User:JorgeGG/Sandbox/From Sea to Shining Sea

Ideas, drafts and snippets of From Sea to Shining Sea

General ideas and To Do List

 * One POD and butterfly effect.
 * An entry of Sarah Leslie (19??-February 28, 1986), (plus a photo)
 * American transnational corporations (see below)
 * An entry of the American Workers Party (see below)
 * A socialist Japan — Japan (From Sea to Shining Sea).
 * United America's southern ally — Mexico (From Sea to Shining Sea).
 * Korea, a united capitalist nation bordering hostile countries like China (ROC), USSR, socialist Manchuria (before being regained by the ROC) and PR of Japan. — Korea (From Sea to Shining Sea).

Two key technologies missing in the narration (thermonuclear weapons and atomic power)

-
 * America's neighbours
 * Mexico
 * Canada
 * Cuba? Machado's dictatorship.
 * Puerto Rico
 * Panama Canal Zone. League of Nations mandate under British and Colombian supervision.
 * Haiti. United States occupation ended (between Dec 1932 or late 1933 or early 1934) as US Marines leave the island to strengthen the Canal Zone or US territory.


 * Central America (How far does Mexico intervene?)
 * Guatemala. Jorge Ubico's dictatorship. Banana Republic
 * El Salvador. Maximiliano Hernández Martínez's dictatorship. Banana Republic
 * Honduras. Tiburcio Carías' dictatorship. Banana Republic
 * Nicaragua. US troops leave to America in Dec 1932 as part of planned pull out. Return of Augusto C. Sandino from his asylum in México. (Nicaraguan history goes the same way as OTL or Mexico helps Sandino?)
 * Costa Rica. Constitutional government with free democratic elections.
 * Panama. Dependent of the British and Colombian supervision of the Canal and their ifluence.


 * Rest of the Americas (at least between 1932-1936)
 * Venezuela. Juan Vicente Gómez's dictatorship
 * Colombia. Liberal's hegemony with free democratic elections
 * Ecuador. Constitutional government with free democratic elections
 * Peru. Same as OTL?
 * Chile. Alessandri. Same as OTL?
 * Argentina. Infamous Decade. Same as OTL?
 * Bolivia. Same as OTL?
 * Brazil. Getúlio Vargas. Same as OTL?
 * Paraguay. Same as OTL?
 * Uruguay. Gabriel Terra. Same as OTL?

;Names ATL
 * From Sea to Shining Sea
 * Red Star and Red Sun
 * The Other Revolution
 * Welcome to the Revolution
 * Red Banners and Stars
 * The Coal Miner's Daughter (I know, I know It is already used but it could something similar in reference to Sarah Leslie the key protagonist of the ATL)
 * Rebirth of a Nation


 * Names Country (former US)
 * United Socialist Republics of America (USAR) / United Socialist Republics of North America (USNAR)
 * United/Union of North American Socialist Republics (UNASR)
 * United/Union of American Socialist Republics (UASR)
 * North American Socialist Union (NASU) / North American Socialist Federation (NASF)
 * American Socialist Union (ASU) / American Socialist Federation (ASF)
 * United Socialist Republics of America (USRA) / United Socialist Republics of North America (USRNA)
 * Federation of American Socialist Republics (FASR)
 * United Socialist States of America (USSA)

=Drafts Ideas=

American transnational corporations

 * A Draft

With the triumph of the Revolution Corporate US had ceased to exist. The Revolution besides making wide scale changes in the property and management of private corporations being the most important ones like the automobile, mining, coal, steel, and manufacturing trusts and large companies nationalized had also to deal with overseas properties and interests of these. Despite the Law on the Overseas Property of Former US Companies, that established a process to inventory and evaluate their assets and allowed their full nationalization or joint State ownership by the country were they operate, came to null in most of the cases save for the ones operating in Mexico that were de facto nationalized by its government. Overseas property and Foreign interest were retaken or recognized by the capitalists countries in favor of expatriated Americans. The Treaty of Economic Cooperation and Mutual Assistance signed between Mexico and Revolutionary America enable the exchange of managers, built local management abilities and technological transfer to key areas like petroleum, chemicals, heavy industry and construction.

American capitalists (Blue Expats) were able to transfer their properties and control to newly created overseas headquarters in Europe (mainly London and Paris) and other countries. Surviving corporations were able to keep their patents outside America and successfully contest their rights at law courts where cases were resolved in their favor.

For example The Mobil and Exxon Corporations were able to keep running their oil extraction and refineries after establishing in Canada and UK. American Tobacco Company, AT&T Corp already having interests outside America keep their managements and boards but settled in London. The big three automobile manufactures Ford Motor Company, General Motors and Chrysler consolidate of what was left outside America and force the merger of smaller American companies and dealers. United Fruit, Standard Fruit, and Cuyamel moved to the Panama Canal and functioned as before the Revolution in Central America and the Caribbean but now adding as new market for their products the British Commonwealth and Europe. High technology companies like aircraft, chemical, electrical and mechanical manufacturers were reestablished under new names and fought over many years the control of their patents outside America.

Other like U.S. Steel, Kennecott, and Anaconda Copper that lost all of their American assets were brought out by German, French and British interests, or like DuPont Chemicals and Pfizer, had new foreign partners and shareholders brought in and keep its patents outside of America. Only Alcoa Corporation keep its production of aluminum production mainly in Australia and Africa.

And the Fields of the South Burned
The Revolution meant a rapture but its climax happen in the South. At first it was distant whisper the outbreak of the revolution in the main cities but a week later the decades of racial segregation and white chauvinism erupted as volcano. The quiet violence expresses itself in hoes, pitchforks, rifles, lynching, killings, hangings and burning. Everywhere the fields were taken by force in most cases by blacks. The white landowners and their agents fought back with the usual violence but with state and federal broking down and not holding them back all sides took the worst acts of violence in their hands. If you can picture the most extreme of class warfare the South was its uglier example. Besides cities towns, villages and cities fought with revolutionary councils and courts springing out.

The AWP at first providing help to all revolutionaries was rapidly overtaken (Note: develop more the ideological break within the southern AWP). The black, with the help sympathetic whites organized themselves in their communes and revolutionary council. The most radicals joined in starting their revolutionary vanguard thus the Black Workers and Peasants Revolutionary Party came to being with the armed militias protecting and enforcing this new freedom. The poor farmer and his wife began to awake at the greatest change they foresaw under the Red flag with the Black Fist.

In many areas this control became an established government that after the triumph of the revolution did not easily gave its share of power to the newly established Socialist Workers Republics. Negotiations at national level gave back ample self government - Autonomous Regional Community (ARC).

