User:JorgeGG/Sandbox/From Sea to Shining Sea

Ideas, drafts and snippets of From Sea to Shining Sea

Differences OTL and ATL

 * Guidelines and Differences OTL and ATL


 * A Second American Revolution triumphs in USA and its socialists in its nature.
 * The general purpose of this ATL is to develop a story that tries not to be black and white, but that things fall more in a grey area.
 * We are more interest in describing cultural and social changes. In United America there still exist ethnic tensions.
 * The main ideological divide in the left is between Leninism and Trotskyism.
 * Trotskyism is not a fringe theory of Marxism like in OTL and its influential in United America and Japan. The main ruling party of United America, the AWP, is Trotskyists.
 * The tensions between the Old and New Left happen earlier. Sooner than the 1960s has in OTL.
 * The main socialist states embrace ideological and political pluralism to a certain extent. They also try to forge a synthesis between central planning and market socialism.
 * Japan, loses the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1953) and becomes a Socialist State.

General Ideas and To Do List

 * One POD and butterfly effect.
 * An entry of Sarah Leslie (19??-February 28, 1986), (plus a photo)
 * American transnational corporations (see below)
 * An entry of the American Workers Party (see below)
 * The Far East with the establishment the PR of Japan its region with ongoing tensions and conflicts. The situation is similar to a regional Cold War that is not settled until at least the 1980s.
 * Europe unifies earlier due to the perceived military and economical threats from USSR and United America.
 * A socialist Japan — Japan (From Sea to Shining Sea).
 * United America's southern ally — Mexico (From Sea to Shining Sea).
 * Korea, a united capitalist nation bordering hostile countries like North China (PRC), USSR and PR of Japan. — Korea (From Sea to Shining Sea).
 * Capitalist South China (Republic of China) and socialist China (PR of China).

=Drafts Ideas=

Two Key Technologies
Two key technologies missing in the narration (thermonuclear weapons and atomic power)

-
 * America's neighbours
 * Mexico
 * Canada
 * Cuba? Machado's dictatorship.
 * Puerto Rico
 * Panama Canal Zone. League of Nations mandate under British and Colombian supervision.
 * Haiti. United States occupation ended (between Dec 1932 or late 1933 or early 1934) as US Marines leave the island to strengthen the Canal Zone or US territory.


 * Central America (How far does Mexico intervene?)
 * Guatemala. Jorge Ubico's dictatorship. Banana Republic
 * El Salvador. Maximiliano Hernández Martínez's dictatorship. Banana Republic
 * Honduras. Tiburcio Carías' dictatorship. Banana Republic
 * Nicaragua. US troops leave to America in Dec 1932 as part of planned pull out. Return of Augusto C. Sandino from his asylum in México. (Nicaraguan history goes the same way as OTL or Mexico helps Sandino?)
 * Costa Rica. Constitutional government with free democratic elections.
 * Panama. Dependent of the British and Colombian supervision of the Canal and their ifluence.


 * Rest of the Americas (at least between 1932-1936)
 * Venezuela. Juan Vicente Gómez's dictatorship
 * Colombia. Liberal's hegemony with free democratic elections
 * Ecuador. Constitutional government with free democratic elections
 * Peru. Same as OTL?
 * Chile. Alessandri. Same as OTL?
 * Argentina. Infamous Decade. Same as OTL?
 * Bolivia. Same as OTL?
 * Brazil. Getúlio Vargas. Same as OTL?
 * Paraguay. Same as OTL?
 * Uruguay. Gabriel Terra. Same as OTL?

;Names ATL
 * From Sea to Shining Sea
 * Red Star and Red Sun
 * The Other Revolution
 * Welcome to the Revolution
 * Red Banners and Stars
 * The Coal Miner's Daughter (I know, I know It is already used but it could something similar in reference to Sarah Leslie the key protagonist of the ATL)
 * Rebirth of a Nation


 * Names Country (former US)
 * United Socialist Republics of America (USAR) / United Socialist Republics of North America (USNAR)
 * United/Union of North American Socialist Republics (UNASR)
 * United/Union of American Socialist Republics (UASR)
 * North American Socialist Union (NASU) / North American Socialist Federation (NASF)
 * American Socialist Union (ASU) / American Socialist Federation (ASF)
 * United Socialist Republics of America (USRA) / United Socialist Republics of North America (USRNA)
 * Federation of American Socialist Republics (FASR)
 * United Socialist States of America (USSA)

American transnational corporations

 * A Draft

With the triumph of the Revolution Corporate US had ceased to exist. The Revolution besides making wide scale changes in the property and management of private corporations being the most important ones like the automobile, mining, coal, steel, and manufacturing trusts and large companies nationalized had also to deal with overseas properties and interests of these. Despite the Law on the Overseas Property of Former US Companies, that established a process to inventory and evaluate their assets and allowed their full nationalization or joint State ownership by the country were they operate, came to null in most of the cases save for the ones operating in Mexico that were de facto nationalized by its government. Overseas property and Foreign interest were retaken or recognized by the capitalists countries in favor of expatriated Americans. The Treaty of Economic Cooperation and Mutual Assistance signed between Mexico and Revolutionary America enable the exchange of managers, built local management abilities and technological transfer to key areas like petroleum, chemicals, heavy industry and construction.

American capitalists (Blue Expats) were able to transfer their properties and control to newly created overseas headquarters in Europe (mainly London and Paris) and other countries. Surviving corporations were able to keep their patents outside America and successfully contest their rights at law courts where cases were resolved in their favor.

For example The Mobil and Exxon Corporations were able to keep running their oil extraction and refineries after establishing in Canada and UK. American Tobacco Company, AT&T Corp already having interests outside America keep their managements and boards but settled in London. The big three automobile manufactures Ford Motor Company, General Motors and Chrysler consolidate of what was left outside America and force the merger of smaller American companies and dealers. United Fruit, Standard Fruit, and Cuyamel moved to the Panama Canal and functioned as before the Revolution in Central America and the Caribbean but now adding as new market for their products the British Commonwealth and Europe. High technology companies like aircraft, chemical, electrical and mechanical manufacturers were reestablished under new names and fought over many years the control of their patents outside America.

Other like U.S. Steel, Kennecott, and Anaconda Copper that lost all of their American assets were brought out by German, French and British interests, or like DuPont Chemicals and Pfizer, had new foreign partners and shareholders brought in and keep its patents outside of America. Only Alcoa Corporation keep its production of aluminum production mainly in Australia and Africa.

And the Fields of the South Burned
The Revolution meant a rapture but its climax happen in the South. At first it was distant whisper the outbreak of the revolution in the main cities but a week later the decades of racial segregation and white chauvinism erupted as volcano. The quiet violence expresses itself in hoes, pitchforks, rifles, lynching, killings, hangings and burning. Everywhere the fields were taken by force in most cases by blacks. The white landowners and their agents fought back with the usual violence but with state and federal breaking down and not holding them back all sides took the worst acts of violence in their hands. If you can picture the most extreme of class warfare the South was its uglier example. Besides cities towns, villages and cities fought with revolutionary councils and courts springing out.

The AWP at first providing help to all revolutionaries was rapidly overtaken (Note: develop more the ideological break within the southern AWP). The black, with the help sympathetic whites organized themselves in their communes and revolutionary council. The most radicals joined in starting their revolutionary vanguard thus the Black Workers and Peasants Revolutionary Party came to being with the armed militias protecting and enforcing this new freedom. The poor farmer and his wife began to awake at the greatest change they foresaw under the Red flag with the Black Fist.

