User:JorgeGG/Sandbox/From Sea to Shining Sea

Ideas, drafts and snippets of Communist-Controlled_America

General ideas

 * One POD and butterfly effect.
 * An entry of Sarah Leslie (19??-February 28, 1986), (plus a photo)
 * American transnational corporations (see below)
 * An entry of the American Workers Party (see below)
 * A socialist Japan (See Japan (Communist-Controlled America))


 * America's neighbours
 * Mexico
 * Canada
 * Cuba? Machado's dictatorship.
 * Puerto Rico
 * Panama Canal Zone. League of Nations mandate under British and Colombian supervision.
 * Haiti. United States occupation ended (between Dec 1932 or late 1933 or early 1934) as US Marines leave the island to strengthen the Canal Zone or US territory.


 * Central America (How far does Mexico intervene?)
 * Guatemala. Jorge Ubico's dictatorship. Banana Republic
 * El Salvador. Maximiliano Hernández Martínez's dictatorship. Banana Republic
 * Honduras. Tiburcio Carías' dictatorship. Banana Republic
 * Nicaragua. US troops leave to America in Dec 1932 as part of planned pull out. Return of Augusto C. Sandino from his asylum in México. (Nicaraguan history goes the same way as OTL or Mexico helps Sandino?)
 * Costa Rica. Constitutional government with free democratic elections.
 * Panama. Dependent of the British and Colombian supervision of the Canal and their influence.


 * Rest of the Americas (at least between 1932-1936)
 * Venezuela. Juan Vicente Gómez's dictatorship
 * Colombia. Liberal's hegemony with free democratic elections
 * Ecuador. Constitutional government with free democratic elections
 * Peru. Same as OTL?
 * Chile. Alessandri. Same as OTL?
 * Argentina. Infamous Decade. Same as OTL?
 * Bolivia. Same as OTL?
 * Brazil. Getúlio Vargas. Same as OTL?
 * Paraguay. Same as OTL?
 * Uruguay. Gabriel Terra. Same as OTL?


 * Names ATL
 * From Sea to Shining Sea
 * Red Star and Red Sun
 * The Other Revolution
 * Welcome to the Revolution
 * Red Banners and Stars
 * The Coal Miner's Daughter (I know, I know It is already used but it could something similar in reference to Sarah Leslie the key protagonist of the ATL)
 * Rebirth of a Nation


 * Names Country (former US)
 * United Socialist Republics of America (USAR) / United Socialist Republics of North America (USNAR)
 * United/Union of North American Socialist Republics (UNASR)
 * United/Union of American Socialist Republics (UASR)
 * North American Socialist Union (NASU) / North American Socialist Federation (NASF)
 * American Socialist Union (ASU) / American Socialist Federation (ASF)
 * United Socialist Republics of America (USRA) / United Socialist Republics of North America (USRNA)
 * Federation of American Socialist Republics (FASR)
 * United Socialist States of America (USSA)

Sarah Leslie
Sarah Leslie, the People's President (1936-1953)

American transnational corporations

 * A Draft

With the triumph of the Revolution Corporate US had ceased to exist. The Revolution besides making wide scale changes in the property and management of private corporations being the most important ones like the automobile, mining, coal, steel, and manufacturing trusts and large companies nationalized had also to deal with overseas properties and interests of these. Despite the Law on the Overseas Property of Former US Companies, that established a process to inventory and evaluate their assets and allowed their full nationalization or joint State ownership by the country were they operate, came to null in most of the cases save for the ones operating in Mexico that were de facto nationalized by its government. Overseas property and Foreign interest were retaken or recognized by the capitalists countries in favor of expatriated Americans. The Treaty of Economic Cooperation and Mutual Assistance signed between Mexico and Revolutionary America enable the exchange of managers, built local management abilities and technological transfer to key areas like petroleum, chemicals, heavy industry and construction.

American capitalists (Blue Expats) were able to transfer their properties and control to newly created overseas headquarters in Europe (mainly London and Paris) and other countries. Surviving corporations were able to keep their patents outside America and successfully contest their rights at law courts where cases were resolved in their favor.

For example The Mobil and Exxon Corporations were able to keep running their oil extraction and refineries after establishing in Canada and UK. American Tobacco Company, AT&T Corp already having interests outside America keep their managements and boards but settled in London. The big three automobile manufactures Ford Motor Company, General Motors and Chrysler consolidate of what was left outside America and force the merger of smaller American companies and dealers. United Fruit, Standard Fruit, and Cuyamel moved to the Panama Canal and functioned as before the Revolution in Central America and the Caribbean but now adding as new market for their products the British Commonwealth and Europe. High technology companies like aircraft, chemical, electrical and mechanical manufacturers were reestablished under new names and fought over many years the control of their patents outside America.

Other like U.S. Steel, Kennecott, and Anaconda Copper that lost all of their American assets were brought out by German, French and British interests, or like DuPont Chemicals and Pfizer, had new foreign partners and shareholders brought in and keep its patents outside of America. Only Alcoa Corporation keep its production of aluminum production mainly in Australia and Africa.

And the Fields of the South Burned
The Revolution meant a rapture but its climax happen in the South. At first it was distant whisper the outbreak of the revolution in the main cities but a week later the decades of racial segregation and white chauvinism erupted as volcano. The quiet violence expresses itself in hoes, pitchforks, rifles, lynching, killings, hangings and burning. Everywhere the fields were taken by force in most cases by blacks. The white landowners and their agents fought back with the usual violence but with state and federal broking down and not holding them back all sides took the worst acts of violence in their hands. If you can picture the most extreme of class warfare the South was its uglier example. Besides cities towns, villages and cities fought with revolutionary councils and courts springing out.

The AWP at first providing help to all revolutionaries was rapidly overtaken (Note: develop more the ideological break within the southern AWP). The black, with the help sympathetic whites organized themselves in their communes and revolutionary council. The most radicals joined in starting their revolutionary vanguard thus the Black Workers and Peasants Revolutionary Party came to being with the armed militias protecting and enforcing this new freedom. The poor farmer and his wife began to awake at the greatest change they foresaw under the Red flag with the Black Fist.

In many areas this control became an established government that after the triumph of the revolution did not easily gave its share of power to the newly established Socialist Workers Republics. Negotiations at national level gave back ample self government - Autonomous Regional Community (ARC).

National Constitution of the Revolutionary America
In 1937 the Constituent Assembly of Workers, Farmers and Indians approved the national constitution of Revolutionary America. This document replaced the provisional Principles of the Democratic Dictatorship of the Proletariat of 1933 that serve as the main charter of the incipient political apparatus the Workers sate during the revolution.