National Constitution of the Revolutionary America
In 1937 the Constituent Assembly of Workers, Farmers and Indians approved the national constitution of Revolutionary America. This document replaced the provisional Principles of the Democratic Dictatorship of the Proletariat of 1933 that serve as the main charter of the incipient political apparatus the Workers sate during the revolution.

The main chapters are
 * Preamble
 * A Bill of Political and Social Rights
 * Social and public ownership of land, means of production and natural resources. The Indian communities have the collective ownership of the land and natural resources within their political territories.
 * Statement and guarantee of the sovereignty and source of all political power comes from the working people and the powers delegated on the branches of government of the Republic
 * The right of Initiative, referendum, and recall and law process making of the legislative and executive branches. Qualifications, term limits and recall of the legislative, executive and judiciary branches.
 * Characteristics the polities of the Union. |Workers Socialist Republic (or American Socialist Republic?) as main and basic constituent polity, Autonomous Indian Community (AIC) and Autonomous Regional Community (ARC), Local Indian Region, Communes and National Territory.
 * Relationship and coordination between the Republics and National Government. Also the mandate and ability to make compacts of interest or cooperation between the Republics.
 * an elected bicameral legislature that is the supreme ruling body with dual legislative and executive functions. The first chamber ( Workers' Congress of America) is composed of deputies elected by each Republic, Autonomous Indian Community, Commune and Autonomous Regional Community. A second chamber (Council of the Union) composed of representatives of the government of each Republic, Autonomous Indian Community, Commune and Autonomous Regional Community
 * Legislative process of national laws, budget, taxation and revenue. Regulation of emergency powers of the executive.
 * An unipersonal elected executive (President) assisted by a council of ministers named by the President and approved by the legislature.
 * A unified federal judiciary with National Supreme Court, named by the legislature in a mixed system composed of the executive, legislative and judicial branches. The state supreme court is the nations final court of appeal in all civil, criminal, labor, social and Indian cases, supervises the republican supreme courts. The guarantee of right of appeal to National Supreme Court. All judges served for fix terms and until the age of retirement of 65.
 * Safeguard clause of form of government of the republics that are part of the federation. Mechanism of intervention and necessity clauses in republican administrations.
 * Constitutional reform (legislative process, constituent assembly or referendum)

American Labor Unions
(Note: for the moment American Congress of Labor - Not the best name but a provisional one. Other names: Workers Alliance of America (WAA), Labor Alliance of America (LAA), National Congress of Labor, )

On the eve of the Second American Civil War (1932-1936) there were three main national labor unions. The craft unions dominated American Federation of Labor (AFL), the revolutionary and industrial unions lead International World Workers (IWW) and the Workers' Industrial Union (WIU). In the 1930s the IWW and WIU were bitter rivals in unionization of labor leaving aside the AFL that began to slowly lose its influence. The IWW and WIU also organized the unemployed and homeless in the Depressions of 1920–21 and 1929–33 by the unemployed councils, unemployed leagues, etc.

An example of the change of times was the disaffiliation of the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) from the AFL, and later its membership to the AWA. The IWW and WIU adopted a more radical and socialist platforms after the failure of the 1925 American Revolution and joined with other organizations in the AWA (1928).

During the revolutionary years the IWW and WIU and despite their rivalry, grew in strength as they organized and established workers and farmers militias, workers' councils, pushed for the merger of unions according to industry and helping the WTUL organize women workers. The AFL unprepared for events of the revolution became a shell of its previous national presence.

At the end of revolution the WIU was the main labor union, though it had agreed on joint action with the IWW in the final years of the Revolution. In an effort to unite American labor the IWW, WIU, WTUL and several other political workers union revived the Conference for Progressive Labor Action. The CPLA called organized and called for a meeting of a Congress of American Labor in 1938, inviting the leadership of the AFL and its associated unions.

At the unity congress all four national unions agreed of establishing the American Congress of Labor (ACL) and its support to the nascent socialist state. The unity congress approved as guiding principle of its by-laws: organize all workers along industrial union lines or manufacturing combines, promote the welfare and fair salaries to all workers, mutual aid and cooperation among workers, non-discrimination of women and blacks nor discrimination by skills, race, creed, or national origin in union membership and leadership, participation of workers in the management and safety in the workplace.

Organization

 * National Congress (meets every two years)-> elects National Executive Council every two years. Between National Congress meetings a Federative Meeting is held with representatives of each state/regional Executive Council and leadership of the affiliated organizations.
 * State / Regional Convention -> State/Regional Executive Council
 * District Convention -> District Executive Council


 * Affiliated organizations
 * United Mine Workers of America (UMW or UMWA)
 * United Automobile Workers (UAW)
 * Union of United Brewery, Soft Drink, and Distillery Workers of America
 * United Textile Workers of America
 * American Railway Union (ARU), later becoming the Transport Workers Union of America (TWUA)
 * National Agricultural Workers Industrial Union (NAWIO)
 * Lumber Workers Industrial Union
 * Metal and Machinery Workers Industrial Union
 * American Postal Workers Industrial Union
 * Oil and Gas Workers Industrial Union (OGWIU)
 * United Steelworkers Industrial Union
 * United Teamsters of America
 * American Federation of Teachers (AFT)
 * Construction Workers Industrial Union
 * Banking and Financial Services Union
 * National Federation of Federal Employees
 * United Public Workers of America (republic and local workers)
 * Marine Workers Industrial Union
 * Education and Science Workers’ Union
 * Artists' Union
 * Industrial Union of Marine and Shipbuilding Workers of America
 * International Typographical Union
 * American Newspaper Guild
 * Food and Tobacco Workers, later the United Food, Services and Commerce Workers

Cooperatives
The National Union of Cooperatives (NU-Coop) is the national confederation of cooperatives

The NU-Coop administers the National Cooperative Bank and the Credit Unions Association.


 * Organization
 * National General Assembly (meets every two years) that elects the National Board
 * State / Regional General Assembly (meets every two years) that elects State/Regional Board.
 * Local Coordination (meets every year) that elects the Coordinating Board

Types of cooperatives - workers, consumer, services, housing, retailers', agricultural and public utilities and Cooperative wholesale society.

