Portugal (Principia Moderni II Map Game)

The Kingdom of Portugal is a nation in Europe. It is bordered by the Kingdoms of Galicia, at north, and the Kingdoms of León and Sevilla, at east. The Kingdoms mentioned are all part of the Crown of Castille, except for Portugal. Due to having the city of Ceuta and surroundings, it also borders Morocco at south.

History
The territory present on the present borders of the Kingdom of Portugal has been continuously settled since prehistoric times: occupied by Celts like the Gallaeci and the Lusitanians, integrated into the Roman Republic and later settled by Germanic peoples such as the Suebi and the Visigoths.

In the 8th century most of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Moorish invaders professing Islam, which were later expelled by the Knights Templar under the Order of Christ. During the Christian Reconquista, the County of Portucale was formed in 868, with its first count being Vímara Peres, after whom the city of Guimarães is named. The county was for most of its history, a subject of the Kingdoms of Asturias (until 924), Galicia (whenever it and León didn&amp;apos;t had the same monarchs), and León. The County essentially ceased to exist by the first time after the Count Nuno (II) Mendes started to claim the title of "King of Portucale", and subsequently died on the Battle of Pedroso, fought against Garcia II of Galicia. Garcia then, started to use the title of "King of Portucale". However, Garcia didn&amp;apos;t last much with the title, as he was deposed by his brothers Sancho II of Castille and Alfonso VI of León. Thus, the Kingdom of Galicia, along with the territory of the county of Portucale, was absorbed by the Kingdom Of León.

The former Kingdom of Galicia, including the Portugal and Coimbra, was given by Alfonso VI as a county to his son-in-law Raymond of Burgundy. However, concern for Raymond&amp;apos;s growing power led Alfonso in 1096 to separate Portugal and Coimbra from Galicia and grant them to Henry of Burgundy, nephew of Alfonso&amp;apos;s wife. Henry chose Braga as the base for this newly formed county, the Condado Portucalense, known at the time as Terra Portucalense or Província Portucalense, which would last until Portugal achieved its independence, recognized by the Kingdom of León in 1143. Its territory included much of the current Portuguese territory between the Minho River and the Tejo River. On 24 June 1128, the Battle of São Mamede occurred near Guimarães. Afonso Henriques, Count of Portugal, defeated his mother, Countess Teresa and her lover Fernão Peres de Trava, thereby establishing himself as sole leader. Afonso Henriques officially declared Portugal&amp;apos;s independence when he proclaimed himself King of Portugal on 25 July 1139, after the Battle of Ourique. He was recognized as such in 1143 by King Alfonso VII of León and Castile, and in 1179 by Pope Alexander III.

Afonso Henriques and his successors, aided by military monastic orders, pushed southward to drive out the Moors, as the size of Portugal covered about half of its present area. In 1249, this Reconquista ended with the capture of the Algarve on the southern coast, giving Portugal its present-day borders, with minor exceptions. The borders on the Iberian peninsula were defined in 1297.

In 1348 and 1349, like the rest of Europe, Portugal was devastated by the Black Death.

In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with England. It was apparently reaffirmed in 1452.

In 1383, the King of Castile (Juan I), husband of the daughter (Beatriz) of the Portuguese King (Fernando I) who had died without a surviving male heir, claimed his throne. Other claimants also were Fernand&amp;apos;s half-brothers, Dinis, Lord of Villar-Dompardo, and João, Lord of Porto de Mós. An ensuing popular revolt led to the 1383-1385 Crisis. A faction of petty noblemen and commoners, led by João of Avis (another half-brother of Fernando I, later João I), seconded by General Nuno Álvares Pereira defeated the Castilians in the Battle of Aljubarrota.

In the following decades, Portugal spearheaded the exploration of the world and undertook the Age of Discovery. Infante Dom Henry the Navigator, son of King João I, became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavor.

In 1415, Portugal acquired the first of its overseas colonies by conquering Ceuta. It was the first prosperous Islamic trade center in North Africa. There followed the first discoveries in the Atlantic: Madeira and the Azores, which led to the first colonization movements, that are still being undertaken. The archipelago of Cabo Verde was discovered in 1459 (by France), and a colony was founded there. The island of Achinet, or Tenerife was conquered in 1464.