In many areas this control became an established government that after the triumph of the revolution did not easily gave its share of power to the newly established Socialist Workers Republics. Negotiations at national level gave back ample self government - Autonomous Regional Community (ARC).

National Constitution of the Revolutionary America
In 1937 the Constituent Assembly of Workers, Farmers and Indians approved the national constitution of Revolutionary America. This document replaced the provisional Principles of the Democratic Dictatorship of the Proletariat of 1933 that serve as the main charter of the incipient political apparatus the Workers sate during the revolution.

The main chapters are
 * Preamble
 * A Bill of Political and Social Rights
 * Social and public ownership of land, means of production and natural resources. The Indian communities have the collective ownership of the land and natural resources within their political territories.
 * Statement and guarantee of the sovereignty and source of all political power comes from the working people and the powers delegated on the branches of government of the Republic
 * The right of Initiative, referendum, and recall and law process making of the legislative and executive branches. Qualifications, term limits and recall of the legislative, executive and judiciary branches.
 * Characteristics the polities of the Union. |Workers Socialist Republic (or American Socialist Republic?) as main and basic constituent polity, Autonomous Indian Community (AIC) and Autonomous Regional Community (ARC), Local Indian Region, Communes and National Territory.
 * Relationship and coordination between the Republics and National Government. Also the mandate and ability to make compacts of interest or cooperation between the Republics.
 * an elected bicameral legislature that is the supreme ruling body with dual legislative and executive functions. The first chamber ( Workers' Congress of America) is composed of deputies elected by each Republic, Autonomous Indian Community, Commune and Autonomous Regional Community. A second chamber (Council of the Union) composed of representatives of the government of each Republic, Autonomous Indian Community, Commune and Autonomous Regional Community
 * Legislative process of national laws, budget, taxation and revenue. Regulation of emergency powers of the executive.
 * An unipersonal elected executive (President) assisted by a council of ministers named by the President and approved by the legislature.
 * A unified federal judiciary with National Supreme Court, named by the legislature in a mixed system composed of the executive, legislative and judicial branches. The state supreme court is the nations final court of appeal in all civil, criminal, labor, social and Indian cases, supervises the republican supreme courts. The guarantee of right of appeal to National Supreme Court. All judges served for fix terms and until the age of retirement of 65.
 * Safeguard clause of form of government of the republics that are part of the federation. Mechanism of intervention and necessity clauses in republican administrations.
 * Constitutional reform (legislative process, constituent assembly or referendum)

American Labor Unions
(Note: for the moment American Congress of Labor - Not the best name but a provisional one. Other names: Workers Alliance of America (WAA), Labor Alliance of America (LAA), National Congress of Labor, )

On the eve of the Second American Civil War (1932-1936) there were three main national labor unions. The craft unions dominated American Federation of Labor (AFL), the revolutionary and industrial unions lead International World Workers (IWW) and the Workers' Industrial Union (WIU). In the 1930s the IWW and WIU were bitter rivals in unionization of labor leaving aside the AFL that began to slowly lose its influence. The IWW and WIU also organized the unemployed and homeless in the Depressions of 1920–21 and 1929–33 by the unemployed councils, unemployed leagues, etc.

An example of the change of times was the disaffiliation of the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) from the AFL, and later its membership to the AWA. The IWW and WIU adopted a more radical and socialist platforms after the failure of the 1925 American Revolution and joined with other organizations in the AWA (1928).

During the revolutionary years the IWW and WIU and despite their rivalry, grew in strength as they organized and established workers and farmers militias, workers' councils, pushed for the merger of unions according to industry and helping the WTUL organize women workers. The AFL unprepared for events of the revolution became a shell of its previous national presence.

At the end of revolution the WIU was the main labor union, though it had agreed on joint action with the IWW in the final years of the Revolution. In an effort to unite American labor the IWW, WIU, WTUL and several other political workers union revived the Conference for Progressive Labor Action. The CPLA called organized and called for a meeting of a Congress of American Labor in 1938, inviting the leadership of the AFL and its associated unions.

At the unity congress all four national unions agreed of establishing the American Congress of Labor (ACL) and its support to the nascent socialist state. The unity congress approved as guiding principle of its by-laws: organize all workers along industrial union lines or manufacturing combines, promote the welfare and fair salaries to all workers, mutual aid and cooperation among workers, non-discrimination of women and blacks nor discrimination by skills, race, creed, or national origin in union membership and leadership, participation of workers in the management and safety in the workplace.

Organization

 * National Congress (meets every two years)-> elects National Executive Council every two years. Between National Congress meetings a Federative Meeting is held with representatives of each state/regional Executive Council and leadership of the affiliated organizations.
 * State / Regional Convention -> State/Regional Executive Council
 * District Convention -> District Executive Council


 * Affiliated organizations
 * United Mine Workers of America (UMW or UMWA)
 * United Automobile Workers (UAW)
 * Union of United Brewery, Soft Drink, and Distillery Workers of America
 * United Textile Workers of America
 * American Railway Union (ARU), later becoming the Transport Workers Union of America (TWUA)
 * National Agricultural Workers Industrial Union (NAWIO)
 * Lumber Workers Industrial Union
 * Metal and Machinery Workers Industrial Union
 * American Postal Workers Industrial Union
 * Oil and Gas Workers Industrial Union (OGWIU)
 * United Steelworkers Industrial Union
 * United Teamsters of America
 * American Federation of Teachers (AFT)
 * Construction Workers Industrial Union
 * Banking and Financial Services Union
 * National Federation of Federal Employees
 * United Public Workers of America (republic and local workers)
 * Marine Workers Industrial Union
 * Education and Science Workers’ Union
 * Artists' Union
 * Industrial Union of Marine and Shipbuilding Workers of America
 * International Typographical Union
 * American Newspaper Guild
 * Food and Tobacco Workers, later the United Food, Services and Commerce Workers

Cooperatives
The National Union of Cooperatives (NU-Coop) is the national confederation of cooperatives

The NU-Coop administers the National Cooperative Bank and the Credit Unions Association.


 * Organization
 * National General Assembly (meets every two years) that elects the National Board
 * State / Regional General Assembly (meets every two years) that elects State/Regional Board.
 * Local Coordination (meets every year) that elects the Coordinating Board

Types of cooperatives - workers, consumer, services, housing, retailers', agricultural and public utilities and Cooperative wholesale society.

Five Year Plans
I - 1937 to 1941 II - 1942-1946 III - 1947-1951

National Ministries Revolutionary America
Council of Ministers
 * Foreign Affairs (former State Department)
 * Finance and Treasury (former Treasury Department)
 * Justice (former Justice Department)
 * Attorney General
 * Interior Affairs (former Interior Department)
 * Republican Coordination and Affairs
 * Indian Affairs (former Bureau of Indian Affairs)
 * National Defense (former War and Navy Departments)
 * Labor and Cooperatives (former Labor Department)
 * Post, Cables and Telephones (former Post Office Department)
 * Education
 * Health and Social Welfare
 * Housing

Economical Production and Distribution ministries
 * Agriculture and Food (former Agriculture Department). Its main bureaus are: Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries, Food Industry and Land Reform)
 * Trade and Industry (Former Commerce Department) later split in
 * Foreign Trade
 * Home Trade
 * Public Works
 * Transportation and Associated Industries. Its main Bureaus are: Automobile Industry, Aviation Industry, Land Transport, Marine Transport, Railroad Transport and Air transport.
 * Manufacture and General Production. Its main Bureaus are: Chemical Industry, Energy and Electrical Engineering, Electronic Industry, Mechanical Industry, Printing, Textile and Clothes, and Other Industries.
 * Mining. Several Bureaus: Coal, Oil and Gas, Copper Mining, Iron mining, etc.