Administrative divisions of the Revolutionary America
The Workers Socialist Republic (or American Socialist Republic?) are sovereign entities that have political jurisdiction over their territory and share their sovereignty with the national government and are bound together as part of the Revolutionary America. They take part in decision-making process of the National Government and coordinate and assist their actions with it.
 * Workers Socialist Republic (or American Socialist Republic?) (the former US States)

The republics must have a republican, democratic, socialist, and revolutionary form of government (article ?? of National Constitution). The republics have usually settled in the following constitutional schemes:
 * 1) Preamble
 * 2) A Bill of Political and Social Rights, based on the National Constitution with amendments peculiar to the republic. For example Oklahoma as also incorporated the rights of Indians and others minorities.
 * 3) Social and/or public ownership of land, means of production and natural resources.
 * 4) Statement and guarantee of the sovereignty and source of all political power comes from the working people and the powers delegated on the branches of government of the Republic
 * 5) The right of Initiative, referendum, and recall and law process making of the legislative and executive branches. Qualifications, term limits and recall of the legislative, executive and judiciary branches.
 * 6) Relationship and coordination between the Republics and National Government. Also the mandate and ability to make compacts of interest or cooperation between republics
 * 7) An elected legislature that is the supreme ruling body with dual legislative and executive functions. The majority of the republics have an unicameral legislature, however some particularly those with autonomous regional communities, autonomous Indian Communities or communes have second chamber (Council of the Republic or Council of Delegates)
 * 8) An executive either directly elected or named by the legislature. This executive can be unipersonal (Governor or Republic-President) or collective (Council of State, Executive Council or Supreme Executive Council). The Republican council of ministers named by the executive or approved by the legislature. Other non elected republic officers (Comptroller, Attorney General, etc.
 * 9) Legislative process of law making, budget, taxation and revenue. Also the delegation of some of it to local governments and oversight by the republic's legislature. Regulation of emergency powers of the executive.
 * 10) A unified judiciary with its high tribunal being a supreme court (Supreme Court, Supreme Judicial Court, etc.) named by the legislature, appointment by executive with collegial body consent or by mixed system composed of the executive, legislative and judicial branches. The state supreme court is the Republican final court of appeal in all civil, criminal, labor, social and Indian cases, supervises and names all lower courts. The guarantee of right of appeal to National Supreme Court.
 * 11) Organization of republican institutions and services (education health, welfare, civil service, etc)
 * 12) Administrative division, organization and degree of self government. Mechanism of intervention and necessity clauses in local administration
 * 13) Constitutional reform (legislative process, constituent assembly or referendum)

Most republics use preferential voting or proportional representation to determine the outcome of elections. Though, a few particularly underpopulated ones use a system of first-past-the-post voting. The number of deputies of the council and timing of the elections is determined by each republic, resulting in wide difference between when these elections are held in each republic, ranging from as little as five months to eight years between elections.

The republics are: First compact formed is New England (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont), later Cascadia (Idaho, Oregon and Washington), Appalachia (Tennessee, Kentucky, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia and commune of Pittsburgh) and Great Plains (Montana, Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota)
 * 1) Alabama
 * 2) Arizona
 * 3) Arkansas
 * 4) California
 * 5) Colorado
 * 6) Connecticut
 * 7) Delaware
 * 8) Florida
 * 9) Georgia
 * 10) Idaho
 * 11) Illinois
 * 12) Indiana
 * 13) Iowa
 * 14) Kansas
 * 15) Kentucky
 * 16) Louisiana
 * 17) Maine
 * 18) Maryland
 * 19) Massachusetts
 * 20) Michigan
 * 21) Minnesota
 * 22) Mississippi
 * 23) Missouri
 * 24) Montana
 * 25) Nebraska
 * 26) Nevada
 * 27) New Hampshire
 * 28) New Jersey
 * 29) New Mexico
 * 30) New York
 * 31) North Carolina
 * 32) North Dakota. In negotiations with South Dakota for a merge into Dakota
 * 33) Ohio
 * 34) Oklahoma
 * 35) Oregon
 * 36) Pennsylvania
 * 37) Rhode Island
 * 38) South Carolina
 * 39) South Dakota. In negotiations with North Dakota for a merge into Dakota
 * 40) Tennessee
 * 41) Texas
 * 42) Utah
 * 43) Vermont
 * 44) Virginia
 * 45) Washington
 * 46) West Virginia
 * 47) Wisconsin
 * 48) Wyoming

The communes elect deputies to National Workers Congress and enjoy limited autonomy and self-rule and a special status from the republic of which they are part of. The Autonomous Regional Communities have representation in the Republic's legislature, executive and judiciary. They are also a local government unit. They have self-rule. The ARC have been established in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina recognizing previous liberated areas and homesteads of the Black Liberation movement. Also included are Freedmen's towns. The Autonomous Indian Communities have representation in the Republic's legislature, executive and judiciary. They are also a local government unit. They enjoy full cultural rights. The AIC have autonomous and elected branches of government (an Indian Territory Legislature or similar, executive and judiciary) and elect deputies to the National Congress. The Local Indian Regions have representation in the Republic's legislature. They are also a local government unit. They enjoy full cultural rights. They have limited self-rule. The National Territories are under direct National administration, until they reach a level of population and economic development that enables them to become a republic. Also unorganized or sparsely populated territories are national territories. Territories have limited self rule at all levels. -
 * Commune
 * 1) Chicago
 * 2) Detroit
 * 3) Georgetown (former Washington DC)
 * 4) Los Angeles
 * 5) Manhattan (New York City)
 * 6) New Orleans
 * 7) Philadelphia
 * 8) Pittsburgh
 * 9) Cleveland
 * 10) St. Louis
 * Autonomous Regional Community (ARC)
 * Autonomous Indian Community (AIC)
 * 1) Apache Nation (in New Mexico and Arizona)
 * 2) Blackfoot Confederacy (in Montana, Wyoming and Idaho)
 * 3) Cherokee (in Oklahoma, North Carolina and Tennessee)
 * 4) Chickasaw (in Oklahoma)
 * 5) Choctaw (in Oklahoma)
 * 6) Comanche (in Oklahoma, Texas and New Mexico)
 * 7) Haudenosaunee (officially) /Iroquoia (colloquially) (in New York)
 * 8) Innu-aimun Territories (in Alaska)
 * 9) Lakota Republic (Lakota-Dakota-Nakota people - in S. and N. Dakota and Nebraska)
 * 10) Muscogee (Creek) (in Oklahoma)
 * 11) Navajo Nation (in New Mexico)
 * 12) Ojibwe (in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota and North Dakota)
 * 13) Pueblo (in New Mexico and Arizona)
 * 14) Seminole (in Oklahoma and Florida)
 * 15) Sequoyah (Cherokee nation in Oklahoma)
 * Local Indian Region (LIR)
 * (several in many states and territories)
 * National Territories
 * Alaska