Throughout the 15th century, Portuguese explorers sailed the coast of Africa, establishing trading posts for several common types of tradable commodities at the time, ranging from gold to slaves, as they looked for a route to India and its spices, which are coveted in Europe.

During Afonso V's reign, Portugal continued to settle lands on Africa, particularly the Cabo Verde islands, and parts of the littoral, as feitorias. After his death in 1475, his son Afonso succeeded to the throne, and got himself involved on a disastrous war against Castille, which ended with the Portuguese defeat, and loss of Ceuta. On a lighter note, Portugal apparently became an ally of Venice. This Afonso died of the plague, and as he had sent his children to study on England, and England was apparently on an isolationist period, as it didn't answer any messages by Portugal, the throne was empty.João II Of Coimbra assumed as regent, but as he rarely was present on Lisboa, Duarte of Guimarães assumed the administrative issues. With the end of the war, Afonso came back to Portugal, and was crowned. However, he died shortly after, the only achievements of his reign being the peace with Castille and the establishment of the feitoria of São Jorge da Mina, which quickly became the most lucrative of the Portuguese feitorias, surpassing Serra Leoa and Arguim.

João II Of Coimbra, his uncle, then became King. João continued the focus on finding a route to India. In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias discovered that the Indian Ocean wasn't landlocked, as it was said, thus discovering a sea route to India. The expedition of Pero de Covilhã and Afonso de Paiva to India and Abyssinia, respectively, also collected more information about those routes. And, in 1491, a Scandinavian navigator called Cjest Reginsson asked for funding of the King of Portugal for an expedition to find the settlement of "Vinland". João II accepted reluctantly.

In 1492, Reginsson's expedition parted from Porto, and in 12 October, land was first sighted. The place was called "Myrland" by Reginsson, and the expedition continued to sail north, discovering an almost contiguous expanse of land, which was called "Antília" by one of his pilots, Gaspar Corte-Real. Despite this, Reginsson failed in discover Vinland, asking for funds for another expedition. Those funds were granted, and Reginsson managed to discover Vinland, or at least, he claimed to have done it. Other lands were also discovered. Meanwhile, the colony of Cabo Verde also expanded, with the founding of a settlement on the island of São Tomé.

João II died in 1495, being succeeded by his son, also called João, who was a minor when he ascended to the throne, and died two years later. During this time, Duarte de Guimarães was the regent of the Kingdom. He was succeeded by his older sister Urraca, as he had no surviving brothers. After the coronation, Urraca married Afonso de Viseu, son and heir of Diogo, Duke of Viseu. Afonso died in 1502 on a hunting accident, having only two sons with Urraca. Urraca married again in 1504, this time with the son of the Duke of Bragança, also called Afonso.

Other expeditions to the area also took place, and some went farther south, and in late 1497, an expedition led by Duartge Pacheco sighted a land mass to the south of Antília. It was called Terra de Santa Cruz, though most of the natives called it Pindorama. A feitoria was built there in 1499, and occupation of the lands began right away. Another colony was founded on Antília in 1511.

Algarve*

 * Name: Reino do Algarve (Portuguese)/Kingdom of Algarve (English)
 * Flag: FlagKingdomAlgarve.jpg
 * Coat of Arms:
 * Capital: Faro
 * Language: Portuguese
 * Religion: Roman Catholicism
 * Regime: Monarchy
 * Currency: Real
 * Established: 1189 (as Kingdom Of Silves)/1242

The title of "King Of Algarve" was used by the first time by Sancho I Of Portugal, after he conquered Silves in 1189. Since Silves was just another city on the Almohad Empire, Sancho used alternately, the titles of "King of Portugal and Algarve", or "King of Portugal and Silves", and even "King of Portugal, Silves and Algarve". He ceased to use this title after the Almohad conquered Silves back in 1191.

