Commonwealth of Three Nations (Cromwell the Great)

"Malo periculosam libertatem quam quietum servitium" The Commonwealth of Three Nations (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Trojga Narodów) or Triple Union (Unia Troista) was a partial restoration of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth including Ruthenia.

The Second Commonwealth better know as the Rzeczpospolita survived thanks to French, British, Scandinavian, and Austrian diplomacy after the Peace of Vienna, that wanted a buffer state in central Europe that could keep in check the territorial claims in the region of Prussia, Russia and Austria. Its existed depended on the constant protection of French troops against its more powerful neighbors: Prussia, Russia and Austria.

Decadende
Aby sprawa dobra i rząd pospolity wszędzie był doma, a postronnych pokój, tośmy egzekucyją nazwali. (Mikołaj Sienicki) The Decadence (Polish: Dekadencja, Lithuanian: Dekadence, Ukrainian: декаданс) is the period that marks political, social, and economical crisis of the old Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the end of Polish Renaissance. The Deluge for many historians and commentators marks the beginning of this period. The Deluge refers to the mid-17th-century campaigns in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the wars with Sweden, Prussia and Russia. During the wars the Commonwealth lost approximately one third of its population as well as its status as a great power. It affected the richest provinces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (Greater Poland, Lesser Poland, Mazovia, Pomerelia, Kujawy, Podlasie) that were either destroyed, unpopulated or lost to Prussia, Sweden or Austria.

Revival
"Polacy powinni się obawiać nie postronnych narodów, nie zagranicznej potęgi, nie zdrady nieprzyjaciół naszych, tylko jedynie własnej nieprawości i grzechów. (Szymon Majchrowicz)" The Revival (Polish: Odrodzenie, Lithuanian: Atgimimas, Ukrainian: Відродження) is the period that encompasses the efforts of reformation that ended in the establishment of the Commonwealth of Three Nations. Despite this movement being locally and internally triggered, and succeeding in its goal of establishing the new Rzeczpospolita it depended on the will and troops of France, Britannia and Scandinavia to survive.

Reformist became divided between constitutional monarchists, moderate republicans (in favor of the British model) and later radical republicans (partisans of the French revolutionary republic).

Government
The constitutional arrangement was troublesome due that local patriots were equally divided in constitutional monarchists and republicans. Both groups advocated the restoration and reform of the former Commonwealth but diverged in its details. Although they all considered some form of federalism and the incorporation of Ruthenia (north-west of Ukraine) in equal terms to Poland and Lithuania.

The First Government Act of the monarchy established a bicameral parliament (an elected Sejm and an appointed Senate), the King-Grand Duke as the chief of the executive power and the Permanent Council, the cabinet of ministers. Main change was from an elective monarchy in its unique Polish variant to a hereditary monarchy. The Second Government Act established the republican Rzeczpospolita replacing the King-Grand Duke with a Supreme Director (Najwyższy Dyrektor) elected by the Sejm for a fixed period and a cabinet of ministers called the Guardians of the Laws.

Common issues to all Government Acts was that while affirming the unity and indivisibility of all territories within a single state and their equal representation in state-governing bodies, it expressly stated that Poland, Lithuania and Ruthenia shared a common government, military and treasury, but tax revenues were to be spent only within the territory of their recollection and the common army.

Heads of State
King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (And Ruthenia)
 * Augustus III of Saxony (1696-1763) 1734-1763
 * Stanisław II Augustus Poniatowski (1732-1798) 1764-1798
 * Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski (1734–1823) 1798-1805
 * Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski (1734–1823) 1798-1805

Administrative divisions
Before the Triple Union, the Commonwealth compromised primarily two parts: With the triple union the Grand Duchy of Ruthenia was recreated from the voivodeships of Volhynia, Kiev, Bracław and Podole.
 * the Crown of the Polish Kingdom (Poland proper), colloquially "the Crown"
 * the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, colloquially "Lithuania"

The republican Commonwealth is organized in three governorates (or gubernias), each is divided in provinces (wojewodztwa), lands (ziemie) and counties (powiaty), Besides the governorates there also are as independent administrative division the free cities and public lands. The governorates have elected regional assemblies (sejmiks). Other lands included in the Commonwealth are the Free Cities and Krakow.