User:JoshTheRoman/Romans (Bellum Romanum)

The Romans (Latin: Romani) are an based around the central, spanning two continents:  and. The majority of Romans inhabit the nation state of the Roman Republic. Modern Romans are in fact the collective descendants of the Carthaginians,  (especially the Spartans),, and the. However, Roman culture has generally merged and centralized into the ancient Roman ethnic group. Today, the vast majority of Romans are Tavist. The language officially aligned with Romans is called Latin.

Religion
      Main Article: Tavism

Holidays

 * Day of Lustration - This holiday is held after the eighth day follow the birth of a girl, and is held on the ninth day following the birth of a boy. During this day, the mother officially names the child, and the father gives the child an amulet to ward away temptation.
 * Baptism - This Tavist holiday is on a boy or girl's thirteenth birthday. During this day, the child is officially becomes an adherent of Tavism. At this ceremony, the entire family and friends come to the local fire temple. When at the temple, the teenager reads a short creed from Revelation of the Kerana, stating their beliefs in the core principles of Tavism. Once the reading is completed, the person is stripped of their clothes and undergarments and steps into a large pool. After this, the child is cleansed by a priestess, after which a priest says "I hereby declare this person a true follower"; after which the child is brought down into the water for at least three seconds, and rises up, as a Tavist. After this, the ceremony is officially complete, the procession erupts in celebration.

Appearance
Romans are of typical appearance. Romans, although {W|European}}, are more tanned or golden-skinned, having a light brown appearance, much more similar to the peoples of the rather than Europeans to the north; primarily due to racial mixing with the Carthaginians. Romans are shorter compared to their northern European counterparts, due to Roman diet and genetics. The majority of Romans have black or dark brown hair and are of average build, not skinny, fat, large, tall, or short. Female hair is usually wavy, with male hair usually being curly. Romans almost always have brown eyes.

What is considered attractive for females are wide hips and large, but toned thighs, signifying fitness. Girls are expected to be just as physically fit as men are. Facial beauty is not as much of a concern, as make-up is reserved only for formal events, although a clear, attractive face is still desirable. On the other hand, what is considered attractive for males are strong forearms, a strong back and toned abdomen is also desirable. Smelling good is also a concern among Roman men.

The most desirable face for a Roman man is to have a full beard, but it should look like it is carefully shaven down to the face. To not have a beard is viewed as unmanly and feminine, but to let it grow off the face wildly is seen as dirty and unkempt. For women, big eyes, plump lips, and a round face are most desirable.

Language
      Main Article: Latin

The vast majority of the Roman population speaks Latin. This language has not evolved much from its ancient days due to the invention of the dictionary by the 700s. By the 1000's, speaking correct, aristocratic Latin became extremely important to distinguish true Romans from the so called "barbarian usurpers", who spoke, which eventually evolved into , , Egyptian, , and. But nonetheless, the Latin language still changed in minute, minor ways, resulting in its modern form.

Historically, almost all Roman children were literate, especially in cities and upper class, as written documents, signs, announcements, advertisements, and symbols played an important role in Roman society early on. The Roman alphabet only contains the following letters in order: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j (introduced in the modern era), k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, x, y, and z. Latin is specifically famous for its ancient pronunciation, such as the missing of a soft c, as in /s/, for example, citrus. Instead, all c in Latin is pronounced as if it were a k, such as in cat.

Names
      Main Article: 

The technique of Roman names are quite unique, but they have spread across the world due to Roman influence, distinguishing the Romans from other people. Roman names consist of a combination of personal and family names. Conventionally referred to as the tria nomina, the combination of praenomen, nomen, and cognomen became basic elements of the Roman name. This naming system was once standard throughout all the known world during the days of the Roman Empire; but with the fall of the Empire, this method of naming became restricted to lands much closer to the, which remain under Roman cultural influence to this day.

Family
Before the arrival of Tavism, households comprised the head (usually the father) of the household, paterfamilias (father of the family), his wife, children, and other relatives. In the upper classes, slaves and servants were also part of the household. The head of the household had great power (patria potestas, "father's power") over those living with him: He could force marriage (usually for money) and divorce, sell his children into slavery, claim his dependents' property as his own, and even had the right to punish or kill family members, even though the last disappeared quite early in Roman history.

In the modern day, the father of the household still serves as the head and final decision maker, although his wife also has tremendous sway in his decisions, especially in economic matters. However, the wife also holds decision with everything concerning the couple's children.