The main chapters are
 * Preamble
 * A Bill of Political and Social Rights
 * Social and public ownership of land, means of production and natural resources. The Indian communities have the collective ownership of the land and natural resources within their political territories.
 * Statement and guarantee of the sovereignty and source of all political power comes from the working people and the powers delegated on the branches of government of the Republic
 * The right of Initiative, referendum, and recall and law process making of the legislative and executive branches. Qualifications, term limits and recall of the legislative, executive and judiciary branches.
 * Characteristics the polities of the Union. |Workers Socialist Republic (or American Socialist Republic?) as main and basic constituent polity, Autonomous Indian Community (AIC) and Autonomous Regional Community (ARC), Local Indian Region, Communes and National Territory.
 * Relationship and coordination between the Republics and National Government. Also the mandate and ability to make compacts of interest or cooperation between the Republics.
 * an elected bicameral legislature that is the supreme ruling body with dual legislative and executive functions. The first chamber ( Workers' Congress of America) is composed of deputies elected by each Republic, Autonomous Indian Community, Commune and Autonomous Regional Community. A second chamber (Council of the Union) composed of representatives of the government of each Republic, Autonomous Indian Community, Commune and Autonomous Regional Community
 * Legislative process of national laws, budget, taxation and revenue. Regulation of emergency powers of the executive.
 * An unipersonal elected executive (President) assisted by a council of ministers named by the President and approved by the legislature.
 * A unified federal judiciary with National Supreme Court, named by the legislature in a mixed system composed of the executive, legislative and judicial branches. The state supreme court is the nations final court of appeal in all civil, criminal, labor, social and Indian cases, supervises the republican supreme courts. The guarantee of right of appeal to National Supreme Court. All judges served for fix terms and until the age of retirement of 65.
 * Safeguard clause of form of government of the republics that are part of the federation. Mechanism of intervention and necessity clauses in republican administrations.
 * Constitutional reform (legislative process, constituent assembly or referendum)

American Labor Unions
(Note: for the moment American Congress of Labor - Not the best name but a provisional one. Other names: Workers Alliance of America (WAA), Labor Alliance of America (LAA), National Congress of Labor, )

On the eve of the Second American Civil War (1932-1936) there were three main national labor unions. The craft unions dominated American Federation of Labor (AFL), the revolutionary and industrial unions lead International World Workers (IWW) and the Workers' Industrial Union (WIU). In the 1930s the IWW and WIU were bitter rivals in unionization of labor leaving aside the AFL that began to slowly lose its influence. The IWW and WIU also organized the unemployed and homeless in the Depressions of 1920–21 and 1929–33 by the unemployed councils, unemployed leagues, etc.

An example of the change of times was the disaffiliation of the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) from the AFL, and later its membership to the AWA. The IWW and WIU adopted a more radical and socialist platforms after the failure of the 1925 American Revolution and joined with other organizations in the AWA (1928).

During the revolutionary years the IWW and WIU and despite their rivalry, grew in strength as they organized and established workers and farmers militias, workers' councils, pushed for the merger of unions according to industry and helping the WTUL organize women workers. The AFL unprepared for events of the revolution became a shell of its previous national presence.

At the end of revolution the WIU was the main labor union, though it had agreed on joint action with the IWW in the final years of the Revolution. In an effort to unite American labor the IWW, WIU, WTUL and several other political workers union revived the Conference for Progressive Labor Action. The CPLA called organized and called for a meeting of a Congress of American Labor in 1938, inviting the leadership of the AFL and its associated unions.

At the unity congress all four national unions agreed of establishing the American Congress of Labor (ACL) and its support to the nascent socialist state. The unity congress approved as guiding principle of its by-laws: organize all workers along industrial union lines or manufacturing combines, promote the welfare and fair salaries to all workers, mutual aid and cooperation among workers, non-discrimination of women and blacks nor discrimination by skills, race, creed, or national origin in union membership and leadership, participation of workers in the management and safety in the workplace.

Organization

 * National Congress (meets every two years)-> elects National Executive Council every two years. Between National Congress meetings a Federative Meeting is held with representatives of each state/regional Executive Council and leadership of the affiliated organizations.
 * State / Regional Convention -> State/Regional Executive Council
 * District Convention -> District Executive Council


 * Affiliated organizations
 * United Mine Workers of America (UMW or UMWA)
 * United Automobile Workers (UAW)
 * Union of United Brewery, Soft Drink, and Distillery Workers of America
 * United Textile Workers of America
 * American Railway Union (ARU), later becoming the Transport Workers Union of America (TWUA)
 * National Agricultural Workers Industrial Union (NAWIO)
 * Lumber Workers Industrial Union
 * Metal and Machinery Workers Industrial Union
 * American Postal Workers Industrial Union
 * Oil and Gas Workers Industrial Union (OGWIU)
 * United Steelworkers Industrial Union
 * United Teamsters of America
 * American Federation of Teachers (AFT)
 * Construction Workers Industrial Union
 * Banking and Financial Services Union
 * National Federation of Federal Employees
 * United Public Workers of America (republic and local workers)
 * Marine Workers Industrial Union
 * Education and Science Workers’ Union
 * Artists' Union
 * Industrial Union of Marine and Shipbuilding Workers of America
 * International Typographical Union
 * American Newspaper Guild
 * Food and Tobacco Workers, later the United Food, Services and Commerce Workers

Cooperatives
The National Union of Cooperatives (NU-Coop) is the national confederation of cooperatives

The NU-Coop administers the National Cooperative Bank and the Credit Unions Association.


 * Organization
 * National General Assembly (meets every two years) that elects the National Board
 * State / Regional General Assembly (meets every two years) that elects State/Regional Board.
 * Local Coordination (meets every year) that elects the Coordinating Board

Types of cooperatives - workers, consumer, services, housing, retailers', agricultural and public utilities and Cooperative wholesale society.

Administrative divisions of the Revolutionary America
The Workers Socialist Republic (or American Socialist Republic?) are sovereign entities that have political jurisdiction over their territory and share their sovereignty with the national government and are bound together as part of the Revolutionary America. They take part in decision-making process of the National Government and coordinate and assist their actions with it.
 * Workers Socialist Republic (or American Socialist Republic?) (the former US States)

The republics must have a republican, democratic, socialist, and revolutionary form of government (article ?? of National Constitution). The republics have usually settled in the following constitutional schemes:
 * 1) Preamble
 * 2) A Bill of Political and Social Rights, based on the National Constitution with amendments peculiar to the republic. For example Oklahoma as also incorporated the rights of Indians and others minorities.
 * 3) Social and/or public ownership of land, means of production and natural resources.
 * 4) Statement and guarantee of the sovereignty and source of all political power comes from the working people and the powers delegated on the branches of government of the Republic
 * 5) The right of Initiative, referendum, and recall and law process making of the legislative and executive branches. Qualifications, term limits and recall of the legislative, executive and judiciary branches.
 * 6) Relationship and coordination between the Republics and National Government. Also the mandate and ability to make compacts of interest or cooperation between republics
 * 7) An elected legislature that is the supreme ruling body with dual legislative and executive functions. The majority of the republics have an unicameral legislature, however some particularly those with autonomous regional communities, autonomous Indian Communities or communes have second chamber (Council of the Republic or Council of Delegates)
 * 8) An executive either directly elected or named by the legislature. This executive can be unipersonal (Governor or Republic-President) or collective (Council of State, Executive Council or Supreme Executive Council). The Republican council of ministers named by the executive or approved by the legislature. Other non elected republic officers (Comptroller, Attorney General, etc.
 * 9) Legislative process of law making, budget, taxation and revenue. Also the delegation of some of it to local governments and oversight by the republic's legislature. Regulation of emergency powers of the executive.
 * 10) A unified judiciary with its high tribunal being a supreme court (Supreme Court, Supreme Judicial Court, etc.) named by the legislature, appointment by executive with collegial body consent or by mixed system composed of the executive, legislative and judicial branches. The state supreme court is the Republican final court of appeal in all civil, criminal, labor, social and Indian cases, supervises and names all lower courts. The guarantee of right of appeal to National Supreme Court.
 * 11) Organization of republican institutions and services (education health, welfare, civil service, etc)
 * 12) Administrative division, organization and degree of self government. Mechanism of intervention and necessity clauses in local administration
 * 13) Constitutional reform (legislative process, constituent assembly or referendum)

Most republics use preferential voting or proportional representation to determine the outcome of elections. Though, a few particularly underpopulated ones use a system of first-past-the-post voting. The number of deputies of the council and timing of the elections is determined by each republic, resulting in wide difference between when these elections are held in each republic, ranging from as little as five months to eight years between elections.