After the Almohad Empire dissolved, The region of Algarve started to be controlled by the Taifa of Niebla, one of the various emirates that had formed after the Almohads&amp;apos; dissolution. Its Emir started to call himself "Amir al-gharb". Meanwhile, Castillian and Portuguese conquest of southern lands continued, with Sancho II conquering most of Nieblas west of the Guadianas river, except for some basically independent enclaves, such as Faro, Loulé and others. After Sancho II was excommunicated and deposed in 1248, Afonso III, his brother and successor, conquered the remaining former Nieblan enclaves, being the second Portuguese monarch to style himself as "King Of Portugal and Algarve".


 * - Despite its depiction here, Algarve is not quite a separate Kingdom, as it doesn&amp;apos;t have institutions, charters or particular privileges, neither autonomy, being basically a honorific title over a region that isn&amp;apos;t any different from the rest of Portugal, as well as the Kingdoms of Toledo, Seville and many others are for the Castillian crown.

Cabo Verde

 * Name: Cabo Verde
 * Language: Portuguese
 * Established:1461
 * Major cities: Santiago de Anaga (located in OTL Santa Cruz de Tenerife), Ribeira Grande (OTL Cidade Velha de Ribeira Grande de Santiago), São Tomé (same place as OTL)
 * Administrative subdivisions: Canárias, São Tomé, Costa do Ouro, Serra Leoa, Guiné and Cabo Verde.

Before the arrival of Europeans, the Cabo Verde Islands were uninhabited. The islands of the Cabo Verde archipelago were discovered by Italian, French and Portuguese navigators from 1459 on. The first Portuguese discoveries were made by a Genoese born Antonio de Noli, who was afterwards appointed governor of Cabo Verde by the Portuguese King Afonso V. Other navigators mentioned as contributing with discoveries for Portugal in the Cabo Verde archipelago are Diogo Gomes, Diogo Dias, Diogo Afonso and the Italian Alvise Cadamosto. The French records don&amp;apos;t mention names.

The first five islands, discovered in two separate voyages in 1460, were added to the domains of the Order of Christ, and all the later-discovered islands also were added to their land. However, most of the islands are not occupied, with the only settlements being located on Santo Antão, Santiago and São Vicente, with the latter two only starting to be settled only in 1466. However, the biggest settlement is still Ribeira Grande.

However, the colony isn&amp;apos;t restricted to those areas. One important area is the Canary islands area.

Before the arrival of the Guanches, the Canaries were inhabited by prehistoric animals; for example, giant lizards, or giant rats.

The islands were visited by the Phoenicians, the Greeks, and the Carthaginians. According to the 1st century AD Roman author and philosopher Pliny the Elder, the archipelago was found to be uninhabited when visited by the Carthaginians under Hanno the Navigator, but that they saw ruins of great buildings. This story may suggest that the islands were inhabited by other peoples prior to the Guanches. King Juba, Augustus&amp;apos;s Numidian protege, is credited with discovering the islands for the Western world. He dispatched a naval contingent to re-open the dye production facility at Mogador in what is now western Morocco in the early 1st century AD. That same naval force was subsequently sent on an exploration of the Canary Islands, using Mogador as their mission base.

When the Europeans began to explore the islands, they encountered several indigenous populations living at a primitive level of technology. Although the history of the settlement of the Canary Islands is still unclear, linguistic and genetic analyses seem to indicate that at least some of these inhabitants shared a common origin with the Berbers of northern Africa. The pre-colonial inhabitants are known as Guanche, an adjective used by the people of Tenerife (Achinet in their language) to refer to themselves.

Sometime ago, the islands were visited by the Arabs for commercial purposes. The Muslim navigator Ibn Farrukh, from Granada, is said to have landed in "Gando" (Tamarán) in February 999, visiting a King named Guanarigato. From the 14th century onward, numerous visits were made by sailors from Majorca, Portugal and Genoa. Lancelotto Malocello settled on Titerogacáete in 1312. The Majorcans established a mission with a bishop in the islands that lasted from 1350 to 1400. There may have been a Portuguese expedition that attempted to colonize the islands as early as 1336.

