Timeline (Finlandia)

1810s
21 August 1810: Jean Bernadotte elected Crown Pince of Sweden

2 November 1810: Bernadotte arrives in Stockholm, three days later he changes his name and is officially proclaimed Crown Prince and Generalissimus

24 June 1812: Sweden joins in the French invasion of Russia

7 July 1812: Swedes take Helsinki

11 July 1812: With only minimal resistance remaining in Finland, and the Russian army driven far back by the French, Karl Johan gives the order to cross the Gulf of Finland

29 July 1812: Swedes enter Courland

7 September 1812: Battle of Borodino

14 September 1812: Fire of Moscow, Karl Johan begins to question Napoléon's strategy

18 October 1812: French begin to retreat, Karl Johan sends envoys in secret to negotiate a peace with Russia

5 January 1813: Treaty of Riga, Swedes defect to Russian side in exchange for all conquered land

3 March 1813: War of the Sixth Coalition begins

14 January 1814: Treaty of Kiel, Danes cede Norway to Sweden

17 May 1814: Constitution of Norway adopted, Christian Frederik proclaimed King by rebels

26 July 1814: Swedes invade Norway

7 August 1814: Karl Johan proposes a ceasefire, but refuses to accept Constitution of Norway, hostilities continue

November 1814: Congress of Vienna begins

20 March 1815: Hundred Days begin

9 June 1815: Final Act of the Congress of Vienna

18 June 1815: Battle of Waterloo

27 October 1815: Solution to both Polish-Saxon and Norwegian crises found: large Kingdom of Poland created in personal union with Russia; Prussia given new territory (including 60% of Saxony) to form one contiguous unit; Sweden and Denmark both renounce claims to Norway

9 July 1816: Argentina declares its independence, beginning the Latin American Wars of Independence

20 October 1818: Anglo-American convention of 1818 signed, gives the United Kingdom exclusive control of the Oregon country but allows freedom of movement and trade to American citizens

1820s
6 April 1821: Greek War of Independence begins

24 August 1821: Independence of Mexico

7 September 1822: Independence of Brazil

9 December 1824: Battle of Ayacucho effectively ends Latin American Wars of Independence

29 April 1827: Under threat of war, the Dey of Algiers forgives French debts contracted during Republican and Napoleonic periods

2 December 1828: Andrew Jackson elected President of the United States

1830s
26-29 July 1830: July Revolution in France

25 August 1830: Belgian Revolution begins

29 November 1830: Polish Revolution begins

7 December 1830: Józef Chłopicki initiates massive recruitment effort, defensive campaign

5 October 1831: Treaty of Vienna, Russia recognizes Polish independence

7 June 1832: Great Reform Act

20 June 1837: Victoria becomes Queen of the United Kingdom

4 September 1839: First Opium War begins

3 December 1839: King Christian Frederik of Norway inherits the throne of Denmark, sparking a political crisis when he demands the reunion of Denmark-Norway

1840s
6 February 1840: Treaty of Waitangi

28 February 1840: Norwegian Storting votes to accept Union, but only on the condition that the 1814 Constitution be expanded to Denmark, and a Federal system be formed; Christian Frederik accepts and goes on to rule the new Kingdom as Christian VIII

29 August 1842: First Opium War ends; Hong Kong and Kowloon ceded to Britain

1845: Great Famine begins in Ireland

2 February 1848: Nova Scotia becomes the first British colony to attain responsible government

24 February 1848: French Second Republic proclaimed

15 March 1848: Hungary revolts against Hapsburg Monarchy

15 May 1848: Romanian Revolution begins

27 June 1848: Kingdom of Romania proclaimed, uniting Wallachia, Moldavia, and Transylvania

18 May 1848: Frankfurt Parliament opens

12 September 1848: Swiss Federal Constitution takes effect

3 April 1849: Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia offered the title of German Emperor by the Frankfurt Parliament; since the title includes the words "by the Grace of God", which satisfies his more feudal tastes, he reluctantly bows to political pressure and becomes Monarch of Germany- the German confederation, excluding Austria, Luxembourg, and Schleswig-Hostein but including East Prussia.