The republics are: First compact formed is New England (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont), later Cascadia (Idaho, Oregon and Washington), Appalachia (Tennessee, Kentucky, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia and commune of Pittsburgh) and Great Plains (Montana, Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota)
 * 1) Alabama
 * 2) Arizona
 * 3) Arkansas
 * 4) California
 * 5) Colorado
 * 6) Connecticut
 * 7) Delaware
 * 8) Florida
 * 9) Georgia
 * 10) Idaho
 * 11) Illinois
 * 12) Indiana
 * 13) Iowa
 * 14) Kansas
 * 15) Kentucky
 * 16) Louisiana
 * 17) Maine
 * 18) Maryland
 * 19) Massachusetts
 * 20) Michigan
 * 21) Minnesota
 * 22) Mississippi
 * 23) Missouri
 * 24) Montana
 * 25) Nebraska
 * 26) Nevada
 * 27) New Hampshire
 * 28) New Jersey
 * 29) New Mexico
 * 30) New York
 * 31) North Carolina
 * 32) North Dakota. In negotiations with South Dakota for a merge into Dakota
 * 33) Ohio
 * 34) Oklahoma
 * 35) Oregon
 * 36) Pennsylvania
 * 37) Rhode Island
 * 38) South Carolina
 * 39) South Dakota. In negotiations with North Dakota for a merge into Dakota
 * 40) Tennessee
 * 41) Texas
 * 42) Utah
 * 43) Vermont
 * 44) Virginia
 * 45) Washington
 * 46) West Virginia
 * 47) Wisconsin
 * 48) Wyoming

The communes elect deputies to National Workers Congress and enjoy limited autonomy and self-rule and a special status from the republic of which they are part of. The Autonomous Regional Communities have representation in the Republic's legislature, executive and judiciary. They are also a local government unit. They have self-rule. The ARC have been established in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina recognizing previous liberated areas and homesteads of the Black Liberation movement. Also included are Freedmen's towns. The Autonomous Indian Communities have representation in the Republic's legislature, executive and judiciary. They are also a local government unit. They enjoy full cultural rights. The AIC have autonomous and elected branches of government (an Indian Territory Legislature or similar, executive and judiciary) and elect deputies to the National Congress. The Local Indian Regions have representation in the Republic's legislature. They are also a local government unit. They enjoy full cultural rights. They have limited self-rule. The National Territories are under direct National administration, until they reach a level of population and economic development that enables them to become a republic. Also unorganized or sparsely populated territories are national territories. Territories have limited self rule at all levels. -
 * Commune
 * 1) Chicago
 * 2) Detroit
 * 3) Georgetown (former Washington DC)
 * 4) Los Angeles
 * 5) Manhattan (New York City)
 * 6) New Orleans
 * 7) Philadelphia
 * 8) Pittsburgh
 * 9) Cleveland
 * 10) St. Louis
 * Autonomous Regional Community (ARC)
 * Autonomous Indian Community (AIC)
 * 1) Apache Nation (in New Mexico and Arizona)
 * 2) Blackfoot Confederacy (in Montana, Wyoming and Idaho)
 * 3) Cherokee (in Oklahoma, North Carolina and Tennessee)
 * 4) Chickasaw (in Oklahoma)
 * 5) Choctaw (in Oklahoma)
 * 6) Comanche (in Oklahoma, Texas and New Mexico)
 * 7) Haudenosaunee (officially) /Iroquoia (colloquially) (in New York)
 * 8) Innu-aimun Territories (in Alaska)
 * 9) Lakota Republic (Lakota-Dakota-Nakota people - in S. and N. Dakota and Nebraska)
 * 10) Muscogee (Creek) (in Oklahoma)
 * 11) Navajo Nation (in New Mexico)
 * 12) Ojibwe (in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota and North Dakota)
 * 13) Pueblo (in New Mexico and Arizona)
 * 14) Seminole (in Oklahoma and Florida)
 * 15) Sequoyah (Cherokee nation in Oklahoma)
 * Local Indian Region (LIR)
 * (several in many states and territories)
 * National Territories
 * Alaska

National Ministries Revolutionary America
Council of Ministers
 * Foreign Affairs (former State Department)
 * Finance and Treasury (former Treasury Department)
 * Justice (former Justice Department)
 * Attorney General
 * Interior Affairs (former Interior Department)
 * Republican Coordination and Affairs
 * Indian Affairs (former Bureau of Indian Affairs)
 * National Defense (former War and Navy Departments)
 * Labor and Cooperatives (former Labor Department)
 * Post, Cables and Telephones (former Post Office Department)
 * Education
 * Health and Social Welfare
 * Housing

Economical Production and Distribution ministries
 * Agriculture and Food (former Agriculture Department). Its main bureaus are: Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries, Food Industry and Land Reform)
 * Trade and Industry (Former Commerce Department) later split in
 * Foreign Trade
 * Home Trade
 * Public Works
 * Transportation and Associated Industries. Its main Bureaus are: Automobile Industry, Aviation Industry, Land Transport, Marine Transport, Railroad Transport and Air transport.
 * Manufacture and General Production. Its main Bureaus are: Chemical Industry, Energy and Electrical Engineering, Electronic Industry, Mechanical Industry, Printing, Textile and Clothes, and Other Industries.
 * Mining. Several Bureaus: Coal, Oil and Gas, Copper Mining, Iron mining, etc.

Boards, Committees and Commissions
 * National Coordinating Committee of the Civil Service
 * Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve
 * Board of Governors of the National Bank of America
 * Board of Governors of the National Savings and Loans Union
 * Board of Governors of the Economical Development Bank
 * Board of Governors of the National Bank for Foreign Trade and Cooperation
 * National State Commission for Economic Planning
 * National State Commission of Public Works, later incorporated to the Planning Bureau of the Public Works Ministry
 * National State Commission of Science and Technology
 * National Research Council - National Academy of Sciences
 * Central Office of the Census and Statistical Information (former Bureau of the Census)

Regional development agencies/corporations. Administered by the Public Works Ministry
 * Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
 * Colorado River Authority (CRA)
 * Columbia River Basin Corporation (CRBC)
 * Missouri River Industrial Corportation
 * Ohio Valley Authority
 * Savannah River Authority
 * Arkansas Valley Development Board (AVDB)

Notable State and Public Industries and Cooperative
Between 1937 and 1942 the main nationalized industries were merged into large industrial combines and the Trade and Industry Ministry was split in distinct ministries with bureaus in charge of managing the nationalized economic sector under their administrative sphere.
 * American Motors Company (AMC) the main automobile company founded by the merger of the nationalized Ford Motor, General Motors, Chrysler Corporation.
 * National Harvester Company the main manufacturer of agricultural machinery.
 * National Steel Corporation formed from the nationalized US Steel, Bethlehem Steel and others.
 * National Coal Board. Merger of the nationalized Consolidation Coal Company, Pennsylvania Coal Co. and others. Organized in Coal Mining Provinces (Eastern, Gulf, Interior, Northern Great Plains, Rocky Mountains and Pacific Coast) and Districts.
 * North American Telephone and Telegraph (NATT) Merger of ATT and Western Union. Under management of the Ministry of Post, Cables and Telephones. Bell Telephone and private telephone companies became regional or republic public utilities.
 * National Railroad Administration
 * National Oil and Gas Corporation of America (NOGCA)
 * Federal Power Commission (FPC) administers, coordinates, maintains, regulates and builds the national electrical grid.
 * Pan American Airlines South American and international air carrier
 * North American Airlines national air carrier
 * Officially Prohibition at national level ended in 1937, however some republics during the Revolution had it abrogated within their territories. Alcohol production, quality, distribution and license of sales is regulated by republican governments. Production, distribution and sales of beer, wine and spirits are done by either republican, cooperatives or private retailers. Some republics have a complete state monopoly of the alcohol industry.
 * The tobacco industry is divided in two sectors that jointly produce and distributed all tobacco products. The nationalized American Tobacco Combine and tobacco producing cooperatives. A joint import-export company carries out all foreign trade.
 * Public utilities such as telephone, electricity, public and road cargo transport, water and waste disposal became republic or regional public utilities companies. Cooperatives also took up these services in rural and urban areas.

