Alternative History:Alternate Names/Europe

Albania

 * Shqipëri, Shqipëria, Shqipnia (in Albanian).

Armenia
See Alternative History:Alternate Names/Asia

Austria

 * Österreich (in German).
 * Ostmark ("East March"), medieval name, and the name under Nazis.
 * United States of Greater Austria was proposed in 1906.
 * Rakousko (in Czech).

Belarus

 * Byelorussia, older variant of the name
 * White Russia, literal translation
 * Biela Rus’, in Old Slavic
 * Black Rus’, Black Ruthenia, Black Russia, Chornaya Rus’ (in Belarussian), the East Slavic lands controlled by Lithuania.

Belgium
See also Low Countries


 * Belgica, historical Latin province. Later used as Latin name for the Low Countries. After 1830 solely referring to the southern parts of which.
 * Belgium, België, Belgique, Respectively the Anglicized, Dutch and French versions of "Belgica".
 * Flanders, until the Dutch revolts the dominant region in the Low Countries. Then often erroneously applied to the whole of the Low Countries. Unlikely candidate to be formally adopted as such without outside interference. Currently applied to the Dutch speaking halve of Belgium.
 * Wallonia, name referring to the francophone part of the Low Countries.

Czech Republic

 * Česká republika (in Czech).
 * Czechia, Česko (in Czech), official but not popular name.
 * Bohemia, Čechy (in Czech), Boiohaemum (in Latin), Böhmen (in German), Boi-heim (Germanic source), historical province covering most of today's republic.
 * Moravia, Morava (in Czech), Mähren (in German), the eastern region of the republic.
 * Great Moravia, Velká Morava (in Czech), the state controlling the territory in 833-902.

Estonia

 * Eesti (in Estonian)
 * Estland, Estlandia (Russian), older names of the territory.
 * Viro (in Finnish)
 * Virumaa (in Estonian), Vironia (in Latin), Wierland (in German), Virland (in Old Norse), an independent county in north-eastern Estonia, from whose name the name of Estonia in Finnish is derived.

Finland

 * Suomi, Finnish name.
 * Finlandia, Russian name.
 * Finnia, Finnonia, Fennia, Latin names.

France

 * Celtica, Roman province comprising most of northern and central Gaul
 * Gaul, Gallia, Roman name.
 * Neustria, a name for modern France in the Carolingian era
 * West Francia, a name for modern France in the Carolingian era

Georgia
See Alternative History:Alternate Names/Asia

Germany

 * Alemannia, Allemagne, Almaniya etc., the names adopted in most Romance and Muslim languages.
 * Austrasia, a name for modern Germany in the Carolingian era
 * Deutschland, the name in German.
 * Dutchland, English rendering of the name above, later applied to the Netherlands only. See also: Low Countries.
 * East Francia, a name for modern Germany in the Carolingian era.
 * Germania, the name in Latin.
 * Holy Roman Empire, or simply The Empire, the Union of the German states in the Middle Ages.
 * Hunnic Empire, an ancient empire traditionally associated with the Germans.
 * Niemcy, Nimechchyna etc. (literally "the country of the mute"), the names adopted in most Slavic languages.
 * Prussia, the dominating state in the 19th century; the name was informally applied to the German Empire.
 * Saxony, one of the dominating states, whose name is applied to whole Germany in some Finnish languages.
 * Suðrvegr (i.e. "south way"), the name used by Vikings (opposite to Norway)
 * Swabia, after an important ancient tribe, informal name in some South Slavic languages.
 * Tedeschia, informal name in Italian (after tedesco, the adjective for "German").
 * Teutonia, alternative name in Latin, perceived as Latinate form of Deutschland.
 * Union of German Countries was proposed for a confederation in 1948.

Greece

 * Hellas, Hellada (in Greek).
 * Byzantine Empire, in mediaeval ages.
 * Graecia (in Latin).

Hungary

 * Magyarország (in Hungarian).
 * Pannonia, Roman provice.

Ireland

 * Éire, Irish name.
 * Erin, Banba, Fodla, poetic names
 * Hibernia, Latin name.

Italy

 * Apennine Peninsula, the one Italy is in.
 * Hesperia, Esperia, "western land" (from Greek point of view).
 * Graecia Magna, Latin name of the Greek colonies in southern Italy.
 * Rome, Roman Empire, dominating state in ancient times.
 * Sicily, Trinacria, Naples, dominating kingdom in southern Italy in 1130-1861.
 * Ostrogothic Kingdom, controlled Italy in 493-553.
 * Lombard Kingdom, most influential kingdom in 568–774.
 * Ausonia, as mentioned in Virgil's Aeneid.

