1800-1849 (The Kalmar Union)

This timeline describes the events related to the British Isles and Western Europe (OTL France, Spain & Portugal). It also includes bits from the rest of European and other continents' timelines but only in context.

List of Wessex's Rulers List of Anglia's Rulers

I will add maps at some point...! And possibly split it out some more so it isn't so huge...

1010s

 * 1013 - Sweyn Forkbeard of Denmark invades England. By the end of the year the English army has collapsed. Aethelred II flees the country.


 * 1014 - Sweyn dies. Cnut is proclaimed king of England by the Danes but the English recall Aethelred II.

Irish POD - At the battle of Clontarf Leinister and a Norse alliance of Dublin, Orkney and Man destroys the army of Munster. Dublin regains independence under Sigtrygg Silkbeard. The title of High-king passes to Maelmorda of Leinister, Sigtrygg's uncle.


 * 1016 - English POD - Aethelred II dies. Edmund II Ironside is crowned. At the battle of Assandun Cnut defeats Edmund. England is divided: Edmund takes Wessex, Cnut takes Mercia, Anglia and Northumbria.


 * 1017 - Cnut marries Aethelred II's widow Emma of Normandy in an attempt to reconcile both the English nobles and those in Normandy.


 * 1018 - Cnut and Edmund revise their treaty. Cnut will hold off all Viking attacks on Wessex and renounces the Wessex throne in return for Anglia's safe keeping while he goes East to deal with Denmark.


 * 1019 - Denmark and Anglia are united under Cnut.

1030s

 * 1031 - Edmund II dies. Edward III is crowned.


 * 1035 - Cnut dies. He is buried at Lincoln. Anglia passes to Harald I Harefoot, Denmark to Harthacnut (Cnut III) but there is tension between the two half-brothers and Anglia is threatened with invasion.

1040s

 * 1041 - An invasion by Harthacnut's half-brother Edward is defeated at the battle of London alongside forces from Wessex. Edward III had no wish to see a cousin on the Anglian throne as a rival to his own dynasty coupled with probable fresh invasions from Scandinavia.


 * 1042 - Harthacnut dies. Harald I begins preparations to invade Denmark as sole direct heir to Cnut II. However he is constantly frustrated by rebellions in Mercia, and incursions from Wessex and Hordaland.

1050s
Many Cornish flee abroad to Brittany, Ireland and even Vinland.
 * 1052 - The kingdom of Cornwall is forceably incorporated into Wessex.


 * 1057 - Edward III dies. His son Edgar is only 6 but the Wessex nobles are unwilling to see any other claimant on the throne. Edgar II is crowned.


 * 1059 - Harald I dies. Aelfwine is crowned.

1060s

 * 1066 - Aelfwine defeats Harald Hardrada at the battle of Stamford Bridge.

1070s

 * 1074 - Aelfwine dies. Sweyn II Aelfwinsson is crowned.

1090s

 * 1093 - Sweyn II pawns Mercia to Edgar II so he can go on crusade.


 * 1095 - Sweyn II dies of plague in Edessa. Edgar II claims Mercia as part of the Wessex kingdom as heir of Aethelstan. Sweyn's highest noble Harald II Godwinson is elected king as there are no others with enough power to oppose Edgar. But many of his fellow nobles oppose the coronation and his position is weak. Edgar defeats a joint Anglia/Frisia army to secure Mercia.


 * 1097 - Cnut IV of Denmark invades Anglia defeating Harald II Godwinson at the battle of Lincoln. He is crowned as Cnut II of Anglia and installs his son Charles as regent. Signs peace with Edgar II confirming the loss of Mercia.


 * 1099 - Cnut II dies. Charles I is crowned. He is also the heir apparent, through his mother, to Flanders.

Magnus II Barefoot is proclaimed king of Man, The Isles and Orkney. Extends Man's rule over Ynys Mons and defines the border with Scotland via treaty.

1100s

 * 1103 - Magnus II Barefoot of Hordaland intervenes in Irish politics, defeating the King of Munster on the battlefield. His activities leaves Dublin in an awkward state - who are their ultimate overlords - the king of Leinister or of Hordaland?


 * 1105 - Magnus II Barefoot dies. Sigurd I succeeds in Mann and Orkney while also claiming High King of Ireland.

1110s

 * 1119 - Charles I becomes Count of Flanders but is immediately outlawed by the King of France, Louis VI, who promotes the Erembald family in power there.

1120s

 * 1121 - Charles defeats the Erembald with a joint Anglian/Mann/Danish army and marches on Paris. He is brought to a halt by a Norman/French army. Louis and Charles are reconciled but authority of the French king rarely intrudes in Flanders afterwards.


