Principia Moderni IV (Map Game)

The Ming Dynasty still rules over the vast lands of China. On the other side of the world, the Hundred Years War continues between England and France. Europe is still stuck in the old ways of feudalism and chivalry while the notions of a New World are considered figments of the imagination.

We welcome you to the long-awaited fourth expansion of that immortal series. Welcome to Principia Moderni IV! Starting in 1400 AD, this is the dawn of the modern world and the tail end of the Middle Ages. The Renaissance is just kicking off in Europe, while the nations in the western side of the continent are locked in the last gasp of the Hundred Years War. The Muslim world is still reeling from the invasions of Turks and Mongols, with the Caliphate resting in the collapsing Mamluk Egypt and the Ottomans on the rise in Anatolia. Make it count.

The first game was the most successful on the wiki, leading all the way to the modern day with mostly plausible posts and little controversy. The second game reached almost to the modern day, but failed due to a plethora of ASB events and moderator bias. The third game was much more worthy of the first, almost running into implausibility but climbing back into a shining glory by the end. Riding on the latest reforms of map games since the end of PMIII, this is the most logical next step in that evolution. Remember, above all other rules, — have fun.



Important Pages

 * Rules and Algorithm
 * Alliances 
 * Holy Roman Empire
 * Feudal Dynasties
 * College of Cardinals
 * Nations

The Night's Watch (Moderators)

 * Lord Commander Scrawland
 * First Ranger Wolves
 * First Builder Callumthered
 * First Steward SkyGreen24
 * Maester GunsnadGlory
 * The Mountain that Rides Feudy McPlagueface
 * The Rising Tide Solace
 * Eunuch User:Person67

The Wildlings
All users currently on the wiki may play unless otherwise noted.

Banned Users
A ban from plausibility strikes lasts 30 days, after which the third strike is repealed and the banned player is unbanned. However, the newly unbanned player rejoins the game with two strikes, as a form of probation.
 * Bear - 1648

Plausibility Strikes
'''Three strikes and you're out! Each strike resets after 30 years of the most recent strike.'''
 * Fallacy I
 * Eljefe316 I

Moderator Strikes
These are strikes for moderators and how they moderate. The same three strikes rules apply. If a moderator is banned from moderating. However, they can still play as their nation. Mod strikes can be delivered in one of three ways: Moderators can be given strikes for the following reasons:
 * 1) If a sufficient number of players (more than half of all players voting) vote to give a moderator a strike.
 * 2) If I, Scraw, give them a strike.
 * 3) If a majority of all mods (i.e., more than half of the total number of mods, excluding that moderator) vote to give a moderator a strike.
 * 1) Exhibiting bias that would benefit the nation they are playing.
 * 2) Exhibiting bias that would negatively affect a player they have a personal dispute with.
 * 3) Making a ruling that contradicts a proven fact from OTL or an established fact from earlier in the game.
 * 4) Overruling a decision of a majority of moderators.



1880
''' The crop failure across China subsequently ends and begins to decline in India with ~1.2 million dead. '''

''' Major earthquakes strike the Croatian region of Belka, destroying much of Zagreb's industrial centers, general buildings and houses and killing a few people. '''

''' The end of the Dutch-German War is taken terribly by the German populace, as nationalism is put at an all time low in Germany proper. In the recently annexed lands by Burgundy, however, German nationalism is somewhat at an all time high as many of the annexed peoples begin worker strikes or protests for independence or large political autonomy. '''

''' Birth rates across Europe begin to stagnate. '''

''' Turkish rebellions begin in Belkan-occupied territories of Anatolia. '''

''' Members of the OPE in Egypt end up being systematically killed by Muslims in the area, with many Muslim groups requesting the government to simply illegalize the institution and also arrest any of its members. '''

''' In the Papal States, the Archbishop of Valencia is elected pope, taking the name Urban VIII. '''

''' The Russian colonial leader Vladimir Markov takes command of the colonial Indpendence movement and he establishes a congress to discuss the terms, bringing in many leaders of the various disgruntled groups. The uprising of the general populace effectively removes Russia from California and Oregon as well as the destruction of domestic infrastructure damages their outlook on Russia being reasonable about their movement toward self government. Meanwhile, Alexander Kahler is captured and executed, making him a martyr for the movement. '''


 * Belkan Empire: The uprising of Turks throughout occupied Turkey, while not expected, is somewhat prepared for. As 100,000 of the invasion force is detailed for population suppression and putting down the uprisings, the remainder of the army continues pushing on toward Ankara, the Turkish capital, effectively planning to capitulate the Turkish government. The city of Zagreb, while damaged, is quickly allotted funds to rebuild and overall, being home to no truly major industrial hub barring some arms factories, the city's economy is only moderately effected by the earthquake. With the outright invasion of Arabia underway by Britain, Persia, and France, Belka declares involvement. While not a fan of trampling on over 200 years of detente the Belkan navy breaks off from its commitment in the Black Sea and upward of 50 ships consisting of four battleships, ten cruisers, 15 destroyers 15 Armored frigates, and six armored gunboats steam off the coast of the Levant. They escort almost 150,000 troops marshalled up from the Belkan invasion of Turkey which land at Acre. Arabia is offered a deal in which Belka garrisons the Levant and prevents amphibious invasions allowing 300,000 Arabian troops to head east. While not expecting the deal to go through the remainder of the Belkan navy seals shut the Eastern Mediterranean from all military traffic besides Belkan traffic. The Suez Fortress is ordered to fire on any military ships that decide to run the Canal. With the possibility of a strong and powerful Arabic ally even in a rump fashion. Arabia is offered a line of credit to buy weapons but not military involvement will take place With so much instability rising up, the Belkan navy officially launches its two new battleships the BES Vasili and BES Grimljavina (Thunderer) are launched armed with 14-inch guns and tertiary armaments to match. The Belkan navy also launches three armored cruisers and five frigates this year as well as two destroyers. With a very clear favoritism on the Belkan navy it is expected the Belkan army usually allowing for an absolutely massive force is capped to prevent soaring costs at two million flat out (which still puts us at somewhat of an economic detriment). The Belkan army as a show of good faith does not mobilize or prepare for outright war with the British. As a result of the withdrawal of the French from the war the Belkan government reopens Suez but keeps a semi-lockdown of the Eastern Mediterranean leaving a very small berth of operations for the British. The 150,000 troops sent to Acre withdraw in good order to Egypt marching south toward Suez and camping near the canal's fortress. Belka offers full equipping and training of the Ethiopian and Egyptian field armies to modern and full standards saying "As a commonwealth we rise and as a commonwealth we fight, unified" As the siege of Ankara occurs early in the year before the depart of Belkan troops the Siege begins in full with a massive engagement occurring. After nearly three months the city while hardly fortified proves to be a hard nut to crack. The Turkish men of the city initially not taking part begin to flow into the defenses to cover gaps and by the final push nearly 200,000 Turkish soldiers and militia stand against the Belkan army. However, in a show of brutal force, their valiant defense is crushed at Ankara and the Belkan Purple eagle flies over the palace. With Turkey's last major city falling the Belkan army spreads into occupation duty over the country and annexes small parts of the Turkish west as part of Samothrakiya restoring old Ionian territory to the Belkan empire. The rest of Turkey itself is designated the Military Governate of Turkey and the General in charge of the Ankara siege, Anton Karkasev takes control as the military governor.
 * Arabia is very grateful for the Belkan offer, and gladly accepts the support. We divert 150,000 troops east to confront the British and enforce numerous great fortresses along southern Mesopotamia. The layers of spiked trenches at both Basra and Najran along with the massive manpower proceed to bleed the British forces dry. These new purchased Belkan arms are utilized on the Mesopotamian front
 * Also, we aren't under attack by either Persia or France, so we ask Belka to proceed on the support that we request in Egypt.
 * We agree to Belka outfitting the Unified Commonwealth Field Army. -Egypt
 * Theodore accepts the Belkan offer. -Ethiopia
 * Jaffarid Sultanate (Kingdom of Arabia) [as asked for by Nate. -Sol]: This year we ask Belka to provide our military enough graded weapons to surpass the quality of the British, as well as their general support for our coming revolution (Belka response). As the subjugation under British rule is a direct threat to the Holy Sites, we ask the Caliph to bless our initiation of the Pact of Damascus. With the initiation of the Pact of Damascus, we call upon all Muslim people within the pact to rise up against British rule, or otherwise fill the ranks of the military of our allies. Upon this call, the militaries of Egypt, Arabia and Persia are filled with far more volunteers than our military usually commands, dedicated to their religious fervor. Our military is therefore equal to 2% of the total population. The Arab British military is dissolved, utterly ignoring the commands of Britain at the end of last year. The former members of the Arab British military, being trained in British tactics, are promoted to be the commanders of the current military. With our military thus supplied, we declare war on the Kingdom of Great Britain, on the grounds that the Beyrut Accords is a sham that was illegally coerced by threats of violence. 400,000 troops are sent south, in three armies of 133,000 troops each, to converge on besieging Aden, using the best equipment of the armed forces and all the heavy artillery we can supply. The attrition in Aden against the British is severe, as none of the defensive military stationed there come from an arid climate. Another 300,000 troops are sent westward, divided into two groups. 100,000 troops are stationed in defensive positions in Levant, preparing against any amphibious attack. The remaining 200,000 troops are sent into Egypt, to aid the Egyptian military in besieging Port George (Egypt Response). On the home front, another 300,000 troops are stationed along our fortresses in Mesopotamia, fitted with trenches and spikes. Finally, another 200,000 troops are sent farther east, supporting the military in Persia. Seeing the continual murder by mass starvation against the Indian people under British rule, we further use the Pact of Damascus to obligate the Muslim states of Dravadia and Bengal to cast off British rule and aid our cause, in the hopes of liberating their nations as well from the mass murderers from Britain (Mod response). We further ask our allies in Europe, specifically France and Burgundy, to also rally to our cause. We ask that the French and Dutch navies, along with the navies of Arabia and Persia, to help primarily to blockade the port at Aden, as well blockading the Strait of Ormzud if possible (Responses for France and Burgundy). In order to properly retain the number of troops throughout the duration of the war, new reforms to conscription laws are drafted. Rifled muskets begin being manufactured, mostly by the older cottage industry, but also to some degree in the new factory complexes. EDIT: All troops currently in Mesopotamia are moved to the front. 300,000 are sent to the Caucasus to defend against a Russian invasion. Forts are bulit on the southern side of the mountains, with trenches dug into the clay around Azerbaijan. This is sufficiently south that Russia is forced to face the attrition of the Caucasus Mountains before engaging in our fortifications. The remaining 300,000 are sent east to support Persia's forces in Baloch, and prevent any British invasion there. 
 * Persia: What Persia actually does is send one army of 75,000 men to Belka and another to Baluchistan. Everything said before is not canon, and Russia didn't get s**t.
 * By the authority of the Imbrator Kabeer, we direct Persia to concentrate their forces as a defensive strategy for Baluchistan, or otherwise aid Davadia in their liberation rather than commit any offense. -Arabia
 * Russia: Industry grows in Siberia as the ironclad HIRMS Tsar Alexander is launched. The phonautograph is upgraded to the phonograph and sees much more efficient record producing and sound quality. There is a stagnation in Bugi-Vugi as R&B groups and people take hold like the Mongol Sasha Khan with his record called “Superstition”. Kolchack accepts the offer from Persia but apparently this didn’t happen so die is to imperialistic thoughts of an Indian Ocean port he begins to amass an army of 150,000 in Central Asia and another 150,000 in the Caucasus. He also begins to prepare for southern expansion into the Caucasus farther in secret plans against Pontus. War is declared on Persia seeing no active military in the north of their country, and the Army of Central Asia presses on Trehran. Meanwhile, the Army of the Caucasus invades the long-desired territory of Circassia and OTL Azerbaijan.
 * Novorossiya: Elements of the army in the Mzerka Okrug are pulled out along with naval elements and local military bases are burned down during the evacuation. Military forces move down from Resnov to establish a border against rebel forces at the Sturgeon River to prevent any northward expansion.
 * Arab Dip: The Union of Arabia and Persia wishes to rectify the situation with Russia diplomatically and avoid war
 * Brésil: Following the Argentine refusal of the ultimatum, the army was assembled. However, they refused to march into Argentine, as there had been two wars prior to this, at no avail. This escalated into a mutiny, with Brésilian troops marching on the capital. Simultaneously, the workers of Saint-Denis go on strike, and the paramilitary sent to break up the strike mutinies as well. The invasion of Argentine is called off. This repeats itself twice, over two years. Ideas promoting a pan-Laurentian state are spreading amongst the Soldiers, Workers, and general masses of Brésil. This all comes to a head when a mass of roughly 1000 members of the Textiles Union march on a government building in New Bordeaux, demanding government action defending worker's rights. After two days of governmental non-compliance, the march grows to 5000, and turns more radical. Marsanist flags can be seen among the crowd. From the mass, a cry of, "Libérez les pauvres, enfermez la bourgeoisie!" Is heard. Soon there are 10,000 voices, all of them shouting. With the army refusing to put down their fellow countrymen, Emperor Theódore de Medici sends a messenger on horseback to Argentine, pleading for assistance in preventing a revolution across Laurentia. [Laurentian Union response needed].
 * Laurentenian response: Upon the official request of Theodore de Medicini, a force of 500,000 troops are sent to Saint-Denis to restore order to Brésil and demonstrate our political hegemony on the Laurentia continent
 * Aztlan Republic: With the successful launch of the Iberian international outreach program in the Republic in 1873, Iberian leaders ask the Aztlanian government if they are interested in building a canal through Nicaragua. Aztlan accepts the offer from Iberia June 21 and the government officially ratifies it within one month. Burgundy is also taken into consideration during the proposal but stability issues ultimately lead the project to being a two-nation deal. Aztlan will host formal negotiations beginning on January 1, 1881 in the capital city of Technitana.
 * Tenochtitlán:
 * Various committees are proposing to drain Lake Texcoco and expand the capital city in size. Assuming this proposal passes, it will go to the legislature for approval.
 * Effective July 1, 1880, there will be clear legislative, executive and judiciary branches in the government. Term limits and other eligibility requirements will be determined next year. Furthermore, all men will be eligible to vote assuming they pass a basic literacy test that measures basic proficiency in either Portugese or Nahutal.
 * Nova Belgica: The end of the war with the German states is greatly celebrated after the Treaty of Zurich is signed, and our forces return home. Governor Jacob Thedens gladly agrees to demobilize, although we maintain a small force to garrison certain locations, such as bases in the Maritiemen. Likewise our ships eventually return to bases in the western hemisphere, including the three battleships; SMNBS Antigoon, Elegast and Arendsvrees. Additionally, two ships, the Walewein and Gruuthuse are finished this year, as they were already mostly completed when the war ended, while two partially built or planned ships are canceled. Thedens next turns to his goal of establishing greater autonomy for the nation within Burgundy's spheres. At the same time one of Thedens' rivals in government, Senator Jan Coevorden, publishes a series of essays discussing the merits of an "Arcadian Union", i.e., uniting numerous Burgundian colonies under one administration. Thedens' plan is initially blocked in the nation's parliament, which gained a slight conservative majority in the 1878 election, a move championed by Coevorden, who argues that his request to unify Nova Belgica and Avelskamp also be sent to the Burgundian government. After some negotiation, the state's official petition to the Burgundian government requests for increased autonomy, and a union with Avelskamp, in which the colony is admitted as a full state within Nova Belgica. Later in the general election Thedens does not run, but backs Liberal candidate Stephanus Joubert, who defeats Coevorden for the governorship. A velodrome is constructed in Sint Jan for indoor cycling and other sports events, known as the "Grousser-Victoire Velodrom". Additionally a new indoor ice hockey stadium begins construction, which will be christened the "Queen Mary's Coliseum". With the war ending in 1879 with the signing of the Treaty of Zurich, the plans for a commonwealth-wide tournament continue in full force. It is decided that the games will be held in Dijon, and in late 1880 athletes from Nova Belgica and the other Burgundian-affiliated nations arrive in the capital city. In the individual road race cycling competition Burgundian racer Willem Voorting wins the gold medal. Additionally Burgundy walks away as the overall winner of the other cycling events. In the rugby championship Avelskamp, Burgundy, Nova Belgica, and New Netherlands advance to the finals, with Burgundy defeating Nova Belgica in the final round. In association football, Burgundy, Nova Belgica, New Netherlands, and Patagonië advance to the finals, with New Netherlands defeating Burgundy 1-0 in overtime. In the ice hockey competition Nova Belgica defeats Burgundy in a narrow victory. With the transcontinental railroad completed other projects begin in the continent, and the country continues to focus on completing the Panama Canal.