Recently, the islands were claimed by the Duchy of Burgundy and Portugal. They reached an agreement in which the islands on Benauare, Tamarán and Achinet were to be passed to Portugal, and the islands of Gomáara, Eseró, Erbana and Titerogacáete were to be passed to the Burgundians. Unfortunately, the French conquered Benauare first, thus violating Portuguese claims on the area.

The first expedition to secure the Canaries for Portugal has been undertaken in 1465 in Achinet/Tenerife, then divided into nine petty Kingdoms, ruled by a mencei, which is why those Kingdoms are known as menceiatos. Portugal received support from the southern menciatos of Anaga, Guimar, Abona and Adeje, while opposing the menceiatos of Taoro, Tegueste, Tacoronte, Icode and Daute. While the topography and the resistance of the natives made complete pacification difficult, it was eventually achieved recently. The first settlement on the island was founded in 1466, being called Santiago de Anaga, after the menceiato in which it is located.

There is also settlement on the islands of São Tomé, Fernão do Pó, and Santo Antão.

The colony also has under its administration and jurisdiction feitorias (outposts) on the African coast. By now, there are five, one is on the island of Arguim, and is the most northern, and oldest one, is located near the Cacheu river, and is the northernmost one. other is located farther south, and other is located on a harbour near the Serra Leoa hills, on a more southern latitude than Cabo Verde itself, and the other two feitorias. And, there is São Jorge da Mina, the most southern one. Due to the discovery of gold in the area, the feitoria on the local soon became the richest of them. It is also the only feitoria with an urban nucleus recognized as a city. While there is one in Serra Leoa, it isn&amp;apos;t recognized as one yet.

Brasil

 * Name: Brasil
 * Language: Portuguese
 * Established:1498
 * Major cities: São Vicente (same location as OTL.), São Salvador da Bahia de Tdos os Santos (OTL Salvador), Nossa Senhora das Neves (OTL João Pessoa), Olinda (same location as OTL), Santa Maria (OTL Buenos Aires)
 * Administrative subdivisions: Pará, Tremembé, Ceará, Potengi, Pernambuco, Itamaracá, Bahia, Nhoesembé, Espírito Santo, Cabo Frio, São Vicente e Enguaguaçu, Paranaguá, Rio Grande, Guaíba.

The colony was founded in 1498, with the first areas of the colony being occupied by feitorias similar to the ones in Africa, and which were to function the same way as there. The land is inhabitated by primitive natives divided into several tribes, many of speaking almost the same language, and who fight among themselves, exception being the area of the settlement of Santa Maria, inhabitated by the "Querandis", a people similar to the one who inhabits areas south of the feitoria of Rio Grande, who call themselves "Charruas". The main export of the colony is pau-Brasil, a tree used to make red dye. It is so abundant that the colony is known as "Terra do Pau-Brasil". The Portuguese occupied areas are numerous, and often disjointed. The only areas connected with each other are Potengi-Itamaracá-Pernambuco and São Vicente-Paranaguá. There also are parts of the same divison, but disconnected, such as São Jorge dos Ilhéus, part of Bahia, but with no connection to it. Most of the areas already have settlements, either officially established or not.

Antília

 * Name: Antília
 * Language: Portuguese
 * Established:1511
 * Major cities: Santo Amaro (OTL Plymouth), São Tomé (OTL Saybrook), Santa Inês (OTL Newport).
 * Administrative subdivisions: São Tomé, Santa Inês, Santo Amaro.

The colony was founded in 1511, originally planned to be located farther south, but as the Danish had already occupied the area, it was established farther north. The area around the feitoria is inhabited by natives, apparently called "Quinipiaques". There are other peoples living nearby, such as the Matabéçiques, Narragançétes, and the Ampanoaques, aside of others.