 * 1125 - Edgar II dies after 73 years on the Wessex throne. Both of his sons predeceased him so his grandson Henry I succeeds. Henry's mother Adela is Norman and introduces a Norman-French influence in court while Henry is yet to reach majority.

1130s

 * 1130 - Charles I dies. His son Canute III inherits both Anglia and Flanders. Charles's eldest daughter is married to the Duke of Aquitaine. His youngest daughter is married to the King of Navarre.

Sigurd I dies. His beloved daughter Kristin is sent to live with one of the joint Earls of Orkney, Haakon Paulsson. Mann reverts back to its old dynasty but recognises Hordaland's overlordship.

1140s

 * 1142 - Kristin marries Harald Maddadsson (despite both of them being minors) linking Caithness to Orkney and ultimately to Hordaland.

1150s

 * 1158 - Harald Maddadsson becomes sole Earl of Orkney after defeating and killing his rivals. His rule is long but mired in a deep dispute between his lands and their nominal overlords, Scotland and Hordaland. Generally Harald supports any and all of the King of Scotland's enemies.

1160s

 * 1161 - Harald's son Haakon, as potential heir of Hordaland, raises an army from Man and Scotland and invades Hordaland receiving Danish support.

Canute III of Anglia-Flanders dies. Canute IV succeeds him.


 * 1162 - Haakon Haraldsson is crowned king of Hordaland.

1170s

 * 1170 - Henry I dies. Succeeded by his son Edmund III who again, is heavily invested in Normandy. One of his first acts is to send Wessex troops to help Normandy conquer Maine. However the troops are ill-disciplined and the intervention only stirs up bitterness with France.


 * 1175 - Edmund III is forced by his nobles to accept a humiliating reconciliation with France.

1180s

 * 1181 - King Phillip II of France invades Flanders in the beginning of a plan to curb his over-mighty vassals. He is held by the Flemish army, and the siege of Ghent is lifted by an arriving Anglian army with Canute IV at its head.


 * 1182 - Paris is besieged by Flemish and Brabant forces while Orleans is ravaged by Sancerre. Maine revolts against Normandy.


 * 1183 - Anglia is invaded by Wessex forces, in an attempt to aid their Norman and French allies. The siege of Lincoln is only lifted when Man and Orkney begin an opportunistic invasion of Mercia. However London falls.

Man occupies Lancaster (only partly with Anglia's permission) which is under rebellion and as a base for further incursions southwards.


 * 1184 - Normandy switches sides with the death of its duke. Paris finally falls. By the Treaty of Compiegne France directly under the French king is reduced once more to the Ile de Paris and Orleanais. The territory of Flanders, Normandy, Maine and Sancerre are all restored. While many Counties and Duchies continue to pay fealty to the French king, most of the North is lost for now. Anglia accepts the loss of London but is paid a substantial premium for it.


 * 1185 - The armies of Man are pushed out of Mercia.


 * 1188 - Edmund III dies. Succeeded by his daughter Matilda I.

1190s

 * 1191 - Canute IV dies. Succeeded by Harold III.


 * 1198 - Marriage adds Hainaut into the growing Anglian realm.

Matilda I marries Theobold VI of Blois and they rule together.

1200s

 * 1201 - Caithness is invaded by a huge Scottish army. Harald Maddadsson capitulates and pays tribute.

The Orkneys are attached to the crown of Norway. Effectively blocked from exercising their power to the North and West, Scotland looks to make advances southwards at the expense of the overstretched Anglian realm.
 * 1206 - Harald Maddadsson dies. Haakon V Haraldsson takes over as Earl of Orkney.


 * 1207 - Wessex inherits Normandy. Beginning of the Twenty Years War as France, Wessex, Maine and Brittany attempt to outmaneuver each other and dominate northern France.


 * 1209 - Haakon V Haraldsson dies.

1210s

 * 1212 - Harold III dies. Charles II succeeds.

A dispute between Scotland and Anglia over taxes and fealty provides Scotland with a cause for war. The Long Scottish War (1212-1290) begins. Surprising an unsuspecting Anglia it takes Jorvik and advances on Sheffield. At the Battle of Leeds, the Scottish army is routed.


 * 1214 - Following further skirmishes Charles II marches into Scotland, outlaws King Malcolm and effectively annexes the country.

Theobald dies. Henry II succeeds and imprisons his mother Matilda for 'treason'. This leads to a minor civil war as Matilda supporters attempt to free her and usurp Henry.


 * 1217 - Scotland revolts. Distracted by continental matters Charles II is only able to hold the frontier, rather than re-enter Scotland.

1220s

 * 1220 - The Wessex nobles revolt, tired of the ongoing Twenty Year War and the increasing demands on their incomes.


 * 1222 - King Henry II signs the Magna Carta placing limits on his power and making the parliament responsible for raising taxes.

