captured and crucified by the Naijirian soldiers, and their bodies spread around the city of Timbuktu as a lasting reminder to the survivors within the city following a brutal siege. Hundreds of thousands of civilians who supported the Songhai government in rebelling are exterminated, and countless homes and residences burned to the ground. Men are drawn and quartered, and women handed out the Naijirian soldiers who were partook in the campaign. Every children between the ages of 5 and 13 are killed to wipe out the new generation of Mandinka who could potentially make the decision to rebel against Naijiria in the future. Asaaju Ajani has made it clear no further forgiveness toward those who would abuse the goodwill of Naijiria will be given. Those who surrender are granted mercy, and allowed to return to their homes, however, those who fought against Naijiria, but laid down their arms, are captured and their right hand chopped off to prevent them from fighting in the future. To ensure that no future rebellions by soldiers raised from the region occur in the future, 120,000 Yoruba soldiers from Naijiria proper are settled in the region permanently, both to defend the land and to expand the Yoruba population there. The war has much support back home, where the Yoruba, delighted to see their empire maintained, seek to ensure that their nation remains powerful, and their political hegemony undisputed in the region. With most of Songhai subdued, the government of Naijiria decides to further divide the recaptured land into three parts; Mali, Nijar and Senegal, ensuring that no one territory has the ability to pull any of the others away from the union. An all Yoruba government is set up in each, along with all-Yoruba military forces, relieving the overpopulation of Naijiria proper, and displacing the ethnic groups in Songhai with loyal members of the nation. Captured families fleeing the region are resettled in other parts of Naijiria, destroying the cultural link they held to Songhai, and ensuring that no one ethnic group outside of the Yoruba, have the ability to pull away a major territory of the union by weight of numbers. Away from the carnage in Naijiria, Angola and Ilu Jamaica are expanded by 250 km each along the coastlines of their respective lands. The military, economy and infrastructure of Naijiria are expanded.
 * Benin: Benin continues to support Naijiria in its jihad against the Songhai traitors, sending additional forces to the fight to deal with the rebels. While this takes place, Benin continues to develop its resources, as well as its naval forces. Benin expands inland by 50 km, and 2,500 km down its existing coastline. The military, economy, and infrastructure of the nation are expanded.