The Romans believe that the two sexes are complementary, and without the other, one side would collapse. Roman girls throughout history were given the same treatment as their brothers. They were taught to fight and run the same as the boys. Historically, when directly invaded, Roman women also joined their husbands in battle, defending the homeland.

When a Roman boy graduates from school, unlike western societies, they do not move out of their parent's household, as Roman children are expected to take care of their parents and contribute to the household until death. If there is not enough space in their parent's house, children are expected to get a house very close-by, if not right next to their parent's house. Outside of the obvious immediate family and friends, a Roman is also expected to have close relationships with their extended family and neighbors.

Marriage
As of a child's sixteenth birthday, as according to Tavism, they are able to be married. Historically, among the upper Roman class, marriages were arranged as political and economic alliances. However, with the dawn of the modern age, has become far more prevalent. Females, in Roman culture, are supposed to take up the burden of initiative in this process.

Dating usually starts of between two as friends with the aim of each assessing the other's suitability as a partner in a marriage. It is most often a form of courtship consisting of social activities done by the couple to test compatibility. Traditionally, after a year of dating, the male in the couple proposes to the female, although in rare cases, this 'waiting time' can be extended to two years or shortened to six months. From the proposal to the marriage, the fiancees are not supposed to see each other, during which time their parents organize the date of the marriage and the marriage itself.

The wedding day often starts off with several cultural and religious rituals, including the declaration of the marriage by a Tavist priest or priestess. Following this was intense celebration with music and an abundance of wine. Due to the celebratory and drunken nature of the wedding, children are not to attend. The audience of the wedding can range from as small as a dozen, to thousands of attendees. In the eastern, Greek provinces, the wedding ceremony includes a short tussle or wrestle to prove that the groom is stronger than the bride. After this, the bride is carried to the groom's house by the groom, where the marriage is consummated and completed.

When married, brides move into their groom's house. Dowries and bride-prices are non-existent, to expel the concern of how wealthy a bride or groom's family is. Historically spouses are generally never younger or older than each other than three years, but with the advent of the modern era, the age gap generally never exceeds a year.

Divorce is stigmatized and heavily discouraged on weak grounds, but is allowed nonetheless. However, divorce is always allowed on grounds of abuse or adultery, both of which have grievous economic, social, cultural, and religious consequences, meaning that these actions are rare, and divorce rate among Romans rarely go above 2%.

Education
A child is educated as soon possible, generally starting at the age of five, at which children are sent to school. From here, they start elementary school, which focuses on basic, general learning and socialization skills, introducing children to a broad range of knowledge. The variety of subjects are wide and there is no focus on anything. Children begin to study basic math and start to read, write, and speak correct Latin. In addition to this, there are a wide range of arts, such as painting and singing. Physical education also starts here, and children are allowed to spend half of their school-day playing outside with friends.

After reaching the age of nine, children graduate from their elementary school and enter middle school, which they attend from the age of nine to thirteen. Here soft subjects such as singing and painting are dropped. In replacement of these subjects, more academic fields are introduced, such as science, math, history, reading, writing, oratory, and theology in Tavism. In middle school, physical education becomes a large part of the curriculum and is intensified. By the end of middle school almost every student has had their baptism, and is considered a Tavist.

Following graduation from middle school at the age of thirteen, children enter high school. Roman high schools are more intensive than what other cultures do in this age, and academics are taken seriously here. From here, high schools keep crucial subjects such as reading, writing, and oratory in Latin, along with physical education. Other than these subjects, students can now choose the majority of their subjects, choosing their future career paths. In addition to this, both boys and girls learn how to be good spouses and how to raise children. Physical education continues, and both boys and girls play mating games. In these mating games, girls and boys compete in running and stone throwing together. Then girls wrestled each other while guys closely watched and warmed up, preparing to their own wrestling contests. Male youths stare at the strongest and deftest girls. In addition to wrestling, both boys and girls can compete in games. Running or other cardio-oriented exercises also take an important place, along with football and wrestling. Boys can also participate in playful fist-fighting, although being careful to not creating injury or other lasting damage. Roman girls underwent this training in order to be physically and mentally elite, compared to other females in Europe, in order to bear elite children. Boys typically spend the last few years of high school preparing for their entry into the workforce, while girls typically spend the last few years finding a good partner, marrying them as soon they reach eighteen.

After graduating high school at the age of eighteen, men may attend university if their future career requires much more extensive knowledge or studying. Such jobs could possibly be doctoring, becoming a lawyer, or engineering. However, these jobs are relatively uncommon on a large-scale, and most men do not consider going to a university a practical option since a high school education usually suffices.