Boards, Committees and Commissions
 * National Coordinating Committee of the Civil Service
 * Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve
 * Board of Governors of the National Bank of America
 * Board of Governors of the National Savings and Loans Union
 * Board of Governors of the Economical Development Bank
 * Board of Governors of the National Bank for Foreign Trade and Cooperation
 * National State Commission for Economic Planning
 * National State Commission of Public Works, later incorporated to the Planning Bureau of the Public Works Ministry
 * National State Commission of Science and Technology
 * National Research Council - National Academy of Sciences
 * Central Office of the Census and Statistical Information (former Bureau of the Census)

Regional development agencies/corporations. Administered by the Public Works Ministry
 * Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
 * Colorado River Authority (CRA)
 * Columbia River Basin Corporation (CRBC)
 * Missouri River Industrial Corportation
 * Ohio Valley Authority
 * Savannah River Authority
 * Arkansas Valley Development Board (AVDB)

Notable State and Public Industries and Cooperative
Between 1937 and 1942 the main nationalized industries were merged into large industrial combines and the Trade and Industry Ministry was split in distinct ministries with bureaus in charge of managing the nationalized economic sector under their administrative sphere.
 * American Motors Company (AMC) the main automobile company founded by the merger of the nationalized Ford Motor, General Motors, Chrysler Corporation.
 * National Harvester Company the main manufacturer of agricultural machinery.
 * National Steel Corporation formed from the nationalized US Steel, Bethlehem Steel and others.
 * National Coal Board. Merger of the nationalized Consolidation Coal Company, Pennsylvania Coal Co. and others. Organized in Coal Mining Provinces (Eastern, Gulf, Interior, Northern Great Plains, Rocky Mountains and Pacific Coast) and Districts.
 * North American Telephone and Telegraph (NATT) Merger of ATT and Western Union. Under management of the Ministry of Post, Cables and Telephones. Bell Telephone and private telephone companies became regional or republic public utilities.
 * National Railroad Administration
 * National Oil and Gas Corporation of America (NOGCA)
 * Federal Power Commission (FPC) administers, coordinates, maintains, regulates and builds the national electrical grid.
 * Pan American Airlines South American and international air carrier
 * North American Airlines national air carrier

Public utilities such as telephone, electricity, public and road cargo transport, water and waste disposal became republic or regional public utilities companies. Cooperatives also took up these services in rural and urban areas.

The tobacco industry is divided in two sectors that jointly produce and distributed all tobacco products. The nationalized American Tobacco Combine and tobacco producing cooperatives. A joint import-export company carries out all foreign trade.

- Officially Prohibition at national level ended in 1937, however some republics during the Revolution had it abrogated within their territories. Alcohol production, quality, distribution and license of sales is regulated by republican governments. Production, distribution and sales of beer, wine and spirits are done by either republican, cooperatives or private retailers. Some republics have a complete state monopoly of the alcohol industry.

Armed Forces
The People's National Armed Forces (PNAF) is the direct successor of the red and workers militias of the Revolution. The Law on the People's National Armed Forces of 1937 established a national military and its branches.

The Selective Service System Law gave power to the Ministry of the National Defense to conscript men and women in case of war and provide volunteer conscription in times of peace. It also considered the cases of conscientious objectors that must serve in the Civilian Public Service.

The National Security Acts define the chain of command and political structure of the PNAF. These define the commander-in-chief being the President of United America, the Ministry of the National Defense in charged of coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government directly related to national security and the People's National Armed Forces, the National Security Council that coordinate military strategy with political affairs and the Joint Chiefs of Staff, a body of the senior uniformed leaders of the PNAF that advises the political authorities and as the joint or delegated operational command authority of the armed forces.

The branches or services of the PNAF are:
 * People's National Army (PNA)
 * People's National Navy (PNN)
 * People's National Air Force (PNAF)
 * National Coast Guard (NCG)
 * PNAF Strategic Command

On acquiring and adopting thermonuclear weapons the PNAF established a unified combat command - PNAF Strategic Command - responsible for the strategic deterrence, global strike, and operation of the air, land and sea-based ICBM.

League of Nations
The League of Nations (LoN) is an intergovernmental organisation founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It is the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. Its primary goals, as stated in its Covenant, included preventing wars through collective security and disarmament and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration. Other issues in this and related treaties included labour conditions, just treatment of native inhabitants, human and drug trafficking, the arms trade, global health, prisoners of war, and protection of minorities in Europe.

In 1936/1937 the LoN has the Panama Canal Zone has as mandate under British and Colombian supervision due to the collapse of the United States during the Second American Revolution and the establishment of the socialist United America.

The main constitutional organs of the League are the Assembly, the Council, and the Permanent Secretariat. It also has two essential wings: the Permanent Court of International Justice and the International Labour Organization. In addition, there were several auxiliary agencies and commissions. Each organ's budget is allocated by the Assembly (the League is supported financially by its member states).

Auxilary organisations: the Disarmament Commission (inactive since 1940), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the Mandates Commission, the International Commission on Intellectual Cooperatio[, the Permanent Central Opium Board, the Commission for Refugees, the Slavery Commission and the International Health Organization.


 * Member States
 * Founding members (1920)
 * Argentina (withdrew 1921, rejoined September 1933)
 * Australia
 * Belgium
 * Bolivia
 * Brazil (withdrew June 1926)
 * Canada
 * Chile
 * China (know as South China in 1954)
 * Colombia
 * Cuba
 * Czechoslovakia
 * Denmark
 * El Salvador
 * France
 * Greece
 * Guatemala
 * Haiti
 * Honduras
 * India
 * Italy
 * Japan (withdrew March 1933, rejoined in 1955 as the PR of Japan)
 * Liberia
 * Netherlands
 * New Zealand
 * Nicaragua
 * Norway
 * Panama
 * Paraguay (withdrew February 1935)
 * Persia/Iran
 * Peru
 * Poland
 * Portugal
 * Romania
 * Siam
 * South Africa
 * Spain
 * Sweden
 * Switzerland
 * Uruguay
 * United Kingdom
 * Venezuela
 * Yugoslavia
 * New Members
 * Austria (joined December 1920)
 * Bulgaria (joined December 1920)
 * Costa Rica ((joined December 1920, withdrew January 1925)
 * Finland (joined December 1920)
 * Luxembourg (joined December 1920)
 * Albania (joined December 1920)
 * Estonia (joined September 1921)
 * Latvia (joined September 1921)
 * Lithuania (joined September 1921)
 * Hungary (joined September 1922)
 * Irish Free State/Ireland (joined September 1923)
 * Ethiopia (joined September 1923)
 * Dominican Republic (joined September 1924)
 * Germany (joined September 1926, withdrew October 1933)
 * Mexico (joined September 1931)
 * Turkey (joined September 1932)
 * Iraq (joined September 1932)
 * Soviet Union (joined September 1934)
 * Afghanistan (joined September 1934)
 * Ecuador (joined September 1934)
 * Egypt (joined September 1937)
 * United America (joined September 194?)
 * Korea (joined September 1954)
 * North China /PR of China (joined ??)

Unión Panamericana
The Pan-American Union's Bureau and therefore the whole organization would be inactive and in recess with events of Second American Revolution (1932-1936). The dormant organization would be retaken by Mexican foreign affairs as part of their diplomatic offensive within Central and South America. Mexico’s effort was to widen the original commercial purposes of the Pan-American Unión to collaborate in the areas of health, cultural and scientific exchange, social improvement, resolution of inter state conflicts and move towards a defence pact.