National Ministries Revolutionary America
Council of Ministers
 * Foreign Affairs (former State Department)
 * Finance and Treasury (former Treasury Department)
 * Justice (former Justice Department)
 * Attorney General
 * Interior Affairs (former Interior Department)
 * Republican Coordination and Affairs
 * Indian Affairs (former Bureau of Indian Affairs)
 * National Defense (former War and Navy Departments)
 * Labor and Cooperatives (former Labor Department)
 * Post, Cables and Telephones (former Post Office Department)
 * Education
 * Health and Social Welfare
 * Housing

Economical Production and Distribution ministries
 * Agriculture and Food (former Agriculture Department). Its main bureaus are: Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries, Food Industry and Land Reform)
 * Trade and Industry (Former Commerce Department) later split in
 * Foreign Trade
 * Home Trade
 * Public Works
 * Transportation and Associated Industries. Its main Bureaus are: Automobile Industry, Aviation Industry, Land Transport, Marine Transport, Railroad Transport and Air transport.
 * Manufacture and General Production. Its main Bureaus are: Chemical Industry, Energy and Electrical Engineering, Electronic Industry, Mechanical Industry, Printing, Textile and Clothes, and Other Industries.
 * Mining. Several Bureaus: Coal, Oil and Gas, Copper Mining, Iron mining, etc.

Boards, Committees and Commissions
 * National Coordinating Committee of the Civil Service
 * Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve
 * Board of Governors of the National Bank of America
 * Board of Governors of the National Savings and Loans Union
 * Board of Governors of the Economical Development Bank
 * Board of Governors of the National Bank for Foreign Trade and Cooperation
 * National State Commission for Economic Planning
 * National State Commission of Public Works, later incorporated to the Planning Bureau of the Public Works Ministry
 * National State Commission of Science and Technology
 * National Research Council - National Academy of Sciences
 * Central Office of the Census and Statistical Information (former Bureau of the Census)

Regional development agencies/corporations. Administered by the Public Works Ministry
 * Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
 * Colorado River Authority (CRA)
 * Columbia River Basin Corporation (CRBC)
 * Missouri River Industrial Corportation
 * Ohio Valley Authority
 * Savannah River Authority
 * Arkansas Valley Development Board (AVDB)

Notable State and Public Industries and Cooperative
Between 1937 and 1942 the main nationalized industries were merged into large industrial combines and the Trade and Industry Ministry was split in distinct ministries with bureaus in charge of managing the nationalized economic sector under their administrative sphere.
 * American Motors Company (AMC) the main automobile company founded by the merger of the nationalized Ford Motor, General Motors, Chrysler Corporation.
 * National Harvester Company the main manufacturer of agricultural machinery.
 * National Steel Corporation formed from the nationalized US Steel, Bethlehem Steel and others.
 * National Coal Board. Merger of the nationalized Consolidation Coal Company, Pennsylvania Coal Co. and others. Organized in Coal Mining Provinces (Eastern, Gulf, Interior, Northern Great Plains, Rocky Mountains and Pacific Coast) and Districts.
 * North American Telephone and Telegraph (NATT) Merger of ATT and Western Union. Under management of the Ministry of Post, Cables and Telephones. Bell Telephone and private telephone companies became regional or republic public utilities.
 * National Railroad Administration
 * National Oil and Gas Corporation of America (NOGCA)
 * Federal Power Commission (FPC) administers, coordinates, maintains, regulates and builds the national electrical grid.
 * Pan American Airlines South American and international air carrier
 * North American Airlines national air carrier

Public utilities such as telephone, electricity, public and road cargo transport, water and waste disposal became republic or regional public utilities companies. Cooperatives also took up these services in rural and urban areas.

The tobacco industry is divided in two sectors that jointly produce and distributed all tobacco products. The nationalized American Tobacco Combine and tobacco producing cooperatives. A joint import-export company carries out all foreign trade.

- Officially Prohibition at national level ended in 1937, however some republics during the Revolution had it abrogated within their territories. Alcohol production, quality, distribution and license of sales is regulated by republican governments. Production, distribution and sales of beer, wine and spirits are done by either republican, cooperatives or private retailers. Some republics have a complete state monopoly of the alcohol industry.

Armed Forces
The People's National Armed Forces (PNAF) is the direct successor of the severa the red and workers militias of the Revolution. The Law on the People's National Armed Forces of 1937 established a national military and its branches. The Selective Service System Law gave power to conscript men and women in case of war and provide a volunteer conscription. It also considered conscientious objectors. The National Security Acts define the chain of command and political structure of the PNAF.

On acquiring and adopting thermonuclear weapons the PNAF established a unified combatant command - PNAF Strategic Command - responsible for the strategic deterrence, global strike, and operation of the air, land and sea-based ICBM.

Politics
A United Front of Labor? a la OTL Popular Front. An electoral and political alliance post revolution?

The American Workers Party (AWP)
The American Workers Party (AWP, Spanish: Partido de los Trabajadores Americanos PTA) established in 1929, was the governing Marxist political party of the USRA from the country's foundation in the Revolution of 1932 until it was dissolved in 1991.

Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, American people began turning to socialist and communist due to the economic crisis. The failed American Revolution of 1925, death of the charismatic socialist leader Eugene V. Debs and the unsuccessful presidential campaigns and later death of Robert M. La Follette put the American left and reformist in a dire position. All attempts to rebuilt and unify the America left came to fruition in 1928 with the formation of the American Workers' Association (AWA), a loose alliance between workers' councils, labor unions, and left-wing organizations and political parties. In addition, the Socialist Party of America (SPA), Communist Party USA (CPUSA), Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), Farmer–Labor Party (FLP), Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP), Proletarian Party of America (PPA), and left wing of the Progressive Party agreed on forming a Joint Action Committee.

Later in Wall Street of Crash of 1929 marked for many a new phase in class struggle in the US so the AWA and the Joint Action Committee agreed to call a National Convention of Unity were the American Workers Party (AWP) was established.

In 1929, its members elected schoolteacher and communist militant, Sarah Leslie, as leader of the AWP. Under her leadership, the AWA was united into a new political party: the American Workers Party. Shortly afterward, the Stock Market Crash of 1929 occurred, starting the Great Depression. This boosted the popularity of the party, which outgrew in adherence and new militants both the Republican and Democratic parties by the end of 1931. Leslie urged that through a revolution to overthrow capitalism and give ownership of the means of production to the working class. This, combined with discontent of the government due to its failure to give jobs and welfare relief to its citizens, caused the United States to erupt into revolution in 1932.

In the Second American Civil War (1932-1936) the AWP was the leading force and under its leadership were main combating revolutionary forces formed - Workers Militias and the Workers Revolutionary Army. Its militants staffed the majority of the provisional Revolutionary Committees of liberated territories.