Jobs
After graduation from high school and getting married, usually at the same time, a Roman man would first find a job to support his new wife and parents, adding to the household. Such jobs are at the entry-level and do not pay much, however, since Roman men are not expected to move out and buy a new house there is not much worry for food or mortgage. Due to this, before having their first child in their early twenties, Roman men are able to have fun with their wives, able to explore hobbies and travel the world. Work for the average Roman male usually continues into his sixties, after-which they retire to the household to pursue their personal hobbies or help the new generation raise children.

Roman women, on the other hand, have more complex careers, if any. Roman women usually do not have to work, since their husband provides all of the main income. Starting from graduation of high school, getting married, and moving into their husband's household, women spend next five years or so completely free of worry, and frequently spend time participating in their personal hobbies. Roman women can also get an easy, part-time job during this, such as hairdressing. By their early twenties, most women have their first children, and temporarily retire from their job until their child is old enough to start going to school, usually at five. During this time, it is most desirable for women to have all of their children. After a period of about six years, women return to their life before children, indulging in hobbies and leisure or having a part-time job to earn extra money.

Shelter
There are three major types of Roman houses. The urban population live in insulae, an apartment complex. The middle class usually live in domus, a single-family, one or two-level house. The wealthy, affluent class live in large villa, away from the cities. Historically, almost all Roman houses also served as shops, usually situated on the first level. But this practice fell out of use with the dawn of the modern age, when street vending was replaced by large supermarkets.

Ancent insulae were been dangerous places to live, with frequent fires and collapse, however, with modern engineering, this issue has disappeared. Insulae complexes come in hundreds of designs, but as a general guideline, insulae have a kitchen, two bedrooms, one for the kids, and the others for the parents, and a toilet. Bathing would take place in the community thermae instead of the home. Modern insulae are stacked on each other, forming an insulae complex.

Domus, on the other hand, are quite larger, designed for the majority of Roman families. The domus includes multiple rooms, indoor courtyards, gardens and beautifully painted walls that are elaborately laid out. It generally has an entrance hall which leads to a large central hall, called the atrium, which is the center of the domus. The central hall is the most important part of the house, where guests, clients, and friends were greeted. Most atrium are open at the center with a retractable roof. If left open, rain can fall to the pool in the center of the atrium, giving the central hall a natural appearance. The third type of house, the villa, is basically a much larger type of a domus, usually having the same design. It was historically, and still is, primarily owned by the rich who want to escape the noisy and rushed city life. villa usually have huge gardens and vineyards, which can easily be passed as plantations.
 * Leading of this central hall were numerous bedrooms, which number can depend on the size of the family. But in general, there is one bedroom for every wife and their husband in the household; while there is one bedroom for every three children.
 * In addition to bedrooms, the central hall would lead into the dining room, where casual eating takes place.
 * The central hall would also lead to the the kitchen and the triclinium, where formal dining would take place, and guests could recline on couches and eat dinner whilst reclining,
 * The central hall, in addition to this, also leads to the living room, the bathroom, and the study room, where studying or business takes place.
 * The atrium also leads to the back of the house, where there is usually a garden or a patio.

Baths
A Roman bath, called a thermae, are large bathing complexes within a Roman community. More often then not, a thermae is generally the center of a Roman community. They are common places to go after work, relax, socialize, bathe, and groom. In fact, a Roman city is not even considered complete until at least one thermae is built in the vicinity.

The principal entrance of a thermae, called an atrium, both in ancient and modern times was a place to post advertisements, especially in large cities. From there, it leads to the apodyterium, or changing room. Since clothing is banned in thermae, all clothing must be removed here prior to entering the baths proper or the gymnasium. The apodyterium leads to both the baths proper and the gymnasium, the latter which is discussed below.

Upon leaving the apodyterium, the bather would first enter the frigidarium, or a cold plunge-bath. These cold baths also double as a swimming pool.

From the frigidarium the bather who then wished to go through the warm bath and sweating process entered the tepidarium, or warm room. In most thermae, this is simply a room merely heated with warm air in order to prepare the bather for the great heat of the vapor and hot baths. However, in some thermae, this room also contains a pool of water. Historically, bathers would have been anointed with olive oil here, but in the modern age, this is where bathers apply soap or other washes.

From the warm room, a bather would then enter the caldarium or hot bath. This is where the bather would finally wash off any oil or soap they had on before entering. From here on, a bather would go to the laconicum or sauna to finish the bath. From the laconicum, a bather would head back to the tepidarium, and then to the frigidarium.