Mexico’s ambitious plan was opposed by Colombia, Brazil and Argentina that wanted more limited goals and were more focused in commercial exchange. In the end at Mexico City the Pan-American Congress of 1939 approved a new Charter. It was the result of consensus between interest parties it would promote trade but also social and economic development.

As result a general reorganization dissolved and merge institution into new bodies such as the Inter-American Organization for Cultural and Scientific Cooperation, A proposal for a Pan-American Highway was approved. Perhaps the most significant milestone was the treaty establishing the Pan-American Court of Justice in that way arbitration became the norm to settle differences in the Americas.

Convention on the Pan-American Highway signed in 1942 that would build 30,000 kilometres of network of roads linking lost of the Pacific coastal countries of the Americas in a highway system.

On Mexico's insistence and lobby a Development and Investment Bank of America (DIBA/BDIA) was established in 1946

Organization of the Pan-American Union Affiliated Institutions
 * Directive Council / Consejo Directivo
 * Director General Director General
 * Pan-American Congress / Inter-American Conference
 * National Commissions / Comisiones nacionales
 * Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana/Pan-American Sanitary Bureau -> OPS/PAHO Organización Panamerican de la Salud/Pan American Health Organization 1943 to date
 * Instituto Internacional Americano de Protección a la Infancia (1927-1944 part of OPS)
 * Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia/Pan American Institute of Geography and History (1928-1942 merged into the OICCC)
 * Comisión Interamericana de Mujeres/Inter-American Commission of Women (1928 to date)
 * Organización Interamericana de Cooperaciòn Cultural y Científica / Inter-American Organization for Cultural and Scientific Cooperation (1942 to date)
 * Comisión Interamericana de Comunicaciones/Inter-American Communications Commission (CIC/IACC) 1923, reformed 1942
 * Pan-American Highway Commission 1942 to date
 * Pan-American Court of Justice 1943
 * Development and Investment Bank of America (DIBA/BDIA, 1946 to date)


 * Members States
 * Argentina
 * Bolivia
 * Brazil
 * Chile
 * Colombia
 * Costa Rica
 * Cuba
 * Dominican Republic
 * Ecuador
 * El Salvador
 * Guatemala
 * Haiti
 * Honduras
 * Mexico
 * Nicaragua
 * Panama
 * Paraguay
 * Peru
 * United America
 * Uruguay
 * Venezuela

East Asian Community
The East Asian Community is a regional intergovernmental organization comprising eleven countries in Asia, which promotes and facilitates economic, political, security, educational, and cultural cooperation among its members.


 * Membership
 * Flag_of_South_Korea.svg R of Korea
 * Flag of the Republic of China.svg R of China (South China)
 * Mao Zedong's proposal for the PRC flag.svg PR of China (North China)
 * Flag of the People's Republic of Japan (Proposal).png PR of Japan
 * Flag of Mongolia.svg PR of Mongolia
 * Flag of the Philippines.svg R of the Philippines
 * R of Vietnam
 * K of Cambodia
 * K of Laos
 * K of Thailand

Association of European States
The Association of European States

After World War II (or similar)? Creation? purpose? Tensions between UK and Continental Europe? France and Rest of Europe?

Main European Institutions / European Political Community (EPC)
 * European Executive Council (EEC). HQ Brussels.
 * Commission. HQ Brussels.
 * European Parliament. HQ Brussels.
 * Court of Justice of the European Communities. HQ Luxembourg.
 * European Court of Auditors. HQ Luxembourg
 * Social and Economic Council. HQ Brussels.


 * European Institutions
 * European Political Community (EPC) HQ Brussels and Luxembourg.
 * European Defense Community (EDC) HQ Brussels.
 * European Economic Community (EEC) HQ Brussels and Düsseldorf.
 * European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) HQ Brussels.
 * European Space Research Organisation (ESRO) HQ Paris.

Transatlantic Defence Treaty (TADT). Members EDC and Canada. Extra Territorial Trade Agreements (ETTA): Signed with Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.


 * Membership


 * Flag of Austria.svg Austria


 * Flag of Belgium.svg Belgium


 * Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark


 * Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg Germany
 * Flag of France.svg France
 * Hellenic Kingdom Flag 1935.svg Greece


 * Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland
 * Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland
 * Flag_of_Italy.svg Italy


 * Civil Ensign of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg
 * Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands
 * Flag of Norway.svg Norway


 * Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal


 * Flag of the Second Spanish Republic.svg Spain
 * Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden
 * Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom


 * Associated States
 * Canadian Red Ensign (1921–1957).svg Canada
 * Flag of Finland.svg Finland

People's Republic of China (North China)
The People's Republic of China (中华人民共和国) is a socialist state established in Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mongolia in 1953.

It claims sovereignty over Tibet and the provinces controlled by South China (Republic of China)

History
The PRC has its beginning in the liberation of Manchuria by the Soviet Army and the People's Liberation Army (PLA) in the final months of the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1953). The following day, after the Liberation from Japan, a People's Revolutionary Government Committee (PRGC) was proclaimed (October 19, 1953) to administer the Kingdom of Manchukuo that was dissolved. In the first months of the establishment of the PRGC a massive retreat of the communist guerrillas to northern China began as part of a planned campaign. The retreat allow a fast control of the provinces that would be part of PRGC. The seizure of Beijing was the high-point of this campaign.

In parallel the region of Xinjiang, with the help of Mongolian and Soviet forces proclaimed it allegiance to the PRGC. However the operations to capture the city of Qingdao and with it the whole of the province of Shandong were stopped by the army of the ROC on the shores of the Yellow River. The standstill of military actions and the stetting up of barricades for several months would afterwards became the de-facto frontier of North and South China. In March 1954 the People's Republic of China was proclaimed in Beijing. The nascent PRC declared as its official policy the establishment of a socialist republic and the unification of China.

The PR of Japan would sign a Treaty of Friendship and Trade (1957) that would allowed Japan to import PRC's oil, coal and soybeans for its incipient industrial recovery and PRC would in exchange receive technological help, manufactured goods and weapons - Japan's first fighter jet along medium and heavy tanks were shipped.

The Sino-Korea War (1957-1959), was an attempt to invade and establish a friendly communist regime in Korea. Taking advantage of the apparent disorder of the Military Coup of 1956 the PLA invaded Korea being routed and coming to a standstill at Pyongyang by Korean Armed Forces, with covert support from China. By 1959 PRC had to retreat to to its previous limits and call for a truce.

The Sino-Korea War (1957-1959) among other factors meant the fall of Liu Shaoqi and his replacement by the more reliable and sensible leadership. The so called pro-war Liu clique was violently purged and removed from the administration of the State. The purge elevated the status of Mao as paramount leader of the CPC and the PRC.

Government
The Constitution approved in 1954 by the People's National Convention, establishes a socialist state under the people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants and that the state organs apply the principle of democratic centralism. In its preamble it is also stated that unification of China is the Peoples and State goal.
 * the supreme organ of power is the National People's Congress (NPC). It is composed of directly elected deputies by the people, renewed every five years. In its first session, after elections, it elects the People's Political Commission (PPC), the State Council, the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate and the People's Supervisory Commission (PSC).
 * The executive power resides in the People's Political Commission (PPC), that is the collective head of state. It is integrated by a President and three vice presidents and 3 other members. The State Council carries out all the executive and administrative functions. The PPC and the State Council are responsible before the NPC.
 * the judicial power resides in the Supreme People's Court (SPC). The judges of the SPC and lower courts are elected or appointed by people's congresses at the corresponding levels to serve a maximum of two five-year term. The SPC is the court of last resort for the whole of China The SPC supervises the administration of justice by all subordinate local people's courts and "special" people's courts. Local people's courts are organized in intermediate, and municipal districts people's courts.
 * The Supreme People's Procuratorate is the highest agency at the national level responsible for both prosecution and investigation. The Procurator-General is elected by the PPC, local people's procuratorates at different levels, military procuratorates and other special people's procuratorates are elected by or appointed by people's congresses at the corresponding levels. All procurators serve a maximum of two five-year term.
 * People's Supervisory Commission

All men and women that are citizens of the PRC and of eighteen years of age or more have the right to vote in all elections and referenda.