Politics
A United Front of Labor? a la OTL Popular Front.An electoral and political alliance post revolution?

The American Workers Party (AWP)
The American Workers Party (AWP, Spanish: Partido de los Trabajadores Americanos PTA) established in 1929, was the governing Marxist political party of the USRA from the country's foundation in the Revolution of 1932 until it was dissolved in 1991.

Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, American people began turning to socialist and communist due to the economic crisis. The failed American Revolution of 1925, death of the charismatic socialist leader Eugene V. Debs and the unsuccessful presidential campaigns and later death of Robert M. La Follette put the American left and reformist in a dire position. All attempts to rebuilt and unify the America left came to fruition in 1928 with the formation of the American Workers' Association (AWA), a loose alliance between workers' councils, labor unions, and left-wing organizations and political parties. Also the Socialist Party of America (SPA), Communist Party USA (CPUSA), Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), Farmer–Labor Party (FLP), Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP), Proletarian Party of America (PPA), and left-wing of the Progressive Party agreed on forming a Joint Action Committee.

Later in Wall Street of Crash of 1929 marked for many a new phase in class struggle in the US so the AWA and the Joint Action Committee agreed to call a National Convention of Unity were the American Workers Party (AWP) was established.

In 1929, school teacher and communist militant, Sarah Leslie, was elected as leader of the AWP by its members. Under her leadership, the AWA was united into a new political party: the American Workers Party. Shortly afterward, the Stock Market Crash of 1929 occurred, starting the Great Depression. This boosted the popularity of the party, which outgrew in adherence and new militants both the Republican and Democratic parties by the end of 1931. Leslie urged that through a revolution to overthrow capitalism and give ownership of the means of production to the working class. This, combined with discontent of the government due to its failure to give jobs and welfare relief to its citizens, caused the United States to erupt into revolution in 1932.

In the Second American Civil War (1932-1936) the AWP was the leading force and under its leadership were main combating revolutionary forces formed - Workers Militias and the Workers Revolutionary Army. The majority of the provisional Revolutionary Committees of liberated territories were staffed by its militants.

After the Triumph of the Revolution
In 1937 delegates to the III National Convention of Chicago or the Convention of the Victory assembled to discuss the party program, the report of the National Secretary and vote a a new National Executive Committee taking in account that most of its members died in the Revolution and its membership had been provisionally co-opted.

Sarah Leslie, at her opening speech to the delegates stated: ''Brothers and Sisters. This Victory is Our Victory. Its the triumph of the workers (...) the poor, of our dead comrades, (...) We can now begin to built socialism in America. It is the task of our generation as it was 1776 to the forebears of our Young Republic, of Lincoln after ending slavery, of (interrupted as delegates loudly cheer and rise to sing the Internationale)''.

The III National Convention approved the policy of Consolidation, Unity, and Strengthening of the Revolutionary Forces as the National Revolutionary Task of the historical moment after the armed and political triumph of the Revolution. Thus, the main task and duty of of the AWP, party workers and sympathizers would be to consolidate the power of the people's and workers councils, the political and legal normalization of liberated territories by means of republican constituent assemblies of the former US states, the purge and expropriation of capitalist and enemies of the revolution. To work for the unity of all the workers, allies and the economic organizations. The strengthening of the duties and power of workers association and republican (former US State) governments in order to rebuild the economy and begin the social reforms already enacted in the liberated territories.

In 1940 the anarchists, that keep separate organizations, agenda and were the main dissent voice to the political action of the AWP, were declared by AWP mass media and resolutions as obstructionists and saboteurs to the National Tasks and to undermine class solidarity by means of their propaganda and press. The cause of anarchist was not helped when its fighting organization started bombing campaigns, disobedience, violent disruption and wildcat strikes at factories, workshops and cooperatives, legislatures and executive organs. The flaming point came with open calls for the Armed Forces to revolt and return to the spirit of 1932. Based on these actions a wide purge in National and Republican governments was officially sanctioned. Followed by a series of show trials and kangaroo courts against anarchist members that were widely publicized and spreading to the labor movement were anarchist dissidents were thoroughly expelled.

The IV National Convention of 1941 received the report of the First Five-Year Plan and its eminent success. The renewal of the Consolidation, Unity, and Strengthening of the Revolutionary Forces policy was unanimously approved and a warning was launched to the anarchist to either joint the revolutionary majority or suffer its exclusion. This warning was later historically considered as a blank cheque for the repression of anarchism by the State security apparatus.

It was also approved a resolution to expel from the Party of uncommitted militants (later applied to Anarchist in the AWP), Blue sympathizers and opportunists. For this purpose internal party commissions would review post 1936 affiliations and ideological conformity. The Prairie Socialists presented a motion to extend cooperativism to major industries or at least allow a similar governance as in cooperatives. The notion was narrowly defeated but divided the Party between Central-Planners, Cooperationists and Workers' Participation. It was approves a motion of establishing a revolutionary co-partners. This in part to calm down political rifts in the South between AWP and the Revolutionary Party over the establishment of local autonomy and the immediate end of segregation.

Factions of the AWP
In its founding the AWP was the merger of several ideological and political groups and traditions some having strong regional following: Marxist-Leninist, Marxist-Trotsky, several Marxists tendencies, Social democracy, Farmer-Labors (i.e. Prairie Socialists), De Leonists, left-wing populists, civil rights movement, Christian left, trade unionists, Black liberation movement, IWW (Wobblies) and anarchists. The former until the 1940s when they were expelled and put on the limits of legal opposition.

Later tendencies included feminism, social/state planners and ecologists.

Dissolution of the AWP
In 1991 after it was dissolved its three major factions became the American Communist Party (ACP), the People's Democratic Socialist Party (PDSP), and the Liberal Democrats (LD).

Organization

 * National Convention. Celebrated every four years. Elects the National Executive Committee
 * State / Regional Convention -> State Executive Committee
 * District Convention -> District Executive Committee
 * Local Convention -> Local Executive Committee
 * Branch


 * National Secretary. Elected by the National Convention along the National Executive Committee.


 * Sarah Leslie (1929 to TBD)
 * TBD

The Revolutionary Workers and Farmers Party
The  Revolutionary Workers and Farmers Party (RWFP).

Regional following in the Black Belt (Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina) and outside of it in Oklahoma and the commune of Chicago

The Farmer–Labor Party
The  National Farmer–Labor Party or Prairie Socialists as large following in the Dakotas, Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma, and sizable parts of Montana, Wyoming, Missouri, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, and western and southern Minnesota. Also influential in Canadian Prairies (Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta). The NFLP was established over the issue of cooperative ownership and economic planning of the Great Prairies. Starting as a tendency since the times of the establishment of the AWP it slowly embraced the cause of farmers and cooperatives. It challenged several times the policies of the agricultural quotas of the central planning and enlargement of the state farms complex.

It definitely split from the AWP on the eve of the republican elections of Nebraska and Kansas were it won the Governorship and the legislature under its own electoral ticket. As a tendency of the AWP it was already a majority in the said states.

The American Communist Party (ACP)
The American Communist Party (ACP).

The People's Democratic Socialist Party (PDSP)
The People's Democratic Socialist Party (PDSP).