1850s
2 December 1852: Napoléon III becomes Emperor of the French

3 July 1853: Commodore Perry arrives in Japan, triggering the opening and modernization of the country

16 October 1853: Crimean War begins

4 April 1854: United Kingdom invades Russian America

30 March 1856: Crimean War ends, Russian America ceded to Britain

8 October 1856: Second Opium War begins

10 May 1857: Indian Mutiny begins

1 November 1858: Indian Mutiny ends

29 April 1859: Camilo Benso di Cavour begins the Risorgimento by declaring war on Austrian Empire

1860s
18 October 1860: Second Opium War ends

6 November 1860: Abraham Lincoln elected President

20 December 1860: South Carolina secedes from the Union

12 April 1861: Bombing of Fort Sumter, United States Civil War begins

17 March 1861: Kingdom of Italy proclaimed

9 May 1865: Civil War ends in Union victory

14 April 1865: Abraham Lincoln assassinated

1 July 1867: Canadian Confederation

3 January 1868: Meiji restoration begins

1870s
30 June 1870: Santo Domingo annexed by United States

20 September 1870: Italian unification completed

31 March 1877: Reconstruction ends in the United States

11 May 1878: Max Hödel assassinates German Emperor Wilhelm I, his son succeeds him as Friedrich I

1880s
20 May 1882: Austria-Hungary and Italy form the double alliance

15 November 1884: Berlin conference inaugurates Scramble for Africa

1 June 1885: Kingdom of Burma becomes a British protectorate in return for lower Burma

11 November 1889: British colonies of Oregon, Wellington, Idaho, and Alaska unite to form the Federation of Cascadia

15 November 1889: Republic proclaimed in Brazil

1890s
5 August 1892: Franco-Russian alliance forms

17 January 1893: Republican coup in Hawai'i is thwarted by the British Navy; Queen Lili'uokalani proclaims a new Constitution

7 June 1893: Federalist Riograndense Revolution begins

25 July 1894: Sino-Japanese War begins

17 April 1895: Sino-Japanese War ends

2 September 1895: End of the Federalist Riograndense Revolution; the Republican dictatorship is overthrown and the Brazilian Monarchy restored

16 March 1897: Spanish-Japanese War begins

30 September 1897: Battle of Manilla ends in decisive Japanese victory

23 October 1897: All Spanish forces in the Philippines retreat to Mindanao

20 April 1898: Spanish-American War begins

13 August 1898: Spanish-American and Spanish-Japanese Wars end; Spain relinquishes sovereignty over Cuba and cedes Puerto Rico to the United States; Spain cedes the Caroline Islands (including Guam) to Japan, and an independent Republic of the Philippines under Japanese protection is created

12 June 1899: Transvaal and the United Kingdom reach a compromise over the position of the uitlanders

2 November 1899: Boxer Rebellion begins

1900s
1 January 1901: Federation of Australia

7 September 1901: Boxer Rebellion ends

17 December 1903: First powered flight

8 April 1904: Verständnis between the United Kingdom and Germany signed

26 September 1907: New Zealand and Newfoundland become Dominions

24 July 1908: Young Turk Revolution

9 June 1909: Transvaal and the Orange Free State unite into the Republic of South Africa

1910s
31 May 1910: Cape of Good Hope and Natal unite to form the Union of South Africa

29 August 1910: Japan annexes Korea

5 October 1910: Republican coup in Portugal

20 November 1910: Mexican Revolution begins

23 May 1911: Imperial Conference opens in London

27 May 1911: Prime Minister Joseph Ward of New Zealand proposes an Imperial Federation of the United Kingdom and its Dominions; H. H. Asquith and Wilfrid Laurier are opposed, but Winston Churchill and the delegations of Australia, Newfoundland, and the Union of South Africa are favourable

5 June 1911: Delegates to the Imperial Conference reach a compromise over the Imperial Federation; United Kingdom and Dominion Parliaments will vote on whether to send delegates to an Imperial Convention on Federal Union

17 June 1911: Imperial Convention bill introduced in House of Commons; it is supported by the Conservatives, who believe it will bring greater unity to the Empire, as well as Liberal Imperialists and the Irish Parliamentary Party, which believes it will lead to Home Rule; however, its opponents believe it will have an adverse effect British sovereignty

29 December 1911: Imperial Convention passes in Canada, making it the last of the Dominions to approve

1 January 1912: Republic of China proclaimed

17 January 1912: Imperial Convention meets in London

29 February 1912: Imperial Convention finishes proposed Constitution for an Imperial Federation: the country will be called the United Kingdom of the British Empire and be governed by a Parliament in London with authority over defence, international trade, foreign relations, and the colonies, with all other matters falling on the Realms and Dominions; the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland will be split in two, but the counties of Ulster will be guaranteed certain rights; freedom of trade within the Federation is guaranteed, and the possibility of other colonies joining the Federation in future is confirmed; Constitution is sent to the Parliaments for ratification