 * United Kingdom of Great Britain: When we see Arabia attempting to purchase a load of weapons from Belka all at once and then asking the Caliph to bless the Pact, we move our fleet at Kismayo to Aden with urgency and 15,000 British troops in West India to Aden as well. Our soldiers already at Aden are ordered to halt the long term construction and start trying to defend Aden against a possible attack in the short term preparing for a siege. The British and British Indian forces are moved to Tump in Baluchistan to absorb any invasion. When Arabia declares war and plans to siege Aden which we have held for more than 20 years, the British will defend it with fleet, artillery and cavalry support. With war declared we plan to raise another 60,000 soldiers in Britain and equip them for operations next year and facilities are expanded with plans to recruit more next year. Ports and borders are closed to Arabian and Persian shipping to try to stop the spread of their message. The fact that Persia and Arabia are invading Dravidia, and Swahili soldiers are fighting alongside the British is spread. Aware of the need for more naval forces in the region from Bristol, 16 ships-of-the-line, 20 frigates and 32 corvettes are dispatched to journey through the Suez Canal to Aden and once they arrive intercepting any Arabian or Persian shipping in the Red Sea or the Gulf of Aden. Two ships-of-the-line, nine frigates and 14 corvettes along with 10,000 troops from England and Ireland are sent to Port George and prepare for a siege, fortifying the city equipped with caltrops and punji sticks. Another 40,000 British are moved from India to Port George. If the Egyptians or Arabians try not take it, we will defend it. In Baluchistan, 250,000 Indian troops and 30,000 African troops defend against the Persian and Arabian attack. At the same time, using three ships-of-the-line, five frigates and eight corvettes from Aden we land 15,000 soldiers at Bushehr and order them to dig in once they hold the port as well as grabbing bridges over the Dalakai with the ships remaining. Another 10,000 British soldiers are dispatched to Aden as the siege unfolds. The remaining 50,000 British troops in India are split in half between Karachi and Mumbai. With the country now at war, Britain makes the transition to wartime production with the steel resources built up over time being very useful. Edit: After the first Arab assault, we send an additional 15,000 British troops from India to meet the second assault and after the second Arab assault we send another 15,000 to meet the third.
 * India: Aware that the famine is still unfortunately ongoing, the export of grain remains illegal. Relief efforts continue with 680 grams of grain being given to those in relief camps. Crop rotation is encouraged to those affected by drought. 100,000 more Sepoys are raised and those overseas are paid higher which is good for them. Arabian propaganda is limited from movement while British propaganda is spread.
 * Persia is on Arabia's side in the war, so the strategy of supporting Persia is not valid. -Nate
 * Well, they were on the British side until Persia retconned their turn, weren't they? Person


 * Greater Chinese Empire: With the dissipation of the famine, agricultural output surpasses previous levels by a huge margin, aided by the usage of ammonia-based fertilizers which boost productivity levels. The cultivation of lucrative cash crops is encouraged, hoping to establish a Chinese monopoly on the production and export of cotton, oilseeds, fibers, and certain exotic fruits and vegetables. There is extensive infrastructural development with both the telegraph and railway networks being intensively developed. The construction of the latter in particular spurs demand for iron, machinery and locomotives. In addition to a boom in the arms industry, there is rapid growth in light industries: particularly in the production of textiles and synthetic dyes (which can be attributed to the usage of steam power). Premier Li Hongzhang, along with the Ministry of War headed by Minister Zuo Zongtang, begins to initiate more comprehensive naval reforms. A modern shipbuilding facility is built in Dongying (which also houses the Bohai Fleet), and with the aid of Belkan engineers, the construction of two iron-clad frigates (to test out Chinese domestic shipbuilding capabilities) commence, scheduled to be commissioned by 1882. The navy remains at 20 steam-powered wooden-hulled corvettes, and two first-generation ironclad battleships. The number of active troops is decreased to its previous level of ~800,000 troops. A defence-oriented military policy is emphasized, with the continued fortification of four strategic forts in strategically-located cities corresponding to major choke-points: Busan, Dongying, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. While there is sporadic border activity, the Amur River remains highly militarized and is fortified with medium trench lines. Arms production (and therefore the industrial capacity of China to wage war) continues to increase rapidly, with China's Military–Industrial Zones producing: muzzle-loading rifles, carbines, breech-loading rifled artillery (utilizing imported Belkan steel), Gatling guns and their respective ammunition. The production of rapid-fire guns commences. In addition, these facilities also provide storage for imported bolt-action rifles, which are utilized by the army's elite corps. Due to the sheer levels of production needed to fully outfit the current standing army with bolt-action rifles (and replace muzzle-loading rifles as the standard), a request is sent to Belka seeking to import a grand total of ~400,000 units of bolt-action rifles over the course of three years. In addition, China wishes to obtain a license to commence small-scale domestic production of bolt-action rifles, in accordance to the terms discussed within the Belgrad-Beijing Co-operation Treaty. ( BELKAN RESPONSE ). However, it is reminded that any significant levels of production would probably not be attained until the latter half of the decade. Levels of educational attainment continue to see rapid improvement due to the enforcement of compulsory nine-year education. A basic two-year course (to learn necessary skills such as arithmetic, algebra, and basic literacy) is aimed at providing education to uneducated adults outside the compulsory schooling range. A national newspaper service is established, with its popularity cemented by rising literacy levels. A private weekly magazine with humorous and satirical content called Ji (gaining inspiration from the British Punch magazine) gains popularity and widespread circulation.
 * Tibet (associated state): Lhasa, inhabited by ~20,000 residents, is modernized. The Tibetan clergy continue to administer the country, rendering Tibet a de facto theocratic oligarchy, and a de jure limited democracy. Sedentary living is encouraged, with the little available arable land being intensively cultivated. A garrison of two Chinese divisions is stationed there. One brigade (~5k troops) comprising of natives is established, armed with outdated Chinese matchlock rifles.
 * Dzungaria (associated state): Ghulja, inhabited by ~20,000 residents, is modernized. To ease administration, the Dzungar government encouraged ranching instead of a semi-nomadic pastorialist lifestyle. Dzungars continue to cultivate larger quantities of wheat and maize as both a staple grain and food for livestock. The local Chinese garrison stationed there is at five divisions. The Dzungarian Gate is fortified with a fort and heavy trench lines. Two divisions comprising of natives is established, armed with outdated Chinese matchlock rifles.
 * Altishahria (associated state): Urumqi, inhabited by ~50,000 residents, continues to see infrastructural development, with various civic buildings built in the capital. A garrison consisting of two divisions is stationed there. Irrigation systems is established around oases. Cash crops are grown, specifically grapes, melons, pears and walnuts. Particularly famous are Hami melons and Turpan raisins. Two divisions comprising of natives is established, armed with outdated Chinese matchlock rifles.
 * Swahili: We continue colonial expansion in Northern Somalia, in the south and in the Malindi and Mombasa area. Colonization increases as medicine and weaponry become more widespread. Foreign veterans are recruited to train the army, especially those from the British and Belkan expeditionary forces. More textile factories are constructed, modernized versions of previous textile manufactories. WIth the export of cotton textiles, cotton farming increases and slavery increases in the Swahili heartland. Agricultural modernization continues in the Swahili heartland and spreads to Somalia and Rowzi. The Bayab School continues to spread in Swahili, dominating Southern Swahili now. Contrasted to the more secular mainstream Islam followers, the followers of the Bayad School constantly mobilizes and organizes evangelical missions and advocate for Bayadist social policies. Domestic designs of destroyers and cruisers are being made, though Swahili still lacks the expertise to construct them. The naval arsenals near Zanzibar are reorganized into the Tanga Naval Arsenal, and the Buzi Naval Arsenal is also established near Sofala. Several foreign engineers are hired for the establishment and organization of the two naval arsenals. The first entirely Swahili built ironclad, the 120-ton Jabril, is unveiled at the Tanga Naval Arsenal. The Aliwa Arsenal is also established by graduates of the Malawi Military Academy and industrialists of Aliwa. The Sultan plans a tour of Europe to showcase the country's rapid development. With domination by the merchants over the Bunge Kubwa, a massive naval overhaul program is passed. Meanwhile, the domination also means an increase in merchant sponsored smuggling, as the navy is prevented to interfere through legal means.
 * Huriya: Political integration continues with Swahili bureaucrats being sent to oversee more political processes.
 * Rowzi: Political integration continues with Swahili bureaucrats being sent to oversee more political processes. As more soldiers enter Swazi, Rowzi is even more closely integrated to improve logistical efforts.
 * United Swazi Emirates: The political organization is being set up and forts are being built. Roads and ports are being constructed to connect it to the mainland. The land-grant system continues smoothly.
 * Sefuwa: All Swahili colonies in Southwest Africa are organized into Sefuwa. Colonisation begins to connect the settlements.
 * Swahili Diplomacy: We wish to purchase patents for production of artillery, ammunition, small arms and ironclad designs (we would import important technical parts like engines) from Belka and Britain. We offer to supply them with highly discounted weaponry, seeing the rising tensions in the Middle East. We wish to order 20 torpedo boats, five destroyers and two cruisers from Belka or Britain. Dozens of sailors would also be sent abroad to train. 
 * Swahili Diplomacy to Britain, Belka, France, Burgundy, Iberia and Italy: The Sultan of Swahili wishes to go on a state visit to the nations next year.
 * Kingdom of Egypt: Parliament passes a law today that effectively bans not only the OPE but all secret societies in general. Due to our alliance with the Arabs, we happily accept the Arab Troops and besiege to Port George. Our population reaches 15 million this year. We raise an army of 500,000 that aids the Arab troops and Egyptian Security Forces in besieging Port George. The population is mostly in favor of helping Arabia out, with most government run newspapers being Pro-Arabia. We request Arabia give us the Gaza Strip after the war (NATE RESPONSE NEEDED). A draft is put in place with Queen Farah announcing that “at this time, at this hour, it is time for all young Egyptian men to serve their country, to protect it from our enemies!” The Egyptian Suez Defense Force, which effectively acts as a border guard for the Suez Conglomerate, is put on red alert, as they stare down the British Suez Army. The Egyptian Navy is mobilized, and encircles Port George, blockading it. We request Ethiopia put their army on red alert in case of a possible British invasion via Swahili. (PLAYER RESPONSE NEEDED!!) We continue to expand our major population centers (Alexandria, Giza and Alia), along with new schools nationwide. We continue to support the research and teaching of Islamic sciences. The outpost on Bahrain is militarized significantly this year with 300 troops arriving at the island. The small settlement of Manama expands due to the influx of troops and their families. More ships guard the island. We switch to a wartime economy, and begin to ready our citizens for a massive war once again!
 * Arabia: We will give the city of Gaza to Egypt freely upon their success in the war