The Liberal Democrats (LD)
The Liberal Democrats (LD)

The Loyal, The Tolerated and The Underground Opposition
Former Republican and Democrats illegal and dissolved since December 1936 along several capitalist organizations such as the Chambers of Commerce, American Legion, employer's associations, National Civic Federation, Citizen's Alliance, Lions, Rotaries, etc.

What was left of the Republicans and Democrats merged in the Democratic-Republican Party or started the clandestine American Liberty League (ALL). The DemReps, tough not officially recognized would run candidates under the DemRep, DRP, Democratic-Republican labeled tickets thanks to the independent electoral lists that by law the labor unions or cooperatives could use.

Anarchists after they were outlawed in 1940-1941 would continue to exist as underground organization and cells. Infighting began when some split into a group wiling to collaborate within the AWP as loyal and constructive opposition and submitted to party discipline and another completely opposed to the State and party.

Their fighting organizations would take terrorist actions and guerrilla warfare that were counter attacked by the Vanguard Battalions of the Armed Forces and Internal Security Section III of Vigilance of Internal Left Counterrevolutionary Activities. Although small in scale the extent of this black war and the violation of civil rights by both sides and illegal detentions of anarchists militants and supposed complices would only be know to public in the 1960s in series of newspapers reports and accounts and the Political Openness that would release official files of IS-Section III.

As a political entity anarchists establish the Mutual Solidarity Front (MSF) that was organized with the help of the Mexican Anarchist Federation as a joint electoral platform. The Front brought together most of the political, labor and cultural organizations that for the first time could work in the open and not in the semi-legal situation they had before the Political Openness. It also marked the return from their exile in Mexico of various well know and historical activists and intellectual of the 1950s.

Due to their constant harassment and violation of civil rights that the MSF would also incorporate as part of their program Civil rights and Anti-racism. One immediate demand would be the de-establishment of the legal revolutionary terror that enabled from the 1940s to the mid 19600s the State Security apparatus and courts of justice the persecution of so called anti-revolutionaries to the left.

History
The Mexican Revolution brought important political, social and cultural changes.The Revolution itself was marked for several years of political conflict and at best it can be characterized as an ongoing process that ended approximately in the late 1940s. However it was not a socialist revolution nor it meant full democratization and both positions would be ongoing tensions that continue in present day Mexico.

Mexico was beginning to recover from the destruction and chaos of the Revolution of 1910 when it was hit by the Great Depression of the 1929-1940 and American Revolution of 1932-1936. Maneuvering in both crisis one of main consequence was the strengthening of the industrialization process promoted by the State and the revolutionary cliques.Though much of it came thru it with the financial, technological help and advise of Socialist America, that also moderately integrated both economies.

The American Revolution of 1932-1936 also affected Mexico in its process of normalizing the revolutionary unrest, ending conflicts of the revolutionary generals and cliques and the Maximato (1928 to 1934). At first the presidency of Rodriguez (1932-1934) was cautiously neutral and with limited political maneuvering due to the influence of the Maximato. However as the conflict begin to spread near the border in California and Texas were military commanders were given orders of taking down any militia or unit of the US Army to cross the border. However public opinion was largely in favor of the leftist revolutionaries and pressure grew in order to help the Red militias. So unofficially refuges and red militias fleeing Blue counter revolutionaries and the US Army, were giving quarter.

By 1933 and after the election of Cardenas (1934) did the government started the shift to openly supporting the revolutionaries. Supply lines were established under protection of the Mexican Army. As part of Cardenas’ shaking off the Maximo he opened communications and diplomatic ties with the incipient America Revolutionary Government. It was later officially and legally allowed for any Mexican to go over the border and join the Red Militias.

Many former revolutionaries and Army personal in mass drafted in the Mexican manned militias (Fuerzas Revolucionarias Voluntarias FRV), with most of them participating in the border US States of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and California. Most of these FRV were in fact covert units of the Mexican Army. Thought they also functioned as auxiliary support becoming vital in providing intelligence, communications, logistic and medical support for the FRV and the American Red Militias.

The main war theater would be Texas were the fight was over the control of the oil fields and the Gulf Coast. Tough the Mexican Navy was unprepared and under armed to openly engage with the US Navy it provided a vital distraction for the Revolutionaries in the Eastern seaboard.

In 1935 the Cardenas’ government openly showed its support in the farewell parade of a regiment of the FRV in Mexico City. The American Revolution also helped foster the more socialist policies of the Presidency of Cardenas and change the PNR into the more corporativist and pro socialist PRM as the official party in 1938.

However many Americans were worried and fearful of a possible Mexican annexation of lands acquired by the United States in 1848. This lead to fierce and violent backlash by the Blues against Mexicans living in America helped by Government propaganda. Cardenas’ worked around to defuse tension between members of the FRV that were for or against the secession. Cardena's official policy was the protection of Mexican citizens and long time residents and defend por give assurances to the American revolutionary councils that resisted Mexican assistance.

Assurances were given by Cardenas, who instructed for proclamations of no annexation to be read out by the FRV commanders when occupying towns and to hand power over to local revolutionary councils named by the Americans. Not acting as occupying forces but as co-revolutionaries and liberators that commanders of the FRV like Miguel Henríquez Guzmán, Rubén Jaramillo, Marcelino García Barragán, Pablo González Garza and many others became household names in the American Southwestern States that later would be commemorated in schools and public monuments. A recollection that in 1958 at the death of Miguel Henríquez Guzmán it was unanimously decreed a week long state and civic mourning in Texas, New Mexico and Oklahoma by all local and republican authorities.

In 1935 the oil industry was nationalized creating the state-owned Petroleos Mexicanos (PEMEX). Followed by all foreign railroads that were incorporated in the Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México (FN de M). Several American interests in the chemical, mining and electrical sectors were also nationalized following the socialization of the main industries north of the border.

In January 1937 a delegation of Mexican and American authorities meet at El Paso agreeing, besides the formal mutual diplomatic recognition, in several themes like migration, transports, debt and loans, economic, scientific and cultural cooperation and exchange and settlement of pending boundary issues. The Agreements of El Paso provided the first steps for the reshaping of Mexican-American relations as those of equal partners.

However lack of capital and foreign investments would hinder the further development and daily operation of nationalized american investments. At least a third of the Mexican debt was written off either by official agreement or because private banks defaulted or were nationalized. The Revolutionary America would take at least a decade in order to rebuild its economy so Mexico was open to European investments but under a strict legislation that would guarantee social and workers rights, limits in property (at least 40% should be state or private mexican), duty exemptions that did not collide with local industry and planning and limits in foreign management and personnel. However all these measures did not gave the expected results and Mexico would have to come in terms with the limits of joint capital investment of America but with an abundance of technological exchange.

Mexico also took a diplomatic offensive in the Western hemisphere and worldwide. In a series of agreements it took the representacion of the diplomatic interests of Revolutionary America until it could normalize its international relationships. Mexico was also keen on building its interests and influence in Central America were it promoted reformed governments (Guatemala and Nicaragua). It also called in 1939 for a Pan-American Congress in order to revive the Pan-American Unión, in recession since the American Revolution.

Due to its proximity Mexico was the refugee for fleeing Blues and American Anarchists. The later with the help of Mexican anarchists that in the 1940s and 1950s came in large number as family groups. Despite pressure from American State Security apparatus and agents to expel them, Mexican authorities allowed them to stay as political refugees provided they did not became involved in local politics. The New Policies of 1960s that allowed many to return to America was used by large numbers while the majority stayed behind due to family and work related issues.