Latvia

 * Courland, Kuršas (Lithuanian), Kurlandia (Russian and Polish), Kurland (German), Curonia or Couronia (Latin), a large historical region in present-day Latvia and Lithuania.
 * Letland, Lettland, Lettonia (Latin).
 * Livonia, Liflandia (Russian), Livland (Swedish), Inflanty (Polish), a duchy and later a Russian province in Latvia and southern Estonia.

Lithuania

 * Litva, Łotwa, in Slavic languages.
 * Aukštaitija ("Highlands") and Žemaitija ("Lowlands"), the two main historical regions of Lithuania.

Low Countries
See also Belgium, Netherlands


 * Benelux, acronym of Belgium, The Netherlands and Luxembourg. First formally used in 1955.
 * Dietsland, Dietschland, derived from a Middle Dutch word for "Dutch" that has fallen into disuse. Was popular among Dutch and Flemish National Socialists during World War II. Still used by right wing advocates of Greater or Whole Netherlandism.
 * Dutchland, Thiogne, Anglicized and French versions of "Dietsland". See also: Germany.
 * Lower Lotharingia, Lothier, early medieval name for the Low Countries, including parts of the German Rhineland and Palatinate.
 * Netherlands, synonymous with "Low Countries". After 1830 solely referring to the Northern Netherlands. Translation of the original French phrase: Pays-Bas.
 * Nederlanden, plural Dutch language name for the Netherlands. Often used in historical context to refer to the Low Countries as a whole or, more recently, to refer to the Netherlands, Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles.

Macedonia

 * Paeonia, poetic name, after an ancient kingdom.
 * New Macedonia, Upper Macedonia, Slavo-Macedonia, Republika Makedonija-Skopje, North Macedonia, as opposed to Greek Macedonia.
 * Vardar Republic, Republic of Skopje, Greek-backed proposed names.

Moldova

 * Bessarabia, large region comprising all of Moldova and parts of Romania and Ukraine
 * Moldavia, until 1991

Netherlands
See also Low Countries
 * Batavia, name derived from an old tribe that lived in the northern Low Countries. Historically used by the Dutch "Batavian Republic".
 * Holland, dominant region in the Northern Netherlands after the Dutch revolts. Often erroneously applied to the whole of the Northern Netherlands. Unlikely candidate to be formally adopted as such without outside interference (e.g. the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland).
 * Nederland, most often used Dutch language name for the Netherlands. Notice the fact that, contrary to usage in many other languages, the name is singular.

Transnistria

 * Pridnestrovie, in Russian
 * Nistrenia, in Moldovan (as used within Transnistria)

Montenegro

 * Crna Gora, the Montenegrin (Serbo-Croatian) name.
 * Black Mountain, translation of the name.
 * Praevalitana, Roman province.
 * Zetska Banovina, a banovina (province) of the Yugoslavian Kingdom.

Norway

 * Noreg, Norge - Norwegian Name
 * Denmark-Norway - name of the union with Denmark.
 * Union between Sweden-Norway - another name.
 * Thule, Latin poetical name, shared with Sweden.

Poland

 * Lechia, from Lendian tribe that inhabited Poland around the 9th Century. Variants of this are used throughout the Middle East.
 * Polska, Polish name.
 * Polonia, Latin name.
 * Rzeczpospolita (Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów), Res Publica Serenissima (Latin), Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish-dominated union in 1569-1795.

Portugal

 * Lusitania, after the Roman province.
 * Olissiponia, after Olissipo, the Roman name of the city of Lisbon.
 * Ophiussa ("Land of Serpents"), ancient Greeks of the territory near the mouth of the river Tagus.
 * Oestreminis ("Extreme West"), Latin poetical name.

Romania

 * Dacia, Roman province.

Consists of three main historical provinces:


 * Wallachia, Muntenia (in Romanian), the southern province, in the OTL became foundation of the united Romanian state.
 * Moldavia, Moldova (in Romanian), the north-eastern province.
 * Transylvania, Ardeal (in Romanian), Erdély (in Hungarian), Siebenbürgen ("Seven cities" in German), the north-western province.