 * Republica Iberia: The PDSC government, flush with money from the higher progressive tax rates, agrees to negotiations over the possibility of a canal in Aztlan. Furthermore, the government invites France to join in the negotiations if Aztlan is willing. Bicycles continue to spread as an efficient means of transportation and a sizable internal bicycle industry begins to spring up. The birth rate becomes stagnant, but sizable growth continues. The population is estimated to be 42.25 million. Educational practices continue to include Iberian as a portion of the core curriculum alongside regional languages, mathematics and history. Literacy rates in Iberia continue to climb steadily, especially among the young. The reforms of last year do slow economic growth at first, but increasing demand for goods from the now more wealthy lower-class push expansions in light industry and by year's end there is renewed economic optimism. Steel production continues to increase, funded by naval contracts and general demand for the tough material. The rail sector grows at a moderate pace with construction on many small narrow-gauge lines for intra-regional travel. The shipyards of Catalonia are impacted by the reforms but thankfully, high demand and acceptance of lower margins means that the shipyards remain busy producing modern ships. The Carbon Arc Welder continues to spread as a tool in ship construction. The financial sector, although weaker than others, also grows with Lisbon and Madrid the two main centers of commerce and growth. A dramatic naval expansion program is launched for completion by 1887. Iberian shipyards will complete four new battleships, ten new armored cruisers, twelve new frigates and three dozen patrol boats. Work begins immediately on the Andalucia Class battleships and the Madrid Class armored cruisers, with plans for the frigates to begin in 1881. The Sandoval Rifleworks returns to the Iberian military with an updated Sandoval Model 1879, the Sandoval Model 1880. The weapon features a larger six-round magazine and an improved action based on those of the bolt-action rifles used by other nations. Testing shows the rifle performs well from all positions except for prone where its rate of fire falls. Furthermore, thanks to the box-magazine, the rifle can fire more effective shells. However, fouling proves to be a huge issue as the rifle can only fire roughly one magazine before becoming unusable. The military once more asks for refinements to the new mechanism. Instead, the Sandoval Rifleworks begins work on a less problematic powder with the help of several chemists.
 * Republica de Morocco: Support for the Reformist Islamic Church has yielded great results and many hundreds of thousands have adopted the more liberalized version of Islam. Meanwhile, the increasing implementation of the new farming practices leads to a large growth in the value of orchard exports. Industrialization of Morocco continues and the coal and iron deposits in the east lead to increased iron and steel production. The Moroccan Republic begins an education campaign with the help of Iberian advisors. Schools are opened across the country and teach Iberian, Maghrebi, mathematics, and history. The Republic also aids the Iberian African Republic in expansion southward.
 * Dependencia de Algeria: Expansion into the desert continues along old trade routes with nomads employed as guides. The Iberian government places high priority on this expansion and efforts are made to expedite the growth. Much like Morocco, the government implements a series of educational reforms designed to increase school attendance and promote bilingualism with Iberian. Immigration from European countries is encouraged with stipends available for those who come. These stipends are only paid to those who do not come from Iberia. In order to keep the peace, European colonists are settled in and around the capital at Mostaganem. They can be found throughout the farming region centered on Mostaganem where they have settled in small groups. Fortunately for the administration, Mostaganem began as a small town, and therefore has become majority European. European migration is lower this year with only 30,000 moving to the colony. There are roughly 3.65 million inhabitants of Iberian Algeria, and of these, 475,000 are European. The low population density due to the French treatment of the cities means that the coast is greatly underpopulated. The majority of migrants are Italians or Iberians, but there are some French, Belkans and even Austrians.
 * Antillas Ibéricas: The colony continues to enjoy the profits of sugar and salt production and as a stopover for ships headed out into the Atlantic. The Colonial Garrison is maintained at 1000. Educational reforms spread to the colonies here as well.
 * Indias Orientales Ibéricas: The colony continues to enjoy the profits of spice production. Rubber production commences with small returns at first due to the young age of the trees. Educational reforms spread as the government promotes literacy and basic mathematics.
 * República Africana Ibérica: The republic continues expansion efforts along the Sahel north of the French holdings in West Africa.
 * Kingdom of East Germany: Anger spews into the streets this year with demonstrations being held out in fury following the war. The German United Front faces political disunity due to although all members believing in united German State, not all of them are behind one idea leading to different parties taking shape rather than a single entity. With reparations and hundreds of thousands dead, people blame the current administration and the King seeing him as the only person that could have prevented the war by preventing the calls of war to begin with. A man by the name of Alphonse Lutwitz, an injured soldier from the war breaks down in tears after hearing the surrender of the Germans. “it's not over” he mumbles. Being a person who believed in Von Hesse's beliefs had after leaving the hospital, returned to his hometown of Hannover. He begins writing a book based on his beliefs and those that he had embraced titled “Das Bündelfeile”. The Berlin Stock Exchange faces a heavy hit this year. A party called the National German Party is established from a broken off political branch of the United German Front advocating for the unification of the Germans under a different government structure. Although having some popularity within the public, their leaders happen to be quite mediocre. Lutwitz is hired to be a political agent for the government due to the paranoia within the heart of the Administration. Lutwitz discovers the National German Party and outside of work attends one of their meetings in Konigsberg. Seeing the party sharing similar values he joins. He holds his own meeting inviting family, party members and such in Potsdam Park for his birthday. A speech is delivered to the people who had casually walked by the area. “My fellow Germans. It comes to question today of what is our future. What do we hope to accomplish ladies and gentlemen? Power? Strength? Riches? I tell you fine men that there's no need for such wants and wishes. God has already put this before us. Right in front of our faces but we are too ignorant to realize it. I took note after the war of such. Of course there is death. Of course there is misery. But what is after it? Have any of you asked yourself that? What is after all this sadness and misery? I tell you that you must wake up to the reality. This is not over. The German people are not over. For the German people, after so many downturns have at the end been resilient. Sure we have lost many. We have lost sons, uncles, fathers, brothers, cousins, and many more - but this is not over. For us and them, the Germans live and march on! We will not be marched on and trampled about! We will not have our jobs stolen by rivaling powers! We will show them! We will show the world what true German might and grit truly is because this may be our darkest hour but when you hit rock bottom, there is nowhere else to go but up!”. Bystanders who had gathered just a few feet from the podium were left dumbfounded while party members invited had cheered as this meeting was originally planned to be a get together for Alphonse's birthday after news of this year's parade being cancelled two months in advance to honor German pride. With the help of the National German Party and the United German Front, men marched down singing the national anthem of both nations in unison with the marching being heard along the route, thousands gathered to view it. Although crippled, Alphonse was right. The Germans live and march on.
 * Ethiopian Empire: The Ethiopian Navy is sent to protect the Red Sea entrance from threats while a heavier forces consisting of the two ironclad frigates and two wooden ships converted to use steam with engines from factories, along with five iron-sheathed frigates are sent to the Persian gulf. The Imperial guard and regular army are combined to from the Royal Army, with militias being instigated into an actual reserve. The Royal army is swelled to 300,000 with the best reservists sent into active duty. The other 485,000 men are quickly armed with older rifles and uniforms then sent to forts around the southern border. The Royal army moves to prepare for possible counterattack. Colonel Agdar Amfa is called from South America to lead the Vanguard of the Royal Army while Seyon Solomon is given control of the defensive forces. Industry is slowly shifted into a war economy while the emperor wants to keep the general populace happy. Port Theodore is growing at a fast pace with more jobs opening each month. Medicine and science are improved as is education.
 * Belkan Dip: We request that the Ethiopians not attack or make any overt moves so as to spark a war as Belka has more or less managed to avoid an overt war. We do, however, request the Ethiopian Field army that is to be ready in 1882 to march to Damietta when it is done. The Army will be sent to the homeland for training and will be allowed to tour, enjoy and learn about Belka.

1881
''' The war in Aden takes a turn for the worse on both sides. British forces are facing an overwhelming force inexperienced in conflict in addition to scorching heat that leads to numerous heat strokes across the British front lines. Meanwhile, a few Arabian units begin to mutiny due to lack of supplies. '''

''' Anti-Semitic "pogroms" begin to sweep across Eastern and Central Europe, with groups being created to specifically target the Jewish peoples, their culture and their religion. '''

''' The proclamation by the Caliph, in addition to the recent drought and crop failure being systematically blamed on the British, raises Dravidian and Muslim nationalism, and soon many Indian Sepoys in India itself and deployed in Persia, Baluchistan and wherever else begin mutinying. In addition to this, and after the storming of British military compounds and outposts, many of the independence-based rebels are armed with decent or outdated British weaponry and military equipment. '''

''' Anti-Islamic sentiment begins in China-Korea, with many reasoning that Islam is the cause for the past decline of the Jin. '''

''' Select scholars in France, Iberia, Burgundy, Britain, and Belka are allowed to view some Vatican documents. '''

''' Electric streetlights begin to appear in France, the United Kingdom, Iberia, and Belka, to be followed by Burgundy and Prussia the following weeks. '''