Lazaro Cardenas (1934-1940, PNR later PRM), under his mandate the oil industry was nationalized and created Petroleos Mexicanos (Pemex), as the state oil company. He also revived agrarian reform in Mexico, expropriating large landed estates and distributing land to small holders in collective holdings (ejidos). Helped the American Revolution by sending the FRV.. Nationalized most of the american holdings in mining, manufacturing and chemical industry. Reform and invigorated the Pan-American Unión. Began the first Six Year Plan .Established the State Secretary of Land Reform. Under his mandate public education was expanded and the conflict with the Church was scaled down.
 * Presidents

Francisco José Múgica (1940-1946, PRM), Cardenas’ candidate and successor continued his left and socialists policies. Under Múgica economic planning was inaugurated and state public education at all levels was greatly expanded. The Treaty of Economic Cooperation and Mutual Assistance signed between Mexico and Revolutionary America in 1942 enabled the exchange of technical workers, built local management abilities and technological transfer to key areas like petroleum, chemicals, heavy industry and construction. The welfare and health system were established creating the present Mexican Social Security Institute (Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, IMSS) to manage old age pensions and social welfare services. Múgica also promoted the constitutional reform that separated State and Church as the final settlement of the uneasy relations between both parties. The reform passed the Congress of the Unión in 1945. Under Vicente Lombardo Toledano (1946-1952, PRM) the suffrage and full political rights for women was approved. The health services of the federal and state governments were unified and managed by the recently created Secretary of Public Health. It was promulgated the law that established the welfare system for federal employees (Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, ISSSTE). The Law on Profit Sharing of the workers was also approved. Miguel Henríquez Guzmán (Nov 1952- Jan 1958, PRM later PPR), the last revolutionary general to be elected president and veteran of the Revolution and commander of the FRV. He was elected under a platform of wide economic and social reforms. Under his influence the PRM became the PPR and reformed its program more in line of the new party program ‘’Social Justice and Democracy’’ of 1953. There was also the initiative to form an electoral alliance of left and center left organizations. Under his mandate economic planning became mandatory for state industries, ejidal credit, technological transfer and market access were greatly improved. Limited local agrarian production councils were tested in several states and later made obligatory in all of Mexico. Workers' participation was established in state farms, mining, railroads and heavy industry. Henríquez Guzmán was murdered in Jan 1958 by a nationalist supporter during an official rally of the PPR

His interim sucesor Sergio Bermúdez (Jan 1958- Nov 1958, PPR) was elected by the Congress of the Union. The untimely death of Henríquez threw the PPR presidential nomination in chaos. Several factions, with the PPR could not decide or rally behind a single candidate. This along the suspicion that some factions had helped in the plot against Henríquez lead to tumultuous months of party infighting for the presidential nomination. Once it became clear who was the official candidate not all of PPR apparatus agreed or guaranteed the votes. Adolfo López Mateos (1958- 1964, PPS) candidate of the PPS and first president not a member of the PPR. His platform empathized political and civil rights. He won the election due to the disarray of the governing PPR to unite behind its candidate and the protest from key states by PPR stalwarts that did not rally their followers. López Mateo achievements were the anti-corruption laws and the reform of the electoral system. He also promulgated the law of worker participation in the state industries.

Rosario Obando Rozas (1964 -1970, PPR) was first woman president and also one of the key reformers of the governing party after the death of Henriquez. Her triumph came as part of the Revolutionary Front of the Mexican People (Frente Revolucionario del Pueblo Mexicano FRPM), a political alliance of the PPR, PCM trade unions and peasant organizations.

Economy
Mexico is a mixed system of state companies, private ownership and cooperativism. Tough the state sector as important participacion in the national economy in other areas capitalist production leads. There is much involvement of Revolutionary America by means of economic exchange, and cooperation and technological exchange and management training.

State economic planning, not as mandatory, comprehensive and centralized in America, provides a national blueprint in the public and private investment. Since the first Sexenal Plan of 1934-1940, later renamed National Development Plan, each plan have put emphasis in distinct key sectors. the First Plan Six Year Plan (1934-1940) called for land reform, development of heavy industry, electrification and public works and the installation of statistical information..The Second Six Year Plan (1940-1946) defined areas of investment public and private, housing and further development of industry but as a Import-substitution Industrialization (SIS) strategy. The Third Plan (1946-1952) emphasized light industry and agricultural development and welfare improvement of the countryside. The Fourth (1952-1958), that also established regional and sector plans and improvement of education as a general goal.

The main concern of all Mexican governments as been the agriculture and land question since 1910. The Revolution carried out land reform and the established ejidos. Cardenas’ government passed a new Agrarian Code and accelerated the pace of land reform with the expropriation of American owned agricultural property. From this phase that the basic network of institutions supporting the ejido, The main policies lead to loan to small and medium ejidos, marketing outlets, crop insurance, agricultural and rural cooperatives, agrarian codes of ejido ownership, distribution of farming equipment, supplies and tools. These policies created and pushed from high food prices, falling wages, high inflation, and low agricultural yields to a major economic sector with greatly improved productivity and surplus that could be sold to North America. The main component ejidal units (communal land holdings) was supplemented with state farms and agricultural/ranching combines (sociedades agricolas) for plantation cash crops and areas where the ejidal system was not implemented, mainly the the Northern states.

National Economic Planning Council (Consejo Nacional de Planificación Económica CNPLE, later renamed Consejo Nacional de Desarrollo Económico CONDECOM) created to function as it American similar but with less executive powers and command overreach. CONDECOM is a tripartite body integrated by the Government, employee and employer organizations.

However CONDECOM would explore other means to carry out its planning, evaluation and control of the Plans. Following more closely the European thesis of indicative planning the Mexican, save for key industries, laid out the incentives, subsidies, grants, and taxes its priorities. Basic control and initiatives are done thru the state financial institutions (national and development banks) and foreign trace (tariffs) and technology (expansion of primary and secondary education and improvement of higher education) and research and development.

Government
The United Mexican States are a federation whose government is representative, democratic and republican based on a presidential system according to the Constitution of 1917. The Constitution established a free, mandatory, and secular education at all levels. Besides the political rights and guarantees the Constitution also proclaims several social rights and the empowerment of the labor sector. The text also provides the basis for land reform, state ownership of national resources and the social function of property. It established supremacy of the State over the Church until the separation State and Church but keep the anticlerical articles.

The constitution establishes three levels of government: the federal Union, the state governments and the municipal governments. According to the constitution, all constituent states of the federation must have a republican form of government composed of three branches: the executive, represented by a governor and an appointed cabinet, the legislative branch constituted by a unicameral congress and the judiciary, which will include a state Supreme Court of Justice. They also have their own civil and judicial codes. The election of the President and Governors is limited to a single six-year term with no reelection.

The federal executive is the President of the United Mexican States, who is the head of state and government, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Mexican military forces. The President is directly elected for a single six year term. The President also appoints the Cabinet and other officers. The President is responsible for executing and enforcing the law, and has the power to veto bills. Following tradition established by Cardenas, former presidents do not interfere with their successors policies nor take part in public life.

The federal legislature is the bicameral Congress of the Union, composed of the Senate of the Republic and the Chamber of Deputies. The Congress makes federal law, declares war, imposes taxes, approves the national budget and international treaties, and ratifies diplomatic appointments.

The highest organ of the judicial branch of government is the Supreme Court of Justice, the national supreme court, which has 26 judges appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. The Supreme Court of Justice interprets laws and judges cases of federal competency.