After the Triumph of the Revolution
In 1937 delegates to the III National Convention of Chicago or the Convention of the Victory assembled to discuss the party program, the report of the National Secretary and vote a a new National Executive Committee taking in account that most of its members died in the Revolution and its membership had been provisionally co-opted.

Sarah Leslie, at her opening speech to the delegates stated: ''Brothers and Sisters. This Victory is Our Victory. It’s the triumph of the workers (...) the poor, of our dead comrades, (...) We can now begin to build socialism in America. It is the task of our generation as it was 1776 to the forebears of our Young Republic, of Lincoln after ending slavery, of (interrupted as delegates loudly cheer and rise to sing the Internationale)''.

The III National Convention approved the policy of Consolidation, Unity, and Strengthening of the Revolutionary Forces as the National Revolutionary Task of the historical moment after the armed and political triumph of the Revolution. Thus, the main task and duty of the AWP, party workers and sympathizers would be to consolidate the power of the people's and workers councils, the political and legal normalization of liberated territories by means of republican constituent assemblies of the former US states, the purge and expropriation of capitalist and enemies of the revolution. To work for the unity of all the workers, allies and the economic organizations. The strengthening of the duties and power of workers association and republican (former US State) governments in order to rebuild the economy and begin the social reforms already enacted in the liberated territories.

In 1940 the anarchists, that keep separate organizations, agenda and were the main dissent voice to the political action of the AWP, were declared by AWP mass media and resolutions as obstructionists and saboteurs to the National Tasks and to undermine class solidarity by means of their propaganda and press. The cause of anarchism was not helped when its fighting organization started bombing campaigns, disobedience, violent disruption and wildcat strikes at factories, workshops and cooperatives, legislatures and executive organs. The flaming point came with open calls for the Armed Forces to revolt and return to the spirit of 1932. Based on these actions a wide purge in National and Republican governments was officially sanctioned. Followed by a series of show trials and kangaroo courts against anarchist members that were widely publicized and spreading to the labor movement were anarchist dissidents were thoroughly expelled.

The IV National Convention of 1941 received the report of the First Five-Year Plan and its eminent success. The renewal of the Consolidation, Unity, and Strengthening of the Revolutionary Forces policy was unanimously approved and a warning was launched to the anarchist to either joint the revolutionary majority or suffer its exclusion. This warning was later historically considered as a blank cheque for the repression of anarchism by the State security apparatus.

It was also approved a resolution to expel from the Party of uncommitted militants (later applied to Anarchist in the AWP), Blue sympathizers and opportunists. For this purpose, internal party commissions would review post 1936 affiliations and ideological conformity. The Prairie Socialists presented a motion to extend cooperatives to major industries or at least allow a similar governance as in cooperatives. The notion was narrowly defeated but divided the Party between Central-Planners, Cooperationists and Workers' Participation. It was approves a motion of establishing a revolutionary co-partners. This in part to calm down political rifts in the South between AWP and the Revolutionary Party over the establishment of local autonomy and the immediate end of segregation.

Factions of the AWP
In its founding the AWP was the merger of several ideological and political groups and traditions some having strong regional following: Marxist-Leninist, Marxist-Trotsky, several Marxists tendencies, Social democracy, Farmer-Labors (i.e. Prairie Socialists), De Leonists, left-wing populists, civil rights movement, Christian left, trade unionists, Black liberation movement, IWW (Wobblies) and anarchists. The former until the 1940s when they were expelled and put on the limits of legal opposition.

Later tendencies included feminism, social/state planners and ecologists.

Dissolution of the AWP
In 1991 after it was dissolved its three major factions became the American Communist Party (ACP), the People's Democratic Socialist Party (PDSP), and the Liberal Democrats (LD).

Organization

 * National Convention. Celebrated every four years. Elects the National Executive Committee
 * State / Regional Convention -> State Executive Committee
 * District Convention -> District Executive Committee
 * Local Convention -> Local Executive Committee
 * Branch


 * National Secretary. Elected by the National Convention along the National Executive Committee.


 * Sarah Leslie (1929 to TBD)
 * TBD

The Revolutionary Workers and Farmers Party
The  Revolutionary Workers and Farmers Party (RWFP).

Regional following in the Black Belt (Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina) and outside of it in Oklahoma and the commune of Chicago

The Farmer–Labor Party
The  National Farmer–Labor Party or Prairie Socialists as large following in the Dakotas, Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma, and sizable parts of Montana, Wyoming, Missouri, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, and western and southern Minnesota. Also influential in Canadian Prairies (Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta). The NFLP was established over the issue of cooperative ownership and economic planning of the Great Prairies. Starting as a tendency since the times of the establishment of the AWP it slowly embraced the cause of farmers and cooperatives. It challenged several times the policies of the agricultural quotas of the central planning and enlargement of the state farms complex.

It definitely split from the AWP on the eve of the republican elections of Nebraska and Kansas were it won the Governorship and the legislature under its own electoral ticket. As a tendency of the AWP it was already a majority in the said states.

The American Communist Party (ACP)
The American Communist Party (ACP).

The People's Democratic Socialist Party (PDSP)
The People's Democratic Socialist Party (PDSP).

The Liberal Democrats (LD)
The Liberal Democrats (LD)

The Loyal, The Tolerated and The Underground Opposition
Former Republican and Democrats illegal and dissolved since December 1936 along several capitalist organizations such as the Chambers of Commerce, American Legion, employer's associations, National Civic Federation, Citizen's Alliance, Lions, Rotaries, etc.

What was left of the Republicans and Democrats merged in the Democratic-Republican Party or started the clandestine American Liberty League (ALL). The DemReps, tough not officially recognized would run candidates under the DemRep, DRP, Democratic-Republican labeled tickets thanks to the independent electoral lists that by law the labor unions or cooperatives could use.

After Anarchists were outlawed in 1940-1941 many would continue to exist as underground organization and cells. Infighting began when some split into a group wiling to collaborate within the AWP as loyal and constructive opposition and submitted to party discipline and another completely opposed to the State and party.

Their fighting organizations would take terrorist actions and guerrilla warfare that were counter attacked by the Vanguard Battalions of the Armed Forces and Internal Security Section III of Vigilance of Internal Left Counterrevolutionary Activities. Although small in scale the extent of this black war and the violation of civil rights by both sides and illegal detentions of anarchists militants and supposed accomplices would only be known to public in the 1960s in series of newspapers reports and accounts and the Political Openness that would release official files of IS-Section III.