''' The first electric tramways are opened up in Western Europe. '''
 * Jaffarid Sultanate (Kingdom of Arabia): The war continues into its second year, although according to the Islamic Calendar that we use it is actually the same year. This conflict is colloquially called the Arab Spring. Having taken the city of Aden, troops are sent to relieve some of the posts of the defense forces there, in order to maintain the same number there, and dig in trenches to fortify their position. 200,000 troops remain in Azerbaijan to defend against Russia, and 50,000 troops across the various fortifications in Levant. Elsewhere, the military is heavily reduced, sending most recruits back home in order to reduce the military budget. This also helps, as the initial Islamist propaganda slowly begins to lose its fever from last year, although the Pact of Damascus is still officially in effect until the conflict ends. Along the same tradition of the conscription system used by the Rashidun Caliphate in the Great Turkish War, the Kingdom of Arabia works throughout this year to create a robust system for conscripting the military for wartime. A separate administration for military personnel is established under the Shay Al-Nass, with 28 offices in various metropolitans in the Middle East. The industrial economy gradually grows, but the Maktab Al-Jaesh (ministry of war) tries to push the limits of the industries for the prduction of rifled muskets, hoping to supply as many soldiers as missed by the equipment bought from Belka. Telegraphs and railroads continue being constructed, although much railroad construction is paused for the duration of the war. Electricity is studied. Seeing the British Empire crushed in the war in general, the Sultan Musa Al-N'uman and the Shay Al-Nass decides that justice has been decidely dealt, and thus peace is offered. A delegation of 70 scholars and politicans are sent to London, dressed in the most modern and formal wear from the Middle East, and accompanied by ceremonial guards from the Arabian Royal Army. The delegation, led by the politician Hamid Al-Qudds, pays the needed respect to the King of Britain, honoring his name such as it deserves (whatever that name is). Here we make the Treaty of London. Jews are freely welcomed in the Middle East as a haven from Europe, as Jews have always been tolerated under the Caliphate under the Jizya tax. Now, that tax implemented from the Jaffarids is repaid back to the Caliph. Aid and information sponsored by religious organizations are sent to East Asia, hoping to spread information on Islam as a way to counterbalance the anti-Islamic factions. Refugees from the attacks are offered haven in Oman. 
 * Russia: War is declared on Persia and Arabia. 100,000 of the Army of the Caucasus moves to take Circassia, away from the main Arab force. Meanwhile, the Army of Central Asia begins to press into the undefended regions of northeast Persia and begin making headway to Tehran. (More to come)
 * Arab Dip: Our troops already being mobilized, our forces will be positioned in Khoroson in time to match the Russian forces. As such, the Arab diplomats offer to end hostilities with Russia peacefully and prevent any escalation of conflict. 
 * Arab Dip: We offer Russia to be transferred the puppet states of Azerbaijan and Circassia in exchange of them signing the Treaty of London.
 * Laurentia Union: The 500,000 strong Grande Armée of Laurentia, with the official sanction of the Brésilian Emperor Theodore de Medici, marches into Saint-Denis, Brésil's capital city, in peace and unopposed at the closing of 1880. As 1881 dawns, General Pierre Michaël Marie sees Saint-Denis in a state of absolute chaos and in the chaos seizes the opportunity to reestablish order by establishing Laurentian political hegemony over Brésil via seizing the capital Saint-Denis by force, and with this force of a 500,000 strong army in Saint-Denis against an apathetic, divided and disillusioned Brésilian Army and people who are unwilling to fight against us, we force  the Brésilian government to collapse after a multi-part campaign to seize Saint-Denis, then placing pan-Laurentian Revolutionaries in power, having Brésil be absorbed into the Laurentia Union with the treaty of Saint-Denis, and with this absorption of Brésil into the Union, the Laurentia Union is reformed into the Laurentia Federation, currently comprising of Peru-Argentine and Brésil, with the intention of the full integration of Brésil into the Federation into Laurentia. With the seizure of Saint-Denis and the subsequent collapse of the Brésilian government, Laurentia forces quickly seize factories and centers of industry to solidify Laurentian dominion over Brésil, the previous Brésilian military is reformed to be Laurentian as well, and the navy in Saint-Denis comes under Laurentian control too 
 * Belkan Empire: Going from crisis to crisis the Belkan empire sees an unexpected death this year. Tsar Uliyam dies of a heart attack replaced by his energetic and well educated son. The new Tsar, Petar Draculesti, takes the throne in a fanfare. He takes the throne as a bachelor, a young man who immediately marries. As an attractive man he gets pretty much whatever he wishes but falls in love with Jocelynn Floredov, a young woman of aristocratic background from Serbia. He announces quickly, thereafter, that his wife is pregnant guaranteeing his prime line of succession. With the end of the Arabian conflict, Tsar Petar is left with a tough choice, news of the Argentine invasion of Brésil, a major place of Belkan investment, and Belka's overt favoritism of Brésil as Laurentia's dominant power declares Argentine to be an invasive and highly beligerent power. Tsar Petar -after high level talks with his ministers and the banking sector - effectively deviates all loan repayments to Argentine for its unlawful and aggressive seizure of Saint-Denis. In full military regalia the Tsar declares his intent to intervene on behalf of Brésil and a task force is assembled. He takes all needed funds and invests into a 100,000 strong force as well as a massive naval task force. He orders the gathering of nearly 50 warships. Task force Levant is renamed to Battlegroup Kraken as the 50 ship fleet (see 1880 turn for its composition) which will set sail for Brésil at full speed escorting the 100,000 strong task force. After just under two months the Belkan fleet arrives in the Bahamas which had had massive supply stores shipped to it beforehand to handle the strength of the new Isthmus Canal garrison which was to be completed in the next few years. The supply base is expanded to accomodate the Belkan army and naval forces and on arrival the men are given a week of rest and recouperation before re-embarking to Recife. 50,000 Belkan troops request to land in Recife and begin supporting operations for Brésil. (Falcon, please)
 * Brésil: The aid is accepted. However, Saint-Denis wasn't taken
 * French Empire: The French population steadies at 45.1 million, primarily due to continued industrial growth and the rise of proper sanitation methods nationwide. The Statue of Minerva, which began production and sculpting a few years ago, is finished and revealed in Paris, with high remarks from King Napoleon III and President Pierre Rouzet, allowing for the statue to become a new tourist attraction both locally and worldwide. Airships become more developed and advanced, with the first military designed airship being armed with lightweight Gauthier Guns, allowing for hell to be rained from above. The first modern bolt-action rifle, known as the Fusil Modèle 1881 is moved into factories for production early in the year, allowing for a majority of the military to fully see these in both training and when in combat within the first quarter of the year. In addition, the newly created lightweight Gauthier Guns made for the airships begin to become prominent in the military itself, primarily due to its lightweight behavior and modified barrel that allows it to shoot 16 rounds rather than eight or 12. The recent development in Laurentia with the Laurentian Union attempting to seize the entirety of the state of Brésil becomes very widespread in fueling the argument for new intervention in Laurentia, with the idea of restoring proper order to the continent rather than puppeting states becoming apparent. With this, and Belkan cooperation, 50,000 French troops request to land in Recife and begin supporting the Brésilian war effort against the Laurentian Union (Brésil response needed).
 * Guinée Française: The French-Guinée population stands at 3.4 million, with 15% of the population speaking Japanese, 30% speaking French and the remaining speaking the original language of the island. However, the French language is soon implemented as a semi-mandatory language to study in school, in an attempt to turn the French language into a majority rather than a plurality. Industrial mining equipment is incorporated into the general process of mining gold and copper ore, while cash crops like cocoa and coffee beans become key in agriculture. The capital city, Port Durand (OTL Port Moresby), is worked on in terms of modernizing infrastructure and building more roads. A militia is created, standing at 35,000, using older French modeled weaponry from the 1840's.
 * Nigéria Française: One of the primary states of the now defunct French West African Republic, French Nigéria continues to be a superb example state for French Africa, and continues to thrive in agriculture and the mining of tin and iron ore. The population census reads 15.4 million. Nigéria's national militia stands at 95,000, using older French modeled weaponry from the 1860's, in addition to holding the original Gauthier Gun.
 * Mali Française: One of the primary states of the now defunct French West African Republic, French Mali continues to feature somewhat forced labor as the mining of gold continues to reign supreme in the economy. The population stands at 11.5 million. The local militia, comprised primarily of French servicemen that have integrated into the Malian society and stand more as enforcers than an actual military, stands at 45,000.
 * Brésil: The aid is accepted. However, Saint-Denis wasn't taken.
 * Nova Belgica: This year in ice hockey the Tholen Wanders have another great season after winning the Stenweide Cup the previous year. They compete heavily with the New Rome Bruins, winners of the Lakes Cup, and the Koebecstad Avaloniens, who ultimately win the Stenweide Cup this year. The Avaloniens go on to play several exhibition matches with teams in West Avalon and in the Russian territories. Also Aalst wins its first championship in the Arcadian Football League this year. Stephanus Joubert takes office this year after defeating Jan Coevorden in the election of 1880. Disillusioned with the Conservative Party, Coevorden leads a small split from the party, which unites with the Social Christian Democracy Party to form the Christian Democratic Party, or Democratic Party for short. The party advocates for Christian democracy, conservatism and Coevordenian expansionism, and as such supports the union with Avelskamp heavily. As the party grows and attracts several wealthy businessman, Coevorden hatches a plan to make a "colony" by sponsoring settlement of Nova Belgicans (mostly minorities) in Burgundy's West Africa territory. A group sets sail by the end of the year and settles a small town near Burgundy's main outpost (OTL Fresco), which they call Joubertina after the head of Nova Belgica. Johannes Snyman, a businessman of Dutch and African descent, becomes mayor of the town, under the leadership of the governor of West Africa. Meanwhile, another party begins to grow in popularity, led by Hendrikus Linden, based loosely on the ideals of Marsanism. Linden advocates for the defense of the working class, the abandoning of traditional ideas of capitalism and other institutions, and the establishment of an equal and socialist society, becoming the International Socialist Association. With the war over in Europe we stop amassing fresh troops, but the steady stream of immigrants from Burgundy and the German states continues, even after some of the Burgundian immigrants return home or resettle the Rhineland area seized in the war. Construction of railroads across the continent and construction of the Panama Canal continue. Also the proposal we sent to the government in Dijon is modified to also include a possible merger with the colony of New Netherlands.


 * Greater Chinese Empire: The second national elections occur, with the incumbent Prime Minister Li Hongzhang remaining in office. To complement increasing centralization (with heightened state intervention in the economy, state supervision over many major institutions), the ruling Populist Party continues to promote a sense of national identity among Chinese peoples–based on the fundamental principle of "Hua" (or the sense of being Chinese culturally). Both statolatry and cultural nationalism is syncretized. In a monumental speech, the Huifu Emperor announces that "China is our motherland, and all who reside within it are its children, united by the mirth and prosperity that she has selflessly bestowed upon us. We must fulfill our filial duties to her as her sons and daughters, and return our favor; professing our love for this glorious and infalliable motherland." In response to recent discrimination against Hui Chinese, a region is separated from the Gansu province (with consent from the provincial legislature) and designated the Ningxia province. Hui Chinese diaspora are encouraged to settle there (with the promise of low land prices), with settlement efforts being semi-successful. Meanwhile, Islamic schools are still permitted to function as private institutions, though are required to abide by the national standards and incorporate education in Confucian classics (in-conjunction with Muslim texts). In a similar approach to Spanish Maghreb, Hui Chinese are encouraged to become non-denominational Muslims (thereby also reducing conflict between the different sects). Due to the influence of liberal thought, the age of consent and the marriageable age is raised to sixteen and eighteen respectively, whereas previously it was twelve and fourteen. Meanwhile, the first criminal statutes are established explicitly penalizing those who engage in sexual relations with a minor. However, traditionalist mores still vastly influence the legal code with the renewed prohibition of prostitution (which was previously legal) and the entrenchment of public morality laws. As a result, concubinage, which has previously declined as a practice due to the end of imperial concubinage early during the dynasty, is made illegal. Agricultural output continues to rise, aided by the usage of ammonia-based fertilizers which vastly boost productivity levels. The cultivation of lucrative cash crops is encouraged, hoping to establish dominance over the production of tea and cotton, as well as other fibre crops such as ramie, flax, jute, and hemp. Meanwhile, there is widespread production of industrial and edible oilseeds, as well as sugarcane, and sugar beets. There is intensive infrastructural development with the growth of telegraph and railway networks. The latter industry in particular has resulted in the rapid growth in the mining of iron and coal, as well as the manufacturing of machinery and locomotives. In addition to a boom in the arms industry, there is rapid growth in light industries: particularly in the production of textiles and synthetic dyes–which both can be attributed to the usage of steam power). The construction of two iron-clad destroyers for the Bohai Fleet (based in Dongying) continues, and is scheduled to be commissioned in 1882. The navy remains at 20 steam-powered wooden-hulled corvettes, and two first-generation ironclad battleships. The standing army is reduced to ~600,000 troops (divided into four regional armies managed by the Ministry of War), with many members being honorably discharged and rewarded many benefits for their service. The request sent to Belka is repeated. A defence-oriented military policy is emphasized, with the continued fortification of four strategic forts in strategically-located cities corresponding to major choke-points: Busan, Dongying, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. While there is sporadic border activity, the Amur River remains highly militarized and is fortified with medium trench lines. Arms production (and therefore the industrial capacity of China to wage war) continues to increase rapidly, with China's Military–Industrial Zones producing: muzzle-loading rifles, carbines, breech-loading rifled artillery (utilizing imported Belkan steel), Gatling guns and their respective ammunition. In addition, these facilities also provide storage for imported bolt-action rifles, which are utilized by the army's elite corps. Levels of educational attainment continue to see rapid improvement due to the enforcement of compulsory nine-year education. A basic two-year course (to learn necessary skills such as arithmetic, algebra and basic literacy) is aimed at providing education to uneducated adults outside the compulsory schooling range.
 * Tibet (associated state): Lhasa, inhabited by ~20,000 residents, is modernized. The Tibetan clergy continue to administer the country, rendering Tibet a de facto theocratic oligarchy, and a de jure limited democracy. Sedentary living is encouraged, with the little available arable land being intensively cultivated. A garrison of two Chinese divisions is stationed there. One brigade (~5000 troops) comprised of natives is established, armed with outdated Chinese matchlock rifles.
 * Dzungaria (associated state): Ghulja, inhabited by ~20,000 residents, is modernized. To ease administration, the Dzungar government encouraged ranching instead of a semi-nomadic pastorialist lifestyle. Dzungars continue to cultivate larger quantities of wheat and maize as both a staple grain and food for livestock. The local Chinese garrison stationed there is at five divisions. The Dzungarian Gate is fortified with a fort and heavy trench lines. Two divisions comprising of natives is established, armed with outdated Chinese matchlock rifles.
 * Altishahria (associated state): Urumqi, inhabited by ~50,000 residents, continues to see infrastructural development, with various civic buildings built in the capital. A garrison consisting of two divisions is stationed there. Irrigation systems are established around oases. Cash crops are grown, specifically grapes, melons, pears and walnuts - particularly famous are Hami melons and Turpan raisins. Two divisions comprised of natives are established, armed with outdated Chinese matchlock rifles.
 * Belkan Dip: We refuse production license but will sell the guns themselves.