Administrative Divisions
Sub-national government is composed of people's congresses and people's committees of various levels (municipalities, autonomous regions, province, district and village or city).

The PR of China is divided in the following special cities and provinces:
 * Provinces:
 * Longjiang
 * Jilin
 * Fengtian
 * Suiyuan, incorporated to Inner Mongolia AR
 * Chahar, incorporated to Inner Mongolia AR
 * Rehe
 * Liaobei
 * Xing'an
 * Heibe
 * Shanxi
 * Autonomous Regions:
 * Inner Mongolia
 * Ningxia
 * Xinjiang
 * Municipalities:
 * Beijing
 * Xinjing
 * Harbin
 * Tianjin
 * Shenyang
 * Dalian

Political Process
The Chinese Communist Party (CCP), along minor parties in the People's United Front (PUF), have the monopoly of power. These parties are the following:
 * The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) founded in 1921 is a Marxist-Leninst party. The CCP is the sole governing party within North China, permitting other subordinated parties to co-exist, those making up the PUF. The CCP is officially banned in South China.

Economy
THe PR of China as an important agricultural production, being quoted as the breadbasket of Japan and Northern China. Its main crops were kaoliang, corn, maize, wheat, sorghum, and soybean. From kaoliang and corn liquors were made, including vodka, sake, beer, soy juices and vinegar. Soybean and wheat are PRC's main crops. Land was collectivized in the early years of the People's Republic. Opium production was prohibited and all its crops destroyed.

The industrial infrastructure built in Manchuria under the Japanese occupation established a solid based for economic development of PR of China. This tied to the abundance of iron and coal has made this region one of the most industrialized and urbanized hubs of former China. The first Five Year Economic Plan (1955-1959) repaired the existing heavy industry, mines, roads and railways and ports. It also started the race against South China in order to surpass it economically.

The Sino-Japanese Treaty of Friendship and Trade (1957) called for the coordination of the Economic Plans of both countries. So the II Chinese Plan (1960-1963) was a transitional phase but as in the First Plan it centered on reconstruction of supply and distribution infrastructure (roads, railways, canals, ports and airports) and the transformation of the agriculture and handicraft industries. The III Plan (1964-1968) was coordinated with its Japanese counterpart.

Armed Forces
The People's Liberation Army (PLA) is in charge of the national defense. It is organized in the following services: At all levels of the PLA a political commissar is the supervisory political officer responsible for the political education (ideology) and organization, and committed to the civilian control of the military.
 * PLA Ground Force
 * PLA Naval Force
 * PLA Air Force

The armament of the PLA is mainly of Soviet and Japanese manufacture. The Ground Forces is equipped with Soviet and Japanese medium and heavy tanks. The Air Force had procured Japan's first fighter jets.

The Ministry of Public Security is in charge of public order and law enforcement.

Republic of China (South China)
The Republic of China (ROC) was a sovereign country established in January 1912 after the Xinhai Revolution, which overthrew the Qing dynasty, the last imperial dynasty of China.

From its founding the ROC is based on mainland China. Central authority waxed and waned in response to warlordism (1915–28), the Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937–53), and a full-scale civil war (1927–...), with central authority strongest during the Nanjing Decade (1927–37), when most of China came under the control of the authoritarian, one-party military dictatorship of the Kuomintang (KMT).

In 1953, at the end of World War II, the Empire of Japan surrendered control of Taiwan and Manchuria. China claims control over Tibet, Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Hong Kong (UK) and Macau (Portugal) and the territories controlled by PRC of China (North China).

State and Government
According to Sun Yat-sen's theory, the KMT was to rebuild China in three phases: a phase of military rule through which the KMT would take over power and reunite China by force; a phase of political tutelage; and finally a constitutional democratic phase. Thus, there have been at least three periods of constitutional organization.

The phases of force and political tutelage that overlap each other, roughly occurs between 1916 to 1935. This period was marked by the Southern and Northern Expeditions and the alliance with the CPC. According to the First provisional constitution of 1916 the President of the National Government was elected by the KMT central executive committee. In the absence of a National Assembly, the KMT's party congress functioned in its place. Since party membership was a requirement for civil service positions, the KMT was full of careerists and opportunists. The second provisional constitution of 1926 called for the election of the President of the Republic by National Assembly. Its delegates were elected by party nominations. The distribution was one-third Nationalists, one-third Communists, and one-third of members from other parties every four years. Overseas Chinese and minorities were represented in the party nominations. The President nominated the President of Executive Yuan and all its ministers and commissioners. The old Da-Li-Yuan was reformed as the Supreme Court.

In 1935 a The Second Constitution of the ROC was promulgated, the Five-power Constitution. This was based on Sun Yat-sen's idea of "separation of the five powers". The government of the ROC has five branches (executive, legislative, judicial, control and examination) and also embodies the Three Principles of the People (Sān Mín Zhǔyì).
 * The Executive is composed of
 * The President of the Republic, elected by the National Assembly for a term of six years, is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the Republic of China.
 * Executive Yuan - led by the premier (President of the Executive Yuan) but in actuality it is the President who sets policy. The Executive Yuan is the "highest administrative authority" with oversight over domestic matters while giving the president of the Republic powers as commander-in-chief of the military and authority over foreign affairs;
 * The Legislative is composed of:
 * National Assembly, with the power to amend the constitution and elect the President and Vice President and the right to recall them if they failed to fulfill their political responsibilities.
 * Legislative Yuan is the unicameral legislative chamber, elected by universal suffrage. Some seats a allocated for overseas Chinese;
 * Judicial Yuan serves as the highest judicial organ in Republic of China. They are nominated and appointed by the President of the Republic, with the consent of the Legislative Yuan. The Judicial Yuan is charged with interpreting the Constitution. It also supervises lower courts, which consist of the Supreme Court, the high courts, district courts, the Administrative Court, and the Commission on the Disciplinary Sanctions of Public Functionaries;
 * Control Yuan is the audit branch that monitors the other branches of government. Its members are elected by provincial, municipal, Mongolian, Tibetan, and Overseas Chinese representative councils.
 * Examination Yuan is in charge of validating the qualification of civil service personnel and examination exam. Its members are nominated and appointed by the President of the Republic, with the consent of the Control Yuan.

Politics

 * Kuomintang
 * Communist Party of China, Marxist-Leninist. Banned in 1954.
 * Productive People's Party / Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party. Left-wing of the Kuomintang.


 * Communist League of China / Revolutionary Communist Party of China. Marxist-Trotskyist party
 * China Democratic League. Progressivism and Chinese nationalism

Administrative Divisions
The ROC is administratively divided in provinces, special municipalities, special administrative regions, areas, and regions.