 * President of Mexico
 * (previous ones same as in OTL)
 * Pascual Ortiz Rubio (PNR) Feb 1930 - Sept 1932
 * Abelardo L. Rodríguez (PNR) interim Sept 1932- Nov 1934
 * Lázaro Cárdenas del Río (PNR->PRM) Dic 1934-1940
 * Francisco José Múgica (PRM) 1940-1946
 * Vicente Lombardo Toledano (PRM) 1946-1952
 * Miguel Henríquez Guzmán (PRM, from 1953 PPR) 1952- Jan 1958
 * Sergio Bermúdez (PPR) interim Jan 1958- Nov 1958
 * Adolfo López Mateos (PPS) Dic 1958- 1964
 * Rosario Obando Rozas (PPR) 1964 -1970
 * César Estrada Chávez (PPS) 1970-1976
 * Ernesto Espinoza (???) 1976-1982
 * Gracia Mendéz (???) 1982-1988
 * Cassandra Machado (???) 1988-1994
 * Hernando Márquez (???) 1994-2000
 * Maximino De León (???) 2000-2006
 * Rosalva González (???) 2006-2012
 * Hector Lobos (???) 2012-2018

Politics
The politics of Mexico is dominated by PPR, the major political party since the Revolution of 1910. The PPR at times as being the sole governing party. The PPR and its predecessors were established in 1929, when all factions and generals of the Mexican Revolution were united into a single party, the National Revolutionary Party (PNR), with the aim of stabilizing the country and ending internal conflicts. From that date it has put in place the revolutionary ideals and tenets of the Party in practice, among them the free distribution of land to peasants and farmers, the nationalization of the oil companies, the birth and rapid growth of the social security and public health and education as well as rights of workers and peasants, the protection of national industries and State intervention in the economy.

Other major important parties are:
 * National Action Party (Partido Acción Nacional, PAN 1939 to date) a right and center-right party and the main opposition to the ruling parties and allies. Its ideology covers Conservatism, Liberal conservatism and Christian democracy.
 * Mexican Communist Party (Partido Comunista Mexicano, PCM)1919 to date. Outlawed from 1925 to 1935. At different times the junior partner of PRM/PPR governments.
 * Mexican Laborist Party (Partido Laborista Mexicano, PLM) From 1919 to 1945. Formed as the political branch of the Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers (CROM) and dissident members of the PCM. Merged into PPS.
 * Popular Socialist Party (Partido Popular Socialista, PPS) 1945-195? renamed Mexican Workers' and Peasants' Party (Partido de los Obreros y Campesinos Mexicanos, POCM (195?-). Formed from various left wing parties and movements outside of the PCM and PRM.
 * Union for National Reconstruction (Unión para la Reconstrucción Nacional, URN) 1939 to 1955 a right wing split from PRM. Later joined with some members of the PAN and PPS into the Partido Democrático Mexicano (PADEM) 1955 to date. It is a liberal, social liberal and secular party.
 * Mexican Nationalist Action (Acción Nacionalista Mexicana, ANM) 1940 to 1958 the major nationalist and extreme right party. Outlawed after assassination of President Henriquez in 1958.
 * Mexican Anarchist Federation (Federación Anarquista Mexicana, FAM) 1941 to date
 * Unified Socialist Party of Mexico (Partido Socialista Unificado de México, PSUM) to date. Merger of various left wing parties.

The Popular Revolutionary Party (Spanish: Partido Popular Revolucionario, PPR) is a Mexican political party founded in 1929 that has held power almost uninterruptedly in the country since 1929 to date, first as the National Revolutionary Party (Spanish: Partido Nacional Revolucionario, PNR), then as the Party of the Mexican Revolution (Spanish: Partido de la Revolución Mexicana, PRM), and finally renaming itself as the Popular Revolutionary Party (Partido Popular Revolucionario, PPR) in 1953.

Throughout its existence, the PPR has adopted a very wide array of ideologies often determined by the President of the Republic in turn. These have being revolutionary nationalism, democratic socialism, economic nationalism, secularism, progressivism, and left populism. Officially the PPR is the party of the Revolution and governs in behalf of the workers and peasants. This is done by representing different interest groups and acting as the political consciousness of the country in a more realistic level.

The PPR is the hegemonic party within a weak competitive electoral system until the 1960s. The party can describe as representing corporate interests while being also the State party in government.

The PNR the first inception of the PPR was an effort to stop the violent struggle for power between the victorious factions of the Mexican Revolution, and guarantee the peaceful transmission of power for members of the party. It became a political machine of the revolutionary family.

Cárdenas eliminated the structure based on regional and state parties of the old PNR created by Calles and replaced it with a corporate or corporatist one in which the interests of citizens were expected to be represented and transmitted by the so-called "sectors". The sectors of the PRM are the following: worker, peasant, popular and military (until 1944), which, in turn, agglutinated different organizations.

President Miguel Henríquez Guzmán promoted the transformation of the PRM into the Popular Revolutionary Party (PPR) becoming a mass party but keeping its corporate sectors within a reformist party platform. -

Unión Panamericana
The Pan-American Unión’s Bureau and therefore the whole organization would be inactive with events of 1932-1936. The dormant organization would be retaken by Mexican foreign affairs as part of their diplomatic offensive within Central and South America. Mexico’s effort was to widen the original commercial purposes of the Pan-American Unión to collaborate in the areas of health, cultural and scientific exchange, social improvement, resolution of inter state conflicts and move towards a defence pact.

Mexico’s ambitious plan was opposed by Colombia, Brazil and Argentina that more limited goals and were more focused in commercial exchange. In the end the at Mexico City the Pan-American Congress of 1939 approved a new Charter. It was the result of consensus between interest parties it would promote trade but also social and economic development.

As result a general reorganization dissolved and merge institution into new bodies such as the Inter-American Organization for Cultural and Scientific Cooperation, A proposal for a Pan-American Highway was approved. Perhaps the most significant milestone was the treaty establishing the Pan-American Court of Justice in that way arbitration became the norm to settle differences in the Americas.

Convention on the Pan-American Highway signed in 1942 that would build 30,000 kilometres of network of roads linking lost of the Pacific coastal countries of the Americas in a highway system.

On Mexico's insistence and lobby a Development and Investment Bank of America (DIBA/BDIA) was established in 1946

Organization of the Pan-American Union
 * Directive Council / Consejo Directivo
 * Director General Director General
 * Pan-American Congress / Inter-American Conference
 * National Commissions / Comisiones nacionales

Affiliated Institutions
 * Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana/Pan-American Sanitary Bureau -> OPS/PAHO Organización Panamerican de la Salud/Pan American Health Organization 1943 to date
 * Instituto Internacional Americano de Protección a la Infancia (1927-1944 part of OPS)
 * Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia/Pan American Institute of Geography and History (1928-1942 merged into the OICCC)
 * Comisión Interamericana de Mujeres/Inter-American Commission of Women (1928 to date)
 * Organización Interamericana de Cooperaciòn Cultural y Científica / Inter-American Organization for Cultural and Scientific Cooperation (1942 to date)
 * Comisión Interamericana de Comunicaciones/Inter-American Communications Commission (CIC/IACC) 1923, reformed 1942
 * Pan-American Highway Commission 1942 to date
 * Pan-American Court of Justice 1943
 * Development and Investment Bank of America (DIBA/BDIA, 1946 to date)

East Asian Community
The East Asian Community

Korea
Korea (officially, Republic of Korea, ROK), is a sovereign state in East Asia, located on the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by China to the north and west, Japan to the east, and the East China Sea to the south.

From 1910 to 1952 was annexed by the Empire of Japan, under the name of Chōsen. During the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1953) it gained its independence.

History
After the Japanese Second Sino-Japanese War, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (in exile) and the People's Liberation Committee of Korea, created on the Japanese retreat from the Korean Peninsula, became the basis provisional government of Korea by a common agreement becoming the National Provisional Government and its political front, the Democratic and Republican Liberation Bloc.
 * First Republic

A constitutional assembly was elected in 1954 with the task of drafting a new constitution to be approved by referendum, function has legislative body, elect executive authorities that replace the provisional government and negotiate peace terms with Japan.