Nobiliarquic divisions and titleholders (as of 1540)



 * Duchy of Bragança - Afonso IV of Bragança (in personal union with the crown)
 * Duchy of Viseu - Garcia de Viseu
 * Duchy of Beja - Fernando II of Beja
 * Duchy of Coimbra - Garcia of Avis
 * Duchy of Guimarães - Inês de Guimarães/Garcia of Avis
 * Duchy of Barcelos - Nuno II of Barcelos
 * Marquessate of Torres Novas - João de Lencastre
 * Marquessate of Valença - Duarte of Bragança
 * Marquessate of Vila Real - Pedro III de Menezes
 * Marquessate of Vila Viçosa - vacant - lands returned to the crown
 * Marquessate of Ferreira - Rodrigo de Melo
 * County of Abrantes - Lopo II de Almeida
 * County of Alcoutim - Pedro III de Menezes
 * County of Arganil - held by the Bishops of Coimbra
 * County of Arraiolos - Afonso IV of Bragança (in personal union with the crown)
 * County of Atalaia - vacant - lands returned to the crown.
 * County of Cantanhede - Pedro II de Menezes
 * County of Castanheira - Antônio de Ataíde
 * County of Feira - Manuel Pereira
 * County of Guazava - vacant - lands returned to crown
 * County of Linhares - Francisco de Noronha
 * County of Loulé - Guiomar Coutinho/João of Barcelos
 * County of Marialva - Guiomar Coutinho/João of Barcelos
 * County of Monsanto - Luís de Castro
 * County of Neivas - Afonso IV of Bragança (in personal union with the crown)
 * County of Odemira - Sancho IV de Noronha
 * County of Ourém - Afonso IV of Bragança (in personal union with the crown)
 * County of Penamacor - Afonso de Albuquerque
 * County of Portalegre - Álvaro da Silva
 * County of Prado - Pedro de Sousa
 * County of Redondo - João Coutinho
 * County of Sortelha - Luís da Silveira
 * County of Tarouca - João II de Meneses
 * County of Tentúgal - Rodrigo de Melo
 * County of Valença - Pedro III de Meneses
 * County Of Viana do Alentejo - Guiomar Coutinho/João of Barcelos
 * County Of Viana da Foz do Lima - Guiomar Coutinho/João of Barcelos
 * County of Vidigueira - Francisco da Gama
 * County of Vila Nova de Portimão - Pedro de Castelo-Branco
 * County of Vimioso - Francisco de Paula de Portugal e Castro

Actual Administrative divisions

 * Comarca of Entre-Douro-e-Minho
 * Comarca of Trás-os-Montes
 * Comarca of Beira
 * Comarca of Estremadura
 * Comarca of Alentejo
 * Comarca of Alagarve

House of Vímara Peres (Counts)

 * Vímara Peres (868-873)
 * Lucídio Vimaranes (873-?)
 * Onega Lucides/Diogo Fernandes (?-924)
 * Mumadona Dias/Hermenegildo I Mendes (924-950)
 * Gonçalo Mendes (950-999)
 * Mendo II Gonçalves (999-1008)
 * Alvito Nunes (1008-1015)
 * Ilduara Mendes/Nuno I Alvites (1015-1028)
 * Mendo III Nunes (1028-1050)
 * Nuno II Mendes (1050-1071) (first to call himself King Of Portucale)

House Of Jiménez

 * Garcia II of Galicia (1071) [only used as a honorific title, on the same way that "King of Algarve" is used today.]

House Of Borgonha

 * Afonso I (1109-1185)
 * Sancho I (1154-1212)
 * Afonso II (1185-1223)
 * Sancho II (1209-1248)
 * Afonso III (1210-1279)
 * Dinis (1261-1325)
 * Afonso IV (1291-1357)
 * Pedro (1320-1367)
 * Fernando (1345-1383)

House Of Avis
Avis-Bragança-Branch
 * João (1358-1433)
 * Duarte (1391-1438)
 * Afonso V(1432-1474)
 * Afonso VI (1455-1482)
 * Afonso VII (1475-1485)
 * João II (1457-1495)
 * João III (1487-1497)
 * Urraca I (1479-1547)
 * Pedro II (1506-1561)

House of Viseu

 * Afonso VIII (1480-1503) [King jure uxoris from 1498 to 1502]

House of Bragança

 * Afonso IX (1484-1543) [King jure uxoris from 1505 to 1543]