Gymnasium
Almost all young men, women, and older children go to the gymnasium before entering the baths, an open field. Gymnasiums are very much a community center for youths, who visit it as a past-time between their academic education and jobs. Gymnasium are unisex and are not separated by gender. This is where youths exercise, play sports, or do similar activities before entering the baths. Romans men are notably always nude in the gymnasium, giving the place its name. Roman females, on the other hand, usually wear a short skirt called a pani. The pani is almost always worn topless.

Food
Romans usually start their day off with breakfast, which is served at dawn. After which they eat a small lunch at noon, and in the afternoon, Romans eat dinner; which was originally in the evening. Most Roman foods is based around bread, along with eggs, chicken, cheese, honey, milk, and many kinds of fruits, especially introduced from the New World. Of course, these main ingredients can be sprinkled with sauce, spices, or salt. Other common foods include sausage, fish, and especially shellfish.

Business or political meeting are almost always aligned with eating times, whether it be breakfast, lunch, or dinner. Occasionally after dinner, Roman adults, especially younger ones, invite both male and female friends and family to a convivium, or drinking party. While wine is drank here, Romans also smoke marijuana to calm down here. This is also where philosophical or scientific debates take place between friends or family, especially the highly educated.

Breakfast is generally regarded as the most important meal in Roman culture. The traditional breakfast usually includes porridge or bread, eggs, cheese with milk. Lunch is almost always a small snack rather than a meal, and frequently contain sweet fruit; although Romans trying to eat healthy will replace this with a vegetable. Dinner typically includes a small serving of meat, generally pork, chicken, or seafood in place of meat, especially common is fish, but can also include crab, lobster, or shrimp. In addition to either seafood or meat, porridge is commonly eaten with them. The main alcoholic beverage is watered-down wine, while for normal occasions, or beverages for children usually consist of water. Breakfast is usually eaten inside the home, lunch is usually eaten outside the thermae, and dinner is again eaten at the home.

For formal events, or when guests are invited over for dinner, families and their guests would recline on flat elevated couches, eating sideways. Children are generally not invited to these events and eat elsewhere. However, for casual meals, food is eaten around a table as family. During Summer or while the weather is sunny, it is very popular to eat outside. It is also considered important in Roman culture to adhere to appropriate servings of food, as not to become overweight and undesirable.

Football
The most popular sport nation-wide is Football, the same in nearly every nation in the world. At most basic terms, the sport is played between two teams, officially with eleven players, with a spherical ball. The game is played on a large rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal using any body part than the hands. Contact is allowed, but very limited; and outright hitting is banned. Each team has a goalkeeper who can use the hands to stop the opposing team from scoring within a specific zone. The game is formally played for ninety minutes. If no side wins, the game is played for an additional thirty minutes. If a team still hasn't won, then the game enters a kick-out mode, where the goalkeeper has to stop a single opponent from scoring a goal. The official football season starts in September and ends in February. The Romans are notable for wearing tunics while playing this sport, rather than the traditional shirt and shorts.

Combat
The second most popular sport is Combat, which is as popular as Football, and is played in Spring, from the end of the Football season in Spring, to the start of Summer in June. Also like Football, it is widespread throughout the world, who try to claim the best method of combat. At the most basic level, the sport is played between two teams. A teams can be one person for one-on-one combat, like the gladiator games, or a from a team of a hundred people. However, the number of players in a sword-fighting match can range from anywhere in between two and two hundred. However, in official sword fighting matches, there are only fifty men on each team. Another major variant is with one-on-one fighting, especially popular in Dacia.

The goal of the game is to knock every opponent to the ground with a weapon, shield, or object of similar nature, after which they are out of the round. When all of a team's opponents are knocked down, the game ends, and one team wins. Some teams may incorporate archers or slingers. In this case, if an opponent is hit in the chest or back, by an non-injuring arrow or similar object, they are knocked out of the match.

The sport, especially in Central Asia and Mongolia, is especially notable for a major variant known as horse combat, where instead of fighting on foot, archers ride on horseback attempting to hit the opponent with arrows.

Since this game is popular worldwide, fighting styles may range from the long-sword-wielding Scots to the Gauls, who send their combatants into the game completely naked to distract and scare the opponent.

The Romans, on the other hand, follow the armor, weapons, formations, and traditions of the ancient Roman army, before the advent of guns and gunpowder was forced to change the way warfare was fought. Romans are notable for their extensive use of formations and large, rectangular shields in this sport.