1230s

 * 1236 - Charles II dies. On his son John's coronation, Scotland refuses to pledge fealty. Scottish nobles in Lincoln are executed.

1240s

 * 1241 - John I dies at the Battle of Vignacourt. His brother Conrad, Count of Hainault, is crowned at Ghent. He will spend his entire reign in Anglia's continental possessions, allowing Anglia (and occasionally Scotland) to be ruled by a rudimentary Baronial Witenage at Lincoln.

1250s

 * 1253 - Henry II dies. His son Edmund IV succeeds.

1260s

 * 1260 - Edmund IV dies. His brother Robert I succeeds.

1270s

 * 1275 - Conrad dies. Charles III succeeds.


 * 1276 - Robert I dies. Edward IV succeeds.


 * 1279 - Charles's attempts to reassert power over the parliament and extract taxes to pay for his French wars lead to the Anglian Baron's war.

1280s

 * 1281 - Humbled by defeat Charles agrees to the Baron's demands along the lines of Wessex's Magna Carta; a permanent Witenage and a rule of law. In return Charles gets the money needed to secure Artois.


 * 1283 - Scotland allies with Wessex, basically preventing Anglia from marching on Scotland again.

1290s

 * 1290 - End of the Long Scottish War. Scotland's independence is recognised, not only by Anglia, but also Orkney (Hordaland) and Man. Anglia no longer demands fealty from its kings.

1300s

 * 1301 - Edward IV dies. Robert II succeeds.

1310s

 * 1310 - Charles III dies. Henry I succeeds.

1320s

 * 1323 - Robert II dies. Alix succeeds as the last of the Blois.

1340s

 * 1347 - Henry I dies. Henry II succeeds. On his father-in-law's death Henry inherits Brabant.

1350s

 * 1354 - Alix dies. Her cousin William, Duke of Somerset is declared king.

Olaf III becomes Holy Roman Emperor.

1360s

 * 1363 - In return for Imperial assistance with Liege and France Henry agrees Anglia's continental territory is subject to the Holy Roman Empire, adding Zeeland to the list of counties ruled and more importantly, raising the County of Flanders to a Duchy and Electorate.

1370s

 * 1371 - William I dies. William II succeeds. (Wessex)

1390s

 * 1390 - Henry II dies. Charles IV succeeds.

1400s

 * 1400 - William II dies. William III succeeds. (Wessex)

1420s

 * 1423 - Charles IV dies. Henry III succeeds.

1430s

 * 1433 - William III dies. Edward V succeeds. (Wessex)


 * 1437 - Henry III dies. His brother Richard I succeeds.

1450s

 * 1450 - Anglia and Man both sign the Treaty of Kalmar. They do not however agree to Eric VIII's overlordship.

Richard I dies. His brother William I succeeds. (Anglia)

1460s

 * 1467 - Edward V dies. Edgar III succeeds.

1480s

 * 1481 - Edgar III dies. William IV succeeds. (Wessex)


 * 1486 - William I dies. William II succeeds. (Anglia)

1490s

 * 1493 - William II dies childless. His sister Anna of Norfolk is unacceptable to the nobles of Brabant, Hainault and Zealand under the terms of Salian Law (which forbids inheritance by females). The War of Anglian Succession begins.

Eric IX of Denmark claims the throne as second cousin (but closer by blood) and begins to mobilise the Kalmar Union to regain it. Sigismund II (Duke of Luxembourg, King of Hungary, King of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor) meanwhile claims the throne as first cousin (closest male relative) and as Holy Roman Emperor hopes to bring Northern France under its authority. 'It is as though the [Estridssons and the Luxembourgs] have both stopped swatting the flies and are to fight the wolf at the throat instead'. 'The fight is not an inconsiderable one. It is a struggle for the right to rule the world'.

The Anglian nobles choose Eric as their preferred claimant and allow his cousin Anna of Norfolk to be regent until he can secure it.

1500s

 * 1502 - France and Wessex become involved in the war, with the aim of expanding their realms.

Eric IX lands in Anglia. A badly organised siege of London is inconclusive and embarrassing and the Anglian nobles distance themselves from it. He then takes his troops with a Manx contingent to Holland to begin a long and barely more coherent campaign there.

France meanwhile takes to besieging various cities in Lorraine and Bar.


 * 1509 - Eric IX dies. His son Christopher II continues his claim of the throne, but due to the poor state of Kalmar finances can do little to advance it.

1510s

 * 1511 - Southern Wales is finally incorporated into the Kingdom of Wessex after almost three hundred years of on-off occupation. It is hoped that by making it subject to kingly power rather than the arbitrary rule of the marcher lords it will help pacify the region.