19 June 1912: Constitution is ratified by Parliament of the United Kingdom, finalising the ratification process

8 October 1912: First Balkan War begins when Bulgaria, Montenegro, Greece, Serbia and Russia declare war on the Ottoman Empire

17 October 1912: Constitution takes effect and the United Kingdom of the British Empire is officially formed

30 May 1913: First Balkan War ends; Bulgaria gains all of Thrace except for Constantinople and the lands immediately surrounding it, Russia gains all of Ottoman Armenia, Serbia gains Macedonia, and Greece gains Ionia and much of the coast to the north and south

29 June 1913: Greece declares war on Bulgaria with Serbian support, sparking second Balkan War

10 August 1913: Second Balkan War ends, Bulgaria cedes most of Thrace to Greece

28 June 1914: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

28 July 1914: Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, Great War begins

30 July 1914: Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary

31 July 1914: General mobilisation in Italy

1 August 1914: United Kingdom and Germany jointly declare neutrality, but also announce that they will intervene if necessary to defend the neutrality of Poland and Romania

2 August 1914: Italy declares war on France

3 August 1914: Italy invades Corsica and Savoy

21 August 1914: Russian fleet sails to Mediterranean, begins blockade of Italy and Austria-Hungary; however, as both countries are bordered with neutral countries and are agriculturally self-sufficient, the blockade is generally useless, which leads the Russians to begin a policy of random bombardment

14 January 1915: Last French troops in Corsica surrender

19 February 1915: Serbia fully occupied by Austria-Hungary

12 May 1915: US President Woodrow Wilson asked to help negotiate peace

18 November 1915: Armistice

12 December 1915: Yuan Shikai proclaims himself Emperor of China as the Hongxian Emperor, with Japanese support

28 June 1916: Treaty of Washington ends Great War; France cedes Savoy and Corsica to Italy, while Italy cedes all of its colonies to France; Serbian Independence is restored; and Russia must give Transcaucasia its Independence; additionally, Italy and Austria-Hungary must pay France, Serbia, and Russia a combined total of $1,000,000,000 in reparations

13 August 1916: Napoléon V assassinated and republican uprisings break out in France, where the Imperial government is blamed for the loss of the War

17 August 1916: Third French Republic proclaimed

January 1918: Great Flu pandemic begins

28 May 1918: Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic dissolves into the Kingdom of Georgia, the Republic of Armenia, and the Republic of Azerbaijan

1920s
20 November 1920: Mexican Revolution ends

December 1920: Great Flu pandemic largely over, but up to 25% of the global population is dead

19 June 1920: Tsarevich Alexei dies, sparking a succession crisis, as much of the Romanovs died of the Flu; Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich is eventually chosen as the successor

28 February 1922: Egypt declares its Independence

31 October 1922: Benito Mussolini seizes power in Italy

28 May 1926: Right-wing coup in Portugal overthrows Republican regime

29 November 1926: Portuguese monarchy restored

1 April 1927: Government of India Act goes into effect

11 February 1929: Lateran Treaty

24 October 1929: Wall Street Crash, Great Depression begins

1930s
14 April 1931: Spanish Republic proclaimed

20 May 1932: Engelbert Dollfuß seizes power in Austria-Hungary

5 July 1932: António da Oliveira Salazar becomes Prime Minister of Portugal

8 November 1932: Franklin D. Roosevelt elected President of the United States

6 February 1934: Riots break out in Paris against the government of the French Third Republic, when the Cartel des gauches refuses to resign an angry mob storms the Palais Bourbon and seizes control of the government

7 February 1934: National Assembly dissolved

19 February 1934: Action Français wins French elections, Charles Murras becomes Premier of France

25 February 1934: French Monarchy restored

29 February 1934: Murras passes Anti-Communist Law, placing draconian restrictions on the left

17 July 1936: Spanish Civil War begins between the Republic and the Nationalists; Italy, France, Austria-Hungary and Portugal support the Nationalists

27 September 1936: Nationalists take Toledo

26 April 1937: Bombing of Guernica by the French

26 January 1939: Fall of Barcelona

1 April 1939: Spanish Civil War ends, Republic is overthrown and Francisco Franco becomes Caudillo