As a political entity anarchists establish the Mutual Solidarity Front (MSF) that was organized with the help of the Mexican Anarchist Federation as a joint electoral platform. The Front brought together most of the political, labor and cultural organizations that for the first time could work in the open and not in the semi-legal situation, they had before the Political Openness. It also marked the return from their exile in Mexico of various well know and historical activists and intellectual of the 1950s.

Due to their constant harassment and violation of civil rights that the MSF would also incorporate as part of their program Civil rights and Anti-racism. One immediate demand would be the de-establishment of the legal revolutionary terror that enabled from the 1940s to the mid-19600s the State Security apparatus and courts of justice the persecution of so-called anti-revolutionaries to the left.

Unión Panamericana
The Pan-American Unión’s Bureau and therefore the whole organization would be inactive with events of 1932-1936. The dormant organization would be retaken by Mexican foreign affairs as part of their diplomatic offensive within Central and South America. Mexico’s effort was to widen the original commercial purposes of the Pan-American Unión to collaborate in the areas of health, cultural and scientific exchange, social improvement, resolution of inter state conflicts and move towards a defence pact.

Mexico’s ambitious plan was opposed by Colombia, Brazil and Argentina that wanted more limited goals and were more focused in commercial exchange. In the end at Mexico City the Pan-American Congress of 1939 approved a new Charter. It was the result of consensus between interest parties it would promote trade but also social and economic development.

As result a general reorganization dissolved and merge institution into new bodies such as the Inter-American Organization for Cultural and Scientific Cooperation, A proposal for a Pan-American Highway was approved. Perhaps the most significant milestone was the treaty establishing the Pan-American Court of Justice in that way arbitration became the norm to settle differences in the Americas.

Convention on the Pan-American Highway signed in 1942 that would build 30,000 kilometres of network of roads linking lost of the Pacific coastal countries of the Americas in a highway system.

On Mexico's insistence and lobby a Development and Investment Bank of America (DIBA/BDIA) was established in 1946

Organization of the Pan-American Union
 * Directive Council / Consejo Directivo
 * Director General Director General
 * Pan-American Congress / Inter-American Conference
 * National Commissions / Comisiones nacionales

Affiliated Institutions
 * Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana/Pan-American Sanitary Bureau -> OPS/PAHO Organización Panamerican de la Salud/Pan American Health Organization 1943 to date
 * Instituto Internacional Americano de Protección a la Infancia (1927-1944 part of OPS)
 * Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia/Pan American Institute of Geography and History (1928-1942 merged into the OICCC)
 * Comisión Interamericana de Mujeres/Inter-American Commission of Women (1928 to date)
 * Organización Interamericana de Cooperaciòn Cultural y Científica / Inter-American Organization for Cultural and Scientific Cooperation (1942 to date)
 * Comisión Interamericana de Comunicaciones/Inter-American Communications Commission (CIC/IACC) 1923, reformed 1942
 * Pan-American Highway Commission 1942 to date
 * Pan-American Court of Justice 1943
 * Development and Investment Bank of America (DIBA/BDIA, 1946 to date)

East Asian Community
The East Asian Community


 * Membership
 * R of Korea
 * R of China
 * PR of Japan
 * PR of Mongolia
 * R of the Philippines
 * R of Vietnam
 * K of Cambodia
 * K of Laos
 * K of Thailand

Association of European States
The Association of European States


 * Membership
 * Flag of Austria.svg Austria
 * Flag of Belgium.svg Belgium
 * Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark
 * Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
 * Flag of France.svg France
 * Hellenic Kingdom Flag 1935.svg Greece
 * Flag_of_Italy.svg Italy
 * Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland
 * Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg Germany
 * Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands
 * Flag of Norway.svg Norway


 * Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal
 * Flag of the Second Spanish Republic.svg Spain
 * Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden


 * Civil Ensign of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg


 * Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland


 * European Institutions
 * European Political Community (EPC)
 * European Defense Community (EDC)
 * European Economic Community (EEC)
 * European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM)
 * Court of Justice of the European Communities
 * European Court of Auditors
 * European Space Research Organisation (ESRO)

Korea
Korea (officially, Republic of Korea, ROK), is a sovereign state in East Asia, located on the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by China to the north and west, Japan to the east, and the East China Sea to the south.

From 1910 to 1952 was annexed by the Empire of Japan, under the name of Chōsen. Ending the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1953) Korea gained its independence.

History
After the Japanese Second Sino-Japanese War, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (in exile) and the People's Liberation Committee of Korea, created on the Japanese retreat from the Korean Peninsula, became the basis provisional government of Korea by a common agreement becoming the National Provisional Government and its political front, the Democratic and Republican Liberation Bloc.
 * First Republic

A constitutional assembly was elected in 1954 with the task of drafting a new constitution to be approved by referendum, function has legislative body, elect executive authorities that replace the provisional government and negotiate peace terms with Japan.

The Constituent Assembly's draft was approved in referendum by 62% of the votes, coming in effect July 1955, later known as the Constitution of the I Republic.

Political and social instability and the economic reconstruction characterized the First Republic and were one the consequences of its fall. Prosecution of the chinilpa and their economic trust was a contentious issue with the left supporting and promoting trials and punishment and the national nationalization of their interests and the right being lenient and promoting them as partners in the reconstruction of Korea.

In 1957 the Army stage a military coup ending months of political instability. Rhee Syngman was reinstated as president with full executive powers. Among Lee's first actions were the persecution of left wing and opposition parties and the labor movement. An new constitution, 1958, was promulgated given full presidential powers.
 * Second Republic (1957-1971)

Korea had previous small border confrontations with Manchuria over its northern provinces. The Manchurian-Korea War (1957-1959) started in 1957, a few days after the Coup of 1957 when Manchurian troops advance over the border with the purpose of overthrown the military government and install a friendly communist government, but were repelled by Korean forces near Pyongyang. War ended with a provisional delimitation of the Korean-Manchurian frontier. The war indirectly involved USSR, China and Japan that supplied arms to each side.

In 1959, the government announced the first nationwide industrialization plan and to built in Kaesong, Pyongyang, Wonsan, Suwon, and Daejeon large industrial areas. Heavy industry became a priority in the rebuilding of Korea's economy. The chaebols, Rhee's allies, received special treatment from the government in return for kickbacks and other payments and were key actors in economic development. Workers rights were curtailed with government backing.

General Kang's coup of 1971 inaugurated the Third Republic.
 * Third Republic (1971-1987)

The November Coup of 1987 was of mixed results. At first it was like previous coups in toppling down a president and been replaced by the conspirators of the coup. However, the opposition rapidly made counter manifestation backing down the Junta and been replaced by a provisional government that called for elections of a constituent assembly.
 * Fourth Republic (1987 to date)

State and Government
Korea has had the following constitutions: 1955, 1958, 1971 and 1989. The constitutions of 1955 and 1989 are based on the Chinese Five-power constitutional theory. The constitutions of 1958 and 1971 established an authoritarian presidential with a weak legislature.