 * Republica Iberia: The PDSC government dispatches their negotiators to Aztlan for the discussions over the new canal. The birth rate remains stagnant, but sizable growth continues.The population is estimated to be 42.89 million. Migration to Iberia from Morocco and Algeria begins occurring in earnest this year as several thousand Algerians and Moroccans arrive in Iberia. There is some push back from Iberian communities that fear for their wages. However, the unions act as a way to swiftly integrate these newcomers without letting wages fall. Educational practices continue to include Iberian as a portion of the core curriculum alongside regional languages, mathematics, and history. Literacy rates in Iberia continue to climb steadily, especially among the young. The reforms of last year do slow economic growth at first, but increasing demand for goods from the now more wealthy lower class push expansions in light industry and by years end there is renewed economic optimism. Steel production continues to increase, funded by naval contracts and general demand for the tough material. The rail sector grows at a moderate pace with construction on many small narrow-gauge lines for intra-regional travel. A tram system opens in Madrid this year and runs the length of one of the major streets there. Bicycles continue to spread as an efficient means of transportation, and a sizable internal bicycle industry begins to spring up. The financial sector, although weaker than others, also grows with Lisbon and Madrid the two main centers of commerce and growth. High demand and the huge government contract for ships means that the shipyards of catalonia remain busy.The Carbon Arc Welder continues to spread as a tool in ship construction. The 1887 Naval Expansion continues, Iberian shipyards will complete four new battleships, ten new armored cruisers, twelve new frigates and three dozen patrol boats. Work continues on the Andalucia-class battleships and the Madrid-class armored cruisers. The class of frigates begins construction this year, as do the patrol boats. The Sandoval Rifleworks continues work on a chemical replacement for traditional gunpowder they develop an improved gun-cotton, a nitrated cotton gelatinised by ether alcohol with nitrates of potassium. The new propellent proves unsuccessful for rifles as the groves prevent proper expansion, but is suitable for smooth-bore shotguns. The Iberian Government sends an envoy to the Papal States asking if they would like membership in the EEA (Scraw Response).
 * Republica de Morocco: Support for the Reformist Islamic Church has yielded great results and many hundreds of thousands have adopted the more liberalized version of Islam. Meanwhile, the increasing implementation of the new farming practices leads to a large growth in the value of orchard exports. Industrialization of Morocco continues and the coal and iron deposits in the east lead to increased iron and steel production. The Moroccan Republic begins an education campaign with the help of Iberian advisors. Schools are opened across the country and teach Iberian, Maghrebi, Mathematics, and History. The Republic also aids the Iberian African Republic in expansion southward.
 * Dependencia de Algeria: Expansion into the desert continues along old trade routes with nomads employed as guides. The Iberian Government places high priority on this expansion and efforts are made to expedite the growth. Much like Morocco, the government implements a series of education reforms designed to increase school attendance and promote bilingualism with Iberian. Immigration from European countries is encouraged with stipends available for those that come. These stipends are only paid to those who do not come from Iberia. In order to keep the peace, European colonists are settled in and around the capital at Mostaganem. They can be found throughout the farming region centered on Mostaganem where they have settled in small groups. Fortunately for the administration, Mostaganem began as a small town, and therefore has become majority European. European migration is lower this year with only 30,000 moving to the colony.There are roughly 3.7 million inhabitants of Iberian Algeria, and of these, 525,000 are European. The low population density due to the French treatment of the cities means that the coast is greatly underpopulated. The Majority of migrants are Italians or Iberians, but there are some French, Belkans and even Austrians.
 * Antillas Ibéricas: The colony continues to enjoy the profits of sugar and salt production and as a stopover for ships headed out into the Atlantic. The Colonial garrison is maintained at 1000. Educational reforms spread to the colonies here as well.
 * Indias Orientales Ibéricas: The colony continues to enjoy the profits of spice production. Rubber production commences with small returns at first due to the young age of the trees. Educational reforms spread as the government promotes literacy and basic mathematics.
 * República Africana Ibérica: The republic continues expansion efforts along the Sahel north of the French holdings in West Africa.
 * The Papal States decline to join any multinational organization in order to preserve grounds of neutrality.
 * Kingdom of Burgundy: The Occupied areas of the Rhineland are formally admitted to the Kingdom of Burgundy this year. In total, nine new provinces are added, and their delegates take their seats in the States-General. The senior senator from Köln province makes his inaugural speech bemoaning the annexation of the West Bank. However, as he made his speech in high German the largely Dutch and Burgundian speaking representatives required a translated copy later, and some of his colleagues from the West Bank who speak one of the native Franconian dialects had difficulty following along, largely robbing the speech of any real impact he might’ve wished for. Most of the Army is withdrawn from the West Bank, though some 70,000 men remain on garrison duty. In light of last years protests, this year was rather mute in comparison as much of the initial outrage faded, and the tumble of German nationalism in the Rhineland and Prussia. Many have a feeling that the dream of a United Germany has become unrealistic, that it’s destined to die in fire and blood, and so opt to work with the Burgundians to make the best out of the situation. In regards to Nova Belgica's request regarding Avelskamp, the proposal is accepted, as Avelskamp had long since become a territory where more money goes in than comes out, which had been the real point of contention whenever the fate of the island had been debated. Last year, the battleship SMS Sint Sigismund was laid down as the first of her class and armed with 14” breech-loading rifled guns, intended as an answer to recent Belkan designs. Also this year, the Navy adopts Prismatic powder as its primary propellant for warship guns. New Friesland expands 50 px along the coast. New Maastricht expands 50 px along the coast. Mane expands 50 px northeast.
 * Swahili: We continue colonial expansion in Northern Somalia, in the south and in the Malindi and Mombasa area. Colonization increases as medicine and weaponry become more widespread. Foreign veterans are recruited to train the army, especially those from the British and Belkan expeditionary forces. More textile factories are constructed, modernized versions of previous textile manufactories. WIth the export of cotton textiles, cotton farming increases and slavery increases in the Swahili heartland. Agricultural modernization continues in the Swahili heartland and spreads to Somalia and Rowzi. The Bayab School continues to spread in Swahili, dominating Southern Swahili now. A flotilla of Swahili ironclads are constructed, the Jabril-class, in both naval arsenals. The Sultan plans a tour of Europe to showcase the country's rapid development.
 * Huriya: Political integration continues with Swahili bureaucrats being sent to oversee more political processes. The Bayab school gains a large following.
 * Rowzi: Political integration continues with Swahili bureaucrats being sent to oversee more political processes. As more soldiers enter Swazi, Rowzi is even more closely integrated to improve logistical efforts. The Bayab school gains a large following.
 * United Swazi Emirates: The political organization is being set up and forts are being built. Roads and ports are being constructed to connect it to the mainland. The land-grant system continues smoothly. The Bayab school gains a large following.
 * Sefuwa: All Swahili colonies in Southwest Africa are organized into Sefuwa. Colonisation begins to connect the settlements. The Bayab school gains a large following in Sefuwa.  
 * Swahili Diplomacy to Britain, Belka, France, Burgundy, Iberia and Italy: The Sultan of Swahili wishes to go on a state visit to the nations next year.
 * French Diplomacy: Sure.
 * Ethiopian Empire: The Army is demobilized and set to an active force of 185,000 once again. Theodore inspects the armed forces and determines that it would've been ready in the case of war. The Navy continues its regular patrols. Scientists in Axum begin to copy the dimensions of Belkan Steam Engines so as to produce a nonworking copy. The modernization continues as more clinics are built - as are schools and libraries. Slavery is officially outlawed although it's been dead for years. Port Theodore continues to grow in size and it keeps the jobs coming, keeping unemployment low.


 * Aztlan Republic: Negotiations of the Nicaragua Canal have stopped due to international backlash of building a second canal in the same region as the Panama Canal. Threats of economic sanctions and declarations of war against Aztlan, Iberia, France, and Brésil resulted in the withdrawal of Aztlan from the plans.
 * Teotihuacan: Details of the restructuring of the Aztlan government were revealed. Term limits for the legislative and executive offices would be six years while there would not be term limits for judiciary officials. The minimum ages to hold a legislative, executive and judiciary office at a national level are 25, 35 and 45, respectively. It is unknown what will happen with the royal family. Additionally, all males over the age of 18 will be eligible to vote so long as they can read Nahuatl or Portuguese and have valid identification. Meanwhile, the Senate received a telegram from the newly-independent Mzerka (from Russia) that declared establishing ties with its neighbors and diplomats from Aztlan were invited to the capital for talks. At the capital, diplomats sent by ruler Tlahtoāni Benito Augusthino de Mérida Diltwa Juarez learned that due to historic and cultural ties, Mzerka proposed a unification with Aztlan. The royal family would have power regardless of how the two would unite. Upon accepting the offer, it was established that there would be a dual monarchy with the Diltwas having less power in Aztlan than Mzerka, mostly existing for ceremonial purposes. Additional details have not been revealed and it is unknown when these changes would take effect.
 * Mzerka does not exist.


 * Kingdom of Egypt: In our second year in the war, we continue to throw troops at Port George, hoping the undermanned and poorly defended port will give in to our surplus of troops and our blockade of the port. Egyptian troops cross the border into Gaza and seize the city along with the entirety of the Gaza Strip for ourselves. We send 100 troops on 50 ships to the Island of Jazirat and successfully make a beachhead on the island (it's owned by Swahili, a British protectorate) (also can I just take the island since it’s probably undefended?) we begin to set British defenses in Port George. Nubar Pasha, a very popular prime minister and staunch Farah loyalist resigns today, as his health weakens and he grows older, forcing parliament to elect a new prime minister. This time, parliament is dominated by a major political party: the Royalist Party, a major conservative faction in the country, and one that has earned the support of Queen Farah. The new prime minister is from this party, and his name is Qatif bin-Nayef. The Royalist Party adheres to a new kind of conservativism: National Conservativism, which basically calls for the populace to support the government’s policies and the government itself. It also fights for conservative education in all schools, and that the schools be more secular, but still not quite stray away from Islamic principles. The Royalist Party also supports a strong Egypt, that is still close with Belka, but also be the main leading force in the Muslim world, and sees Arabia as a threat to these goals. We continue to build up our infrastructure, such as building roads along the Nile, expanding our major population centers (Giza, Alexandria and Alia) and building schools nationwide. The Royal Family continues to fund the research and learning of Islamic sciences. The first lighting system in Egypt is completed today in the Royal Palace (this is only the Royal Palace, not the entire country, and no, I am not going to continue this until I can officially industrialize.) Queen Farah announces in public that the nation will be switching over to Metric Time and that everyone should rework all time-telling devices to accommodate metric time.
 * Brésil: Recife is turned into a major port, in order to host the incoming armies, as well as a railway connecting it to Saint-Denis. 700,000 troops are mobilized to defend the front, and contracts are given to companies for arms development. Theodore states that no more compromises will be accepted, and the nation shall survive.

1882
''' Great Britain succeeds in defeating the Indian mutinies. In addition, Great Britain decidedly signs the Treaty of London. '''

''' Anti-Semitic pogroms continue, extending into Belka and in part, Burgundy and France. '''

''' Although initially successful, anti-Islamic persons continue to degrade, and in some cases, kill followers of Islam in China-Korea. These cases of discrimination remain decentralized. However, some groups have begun to sprout up in support for illegalizing Islam. '''

''' In Novorossiya, a declaration of independence is made by representatives of the Anglo, German and native populations, with even some radical Russians in support. '''


 * Kingdom of Egypt: Egyptian Forces continue to occupy Jazirat Island, with many Egyptians settling on the island via a government colonization program. Due to the Treaty of London being signed this year, we officially seize Port George. After seizing the port, the city is renamed to Port Egypt, symbolizing the changing of administration of the port. Egyptian Troops come into the Suez Canal and take the place of the British soldiers who left due to Britain agreeing to demilitarize it, we set up barracks, forts and outposts. The nation seems to have adapted well to metric time, and people have gotten new clocks that are met for metric time. Alexandria and Giza get their own time zones, the reason? Because of work, we better adjust the time so Egyptian men have a better work schedule. Gaza is fully incorporated into Egypt this year, with most Gazans successfully switching over to metric time, and accepting the Egyptian Flag, though some are still confused why Arabia gave up land to Egypt voluntarily. After the war against Britain, we begin to look at Arabia suspiciously, as they dominate the Islamic world, and begin bringing in troops that fought in Port Egypt to the Egyptian-Arabian Border. We send a delegation to Ethiopia offering joint military drills and propose a tech sharing program, where our military engineers and intelligence people meet up and share new discoveries in weapons and other technology (ETHIOPIA RESPONSE NEEDED!!) We Request Belka help us build modernize our navy (FEUD RESPONSE NEEDED!!) We continue to build up our infrastructure, as we build roads along the nile, new schools, and expand our major population centers such as Alexandria, Giza and Alia. Small fishing villages are set up along the blue nile. A small military parade is held in Alexandria celebrating our “victory” against Britain, even though Arabia did most of the fighting, the so called victory is good for morale, nationalism, along with Propaganda. A gigantic portrait of Queen Farah is hanged in center of Port Egypt.
 * Emperor Theodore respectfully declines the offer seeing as he is untrustful of the Arabians haveing our shared technology. -Ethiopia
 * Kingdom of Jaffarid Arabia: With the Treaty of London signed by both the British and Russian governments, the conflict for Arab independence from all colonial influence, known as the Arab Spring, has concluded. Now a new era has dawned, colloquially known as the Arab Summer. The Sultan Musa Al-Nu'man, as well as the military commander Hamid Al-Qudds, are hailed as national heroes and fathers of the modern Middle East. During the Arab Summer, the Kingdom of Arabia promotes itself internationally as the hallmark of a strong, stable, independent Arab nation, and champions the path forward for all other Islamic nations in both Asia and Africa. As the military is greatly downsized from the massive volunteers of 1880, the younger generation fills the workforce in the new industrial centers across Mesopotamia and Levant. The growing competition among native corporations, within government regulations, fuels the slow but steady growth of industrialization across the Middle East. Iron and steel are both the largest products thus far, along with agricultural products. However, much of that is domestically consumed for now, primarily in the construction of railroads across the Peninsula. The coastlines of Arabia, along OTL Yemen, Oman, and UAE, are heavily invested in urbanization, primarily as crossroads between various railroad companies. Scholars in the House of Wisdom are greatly intrigued by the concept of electricity, and hopes to find investors in the idea in later years. Egyptian scientists from Alexandria are offered a chance to study modern astronomy from the House of Wisdom, pooling their intellectual resources as once done under the Caliphate. Many more Jewish refugees from European pogroms are invited to the Middle East, where Judaism is much more tolerated under the secularized government. Local private organizations continue to vocally speak out against Anti-Islamic factions in East Asia, and continue to promote knowledge of Islam in the region. The modern constitution of Arabia is complete, which is heavily influenced from the constitution of the Rashidun Caliphate, but severely limits the power of the monarch while transfering legislation to the Shay Al-Nass. Theater and novels regain popularity in the Middle East as they did under the Caliphate, in particular stories of both Al-Ankhabut, Al-Najm the Great, and Captain Arabia, all of which acting as cultural samples of the current atmosphere of austerity. An offer of alliance is extended to Belka, hoping to secure their financial investiments to Middle Eastern corporations in exchange for our political support. [BELKA RESPONSE]
 * As Queen Farah sparks interest in research and development of sciences, she accepts the Arab invitation despite protest from parliament and distrust of the Arab proposal by the prime minister. - Egypt