 * Provinces
 * Anhui
 * Zhèjiāng
 * Fújiàn
 * Hénán
 * Húnán
 * Hubei
 * Gānsù
 * Jiāngxī
 * Guǎngxī
 * Guǎngdōng
 * Guìzhō
 * Shānxī
 * Shandong
 * Xīkāng
 * Sìchuān
 * Táiwān
 * Yunnan
 * special municipalities
 * Guǎngzhōu
 * Chóngqìng
 * Hànkǒu
 * Nánjīng
 * Shànghǎi
 * Xī'ān
 * Qingdao
 * Areas
 * Tibet
 * Special Administrative Regions
 * Weihai (abolish and incorporated to Shandong)
 * Hǎinán

Broadcasting
Spain as a diverse range of broadcasters, the most prominent being the publicly owned public service broadcaster, SRN. The SRN's largest competitors are private and the public autonomous broadcasters

The Servicio de Radiodifusión Nacional (SRN, National Broadcasting Service) is the national public broadcaster that operates the national radio and TV networks.

The autonomous regions have their own public entities that broadcasters in their regional languague. Corporación Catalana de Radio y Televisión​ (CCRTV, Catalonia), Euskal Irrati Telebista (EITB), Corporación Radio y Televisión de Galicia (CRTVG), Radiotelevisió Valenciana, Radio y Televisión de Andalucía (RTVA)

Soviet Union
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), is a federal sovereign socialist state in northern Eurasia established in 1922.

Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics, its government and economy are highly centralized. The country is a one-party state, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR).

Introduction
The Soviet Union had its roots in the 1917 October Revolution, when the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced the autocratic regime of Tsar Nicholas II during World War I. In 1922, after a civil war ending in the Bolsheviks' victory, the USSR was formed by a treaty which united the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics. Following Lenin's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s.

Under Stalin the Soviet Union rapidly industrialized, fought and won along the Allies World War II against Nazi Germany. However Stalin's rule was characterized by its political repression that authoritarian and unwilling to accept or tolerate dissidents or questions of its rule. Thousands of militants of the Party were purged.

After Stalin's death in 1945, reforms began to be implemented first to return to socialist legality and improve basic liberties and right but keeping one-party rule. Thought industrialized, the Soviet Union lagged behind in scientific and technological innovation.

Vozhd Stalin (1922-1945)
Stalin formalized the Communist Party's ideology of Marxism–Leninism and replaced the market economy (NEP) with a planned economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization. During this period, rapid economic development resulted in dramatic improvements in the average standard of living, particularly in urban areas. Despite these improvements, major tragedies also occurred. In addition to drought, which was a primary factor in a long history of regularly occurring famines in the region, agricultural collectivization contributed to a major famine in 1932-33, causing millions of deaths. Political paranoia fermented, especially after the rise of the Nazis in Germany in 1933, culminating in the Great Purge, during which hundreds of thousands of persons accused of spying or sabotage were arrested and executed without trial.

In 1922, Stalin was named the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Lenin had appointed Stalin the head of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate, which gave Stalin considerable power. By gradually consolidating his influence and isolating and outmaneuvering his rivals within the party, Stalin became the undisputed leader of the country and, by the end of the 1920s, established a totalitarian rule. On October 1927, Zinoviev and Trotsky were expelled from the Central Committee and forced into exile.

In 1928, Stalin introduced the first five-year plan for building a socialist economy. In place of the internationalism expressed by Lenin and Trotsky throughout the Revolution, it aimed to build Socialism in One Country. In industry, the state assumed control over all existing enterprises and undertook an intensive program of industrialization. In agriculture, rather than adhering to the "lead by example" policy advocated by Lenin, forced collectivization of farms was implemented all over the country.

Famines ensued as a result, causing deaths estimated at three to seven million; surviving kulaks were persecuted, and many were sent to Gulags to do forced labor. Social upheaval continued in the mid-1930s. Despite the turmoil of the mid-to-late 1930s, the country developed a robust industrial economy in the years preceding World War II.

Closer cooperation between the USSR and the West developed in the early 1930s. From 1932 to 1934, the country participated in the World Disarmament Conference. On September 1934, the country joined the League of Nations. After the Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936, the USSR actively supported the Republican forces against the Nationalists, who were supported by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany.

On December 1936, Stalin unveiled a new constitution.

In 1937, diplomatic relations between United America and the USSR were established. The socialist government of Sarah Leslie and the AWP also negotiated a trade and cultural agreement between the two countries. However, relations started to run afoul when it became obvious to Stalin that the AWP would not endorse Marxism-Leninism as its official ideology and instead proclaim itself a a broad Marxist party with a key influence of Trotskyism. Relations where not broken but an ideological divide was effectively established. This was specially obvious during the Spanish Civil War were Leslie and Stalin gave support and aid to conflicting left-wing parties. The Communist International (Comintern) in several proclamations denounced the AWP as an ultra leftist, pseudo-left opportunist bourgeois party.

Stalin's Great Purge (1936-1938) resulted in the detainment or execution of many "Old Bolsheviks" who had participated in the October Revolution with Lenin. Show trials were staged to incriminate political or ideological adversaries.

A number of Stalin's adversary choose to exile themselves in United America leading to tense and animosity between both socialist states. The American embassy was put under the security of the NKVD. Several péople that attempted to gain asylum were detained.

World War II and the German invasion of the USSR gave space to breach and cooperation between United America and the USSR. Military aid, medicines, industrial supplies, fuel, metals were shipped to the Soviet Union, along American volunteers that took part in engagements against the Germans along the Red Army.

The Reforms (1945-1961)
Stalin's death in October of 1945 with no anointed successor nor a framework within which a transfer of power could take place opened a succession crisis. The system of collective leadership was restored, and measures introduced to prevent any one member attaining autocratic domination again. The collective leadership included senior members of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union: Georgy Malenkov, Lavrentiy Beria, Vyacheslav Molotov, Andrei Zhdanov, Kliment Voroshilov, Nikita Khrushchev, Nikolai Bulganin, Lazar Kaganovich and Anastas Mikoyan. Of these Beria, head of the NKVD, was removed from power and subsequently arrested on charges of rape and treason. Georgy Malenkov, as First Secretary of the Party rapidly consolidated his power in the party and state. Later, hardliner Stalinist such as Zhdanov, Molotov and Kaganovich were removed from any post of political relevance.

Under Malenkov more resources were diverted to consumer goods instead of concentrating on heavy industry. Reforms to the Soviet system were immediately implemented. Economic reform scaled back the mass construction projects, placed a new emphasis on house building, and eased the levels of taxation on the peasantry to stimulate production. The new leaders sought a rapprochement with the United America. A mass amnesty for those imprisoned for non-political crimes was issued, halving the country's inmate population, while the state security and Gulag systems were reformed, with torture being banned.

Stalin's Socialism in one country, already challenged by the existence of Socialist United America, was abandoned as one of the tenets of the CPSU with the triumph of the Japanese Revolution and establishment of a third socialist state (1952) and the ongoing Chinese Civil War and Revolution were the Chinese Communist seemed to come close to victory.

Heavy emphasis and investment on science and technology were placed in order to rebuilt postwar Soviet Union and to compete with the highly industrial United America. The development of nuclear weapons was pursued with success. A number of scientific and technological efforts such as the first artificial satellite and manned flight were accomplished.

The Storm Clashes (1961-1971)
From 1961 to 1971 was a period of fast and contradictory changes. The most enduring was the refute of Stalin's Cult of Personality and criticism of his period as leader of the USSR. Old Stalinist were dropped from position of power and influence. Several economic and political reforms were implemented some more successful than others.

Khrushchev's ascension to the leadership of the CPSU in the 21st Congress (1961) marked an acceleration of the reforms that he already advocated as premier (1954-1962). However, his leadership style alienated many members of the Central Committee and Politburo. Flaws in policies and poorly implemented reforms were to mark his downfall. Under attacks by allies and foes and already with severe health issues he tendered Khrushchev resignation to the party leadership in 1962. Fellow reformist and Deputy General Secretary Nikolai Podgorny took over the party.