Current Family
João I of Portugal (1358-1433)
 * Duarte of Portugal (1391-1438)
 * Afonso V Of Portugal (1432-1475) - Isabel of Coimbra (1433-1486)
 * Afonso VI (1455-1481) - Anne Of York (1439-)
 * Diogo (1474)
 * Afonso (1475-1485)
 * Leonor (1477-1483)
 * João II (1457-1495) - Eleanor Of Viseu (1458-1525)
 * Urraca Of Portugal (1479-1547) - Afonso IX of Portugal (1484-1543)/- Afonso VIII of Portugal (1480-1503)
 * Dinis (1498-1508)
 * Urraca (1502-)
 * Pedro II of Portugal (1506-1561) - Vitória of Sweden (1505-)
 * Urraca (1523-)
 * Dinis II of Portugal (1525-1562)
 * Pedro III of Portugal (1550-1564)
 * Afonso X of Portugal (1527-1580)
 * João IV of Portugal (1547-1583)
 * Joana (1530-)
 * Maria (1533-)
 * Inês (1537-)
 * Pedro (1539-1575)
 * Afonso V of Bragança (1508-1556)
 * Duarte I of Bragança (1532-1591)
 * Isabel (1509-)
 * Manuel (1511-1513)
 * João III of Coimbra (1513-1535)
 * Maria (1515)
 * Constança (1517-)
 * Garcia of Coimbra (1518-1586) - Inês of Guimarães (1520-1574)
 * João V of Coimbra (1540-1591)
 * Antônio of Guimarães (1541-1563)
 * João (1480-1481)
 * Teresa (1482-)
 * João III (1487-1497)
 * Maria (1487-1490)
 * Duarte Of Guimarães (1460-1512) - Filipa de Macedo (1462-1485)
 * Francisco (1482-1485)
 * stillborn son (1485)
 * Fernando I of Viseu (1433-1470)
 * João Of Viseu (1448-1472)
 * Diogo de Viseu (1450-1504)
 * Afonso VIII of Portugal (1480-1502)
 * Duarte of Beja (1454-1493)
 * Eleanor of Viseu (1458-1525)
 * Dinis of Beja (1460-1512)
 * Garcia of Viseu (1489-1550)
 * João II of Viseu (1510-1572)
 * Henrique II of Viseu (1534-1602)
 * Fernando II of Beja (1493-1552)
 * Afonso of Beja (1515-1557)
 * Fernando III of Beja (1536-1560)
 * Urraca of Beja (1538-1594)
 * Simão of Viseu (1463-1504)
 * Manuel of Guimarães (1469-1521)
 * Dinis of Guimarães (1498-1523)
 * Brás of Guimarães (1500-1523)
 * Inês of Guimarães (1520-1574)
 * Pedro I of Coimbra (1392-1449)
 * Isabel of Coimbra (1433-1486)
 * João I of Coimbra (1431-1457)
 * Pedro II of Coimbra (1429-1466)
 * Jaime of Coimbra (1434-1459)
 * Afonso I of Bragança (1377-1460)
 * Afonso II of Bragança (1402-1471)
 * Afonso III of Bragança (1438-1483)
 * Fernando I of Bragança (1462-1515)
 * Afonso IV de Bragança/IX of Portugal (1484-1543)
 * Duarte of Valença (1440-1493)
 * Pedro of Valença (1467-1506)
 * Duarte II of Valença (1489-1546)
 * Nuno of Barcelos (1441-1503)
 * Fernando I of Barcelos (1465-1514)
 * Fernando II of Barcelos (1490-1516)
 * Manuel of Barcelos (1513-1520)
 * Nuno II of Barcelos (1494-1552)
 * João I of Barcelos (1515-1573)
 * Fernando of Vila Viçosa (1403-1478)
 * Fernando II of Vila Viçosa (1433-1495)
 * Jaime of Vila Viçosa (1459-1515)
 * João of Montemor-o-Novo (1435-1488)
 * Afonso of Faro (1436-1503) - Maria de Odemira (1440-1496)
 * Sancho II of Odemira (1468-1529)
 * Afonso II of Odemira (1491-1531)
 * Pedro of Odemira (1517-1533)
 * Sancho III of Odemira (1492-1537)
 * Sancho IV of Odemira (1515-1570)