Extensive safety rules and regulations are put in place to prevent concussion and any other type of notable injury. Swords must be extremely dull, and sometimes, are made of wood instead of metal. In addition to this, hitting an opponent while down will result in expulsion and banning from the game. Players must be careful to allow opponents to escape the battlefield if knocked out of the game. Ranged weapons may hurt, but must be non-injuring. Any personal fouls not part of the game will result in expulsion from the game, sometimes disqualification of the team, and in official matches, temporary banning from the game.

Running
Running is the third most popular sport in Roman culture. The official running season worldwide occurs in August and ends by the end of the month, right before football season. Most common events range from the 100 meter sprint and the 200 meter sprint; however some long and medium-length races also occur, such as the kilometer run and the marathon, a 42 kilometer run, all of which are done nude for an array of reasons, from tradition to chafe prevention. Whoever wins these competitions is up to a group of judges, usually three or nine. However, running is not usually seen as a sport to many Romans, but rather a part of Roman lifestyle. The vast majority of Romans go running in morning, noon, or evening, sometimes even daily; for health, and of course, is done clothed.

Wrestling
Wrestling is the fourth most popular sport in Roman culture. Like running, it is viewed more of a healthy habit instead of a competitive sport, and is much more common among youth, where it is played by girls and boys. It is a combat sport involving grappling type techniques such as clinch fighting, throws and take-downs, joint locks, pins and other grappling holds. A match is played between two people. The goal of the game is to get your opponent to land on the ground on their back, hip, or waist. Only grappling, twisting, turning, and throwing is allowed. Any intentional hitting, kicking, biting, scratching or otherwise similar action is not allowed. A traditional match ends when an opponent has hit the ground three times. Most commonly, and traditionally, wrestling is done completely naked, in order to prevent grappling of clothing.

Clothing
Overwhelmingly, Roman clothing is loose-fitting, flowing, and rarely sewn together. Roman clothing is notable for staying steadfast in design throughout the ages, not changing or being altered very much. In Roman culture, women wearing their hair up, but not too fanciful is seen as most desirable. For men, it is considered masculine to have a full, but neat beard. In fact, in Roman politics, a man shouldn't even be considered for office if he cannot grow a beard. Modern Roman clothing and culture is the combination of ancient Greek, Carthaginian, ancient Roman culture, mixed into one over the course of two thousand years. Roman clothing and the Romans themselves were renowned historically for being very sanitary, dumping their clothes into urine, which contains ammonia and taking daily or even taking two baths a day.

Undergarment
In summer, or during hot weather, men are free to not wear any bottom undergarments. In winter or while visiting cold climates, Roman men wear a subligar, a boxer brief, covering the nether regions.

Men from Crete are notable for wearing only decorated, longer subligar and nothing over, giving them a tribal look.

Main Dress
Whether wearing a subligar or not, the most crucial and extremely common article of clothing for men is the tunic, a long, loose-fitting shirt. It can be worn in any length possible, even down to the ankles, with the most common length extending to the knees. Early in Rome's history, the length, style, and color of of stripes on the tunic indicated a person's place in society; however, this practice gradually disappeared over the years. Over the tunic, a belt can be worn on the waist, fastening the tunic. In the winter months, or in very cold climates, additional tunics may be worn over the original tunic, even up to four.

For formal wear, men wear a toga over the tunic; a long piece of cloth draped over the shoulders and around the body. It was usually woven from white wool, and was worn over a tunic. The toga was originally worn by both men and women, and as a practical work-garment. However, it slowly became voluminous, complex, and costly, eventually becoming strictly for stately processions, public debate, oratory, and other rather formal events. Originally, the most common style of toga was plain white, or had red fringes. This restriction on style eventually fell out of favor and faded out of use, allowing free design. Several major variants include: For a casual, but dignified look, Roman men wear a himation over a tunic as a cloak instead of wearing a toga, which is reserved for formal events. The himation starts off as a rectangular piece of fabric which is thrown over one shoulder, wrapped under the opposite shoulder, brought around the front, and wrapped around the same shoulder.
 * a pure white, bright toga, used for candidates for political office,
 * a dark, or pure black toga, used for mourning or for times of crisis. Specifically, it is used by politicians as a form of protest, disapproval, or despair.
 * For a long time after the fall of the Roman Empire to the Republican Revolution, the use of a fully-purple toga was punishable by death, which was previously worn by the emperor, who had become a hated figure.