A major turn was the approval of the Constitution of the USSR of 1965, after extensive debates in the Party and its preliminary approval by a plenary of the Central Committee and the Supreme Soviet. An important article was the limit of office terms in the State, recall of elected deputies, referendum, an administrative reform and its division in rural and urban areas, clarification of the power of judicial review between the Supreme Court and the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, and new social rights (health, housing, protection of nature and its wealth, protection of children, access to the achievements of culture).

Despite Khrushchev's downfall important reforms were made to the State and Party. The 21st Congress voted to redact a new Soviet Constitution and the preparatory works for the reform of party rules and a new party program. The main economic reforms were the establishment of the Sovnarkhoz (Council of National Economy) for the planning and operational management at regional level of industry replacing many industrial ministries. The Vesenkha (Supreme Board of the National Economy) was in charge of coordinating the Sovnarkhoz and was subordinate to the Council of Ministers.

In keeping in line with the general policy of removal of the leadership of the party at all levels with a new generation of militants Podgorny strictly followed it dismissing from positions of power those oppose to it like the Brezhnev clique. A period of stabilization and grounding of what was already done characterized the tenure of Podgorny (1968-1971).

The Will of a New Generation (1971-1996)
The period from 1971 to 1996 was characterized by the renewal of the ruling members of the CPSU and the other state bodies. A detente with Western and Central Europe was established removing the threat of a military conflict. Relationships with Northern China, Japan and United America, although ideologically fierce, became more amicably and cooperation open in outer space research. The swift and crashing reforms under Khrushchev were slowed down and in some cases reversed.

The 23rd Congress of the PCUS (1971) was marked by two events, the renewal of more than half of the members of the Central Committee and that its majority had been born after the October Revolution (1920-1940). The elected General Secretary Vladlen Kozlov being an example of the shaking up of the leadership by the new generation.

Previous reforms like the Vesenkha were dropped and its task reassigned to the Gosplan and the Presidium of the Council of Ministers. The Sovnarkhozy were keep but became more coordinate to the SSR's Council of Ministers and the All-Union Council of Ministers.

The State and the Party
There are three major power centers in the Soviet Union: the legislature represented by the Supreme Soviet, the government represented by the Council of Ministers (Sovmin), and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), the only legal party and the final policymaker in the country.

The CPSU maintains its dominance over the state mainly through its control over the system of appointments. All senior government officials and most deputies of the Supreme Soviet are members of the Party.

The State and Government
The Soviet Constitution of 1965 redesigned the government of the Soviet Union. The USSR is defined as a socialist state of the whole people, expressing the will and interests of the workers, peasants, and intelligentsia, the working people of all the nations and nationalities of the country. The Constitution nominally grants all manner of personal and social rights and freedoms, and spelled out a number of democratic procedures as in the Constitution of 1936. In practice, by asserting the "leading role" of the Communist Party. It cemented the complete control of the party over the State and society.

The Constitution of 1965, as in the previous ones of 1924 and 1936, kept the right of constituent Soviet republics to secede from the Union. The Defense Council, the main body of the national defense, was officially enshrined in the Constitution, with Presidium of the Supreme Soviet approving its composition and nomination.

The Soviet constitution repealed restrictions on voting and added universal direct suffrage and the right to work to rights guaranteed by the previous constitution. In addition, the constitution recognizes collective social and economic rights including the rights to work, rest and leisure, health protection, care in old age and sickness, housing, education and cultural benefits. The constitution also provides for the direct election of all government bodies and their reorganization into a single, uniform system.

According to the Constitution of 1965 the Supreme Soviet is the supreme state body of the Soviet Union. The Supreme Soviet is a bicameral body consisting of the Soviet of the Union and the Soviet of Nationalities. The Supreme Soviet elects a Presidium to wield its power between plenary sessions, ordinarily held twice a year. The Soviet Supreme elects and appoints the Supreme Court, the Procurator General and the Council of Ministers ,that manages an enormous bureaucracy responsible for the administration of the economy and society. The Constitution of 1965 established a sort of parliamentary responsibility of the Council of Ministers to the Soviet Supreme.

The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet functions as the collective head of state of the USSR. The Presidium consists of a chairperson, a first vice-chairperson, one deputy from each republic, a secretary, and 20 members. The Presidium is accountable to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR for all its activities.

The Council of Ministers (Sovmin), is formed and elected by a joint meeting of the Soviet of the Union and the Soviet of Nationalities. The Sovmin consists of a Chairperson (informally Premier), several First Deputies, Deputies, ministers, Chairpersons of the state committees and the Chairpersons of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Republics. The Premier, as head of government, is responsible and accountable to the Supreme Soviet (and its Presidium). The Presidium of the Council of Ministers was established for the purpose of supervising and coordinating the vast network of government committees, commissions, and other institutions that report to the Council of Ministers. In the USSR there are two types of ministries: all-union that oversee a particular activity for the entire Soviet Union, and union-republic that have central ministry in Moscow, which coordinates the work of counterpart ministries in the republic governments. This distinction also involves state committees and government agencies.

The Supreme Court supervises the lower courts (People's Court) and applies the law as established by the constitution or as interpreted by the Supreme Soviet. The Constitutional Oversight Committee reviews the constitutionality of laws and acts. The Soviet Union uses the inquisitorial system of Roman law, where the judge, procurator, and defence attorney collaborate to establish the truth.

State and party structures of the constituent republics, be it SSR, ASSR, autonomous oblasts and others, largely emulate the structure of the central federal institutions, although the Russian SFSR, unlike the other constituent republics, had no republican branch of the Communist Party until 1963, being ruled directly by the union-wide party. Local authorities are organized likewise into party committees, local Soviets and executive committees. While the state system is nominally federal, the party is unitary in its governance.

The state security police (the NKVD and its predecessor agencies) played an important role in Soviet politics. It was instrumental in the Great Purge, but was brought under strict party control after Stalin's death.

The Communist Party of the Soviet Union
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) is the founding and ruling political party of the Soviet Union. The CPSU is the sole governing party of the Soviet Union. From 1918–1925: Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), 1925–1952: All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks).

The party was founded in 1912 by the Bolsheviks, a majority faction detached from the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in the October Revolution of 1917.

The CPSU is a Marxism–Leninist Communist party, organized on the basis of democratic centralism. This principle, conceived by Lenin, entails democratic and open discussion of policy issues within the party followed by the requirement of total unity in upholding the agreed policies.

Under Marxism–Leninism it is explained and legitimized the CPSU's right to rule while explaining its role as a vanguard party. For instance, the CPSU's policies, even if they are unpopular, are correct because the party is enlightened. Marxism–Leninism is the only truth that by by its very nature cannot become outdated. It represents as the only truth in Soviet society; the Party rejects the notion of multiple truths. Marxism–Leninism is used to justify CPSU rule and Soviet policy but it was not used as a means to an end. The relationship between ideology and decision-making is at best ambivalent; most policy decisions are made in the light of the continued, permanent development of Marxism–Leninism.

The highest body within the CPSU is the Party Congress, which is convened every five years. Delegates at the Party Congresses elected the members of the Central Committee and the Central Auditing Commission. When the Congress is not in session, the Central Committee is the highest body. Because the Central Committee meets twice a year, most day-to-day duties and responsibilities are vested in the Politburo, the Secretariat and the Orgburo (until 1952).