Anna dies. Threatened by Wessex Anglia offers the throne to John III of Luxembourg. Meanwhile her son William leads the rump of the Anglian army to defeat Wessex at the Battle of Stafford.
 * 1517 - Christopher II relinquishes the Anglian claim. The Kalmar Union is bankrupt and falling apart.

William IV dies soon after. Succeeded by Hugh I. Thereafter Wessex concentrates on securing a rebellious Picardy.

1520s

 * 1523 - The Peace of Cleves ends the Anglian Succession war. Anglia's continental properties are attached to the County of Luxembourg, though it receives Friesland in compensation. Luxembourg will inherit Champagne and Holland on their incumbants' deaths. Luxembourg now holds 2 Electoral lands and has considerable influence over another 2. As son of Anna of Norfolk, William III is recognised as King of Anglia, and marries John III's daughter Elizabeth to seal the succession.

1540s

 * 1540 - William III dies. Succeeded by Henry IV. (Anglia)

Hugh I dies. Succeeded by Hugh II. (Wessex)


 * 1546 - Hugh II dies. Succeeded by Edmund V. (Wessex)

1560s

 * 1563 - Henry IV dies. Succeeded by John III. (Anglia)


 * 1566 - Edmund V dies. Matilda II succeeds. (Wessex)


 * 1568 - Matilda II (suspected by many of being Lutheran) is usurped by her cousin Henry III. This act unleashes the Wessex War of Religion.

1570s

 * 1570 - Matilda II is executed at the Tower of Bristol.

1580s

 * 1580 - The Lutheran faction is finally defeated at the Battle of Rochester. Wessex instigates a brutal crackdown on Protestants and is granted a huge increase in power by the cowed Parliament.


 * 1588 - Henry III dies. Succeeded by Thomas I. (Wessex)

1590s

 * 1590 - Richard III is usurped once more. William IV is crowned king at Lincoln. (Anglia)

1600s

 * 1603 - William IV dies. His daughter Anna II succeeds. (Anglia)

1610s
The Leuvens are severely restricted in their foreign policy. The Witenage is naturally inclined to side with Kalmar but John IV and John V are also landowners in Luxembourg and so bend over backwards to retain their overlords' favour.
 * 1610 - Anna II dies. Her cousin John of Leuven succeeds as John IV.


 * 1613 - Thomas I dies. Succeeded by Edward VI. (Wessex)

1640s

 * 1649 - John IV dies. His son John V succeeds. (Anglia)

Edward VI dies. Succeeded by Henry IV. (Wessex)

1660s

 * 1667 - Henry IV dies. Thomas II succeeds but dies while out hunting later in the year. His brother Edmund VI succeeds. (Wessex)

1670s

 * 1670 - John V dies. The Anglian crown reverts to Louis of Battenburg, John V's nephew.

1680s

 * 1686 - Louis dies. Henry V succeeds. (Anglia)


 * 1688 - Edmund VI dies. Succeeded by Henry V. (Wessex)

1710s

 * 1711 - Henry V dies. Henry VI succeeds. (Wessex)


 * 1715 - Henry V dies. Henry VI succeeds. (Anglia)


 * 1718 - Henry VI dies. Henry VII succeeds. (Anglia)

1730s

 * 1730 - Henry VI dies. Succeeded by Edmund VII. (Wessex)

1750s

 * 1759 - Edmund VII dies. He is succeeded by Henry VII. (Wessex)

1760s

 * 1763 - Henry VII dies. Charles V succeeds. (Anglia)

1780s

 * 1784 - Charles V dies. Alexandria succeeds. (Anglia)

1790s

 * 1793 - Henry VII dies. Succeeded by William V. (Wessex)

1820s

 * 1825 - Alexandria dies. Christopher II succeeds. (Anglia)

1830s

 * 1832 - William V dies. Edward VII becomes king. (Wessex)

1840s

 * 1841 - Christopher II dies. John VI succeeds. (Anglia)


 * 1844 - Edward VII dies. Succeeded by Henry VIII. (Wessex)

1880s

 * 1882 - Henry VIII dies. Succeeded by Henry IX. (Wessex)


 * 1888 - John VI dies. Christopher III succeeds. (Anglia)

1910s

 * 1911 - Henry IX dies. Succeeded by Edmund VIII. (Wessex)


 * 1912 - Christopher III dies. Edward succeeds. (Anglia)


 * 1914 - Edmund VIII dies. Succeeded by Frederick I. (Wessex)

1940s

 * 1947 - Edward dies. Christopher IV succeeds. (Anglia)

1950s

 * 1950 - Frederick I dies. He is succeeded by Henry X. (Wessex)

1970s

 * 1978 - Christopher IV dies. William V succeeds. (Anglia)

2000s

 * 2002 - Henry X dies. Succeeded by Frederick II. (Wessex)

2010s

 * 2010 - Man gives Ynys Mons independence.