According to the 1989 Constitution of Korea, all political power and sovereignty comes from the people. It is exercised by means of elections of the political powers specified by the Constitution and by referendum and recall. All male and female citizens over 18 years of age have political rights.

At national level, based on the Chinese Five-power Constitutional Theory, the State is organized as follows. The President performs his executive functions through the State Council made up of 15 to 30 members and presided over by the President, who is solely responsible for deciding all important government policies. The President appoints the Prime Minister for State Affairs with approval of the National Assembly and the rest of the members of the State Council. The president may refer important policy matters to a national referendum, declare war, conclude peace and other treaties, appoint senior public officials, and grant amnesty (with the concurrence of the National Assembly). In times of serious internal or external turmoil or threat, or economic or financial crises, the President may assume emergency powers "for the maintenance of national security or public peace and order." Emergency measures may be taken only when the National Assembly is not in session and when there is no time for it to convene. The measures are limited to the "minimum necessary."
 * The head of state and government is the President of the Republic, who is elected by direct popular vote for a five-year term. Formerly he or she was elected by the National Assembly (Constitutions of 1958 and 1971). The president is Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces of Korea and enjoys considerable executive powers.
 * The legislative powers resides in the unicameral National Assembly, whose members are directly elected for a four-year term. The National Assembly cannot be dissolved by the president. The National Assembly can amend the constitution with a two-thirds majority, impeach the President of the Republic and call for vote of confidence on the Prime Minister for State Affairs.
 * Judicial powers resides in the National Judicial Council, Supreme Court, Constitutional Court, lower and specialized courts. The Chief Judges of the National Judicial Council are appointed by the President with the consent of the National Assembly for a six year term. The judges of the Supreme Court are named by the President on the recommendation of the Chief Justice and with the consent of the National Assembly for a six year term. The judges of the Constitutional Court are named by the President (3 members), National Assembly (3) and National Judicial Council (3). All lower and specialized courts of justice are appointed by the National Judicial Council, that also are the ministers the judicial branch.
 * Board of Audit and Inspection, in charge of inspecting and examining the revenues and expenditures of the State, the accounts of the State and other organizations specified by Act and the job performances of the executive agencies and public officials. The Board is composed is composed of five to eleven members. The Chairman of the Board is appointed by the President with the consent of the National Assembly for a term of office of four years. The rest of the members of the Board are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Chairman of the Board, for a term of four years.
 * Civil Service Board is in charge of validating the qualification of civil servants, holding of examinations and in in charge of matters relating to employment, registration, performance rating, scales of salary (remuneration), promotion and transfer, security of tenure, recommendation, pecuniary aid in case of death, retirement and old age pension. The Board is integrated by a chairman, a vice chairman, and 9 ministers, each with a six-year term of office. The chairman and vice chairman are appointed by the President with the consent of the National Assembly for a term of office of six years. The ministers are appointed by the Board of Audit and Control (3 members), National Assembly (3) and National Judicial Council (3).

Political Parties
The main parties of the First Republic where the following: The KIP and KNRP, were the basis of the Korean Government in exile.
 * Korean National Advancement Party (KNAP), setup by former members of the Japanese administration and the chinilpa ;
 * Korean Independence Party (KIP), right-nationalists;
 * Korean National Revolutionary Party (KNRP), left-nationalism, and pro-Chinese.
 * Chondoist Chongu Party, the political vehicle of Cheondoism, of relative importance at provincial level and local elections. Despite various periods when parties were outright banned, Cheondoism was recreate when parties were allowed to exist making it the oldest party of Korea; and
 * New People's Party (신민당), the main leftist Marxist party.
 * Liberal Party, a right-wing party and supported by the chinilpa, the personal vehicle of Rhee Syngman.

The military coup of 1957 disbanded and outlawed all parties with the exception of Rhee's Liberal Party that was renamed the National Liberal Association (NLA). Former members of the KNAP and KIP were among its participants. The NLA was the de facto ruling party. Other parties allowed to register, as long as they were not associated with the NPP and KNRP or Communist Manchuria were the following: The coup of 1971 rose the Armed Forces as the main political actor. The Democratic Republican Party (DRP) was established as the vehicle of the armed forces and was a authoritarian, anti-communism and conservative party that was its policies was in favour of state corporatist and nationalist in its outlook. Other important parties were: The New Democratic Party, a splinter of the old Democratic Party. Both parties would later merge in the United Democratic Party. The Civil Rule Party, a party of the more liberal and historical Korean nationalism. The coup of 1987 began a process of democratization of Korea.
 * Second Republic
 * Democratic Party, established by opposition politicians to the NLA. It was allowed to participate in elections heavily rigged in favor of the NLA.
 * Third Republic
 * Fourth Republic
 * Democratic Justice Party (DJP), the inheritor of the DRP,
 * Democratic Labor Party (DLP) a left party, banned after the White Coup of July 1998.
 * Unified Progressive Party (UPP) the main left party and successor of the DLP after it was banned,
 * National Civic Party (NCP), merger of several liberal and socio-liberal parties and groups that previously competed with each other or were formed around liberal personalities. It was the first grassroots activism of liberalism in Korea.
 * People's United Party (PUP), the merger of the UPP and (...)

Administrative Divisions
Korea is divided in its first level in provinces and special cities. The second level is divided in cities, counties and districts. These are further subdivided into third-level entities: towns, township, neighborhoods and villages. The governors of the provincial-level divisions and the provincial assemblies and other local government authorities and bodies are elected every four years.


 * Special Cities
 * Seoul
 * Pyongyang


 * Provinces
 * North Chungcheong (Cheongju)
 * South Chungcheong (Andong)
 * Gangwon (Chuncheon)
 * Gyeonggi (Suwon)
 * North Gyeongsang (Daegu)
 * South Gyeongsang (Changwon)
 * North Hamgyŏng (Kwanbuk)
 * South Hamgyŏng (Hamhung)
 * Hwanghae (Haeju)
 * North Jeolla (Honam)
 * South Jeolla (Gwangju)
 * North Pyongan (Sinŭiju)
 * South Pyongan (Pyongsong)
 * Jeju (Jeju City)

Economy
Korea is a mixed economy dominated by family-owned conglomerates (chaebols). The major development of Korean economy was mainly done by the guided capitalism of the 1960s to the 1980s.