The structure of the CPSU includes the 15 ruling republican Communist parties of the USSR. The Russian SFSR does not have a republican communist party structure, and was subordinated directly to the CPSU Central Committee: The 21st Congress (1961) approved a resolution of the establishment of a republican level branch in Russia. The Communist Party of the RSFSR (In short Communist Party of Russia) was officially founded in 1963.

Congresses of the CPSU: 1st (1898), 2nd (1903), 3rd (1905), 4th (1906), 5th (1907), 6th (1917), 7th (1918), 8th (1919), 9th (1920), 10th (1921), 11th (1922), 12th (1923), 13th (1924), 14th (1925), 15th (1927), 16th (1930), 17th (1934), 18th (1939), 19th (1952), 20th (1956), 21st (1961), 22nd (1966) 23rd (1971), 24th (1976), 25th (1981), 26th (1986), 27th (1991), 28th (1996), 29th (2001), 30th (2006), 31th (2011), 32th (2016), 33th (2021).

The party leader is the de facto paramount leader of the Soviet Union. The party leader has held the office of General Secretary along that of Premier or head of state, or some of the two offices concurrently—but never all three at the same time. The tensions between the party and the state (Supreme Soviet and Sovmin) for the shifting focus of power have never been formally resolved, but in reality the party dominates and a paramount leader has always existed (first Lenin and thereafter the General Secretary). Since the establishment of the USSR Defense Council, the Party leader is also its chairperson.

Economy
The economy of the Soviet Union is based on a system of state ownership of the means of production, collective farming, industrial manufacturing and centralized administrative planning. The Soviet economy is characterized by state control of investment, public ownership of industrial assets, macroeconomic stability, negligible unemployment, high growth rates and high job security. However the later was reformed in the 1980s promoting a system of traineeship.

A major strength of the Soviet economy is its enormous supply of oil and gas. Agriculture is organized into a system of collective farms (kolkhozes) and state farms (sovkhozes).

The Soviet economy is mainly managed through Gosplan (the State Planning Commission), Gosbank (the State Bank) and the Gossnab (State Commission for Materials and Equipment Supply). Beginning in 1928, the economy is directed by a series of five-year plans. The initial five-year plans aimed to achieve rapid industrialization in the Soviet Union and thus placed a major focus on heavy industry.

These plans have been: First plan, 1928–1932, Second plan, 1933–1937, Third plan, 1938–1941 (frustrated by beginning of WWII), fourth 1946-1950, fifth 1951–1955, sixth 1956-1960, Seventh plan, 1961-1965, Eighth plan, 1966–1970, Ninth plan, 1971–1975, Tenth plan, 1976–1981, Eleventh plan, 1981–1985, Twelfth plan, 1986–1990, Thirteenth plan, 1991–1995, 14th 1996-2000, 15th 2001-2005, 16th 2006-2010, 17th 2011-2015, 18th 2016-2020.

The state policy for investment and improvement in science and technology was transferred to the State Committee for Science and Technology (GKNT). Exceptions to the GKNT were the space program and nuclear energy development that are supervised by the all-union ministries of General Machine-Building Industry (MOM) and Medium Machine-Building Industry (MCM), repectively.

Member Soviet Socialist Republics
Constitutionally, the USSR is a federation of constituent Union Republics - Soviet Socialist Republics (SSR), which are either unitary states, such as Ukraine or Byelorussia (SSRs), or federations, such as Russia or former Transcaucasia (SFSRs).

Several of the SSRs, most notably Russia, are further subdivided into Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics (ASSRs). Though administratively part of their respective Union Republics, ASSRs are established based on ethnic/cultural lines. The ASSRs have a lower poltical rights and status than the SSR, but higher than the autonomous oblasts and the autonomous/national okrugs, the later present only in Russia.

Each union republic (SSR) and autonomous republic (ASSR) has its own governments (Presidium and Council of Ministers) formed by the republican legislature (Supreme Soviet) of the respective union republic or autonomous republic. Republican governments are not legally subordinate to the All-Union government, but they are obliged in their activities to be guided by the decrees and decisions of the All-Union government. At the same time, the union-republican ministries have double subordination – they simultaneously submitted to the union republican government, within the framework of which they are created, and to the corresponding all-union government, orders and instructions which should have been guided in their activities. In contrast to the union republican ministries of the union republic, the republican ministries are subordinate only to the government of the corresponding union republic.

All SSR ansd ASSR have their own local republican party chapters of the CPSU.

Amendments to the 1936 Constitution of the USSR and in the present Constitution has allowed for separate branches of the Red Army for each SSR.

Culture
Broadcasting in the Soviet Union was owned by the Soviet state, and is under its control and censorship. Under the control of the Soviet Union, censorship and limitation on information are filtered for the citizens to ensure the common culture and socialist ideals are maintained.

The USSR State Committee for Television and Radio Broadcasting (Gosteleradio), is the Soviet Union's governing body of broadcasting, in charge both of television (Central Television of the USSR) and radio (All-Union Radio) networks and stations.

In addition to the national radio and television channels, each SSR and ASSR has its own state radio and television company or state broadcasting committees, although other regions are allowed regional state broadcasting companies/committees.

The Soviet Union's radio and television news are provided by TASS (Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union). TASS includes affiliated news agencies in all SSRs in addition to Russia.

Armed Forces
The Soviet Armed Forces, also called the Armed Forces of the USSR are the armed forces of the Soviet Union and the CPSU from their beginnings in the aftermath of the Russian Civil War to present day.

According to the all-union military service law of September 1925, the Soviet Armed Forces consisted of three components: the Ground Forces, the Air Forces, the Navy, the State Political Directorate (OGPU), and the convoy guards. The OGPU was later made independent and amalgamated with the NKVD in 1934, and thus its Internal Troops were under the joint management of the Defense and Interior Ministries. After World War II, the Strategic Missile Forces (1959) and Air Defence Forces (1948) were added.

The Ministry of Defense, an all-union ministry, directs the Soviet Armed services and all military activities on a daily basis. It is responsible for fielding, arming, and supplying the armed services, and in peacetime all territorial commands of the armed forces reported to it.

The Defense Council, chaired by the General Secretary of the CPSU, is the permanent advisory body of the national defense, military industries and issues and reviews the national defence policy. Among its members are the chairperson of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, the Premier, the ministers of the National Defense and the chairperson of State Committee for Defense Technology (until it was disbanded in 1970). However the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet forms and approves the membership and attribution of the Defense Council.


 * Branches/Services:
 * Red Army flag.svg Soviet Army
 * Flag of the Soviet Air Force.svg URSS-Russian_aviation_red_star.svg Soviet Air Forces
 * Naval Ensign of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Navy
 * Soviet Air Defence Forces
 * Strategic Missile Forces

State Security and Police
The Committee for State Security, better know as the KGB, is the main security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954. As a direct successor of preceding agencies such as the Cheka, NKGB, NKVD and MGB, the committee is attached to the Council of Ministers. It is the chief government agency of "union-republican jurisdiction", acting as internal security, intelligence and secret police. Similar agencies are constituted in each of the republics of the Soviet Union aside from Russian SFSR, and consisted of many ministries, state committees and state commissions.

The Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD), a union-republic ministry, is in charge of police, maintaining public order, combating public intoxication, supervising parolees, managing prisons and labor camps, providing fire protection, and controlling traffic. The Militsiya (uniformed police) is the regular police force under supervision of the MVD. The Internal Troops of the MVD are paramilitary gendarmerie-like force with the function of support and reinforce the Militsiya, deal with large-scale crowd control, internal armed conflicts, prison security (except in Russia) and safeguarding of highly-important facilities

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