 * Borealia (formerly Nova Belgica): The Constitution Act is passed, which formally creates a confederation of the various nothern colonies under Burgundian control, including Avelskamp, Nova Belgica, and New Netherland. After some debate the name "Arcadia" is chosen for the new dominion, however, after a clerical error the second place name of "Borealia" is chosen. The city of Sint Jan is chosen as the capital, as it is one of the largest cities that is still roughly centrally located, although New Amsterdam becomes the largest city in terms of population. It is decided that the nation will be divided into provinces, or "states", each electing members to the federal assembly. The states and their capitals are as follows: Bovenstland (New Brunswick) with its capital in Willemstad (Fredericton), Nova Belgica (Nova Scotia) witsh its capital in Sint Jan (Halifax), Karelina (Maine) with its capital in Wilhemina (Augusta), Versland (New Hampshire) with its capital in Lelystad (Portsmouth), Maritiemen (Prinz Rupert, Anticosti, and Madeleine Islands) with its capital in Carlijnstad (Charlottestown), Avelskamp (Newfoundland and Saint Pierre) with its capital in Slagstad (Saint John's), New Jersey with its capital in Bloemfontein (Trenton), New Netherland (New York City to Albany) with its capital in New Amsterdam, Lorentia (Vermont plus northeast New York) with its capital in Volendam (Burlington), and Ontario (west and north New York) with its capital in Medama (Syracuse). The position of Prime Minister is created, with an election taking place in November, and until that date the governor of Nova Belgica, Stephanus Joubert, is appointed acting Prime Minister. Joubert wins the primary for the Liberal Party, narrowly defeating former Attorney General Jan van Buren and former Governor of New Netherland, Pieter Schermerhorn. Meanwhile, the Conservative Party nominates Willem Drees, Mayor of Ramaaker, the Socialists select Hendrikus Linden, and Jan Coevorden leads the Democratic Party. The Socialists solidify themselves as a major party when they manage to win the majority of voters in rural Avelskamp, northwestern Nova Belgican cities, such as Noortwijk and Buren, the major city of Borselen, and much of northern Karelina. The Conservatives carry Ontario and Volendam primarily, while the Liberals carry southern Karelina and Nova Belgica. Coevorden, however, narrowly wins a majority overall, having carries various parts of Bovenstland, Versland (including the major cities of Lelystad and Ameland), New Jersey, and New Netherland (including New Amsterdam), and he becomes the first Prime Minister of the Dominion of Borealia, effective 20 January 1883. Joubertia (the "n" in the name is dropped after a vote), continues to grow, and similar settlements are established in the Burgundian colony, including Pretoria, founded on the western side of the Cavally River. To further integrate the various new states of the union, several infrastructural projects are planned, including new rail lines into upstate New Netherland, and expansion (or construction) of the Erie Canal. This year also sees an interest in exploration, beginning first with an Arctic voyage by explorer Johannes Veth. Veth makes the first ever confirmed, complete passage through the fabled "Northeast Passage", sailing from Slagstad around Vinland, arriving at port in Russia's northern colony. Meanwhile, an explorer named Willem Schuver launches an expedition to Antarctica, landing in OTL Coats Land. He tentatively claims the coast/continent for the nation, however, turns back before reaching the South Pole. The area roughly from OTL Berkner Island to OTL Enderby Land is named Queen Mary Land after the Burgundian monarch.
 * Greater Chinese Empire: China celebrates the twentieth anniversary of China’s modernization campaign, which has seen a high degree of success due to government support and sociopolitical stability — with the integrity of the Chinese people embodied by the Huifu Emperor. As a result, there is a rise in nationalistic sentiment among the public. The current ruling party (the Populists) and the current Department of State Affairs (the executive body headed by the Prime Minister, akin to the Cabinet) continues to enjoy widespread approval and popularity. China continues to experience rapid state-sponsored industrial development, facilitated by the development of an extensive telegraph and railway network. The construction of railway in particular further promotes the production of machinery, iron, and locomotives. Due to the application of steam power, there is a rapid growth in the textiles and chemicals (synthetic dyes) industry. The Bessemer process diffuses to China (with implementation aided by Belkan engineers) and enables the cheap large-scale production of steel. The commercialization of agriculture continues, with farmers cultivating lucrative cash crops due to a labor surplus. In the absence of Indian competition, Chinese plantations try to flood the international market with high-quality cotton. Due to a decrease in the national income tax (to ~10%) coupled with a general upward trend in living standards, the average Chinese now has more disposable income. This accumulation of personal wealth results in a sizable middle-class and the development of a domestic consumer market. The Ministry of War increases the number of personnel involved within the Office of the Navy. Meanwhile, two torpedo-boats are successfully built and commissioned this year. As a result, the number of ships in service this year is raised to 24: two battleships, two torpedo-boats, and 20 steam-powered corvettes. Construction begins on another set of ships (similarly, relying heavily on Belkan expertise and some imported parts) to be commissioned in 1884; two cruisers (one of which is armored), and two destroyers. The fortification of Busan, Dongying, Shanghai and Guangzhou continues. While there is sporadic border activity, the Amur River remains highly militarized and is fortified with medium trench lines. The arms industry continues to increase rapidly, though production is emphasized on breech-loading rifled artillery (utilizing imported Belkan steel) and rapid-fire guns, as there is a surplus of muzzle-loading rifles and carbines. The first shipment of bolt-action rifles (as part of the three-year contract) arrives from Belka and is given to the troops. The standing army remains at ~600,000 partitioned into four regional divisions to facilitate defense and reaction to localized conflict. Levels of educational attainment continue to see rapid growth. A basic two-year course (to learn necessary skills such as arithmetic, algebra and basic literacy) is aimed at providing education to uneducated adults outside the compulsory schooling range. The Compact of Free Association is offered to Vietnam, citing European encroachment into Southeast Asia ( MOD RESPONSE ).
 * Vietnam says yes. -Sol


 * Republica Ibérica: There is debate in the Assembly as to the future of Iberian colonial holdings in North Africa and abroad. Many proposals are put forward including the annexation of Morocco, creation of a “Union of the Pillars,” or some sort of commonwealth on the Belkan model. For now these debates remain only political fantasy limited to committees and informal meetings. The birth rate remains stagnant, but sizable growth continues. The population is estimated to be 43.4 million. Literacy rates in Iberia continue to climb steadily, especially among the young. The economy experiences strong growth this year as internal demand leads to greater production of household goods. Because of a lack of imports from the UK internal production grows massively and several union leaders question the wisdom of the EEA. High international demand and the huge government contract for ships means that the shipyards of Catalonia remain busy. The Carbon Arc Welder continues to spread as a tool in ship construction. The 1887 Naval Expansion continues, Iberian shipyards will complete four new battleships, ten new armored cruisers, twelve new frigates and three dozen patrol boats. Work continues on the Andalucia Class battleships and the Madrid Class armored cruisers. The Sandoval Rifleworks continues work on a chemical replacement for traditional gunpowder. The rifleworks considers using phosphorus for propellent, but the experiments are a failure. However, some of the engineers develop an interesting explosive device which uses carbon disulfide evaporation as a fuse.
 * Republica de Morocco: The Republic is given partial administrative control over Algeria to reduce Iberian management costs. The economy of Morocco continues to grow rapidly due to Iberian investment and technical aid. The steel industry expands rapidly as does the rail network. Phosphate production becomes a major sector of the Moroccan economy as does the synthesis of phosphorus fertilizer. Agricultural mechanization along with water conservation and management projects led to aggressive growth in the agricultural sector. Reformist Maghrebi Islam spreads with government support. Meanwhile, the educational reforms of the previous few years have contributed to rising literacy. The Moroccan Army which suffered decades of neglect is reformed this year with assistance from Iberian officers. The new command structure mirrors that of Iberia for ease of integration into the Iberian military. Furthermore, the 100,000 troops are to be outfitted with Model 1864 Vento Lever Action Rifles from surplus stores following the adoption of a more modern rifle.
 * Dependencia de Algeria: Expansion into the desert continues along old trade routes with nomads employed as guides. The Iberian Government places high priority on this expansion and efforts are made to expedite it. The population of Algeria reaches 3.9 million inhabitants of Iberian Algeria, and of these, 700,000 are European. Thanks to Algerian immigration to Morocco the native population falls this year as poor harvests in the south cause migration westward. The native economy remains very poor with limited adoption of modern technology. Meanwhile, along the coast and in Mostaganem there is rapid development as European migrants begin implementing modern farming, manufacturing and financial methods from their homes.
 * Antillas Ibéricas: Although rarely a priority for the Iberian Government, the Antillas undergo a reorganization this year designed to promote development. Educational practices spread, and the islands, while still poor, see steady growth in sugar, salt and shipping.
 * Indias Orientales Ibéricas: The colony continues to enjoy the profits of spice production. Rubber production commences with small returns at first due to the young age of the trees. Educational reforms spread as the government promotes literacy and basic mathematics.
 * República Africana Ibérica: The republic continues expansion efforts along the Sahel north of the French holdings in West Africa.
 * Russia: Independence is given to California and Oregon under the rebel leadership.


 * Swahili: We continue colonial expansion in Northern Somalia, in the south and in the Malindi and Mombasa area. Colonization increases as medicine and weaponry become more widespread. Foreign veterans are recruited to train the army, especially those from the British and Belkan expeditionary forces. More textile factories are constructed, modernized versions of previous textile manufactories. WIth the export of cotton textiles, cotton farming increases and slavery increases in the Swahili heartland. Agricultural modernization continues in the Swahili heartland and spreads to Somalia and Rowzi. The Bayab School continues to spread in Swahili, dominating Southern Swahili now. With preparations made, the Sultan departs Swahili, escorted by ten of the nation's most powerful ironclads and bringing with him the finest wares, books, machines, plants and textiles of Swahili on a trip to Europe. Several scholars from the major madrassahs, as well as skilled artisans, artists and chefs also accompanied him. However, as the Sultan left, the BYK faction declares surprise elections for the Bugwe Kubwa, citing the rise in social unrest from religious conflicts and smuggling. By sabotaging several voyages of BNS politicians to Zanzibar, the BYK were able to gain a supermajority, effectively putting them in total legal control of the nation. The BYK then passes two acts aimed at curbing BNS and Southern power, the first being the Act of Heresy, in which the Bayab School is declared a heretical School and not Islamic, effectively banning the Bayab School; the second is the Act of Aristocratic Reform, in which the southern aristocratic landlords are targetted by decreasing the inheritability of aristocratic titles.
 * Huriya: Political integration continues with Swahili bureaucrats being sent to oversee more political processes. The Bayab school gains a large following.
 * Rowzi: Political integration continues with Swahili bureaucrats being sent to oversee more political processes. As more soldiers enter Swazi, Rowzi is even more closely integrated to improve logistical efforts. The Bayab school gains a large following.
 * United Swazi Emirates: The political organization is being set up and forts are being built. Roads and ports are being constructed to connect it to the mainland. The land-grant system continues smoothly. The Bayab school gains a large following.
 * Sefuwa: All Swahili colonies in Southwest Africa are organized into Sefuwa. Colonisation begins to connect the settlements. The Bayab school gains a large following in Sefuwa.  
 * Kalifornien: After our independence we for the first time raise the Californian Flag since our our demise in 1820's. Our first provisional government is from Russo-German Landowners, Industrialists and Religious of all branches of churches. This government also publishes a journal with all rights and basics laws of California. This includes the official govermental font and language laws. The lower governmental body is know as "Nationaler Volks-, Industriellen-, Priester-, Landbesitzer-, Händler- und Intellektuellenrat aller Völker, Sprachgruppen und Gesellschaftsschichten in Kalifornien und der mit Kalifornien verbundenen Hoheitsgebiete" and the higher body is know as"Oberhaus aller autonomen Gemeinschaften Kaliforniens und der kalifornischen Einflussgebiete und befreundeten assoziierten Hoheitsgebieten"(sorry moderators).The first party is also founded "Christliche Volkspartei Kaliforniens/Christian Peoples Party of California/Христианская Народная Партия Калифорнии" the rest of the provisional representatives are independent from any political party. The Upper House also declares that the enemy of the state is monarchy. Even with this, the Upper House invites the Royal House of Diltwa which are in exile in Aztlan to discuss matters of property and more topics to keep the peaceful existence of the new republic and the former Royal House.(Aztlan/Diltwas response). The President also with decree creates the Kalifornisches Heer/Californian Land component. This force, at the moment, mostly exists out of former separatists and even a small number of the general staff from the imperial era but they are at a very old age. This army is mostly based around basic infantry and horsemen which carry smoothbore and the elite some early Needle Rifles. The Upper House also has a competition between its citizens to make a better flag for the new republic so it can be represented better.