Russia

 * Rus or Rus’, the oldest name (since pre-Christianity times).
 * Ruscia or Ruthenia, Latinate forms of the oldest name.
 * Urus, Oros, Urys, Orys etc., the name used by the Mongol and Tatar conquerors in 13th-15th centuries.
 * Muscovy, Moscovia (in Latin), the centralised principality/kingdom with the centre in Moscow since 14th century eventually conquering whole Russia, as opposed to the other Russian states.
 * Great(er) Russia, Russia Magna or Russia Major (in Latin), Makra Rosia (in Greek), Velikorossia or Velikorossiya (in Russian), as opposed to other Russian nations (Ukraine ("Small Russia") and Belarus) in English, Latin, Greek, and Russian respectively.
 * Black Russia, Russia Nigra, as opposed to Belarus ("White Russia").
 * White Russia, Russia Alba, sometimes, probably as opposed to the areas occupied by the Poles and Lithuanians.
 * Rossia or Rossiya, the name in Russian.
 * Hyperborea, Scythia, antique names sometimes applied to Russia in poetry.
 * Siberia, Sibir’ (in Russian), the name of the largest region of Russia (Asian part of Russia).
 * Tartaria, the mediaeval name for the vast scarcely know lands to the east from Europe
 * Golden Horde, Ulus of Jochi, Kipchak Khanate, Ulug Ulus ("the great state"), the most influential state in the contemporary Russian territory in the 13th–15th centruries, founded by Mongols and later dominated by Tatars.
 * The Soviet Union, the Soviets, the names of the Communist state that existed in Russia in the 20th century.

Spain

 * Iberia, after pre-Roman inhabitants of the peninsula.
 * Hispania, Latin name.
 * Al-Andalus, Spain under Arabs.
 * Castile, the largest kingdom until it united with Aragon.
 * Asturias, León, Navarra, Aragón, other mediaeval kingdoms.
 * Baetica or Hispania Baetica or Hispania Ulterior ("Farther Spain") (Southern Spain); Hispania Tarraconensis or Hispania Citerior ("Closer Spain") (North-East Spain); Gallaecia (North-West Spain), the names of the Roman provinces in Spain
 * Visigothic Kingdom, covered most of the present-day Spain (418–721).
 * Pyrenean Peninsula, alternative name of the peninsula.
 * España, Spanish name.

Sweden

 * Sverige, Swedish name.
 * Suecia, Latin name.
 * Svea Rike, older variant.
 * Thule, Latin poetical name, shared with Norway
 * Svitjod, Old Norse name.
 * Gothia, Gothland, Gothenland, Gautland, Geatland, Götaland (in Swedish), large southern part of Sweden.

Switzerland

 * Schweiz (in German), Suisse (in French), Svizzera (in Italian), Svizra (in Romansh), local names.
 * Helvetia (in Latin).

Ukraine

 * Ukrayina (in Ukrainian), Ukraina (in Russian).
 * Small Russia or Small Ruthenia, Little Russia or Little Ruthenia, Malorossia (in Russian/Ukrainian), Mikra Rosia (in Greek), Russia Minor or Russia Parva (in Latin), Mala Rus’ (in Old Slavic), as opposed to Russia (Great Russia)
 * Zaporozhia, Zaporozhzhya (in Ukrainian), Zaporozhye (in Russian) ("The land below the rapids (of the Dnieper River)"), the land of the Ukrainian Cossacks (south-eastern Ukraine).
 * Rus’, self-name in the Middle Ages (shared with Russia).
 * Galicia, Halychyna (in Ukrainian), the most influential Ukrainian principality in the middle ages; later the name of the Ukrainian region within the Austrian Empire, and a Ukrainian entity that existed during the German Occupation in 1941-1944 (north-western Ukraine).
 * Red Rus, Red Ruthenia, Ruthenia Rubra or Russia Rubra (in Latin), Chervona Rus’ (in Ukrainian), Ruś Czerwona (in Polish), another name for Galicia.
 * New Russia, Novorossia, Novorossiya (in Russian), Novorosiya (in Ukrainian), the land of the southern Ukrainian (formerly Crimean) lands, colonised by the Russian Empire in the 18th-19th centuries.
 * Scythia, Sarmatia, after the names of the ancient peoples that dwelt in the region.

Crimea

 * Krym, Russian and Ukrainian name
 * Qırım, Crimean Tatar name
 * Cimmeria, ancient name
 * Tauris, Taurica, old Greek name; Tavrida, one of the Russian names in 18-19th centuries

United Kingdom

 * Albion, name applied to Great Britain by Pliny the Elder. All the islands of Britain were known as "the Britanniae".
 * Britain, Britannia.
 * Great Britain.

England

 * Anglia, Latin name.
 * Engla Land, Old English (Anglo-Saxon) name

Northern Ireland

 * Ulster, Uladh (in Irish Gaelic), after one of the four provinces of Ireland.

Scotland

 * Caledonia, Latin name.
 * Alba, Albania (in Latin), Scottish Gaelic name for Scotland.

Wales

 * Cymru, Welsh name.
 * Cambria, Latin name.

Yugoslavia

 * Illyria, Roman province roughly concurrent with Yugoslavia
 * Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, in 1918-1929
 * Serbia and Montenegro, in 2003-2006