The Constituent Assembly's draft was approved in referendum by 62% of the votes, coming in effect July 1955, later known as the Constitution of the I Republic.

Political and social instability and the economic reconstruction characterized the First Republic and were one the consequences of its fall. Prosecution of the chinilpa and their economic trust was a contentious issue with the left supporting and promoting trials and punishment and the national nationalization of their interests and the right being lenient and promoting them as partners in the reconstruction of Korea.

In 1957 the Army stage a military coup ending months of political instability. Rhee Syngman was reinstated as president with full executive powers. Among his first actions was the persecution of left wing and opposition parties and the labor movement. An new constitution, 1958, was promulgated given full presidential powers.
 * Second Republic (1957-1971)

In 1959, the government announced the first nationwide industrialization plan and to built in Kaesong, Pyongyang, Wonsan, Suwon, and Daejeon large industrial areas. Heavy industry became a priority in the rebuilding of Korea's economy. The chaebol, Rhee's allies, received special treatment from the government in return for kickbacks and other payments and were key actors in economic development. Workers rights were curtailed with government backing.

The General Kang's coup of 1971 inaugurated the Third Republic.
 * Third Republic (1971-1987)

The November Coup of 1987 was of mixed results. At first it was like many other coups in toppling down a president, however the opposition rapidly made counter manifestation backing down the usual routine of the t
 * Fourth Republic (1987 to date)

State and Government
Korea has had the following constitutions: 1955, 1958, 1971 and 1989. The constitutions of 1955, 1971 and 1989 are based on the Chinese Five-power constitutional theory.

According to the 1989 Constitution of Korea, all political power and sovereignty comes from the people. It is exercised by means of elections of the political powers specified by the Constitution and by referendum and recall. All male and female citizens over 18 years of age have political rights.

At national level, based on the Chinese Five-power Constitutional theory, the State is organized as follows. The President performs his executive functions through the State Council made up of 15 to 30 members and presided over by the President, who is solely responsible for deciding all important government policies. The President appoints the Prime Minister for State Affairs with approval of the National Assembly and the rest of the members of the State Council. The president may refer important policy matters to a national referendum, declare war, conclude peace and other treaties, appoint senior public officials, and grant amnesty (with the concurrence of the National Assembly). In times of serious internal or external turmoil or threat, or economic or financial crises, the President may assume emergency powers "for the maintenance of national security or public peace and order." Emergency measures may be taken only when the National Assembly is not in session and when there is no time for it to convene. The measures are limited to the "minimum necessary."
 * The head of state and government is the President of the Republic, who is elected by direct popular vote for a five-year term. Formerly he or she was elected by the National Assembly (Constitutions of 1958 and 1971). The president is Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces of Korea and enjoys considerable executive powers.
 * The legislative powers resides in the National Assembly, whose members are elected for a four-year term. The assembly cannot be dissolved by the president.
 * Judicial powers resides in the National Judicial Council, Supreme Court, Constitutional Court, lower and specialized courts. The Chief Judges of the National Judicial Council are appointed by the President with the consent of the National Assembly for a six year term. The judges of the Supreme Court are named by the President on the recommendation of the Chief Justice and with the consent of the National Assembly for a six year term. The judges of the Constitutional Court are named by the President (3 members), National Assembly (3) and National Judicial Council (3). All lower and specialized courts of justice are appointed by the National Judicial Council, that also are the ministers the judicial branch.
 * Board of Audit and Inspection, in charge of inspecting and examining the revenues and expenditures of the State, the accounts of the State and other organizations specified by Act and the job performances of the executive agencies and public officials. The Board is composed is composed of five to eleven members. The Chairman of the Board is appointed by the President with the consent of the National Assembly for a term of office of four years. The rest of the members of the Board are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Chairman of the Board, for a term of four years.
 * Civil Service Board is in charge of validating the qualification of civil servants, holding of examinations and in in charge of matters relating to employment, registration, performance rating, scales of salary (remuneration), promotion and transfer, security of tenure, recommendation, pecuniary aid in case of death, retirement and old age pension. The Board is integrated by a chairman, a vice chairman, and 9 ministers, each with a six-year term of office. The chairman and vice chairman are appointed by the President with the consent of the National Assembly for a term of office of six years. The ministers are appointed by the Board of Audit and Control (3 members), National Assembly (3) and National Judicial Council (3).

Heads of State and Government

 * 1995-2000
 * 2005-2010
 * 2010-2015
 * 2015-2020

Political Parties
The main parties of the First Republic where the following:
 * Korean National Advancement Party (KNAP), setup by former members of the Japanese administration and the chinilpa ;
 * Korean Independence Party (KIP), right-nationalists;
 * Korean National Revolutionary Party (KNRP), left-nationalism, and pro-Chinese.
 * Chondoist Chongu Party, the political vehicle of Cheondoism, of relative importance and more below provincial level and local elections; and
 * New People's Party (신민당), the main leftist Marxist party.
 * Liberal Party right-wing party and supported by the chinilpa, the personal vehicle of Rhee Syngman.

The KIP and KNRP, were the basis of the Government in exile. The military coup of 1957 disbanded and outlawed all parties with the exception of Rhee's Liberal Party that was renamed the National Association.

Administrative Divisions
Korea is divided in its first level in provinces and special cities. The second level is divided in cities, counties and districts. These are further subdivided into third-level entities: towns, township, neighborhoods and villages. The governors of the provincial-level divisions and the provincial assemblies and other local government authorities and bodies are elected every four years.


 * Special Cities
 * Seoul
 * Pyongyang


 * Provinces
 * North Chungcheong (Cheongju)
 * South Chungcheong (Andong)
 * Gangwon (Chuncheon)
 * Gyeonggi (Suwon)
 * North Gyeongsang (Daegu)
 * South Gyeongsang (Changwon)
 * North Hamgyŏng (Kwanbuk)
 * South Hamgyŏng (Hamhung)
 * Hwanghae (Haeju)
 * North Jeolla (Honam)
 * South Jeolla (Gwangju)
 * North Pyongan (Sinŭiju)
 * South Pyongan (Pyongsong)
 * Jeju (Jeju City)

Economy
Korea is a mixed economy dominated by family-owned conglomerates (chaebols). The major development of Korean economy was mainly done by the guided capitalism of the 1960s to the 1980s.

Korea as two distinguishing regions. The northern half is heavily industrialized, covered with factories, mines, and power plants and the southern half is primarily agrarian in nature with rice and soy patties, wheat fields, farms, and several other crops. There is some minor farming activity in the north, primarily on the east coast and the west coast on the flat plains; and some industrial centers, mainly around Seoul and Busan, in the south.

Armed forces
After the liberation the Korean Liberation Army (KLA) and Korean People's Army (KPA) were merged in the ROK Defense Forces. It is organized in the following branches:
 * Korean Army
 * Korean Navy
 * Korean Air Force
 * Korean Marine Corps
 * Korea Coast Guard

Sources, texts and images

 * Early American Marxism
 * Early American Marxism
 * Perspectives of American Marxism by Leon Trotsky (November 1932)
 * If America Should Go Communist by Leon Trotsky (August 1934)
 * Toward Soviet America by William Z. Foster (1932)
 * Works of James P. Cannon
 * Various USA (in marxist.org)

Online Editions at HathiTrust of Model State Constitutions
 * First Edition, 1921
 * Revised Edition, 1924
 * Fifth Edition, 1948
 * Sixth Edition, 1963


 * Gallery