 * Belkan Empire: With no major moves being made by Belka's Brésilian allies, the Belkan navy in the Atlantic returns to port near Recife turning it into Belka's main port of operations for the time being. This year the invention of smokeless powder in a small workshop in Sarajevo sees the birth of a competitor to the monopolous Zastava arms. The Sarajevo Arsenal is founded and produces the SV-82 - a Bolt action rifle based around the advent of smokeless powder. It proves to be leagues ahead of the Zastava Needle Rifle and Sarajevo is contracted to produce nearly three million of these rifles with the first order of 300,000 to support 30 divisions to be delivered at the end of the year. The Sarajevo Arsenal is surprised at their success but with so much government contract money are able to expand exponentially, growing from a few retooled factories in Sarajevo to a massive swath of Factories of all types for the arms industry in Sarajevo in a few months. The Home economy recovers fully from its recession and the bubble bursting from the Austrian revolt. The laying down of three new Battleships of its first official class, the Trieste Class which are quick/fast battleships armed to tackle quicker screen ships and outmaneuver heavier Battleships. Belka agrees on the modernization of the Egyptian navy and offers to build for them five cruisers, six destroyers, 15 frigates, and one of the new fast Trieste class Battleships. The Same offer is given to Ethiopia. Belka also agress to discuss alliance and friendship terms with the Arabians. 'As per Belkan terms in the Congress of Belgrad, Belkan explorers in droves begin claiming, making treaties and outright expanding into the unorganized territories in Africa. The Arrival of the Ethiopian Army is met with some trepidation however with their training and a modest amount of their officers being Belkan, the Army is immediately taken as redeployed as a major frontal colonial force. It marches into Kanem as its main base of operations and operates heavily in the hand of Expanding and conquering new territory for the Belkan african empire.
 * Crown Colony of Maghreb: The Maghrebi colony - with authorization from the homeland - begins offering Maghebis who serve in civil service and military service citizenship of the empire, refusing to deny them citizenship over trivial matters of their ethnic background. They would be learning culture and language from the Belkan civic and armed services. The textile factories within the colony continue to expand as Belkan immigrants and Maghrebi civilians continue to move into working there. Further settlement occurs this year with a wave of 5000 settlers reaching the city of Tunis expanding the settler population. Expansion mirroring Spanish Algiers begins to occur. The Tunis-Kanem Railway is put under construction as various retaining and reclamation structures throughout the desert are erected and the railway between both colonies begins construction. Other railways are also constructed radiating out from Algiers and Tunis which wants to connect the two cities and push into the Libyan desert to the east as well. The need for a colonial army becomes apparent - and funded by domestic budget, the Maghrebi colonial army is formed around a force of 50,000 with a large reserve of nearly 300,000 that can be conscripted within a short period. They are trained with older equipment but arsenals of modern guns are kept under control in the Tunis and Algiers Citadel held by the Belkan crown garrisons.
 * Crown Colony of Zaire. Exports to Belka increase once again. However, the funds derived from them are not diverted solely into the hands of the administration. The Colony champions its first railway this year as infrastructure jobs in particular are in high demand and thousands of Zairean peoples are employed. The Administration, hoping to engender goodwill, pays them relatively well and hopes they will purchase consumer goods and improve their lives significantly. This is explored further as Belkan architect-style housing is constructed in an affordable way for those subjects who can afford it in New Thessograd - as well as in various Zairean cities. They don't fill up dramatically but their purpose is clear, the Zairean people are not to be treated as exploitable subjects but as valuable members of the empire. This is not entirely seen as positive as many agree that the Belkans are ruthless colonial oppressors but nothing can be done against them. The exploration up the Congo River continues as does expansion. Zaire's first railway is constructed from a major rubber producing site to its largest interior city and then to Novo Thessograd on the coast expanding the rubber boom further. The Colony of Zaire is allowed a colonial milita force of roughly 30,000 with reserves of 400,000 able to be recruited as the Belkan military garrison begins to follow the same policies as Belkan Maghreb.
 * Crown Colony of Gabon: As of this year the Belkan military administration is dismantled in favor of a colonial administration and Gabon sees a proper census this year noting to contain roughly 1.2 million people within the colony. Various infrastructural projects are implemented as it seeks to connect many of the towns and cities. In order to bring some goodwill between the natives and the small Belkan administrative presence, gifts of modern consumer goods are brought to make the peoples' lives easier. Many are even employed with decent pay as they are given heavy incentives to abandon their tribal lifestyles. Exploration along the interior continues and claims and treaties are made with natives.
 * Dependency of Kanem: The Kanem dependency this year sees further development as a well traveled and developed route through the Sahara is built up. The Belkan investment of and shipping in of some industrial machines increases the relative output which sees its resources exported somewhat and in many other cases used to purchase consumer goods in mass numbers, further fueling the Belkan consumer goods industry at home. The Belkan administration begins to explore and stake claims to the surrounding region from Kanem. The region's population begins to boom as a result of the influx of surplus food from the Saharan trade route - which sees the beginning of the railway being constructed. The discovery of gold in Kanem sparks a rush of investment. This does, however, see the tertiary opening of multiple cement factories in Kanem's capital which attract workers due to the high pay. The railway from Kanem's capital to the Maghrebi city of Tunis continues. Expansion south and west begins with a major claim being staked on the deserts to the west.
 * Iztochna Aziya: The development of Manila continues with the colony further developing as more effective road systems begin to connect major cities across the archipelago and for the first time some industrial factories opening near Manila. Manila's vast copper reserves become a mainstay of the economy as do its foodstuffs as it exports to the motherland in increasing amounts. Investment into civic infrastructure also continues. Burma sees similar developments as its status as a coal powerhouse brings the Belkan administration, under support from local elites, to expand the coal mining heavily as well as development of some domestic industries. Funds brought in by the export are used to invest further into the colony as some cash cropping is expanded. A more modern census of Burma is convened revealing much higher than initial estimates in population - with the region boasting nearly 12 million people. Seeing the need to more effectively defend the Asian colonies, Belkan forces begin training nearly 150,000 troops out of East Asia with a focus on Burma itself - which fields almost 100,000 of this force. Seeing the need to more effectively defend the colonies as well, various cities are fortified in a modern sense. In Burma its major cities begin to have lines of defense built around them to prevent an easy conquest.
 * Theodore happily agrees. -Ethiopia.
 * Ethiopian Empire: The 200,000 men a mix of veterans and green troops are sent to Belka. The University of Axum and Royal Locomotive Company work toward producing a working team engine. The modernization of the country continues as Ethiopia becomes an African "City on a Hill." The central Plateau becomes more urbanized as do the two major port cities. The Ethiopian Army is drilled to the point as its becomes more self sufficient on Ethiopian industry. Medicine and education continue to improve within the nation. The stock market and banking expanded the economy.
 * Kingdom of Burgundy: The union of Nova Belgica and New Netherlands is approved by the States-General. Integration of the West Bank continues. As most of the strikes and protests have died down seeing the fall of nationalism to the east, productivity begins to rise. By this year, enough Rhenish have joined the Royal Army that the “Rhenish Division”, some 20,000 strong, is organized. In East Frisia, the Frisian language is given recognized status. In the other West Bank provinces, Burgundian remains taught in schools, but the native Franconian languages are often taught in conjunction. The battleship SMS Sint Sigismund is launched, the first of what are being called the King-class battleships. Her sister ships, Karel de Grousse, Wëllem de Juist, Henri de Shëffsträcht, Frederik de Staark, and  Elisabeth de Eisen, remain under construction. The Verwoester-class, the Woede, and Medway-class are removed from the I Battle Squadron due to their obsolescence, and are reconstituted the IV Battle Squadron of the Royal Navy (the II Battle Squadron is reserved for Nova Belgican battleships, same for the III Battle Squadron with Guyanese). The I Battle Squadron, now composing of the 16” armed SMS Texel (flag), and the 12” armed Ameland, Terschelling, Steinbourg, and Emmen, are sent on a training expedition through the Western Mediterranean, with port of calls in Iberia, France, and Papal Italy. This year the cruiser Vuurbol is launched, a new type of warship, and cheaper than contemporary armored cruisers, and faster (OTL protected cruiser).

1883
The Mapuche finally begin to industrialize following a major developments in their capital and their clear access to highly profitable natural resources.

''' The arrival of French and Belkan forces, specifically Battlegroup Kraken and its battleships sparks panic in the capital of Argentine the populace full well knowing any coastal city can be razed by the fleets large guns in an instant. '''

Why are the Belkan Kraken in New Vichy if Argentine is not at war with Bresil? -KK

''' The Independence of Kaliforniya (insert new name here) sees it adopt equal rights, freedom of religion, and a Federal structure as it seeks to please all the constituents of the newly born state. '''
 * Kalifornien: After our independence for the first time we raise the Californian Flag since our demise in 1820's. Our first provisional government is from Russo-German Landowners, Industrialists and Religious of all branches of churches. This government also publishes a journal with all rights and basic laws of California. This includes the official govermental font and language laws. The Federal state governmental body is known as "State parliament of Arcadia" and the Federal Governmental body is know as "Federal Parliament of Arcadia" (sorry moderators). The first party also founded "Christliche Volkspartei Kaliforniens/Christian Peoples Party of California/Христианская Народная Партия Калифорнии". The rest of the provisional representatives are independent from any political party. The Upper House also declares that the enemy of the state is monarchy. Even with this, the Upper House invites the Royal House of Diltwa who are in exile in Aztlan to discuss matters of property and more topics to keep the peaceful existence of the new republic and the former royal house. (Aztlan/Diltwas response). President also with a decree creates the Kalifornisches Heer/Californian Army. This force at the moment mostly exists out of former separatists and even a small amount of general staff from the imperial era but they are at a very old age. This army is mostly based around basic infantry and horsemen which carry smoothbore and the elite some early Needle Rifles. The Upper House also has a competition between its citizens to make a better flag for the new republic so it can be represented better. The political system is based on the idea that each state parliament will have a number of consuls in direct correlation with the federal state population. Each consul will be elected directly from the people by election. Each federal state has the right to tax the people, while the federal government can have small tariffs on foreign goods, tax on luxury items, and tax on interstate commerce. The president also ensures the people that from the moment a treaty defining the border comes into existence that states can be formed and state elections can be started after defining the proportion needed for consuls. The President also says that all rights of California for citizens and foreigners will be made public in a treaty after a one or two year period. The treaty of Treaty of Lucentum is signed defining the Russo-Californian border and many more issues. It is also decided that from 1st of May wagons and other forms of transport will switch lanes and they will need to drive on the left side of the road.
 * Borealian Diplomacy: Prime Minister Jan Coevorden and the nation's parliament formally recognize the nation of Kalifornien (as far as they know the first to do so) and offer to establish an embassy in their capital, and one of theirs in our capital of Sint Jan.
 * Arcadia diplomacy:Our Provisional Government sent a small gift of a small metal chipmunk statue to the Borealians to thank them for recognision us.Our provisional Government says that if the Borealians want they can have a embasy and a dutch block in the city of new constantinople
 * Borealia: Prime Minister Jan Coevorden and the nation's parliament formally recognize the nation of Kalifornien (as far as they know the first to do so) and offer to establish an embassy in their capital, and one of theirs in our capital of Sint Jan. The Democratic Party flourishes under Coevorden and his theories of expansion, nicknamed "manifest destiny" are published and spread across the nation. As a result, the earlier settlements in Burgundian West Africa are officially sanctioned by the government. Pretoria is renamed Coevorden after the prime minister, and a settlement named Johannesburg is founded, named for Secretary of State Johannes Verhagen. Unlike the Conservatives, the Democratic Party is extremely lax on immigration, and a new law is passed effectively welcoming anyone to freely enter the country, which is initially unpopular in many of the cities. A party is founded known as the "Arcadian Party", nicknamed the "Know Nothings" for their secrecy, whose ideology includes Arcadian nationalism and nativism. Coevorden's policies also cause friction with neighboring states of Arcadia, particularly New England. A military build up is ordered, including the construction of two more battleships, to be completed in late 1884, and two armored cruisers. A large initiative also begins to combine the armies of the various colonies and create one unified, centralized army for the entire nation. The military hierarchy is restructured, with veteran commanders of the War of the Rhine being tasked with overseeing the overhaul. This year in sports there is a large increase in the number of teams, especially in New Netherland. After a series of disputes the Lakes Cup tournament is nearly postponed. However, new management takes over the tournament and changes its format. From now on the tournament will be held across Versland, with the location changing. Additionally the number of eligible teams is greatly expanded (the existing teams in Lelystad, Ameland, Havenland, Inhamdorp, Chalon, Icaria, Aalst, Philipsburg, Concord, New Rome, Montbard, Volendam, Rustenburg, Dronten, and Saratoga are included). However, only the top eight teams in this region will be invited to the tournament. In 1883, this is implemented for the first time, with many recently created teams in Lorentia participating. In particular the Yvoir Lorentians and Beringen HC (both small teams near Lake Lorentz) rise in popularity, with the Lorentians even advancing to the tournament. Of the larger teams in the area, Montbard and the Volendam Veerlieden both advance. They are joined by Aalst, Icaria, Ameland, Havenland, and Chalon. In the finals Volendam defeats Aalst to win its first title, and the first ever win for a Lorentian team. In competition for the Stenweide Cup, Volendam is defeated by Koebecstad, but they are defeated by Wilhemina, who wins their fifth title. A second expedition is launched by Willem Schuver to the South Pole. This time he successfully managed to reach the geographic South Pole.
 * Rhineland The Rhineland aspires to be the greater German nation and decides that the first step is to industrialize and build up a better military. The government institutes the "Great Nation Plan" which states that the nation is to enlist a majority of able-bodied women to begin the industrialization of the nation, as this is the primary focus of the government. It then states that all able-bodied men from the ages of 18 to 35 are to be conscripted to military service for seven years, but all that wish to stay in military service may stay. This is key to building up a military to prepare for a war, the German State can't be caught off guard again. The industry is mostly charged with building rifles, artillery, shells and such other things. The rest of industry is charged with regular basis. Rhineland also recognizes Kaliforniya as a sovereign country. Rhineland also wishes to closen the ties with Prussia and offers to sign the Deutsche Pact which states that each nation will not invade the other and that each nation guarantees the survival of the other if needed. (Need response from Prussia).