Korea as two distinguishing regions. The northern half is heavily industrialized, covered with factories, mines, and power plants and the southern half is primarily agrarian in nature with rice and soy patties, wheat fields, farms, and several other crops. There is some minor farming activity in the north, primarily on the east coast and the west coast on the flat plains; and some industrial centers, mainly around Seoul and Busan, in the south.

Armed Forces
After the liberation the Korean Liberation Army (KLA) and Korean People's Army (KPA) were merged in the ROK Defense Forces. It is organized in the following branches:
 * Korean Army
 * Korean Navy
 * Korean Air Force
 * Korean Marine Corps
 * Korea Coast Guard

Manchuria
The People's Republic of Manchuria (满洲人民共和国) was a socialist state established in Manchuria and part of eastern Inner Mongolia in 1953. In 1968, after the long exhausting Sino-Manchurian War (1965-1968), it capitulated to the Army of China, being re-incorporated as part of the Chinese Republic.

History
Manchuria was liberated by the Soviet Army on the final months of the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1953). The following day, after the Liberation from Japan, the People's Republic of Manchuria was proclaimed (October 19, 1953) the Kingdom of Manchukuo dissolved and declared independent from China until its unification.

Manchuria's independence and its political and economical development heavily depended from support military and economic from Soviet Russia becoming effectively a satellite state of it. So the state mas modeled to the soviet state with strict control of the economy and society.

The DP of Japan would sign a Treaty of Friendship and Trade (1955) that would allowed Japan to import Manchuria's oil, coal and soybeans for its incipient industrial recovery and Manchuria would in exchange receive technological help, manufactured goods and weapons - Japan's first fighter jet along medium and heavy tanks were shipped.

Chinese was made the de facto official language in the state administration and school system.

The Manchurian-Korea War (1957-1959), was an attempt to invade and establish a friendly communist Korea. Taking advantage of the apparent disorder of the Military Coup of 1956 the Manchurian Revolutionary Army (MRA) invaded north Korea being routed and coming to a standstill at Pyongyang by Korean Armed Forces, with covert support from China. By 1959 Manchuria had to retreat to to its previous limits and call for a truce. This war meant the fall of Huang Oudong and his replacement under pressure from the Russians, by the more reliable Xu Lei. The pro-war Huang clique was violently purged, beginning a too common practice of Manchurian leadership of political repression.

The Sino-Manchurian War (1965-1969) ended Manchurian independence and completed the process of unifying China. How was this war became possible can only be understood on the state of the diplomatic and military alliances of the 1960s in East Asia. After the Great Northern War between Russia and China were the latter regained Xinjiang, the Russo-Sino ideological split over Leninism and Trotskyism and United America's failed broker to settle peace between them gave China trust in advancing into Manchuria. Added that Japan, Soviet Union and China had nuclear weapons.

Government
The Constitution approved in 1954 by the People's Convention, establishes a socialist state in which all political, economical and social power belongs to an alliance of urban workers, peasants and intelligentsia. In its preamble it was stated that unification of China was a People's and State goal, once achieved the PR of Manchurian will be dissolved.
 * the supreme organ of power was the People's Political Assembly. It was composed of directly elected deputies by the people, renewed every 4 years. It elects every 4 years the People's Political Committee and State Council, Supreme People's Court and Supreme People's Procuratorate.
 * The executive power resides in the People's Political Committee (PPC), that was the collective head of state. It was integrated by a President and three vice presidents and 3 other members. The State Council carries out all the executive and administrative functions. The PPC and the State Council are responsible before the People's Political Assembly.
 * the judicial power resides in the Supreme People's Court (SPC). The judges of the SPC and lower courts are elected or appointed by people's congresses at the corresponding levels to serve a maximum of two five-year term. The SPC was the court of last resort for the whole Manchuria. The SPC supervises the administration of justice by all subordinate local people's courts and "special" people's courts. Local people's courts are organized in intermediate, and municipal districts people's courts. The Supreme People's Procuratorate was the highest agency at the national level responsible for both prosecution and investigation. The Procurator-General was elected by the PPC, local people's procuratorates at different levels, military procuratorates and other special people's procuratorates are elected by or appointed by people's congresses at the corresponding levels. All procurators serve a maximum of two five-year term.

The right to vote in elections and national referenda was extended to those who are above the age of eighteen. During elections and referenda, a citizen can vote or not vote without any consequences from the government.

Sub-national government was composed of people's congresses and people's committees of various levels (special city, province, district and village or city).

Manchuria was divided in the following special cities and provinces: Special cities: Provinces:
 * Xinjing
 * Harbin
 * Longjiang
 * Jilin
 * Fengtian
 * Xing'an
 * Rehe

Political Process
The Manchurian Workers' and Peasants' Party (MWPP), along minor parties in the United People's Democratic Front, had the monopoly of power.

Economy
Manchuria had an important agricultural production, being quoted as the breadbasket of Japan and Northern China. Its main crops were kaoliang, corn, maize, wheat, sorghum, and soybean. From kaoliang and corn liquors were made, including vodka, sake, beer, soy juices and vinegar. Soybean was Manchuria's principal crop. Land was collectivized in the early years of the People's Republic. Opium production was prohibited and all its crops destroyed.

The industrial infrastructure built under the Japanese occupation established a solid based for the development of Manchuria. This tied to the abundance of iron and coal has made this region one of the most industrialized and urbanized of former China. The first Five Year Economic Plan (1954-1959) repaired the existing heavy industry, mines, roads and railways and ports.

Armed Forces
The Manchurian Revolutionary Army (MRA) was in charge of the national defense. It was organized in the following services: At all levels of the MRA a political commissar was the supervisory political officer responsible for the political education (ideology) and organization, and committed to the civilian control of the military.
 * MRA Ground Force
 * MRA Naval Force
 * MRA Air Force

The armament of the MRA was mainly of Soviet and Japanese manufacture. The Ground Forces was equip with Soviet and Japanese medium and heavy tanks. The Air Force had procured Japan's first fighter jets.

The People's Police of Manchuria (PPM) was in charge of public order.

Sources, texts and images

 * Early American Marxism
 * Early American Marxism
 * Perspectives of American Marxism by Leon Trotsky (November 1932)
 * If America Should Go Communist by Leon Trotsky (August 1934)
 * Toward Soviet America by William Z. Foster (1932)
 * Works of James P. Cannon
 * Various USA (in marxist.org)

Online Editions at HathiTrust of Model State Constitutions
 * First Edition, 1921
 * Revised Edition, 1924
 * Fifth Edition, 1948
 * Sixth Edition, 1963


 * Gallery