Footwear
There is little distinguishing between male and female footwear in Roman clothing. Roman footwear can be divided into two main groups: sandals and boots. Both are flat soled. Boots, usually worn for outdoor use, can have cleats for grip and durability. Roman footwear is notable for its sophisticated strap-work and delicate cutting to create intricate decorative patterns. Indoors, Romans go barefoot to not track in dirt and to stay sanitary.

Other
Staying true to the traditions of ancient times, men do not wear anything when swimming, as it was dangerous to swim with clothes on before the development of modern fabrics. When at the public baths men are also nude. When exercising at a gymnasium, younger men also go about nude, however, being nude outside any of these places is disgraceful. When sleeping, a man usually wears a specific tunic just for sleeping.

Undergarment
Historically, upper-class women wore an upper undergarment called a mamillare wrapped around the breasts, a brasserie, but more of a binder, to prevent their breasts from growing too large, which was viewed as comical. However, the use of the mamillare fell out of use by approximately 800 AD due to inconvenience; thus, many Roman women today wear no upper undergarment.

In addition to this, women also almost always wear a subligacula, an triangular bottom loincloth, covering the groin. Subligacula are worn regardless of what is worn over. As with the mamillare, the way in which it was made changed, along with the material it was made out of.

During winter or otherwise very cold weather, Roman women wear what would usually be men's clothing--a tunic, as an undergarment, extending down to the ankles.

Main Dress
The most common clothing among women is the ''chiton. The most commonly worn type of chiton, a Doric chiton'' starts out as a rectangular piece of cloth. If the woman wants to wear an over fold, the top part of wide rectangle is folded over. The woman holds the two long ends of the rectangle, wraps it around herself, and clips the ends together with a pin or button. The woman then puts her hand through an opening on the other side, brings it up to her shoulder, and then clips it. A belt is then placed below the breast or on the waist to control the fullness. This kind of chiton leaves one side of the body exposed, and is worn during warm weather. The Ionic chiton is a much more concealing version type of chiton. This type of chiton starts out with a much wider rectangular piece of cloth than the Doric chiton. When clipped on, instead of being sleeveless, it has sleeves extending from the shoulder to the wrist, being the main type of clothing during winter or cold weather. During the winter, ionic chitons are worn. If extremely cold, up to two or three tunics may be worn under the ionic chiton.

For formal wear only, Roman women wear a stola, a long, pleated dress, worn over an tunic to prevent chafing. The stola is generally sleeveless but versions of it have short or long sleeves. Like the doric chiton, the stola is fastened by pins on the shoulders. The stola typically has two belts. The first was worn just below the breasts creating a great number of folds. The second and wider belt is worn around the waist.

Younger women, during the summer or hot and humid days are always seen wearing a pani, a short and simply decorated skirt which is held up by a wide, decorative belt around the waist. The pani extends to right above the knees, which is why the pani is used in hot months and during athletic activities. The Pani is also worn topless.

Women from the province of Crete are notable for their special form of dress. The universal wear for Cretan woman is the aperia. At the most simple, basic definition, aperia are dresses with no bodice, as the dress starts below the bosom, completely exposing the breasts. The aperia can be worn with or without sleeves, which can be short or long. In addition to this, a skirt is attached to the aperia below the waist, which extends to above the knees for everyday wear, and to the ankles for formal wear.



Outerwear
For a cloak in cold weather or for other uses, women can wear the previously-discussed himation over a chiton or stola as a shawl. Heavier, longer himations are especially used as protection against rain over the head or by new mothers to wrap around an infant.

Footwear
Female footwear is the same as male footwear in Roman culture, although female boots are generally pointier as the ends.

Jewelry and Cosmetics
The only common form of jewelry is actually the pins that fasten women's clothing, often beautifully decorated. The only other common form of jewelry Roman women can also wear earrings, albeit only for formal events. Less commonly, or for formal events, women also can wear necklaces, pendants, bracelets, and rings. Make-up is only worn for formal events. Instead of make-up, Roman women rely on natural beauty. They instead spend time doing their hair, which fashion can change within months or even weeks.

Children
From the age that one can walk to the age of their marriage, both boys and girls wear a simple tunic for everyday wear, usually in a plain color and simply decorated, extending down to the ankles; over their respective bottom undergarment, a subligar for boys, and a subligacula for girls.

When swimming, exercising, playing sports, or otherwise doing similar activities, Roman boys wear nothing and go about in the nude, a formerly Spartan-exclusive custom that became mainstream across Roman culture. Girls, for the same activities such as athletics or playing sports, wear a pani, a short dress worn topless, to cover the nether regions.