Rhineland requests an iron trade with Scandinavia and in return, will export machinery to them. (Need response from Scandinavia)


 * Swahili: We continue colonial expansion in Northern Somalia, in the south and in the Malindi and Mombasa area. Colonization increases as medicine and weaponry become more widespread. Foreign veterans are recruited to train the army, especially those from the British and Belkan expeditionary forces. More textile factories are constructed, modernized versions of previous textile manufactories. WIth the export of cotton textiles, cotton farming increases and slavery increases in the Swahili heartland. Agricultural modernization continues in the Swahili heartland and spreads to Somalia and Rowzi. The Bayab School continues to spread in Swahili, dominating Southern Swahili now. The Sultan arrives in France, visiting the parliament and presenting many gifts, most notably a giraffe for the Parisian zoo. In Swahili, the BYK government proceeds to brand many BNS politicians and figures as criminals due to their refusal to obey the two Acts and declaration of the election, and thus BYK authority, to be unlawful. As a result, the BNS band together to form a rival government and declare  the BYK government illegal, claiming that they are traitors to the Sultan. The Southern Swahili provinces soon declare rebellion from the Central Government, as well as Huriya, Rowzi, the Swazi Emirates and Sefuwa, declaring their loyalty to the Sofala Government. The southern fleet of Swahili also declares its loyalty, as well as the Sofala army, the Aliwa army and the Malawi Military Academy. As the first act of the majority Bayab government, slavery is outlawed in all territories of the Sofala Government, which faced little resistance due to the original yeomen and military gentry demography. Faced with armed rebellion, the Zanzibar government conscripts tens of thousands of young men to the army. The Southern armies are organized into the Army of Loyalty to Sultan and Love of God and marched northwards to liberate the Swahili people from the tyrannical BYK. Hearing the news of the civil war, the Sultan immediately departs. Railroads are temporarily requisitioned and multiple storage warehouses are seized for munitions and weapons. With speed afforded by the use of railroads, the 40,000 strong army arrived near Ibo. The 100,000 strong Northern army, who were marching to crush the rebels, didn't expect their arrival and the Southern army, led by general Duma, ambushed the northern army within a river valley and crushed the outgunned and out trained Northern army, killing and capturing 80,000 men. After destroying the main army of the North and capturing thousands of munitions and guns, the Southern army continues to advance, destroying more northern armies and capturing Dar As Saleem by October with now a 70,000 strong army from reinforcements and Northern armies that swore loyalty to the Sofala government. With the threat of blockade and starvation, the Zanzibar Government moves its centre of governance to Malindi and requests complete support from Somalia, offering to raise Mogadishu back to its historical importance and prestige. At sea, however, the BYK dominates with its merchant fleet, and around 70% of the Swahili navy; while the Sofala Government is supported by the few fleets of the Sofala Arsenal and its blockade of Sofala government are already resulting in bullion shortage in the South. However, the companion fleet of the Sultan can change all balance of power once it returns.


 * Huriya: Huriya declares loyalty to the Sofala government and sends an army to support it.
 * Rowzi: Rowzi declares loyalty to the Sofala government and sends an army to support it.
 * United Swazi Emirates: The Swazi Emirates declare loyalty to the Sofala government and send an army to support it.
 * Sefuwa: The colonies of Swahili declare loyalty to the Sofala government and send an army to support it.


 * Kingdom of Burgundy: Following the launch of Vuurbol, three more protected cruisers of similar design enter service with their sister ship. The protected cruisers, armed with 8" guns and torpedoes, are assigned as a screening force for the battle fleet, to ward off the destroyers some navies have been building. In the West Bank, fortifications are built to secure the region. A strategic defensive line along the Rhine begins construction. The Burgundian language is much more widespread among the lower class since the introduction of universal education, with the exception of the West Bank which as only recently been introduced to it. Queen Mary announces her intention to make a visit to Borealia next year, the first time a crowned Burgundian monarch will be visiting the New World.


 * Republica Ibérica: The birth rate remains stagnant, but sizable growth continues. The population is estimated to be 43.95 million. Literacy rates in Iberia continue to climb steadily, especially among the young. The economy experiences strong growth this year as internal demand leads to greater production of household goods. High international demand and the huge government contract for ships means that the shipyards of Catalonia remain busy. The Carbon Arc Welder continues to spread as a tool in ship construction. The 1887 Naval Expansion continues, Iberian shipyards will complete four new battleships, ten new armored cruisers, twelve new frigates and three dozen patrol boats. Work continues on the Andalucia Class battleships and the Madrid Class armored cruisers. The Sandoval Model 1880 enters large scale production after passing military trials. A breakthrough in the development of a black powder replacement successfully creates a viable powder. With the reliability issues resolved the rifle quickly passed military reviews.
 * Republica de Morocco: The first national census is administered to the Republic, and the population is found to be 7.48 million. The economy of Morocco continues to grow rapidly due to Iberian investment and technical aid. The steel industry expands rapidly as does the rail network. Phosphate production becomes a major sector of the Moroccan economy as does the synthesis of phosphorus fertilizer. Agricultural mechanization along with water conservation and management projects lead to aggressive growth in the agricultural sector. Reformist Maghrebi Islam spreads with government support. Meanwhile, the educational reforms of the previous few years have contributed to rising literacy. The Moroccan Army which suffered decades of neglect is reformed this year with assistance from Iberian officers. The new command structure mirrors that of Iberia for ease of integration into the Iberian Military. Furthermore, the 100,000 troops are to be outfitted with Model 1864 Vento Lever Action Rifles from surplus stores following the adoption of a more modern rifle.
 * Dependencia de Algeria: Expansion into the desert continues along old trade routes with nomads employed as guides. The Iberian Government places high priority on this expansion and efforts are made to expedite it. The population of Algeria reaches 3.96 million inhabitants of Iberian Algeria, and of these, 750,000 are European. Algerian migration to Morocco continues en masse to escape the poverty of interior Algeria.. The interior economy remains very poor with limited adoption of modern technology. Meanwhile, along the coast and in Mostaganem there is rapid development as European migrants begin implementing modern farming, manufacturing and financial methods from their homes.
 * Antillas Ibéricas: The colony continues to enjoy the profits of salt and sugar production. Educational reforms spread as the government promotes literacy and basic mathematics.
 * Indias Orientales Ibéricas: The colony continues to enjoy the profits of spice production. Rubber production commences with small returns at first due to the young age of the trees. Educational reforms spread as the government promotes literacy and basic mathematics.
 * República Africana Ibérica: The republic continues expansion efforts along the Sahel north of the French holdings in West Africa. Gold and other minerals begin to constitute a major economic section in Senegay, and a rail line is built from Dakar inland towards the mineral deposits. Aluminium production grows this year and port facilities are modernized to facilitate its export.


 * Greater Chinese Empire: With European encroachment into Asia, it is deduced that China–Korea's primary military concern is not domestic security (which has been achieved with the suppression of systematic opposition), but potential European subjugation–fueling fears of colonization and driving desire to achieve military parity with Europe in quality. As a result, the military budget is raised to a third of the national budget, amounting to approximately one-twentieth of China–Korea's total economic output. With the recognition of naval expansion as critical to China–Korea's safety, the Office of the Navy is turned into the Ministry of the Navy (with Secretary Zhang Zhidong becoming a Minister) and is allocated a larger working budget. A legislative bill is unanimously ratified by the Grand Secretariat, planning the construction of 32 additional ironclads (to join the pre-existing four) by 1890. As navies are international hallmarks of power and status, Hua Chinese nationalists hope that naval buildup will grant China–Korea international recognition and deter European attempts to conquer it. With top-tier European powers transitioning to bolt-action rifles, the needle and muzzle-loading rifles (being the service and reserve rifles respectively) currently used by the Sino–Korean Imperial Army are becoming increasingly obsolete. As a result, the production of muzzle-loading rifles and their carbine derivatives is halted, due to a surplus. With a need for a standardized firearm, Sino–Korean military engineers launch TJ-83; China–Korea's first domestically-developed service rifle and has a design similar to existing European models. While identical in outward appearance to needle rifles, a rubber obturator is installed on its bolt head to provide a more efficient gas-seal (increasing range and accuracy due to stability in flight), while it now fires a centerfire drawn brass metallic cartridge–removing the problem of accumulated residue. While an improvement, it still lacks a magazine-fed mechanism rendering it a single-shot firearm. Due to the success of preliminary tests, a government commences production, with the first batch of units produced by the end of the year. The conversion of factories producing muzzle-loading rifles commences. With an influx of capital from the nationalized Bank of China–Korea plus national funds acquired from taxes, arms production surges: the first batch of bolt-action rifles are produced, as well as carbines (which are remodelled after the new service rifles), rapid-fire guns, and steel rifle-barrelled breech-loaders. Construction on the two cruisers and two destroyers continues, though plans are made to commission eight ships in 1886 (with construction starting next year). A defence-oriented military policy is emphasized. Strategic forts are maintained in Busan, Dongying, Shanghai, and Guangzhou, while the Amur River is consolidated with light fortifications. The second round of major forts are built: in Dunhuang (defending the Gansu Corridor), Tianjin (defending the capital), and Harbin (to prevent a Russian advance into Manchuria). Harbin has a garrison of 100,000 troops, while the other two have 50,000 troops each. In Busan, shore batteries are built, while a lighthouse is built on Yeondo island to complement the one in Daemado island (which monitors boat activity within the Korea strait). The standing army is once again set at ~800,000 troops. Levels of educational attainment continue to see rapid improvement due to compulsory nine-year education. The basic two-year course (offered to uneducated adults outside the compulsory schooling range), once optional, is made mandatory and is lengthened to four years. The increase in basic literacy and numeracy boost human capital, thereby increasing China–Korea's growth potential. There is intensive infrastructural development with the rapid construction of housing complexes and streetcars to accommodate a growing urban population, as well as telegraph and railway. This infrastructural boom has led in the boom in the production of concrete, glass, machinery, and locomotives. Arc lamps are constructed in all public spaces, replacing oil lamps as the primary source of lamp. Meanwhile, sewage systems in major cities is improved. In addition, there is rapid growth in industry: particularly in the production of textiles and synthetic dyes due to the increasing usage of steam power, and most importantly in steel due to the adoption of the Besemmer process (allowing for cheap mass-production). The first commercial steamships are built, and are made to ease movement of people and products along China–Korea's river basins. With the rise in agricultural output (leading to a surplus) due to the usage of ammonia-based fertilizers, the cultivation of cash crops (such as tea, cotton, fibre crops, sugarcane and oilseeds) is encouraged. With this economic and educational boom resulting in the simultaneous rise of a middle-class and living standards, high-end shopping arcades are built. Cosmetic products and dermatological clinics also gain widespread appeal. Meanwhile, a small records industry is established. The adoption of Western attire by government officials is enforced. However, common attire is also modernized. Clothing based on robes and long jackets and with extraneous articles of clothing are discouraged. Simplified versions of the qipao (known as the cheongsam) and the magua (known as the tangzhuang) are promoted, with tangzhuang having two varieties corresponding to the two sexes. However, changshan and traditional qipao remain in use for formal occasions. There is a national prohibition in the public usage of opiates while other measures are enacted to discourage its usage, such as hefty taxes and regulations on its production. However, this just spurs a sudden increase in the usage of cigarettes.
 * Tibet (associated state): Lhasa, inhabited by ~20,000 residents, is modernized. The Tibetan clergy continue to administer the country, rendering Tibet a de facto theocratic oligarchy, and a de jure limited democracy. Sedentary living is encouraged, with the little available arable land being intensively cultivated. A garrison of two Sino–Korean divisions is stationed there. One brigade (~5000 troops) comprising of natives is established, armed with muzzle-loading rifles.
 * Dzungaria (associated state): Ghulja, inhabited by ~20,000 residents, is modernized. To ease administration, the Dzungar government encouraged ranching instead of a semi-nomadic pastorialist lifestyle. Dzungars continue to cultivate larger quantities of wheat and maize as both a staple grain and food for livestock. The local Sino–Korean garrison stationed there is at five divisions. The Dzungarian Gate is fortified with a fort and heavy trench lines. Two divisions comprising of natives is established, armed with muzzle-loading.
 * Altishahria (associated state): Urumqi, inhabited by ~50,000 residents, continues to see infrastructural development, with various civic buildings built in the capital. A garrison consisting of two divisions is stationed there. Irrigation systems is established around oases. Cash crops are grown, specifically grapes, melons, pears and walnuts. Particularly famous are Hami melons and Turpan raisins. Two divisions comprising of natives is established, armed with muzzle-loading rifes.