List of Battleships of the Burgundian Royal Navy (Principia Moderni IV Map Game)

While the Burgundian Royal Navy (Kinnigleche Marine) had been constructing ships it called “battleships” as early as the 1860s, such as the central battery ironclad SMS Somme or the turreted ironclad SMS Verwoester, this list only follows the steel-hull battleships authorized under and after the 1888 “New Navy Program”, intended to secure the Kinnigleche Marines position as the premier world naval power in the wake of the Commonwealth War.

Austrasien-class
Preliminary work on what would become the Austrasien-class began in 1886. At the time, the most powerful units in the Burgundian Navy were the Monarch-class ironclad battleships, with the similarly designed Skagerrak-class, and while they were considered fine designs, rising tensions between the Dominion of Borealia and British Arcadian states - and the resultant tensions between Burgundy and the United Kingdom - underlined the need for an improved warship. The breakout of the Commonwealth War later that year meant the new designs wouldn’t see action.

Nevertheless, the Battle of Sicily, and the subsequent Battle of Wilmington, proved highly influential to the Austrasiens. The poor seakeeping of the Monarchs resulted in the freeboard of the new battleships. This meant that the turrets that had been mounted on warships such as the Verwoester-, Medway-, and Skagerrak-class were impossible, as the top weight would’ve reduced their stability to dangerous levels, and they were instead mounted with open barbettes.

The Austrasien-class carried the same 14” K L/30 C/80 (often shortened to 14”/30 C/80), that was carried on the preceding ironclad battleships. This was due to delays experienced in the designing of the 11” guns that were planned to succeed it. The secondary armament, ten 6”/40 guns, was a marked improvement over the 4” and 4.5” batteries carried on the Monarchs and Skagerraks. Their armored citadel, a compound armor of mixed iron and steel, measured 18” on the sides and 14” on the fore and aft ends. The Austrasiens were powered by a pair of three-cylinder, vertical triple expansion steam engines, each driving one propeller shaft, allowing a top speed of 17 knots.

Austrasien was built at the Royal Shipyards (Kinnigleche Werft) in Hoorn under construction number 18. Namur and Herzog Philippe de Gutt were built at the AG Weyland shipyard in Dunkerque under the construction numbers 207 and 314. Köln was built by Carnegie Eisenwerken in Antwerp under the construction number 82. Kales was also built in Antwerp, though by Blohm & Wolff under the construction number 139. Metz andGraf Roosevelt were built the the Royal shipyard in Ostend under the construction numbers 89 and 284. Loutrengen was built at Frederik Krupp Belgicawerft in Amsterdam under the construction number 114.

Holland-class
Designed almost concurrently alongside the Austrasien-class, the Holland-class were initially conceived as short-range brawlers, they were revised as the full capabilities of the 11” K L/40 C/90 rifles became apparent. Able to pierce more armor at longer ranges than the 14”/30 guns on the Austrasiens, it was decided to lengthen the ships to allow a third turret to be mounted amidships, bringing as many heavy guns on enemy ships as possible. Although it was found that during firing the central turret caused not inconsequential blast damage to the nearby superstructure, and the concept was abandoned after the ships were constructed.

The four ships, like the preceding Austrasiens, carried its guns in barbettes. However, the Hollands introduced the concept of enclosing the guns in an armored gun house, a construction that would come to be given the term “turret”, replacing the heavy housings that were originally called such.

Measuring 380 feet long, and with a beam of 64 feet, the four ships displaced on average 11,000 tons. They were armed with six 11” K L/40 C/90 rifles, mounted in three twin gun turrets. Two of these guns were emplaced in an amidship turret, a feature not previously utilized. Due to the necessity of creating an effective area of movement, the Hollands sacrificed some of its secondary armament to accommodate it. As such, it carried only eight 6”/40 guns to the Austrasiens ten. Its armored citadel measured 16" thick, thinning to 10" at the fore and aft ends. Powered by two sets of three-cylinder, vertical triple expansion steam engines, they were capable of a top speed of 17 knots.

Holland was built at the Royal Shipyards (Kinnigleche Werft) in Emden under the construction number 217. Herzog Jean de Furchtlos was built at Krupp Belgicawerft in Amsterdam as construction number 68. Jaymaika was built by Haussmann-Wilton-Fijenoord in Rotterdam under construction number 121. Ostfriesland was built by Carnegie Eisenwerken in Antwerp under construction number 99.

Vaud-class
In 1891, it was decided amongst the Burgundian Admiralty to expand the battleship fleet with ships based on the Austrasien type (the three-turret Holland type was rejected due to blast damage dealt to the superstructure by the midship turret). Returning to the two-gun, two-turret arrangement, initially only three were ordered, however, the escalation of the naval arms race happening at the time caused an additional six to be authorized.

421 feet long and 75 feet wide, the ships displaced on average about 16,000 tons, they were among the largest ships constructed during the the 19th century. They carried the same 11”/40 C/90 guns mounted on the Holland, also within armored gun houses. Its secondary battery consisted of 12 6”/40 rifle, six per broadside, to ward off enemy light units. As they were the first Burgundian battleships to be built with Harvey armor, they were able to carry a thinner armor belt (9” compared to the previous average of 16”) while not having to sacrifice any level of protection. Powered by a pair of three-cylinder, vertical triple expansion steam engines, the Vauds were capable of 16 knots.

Most of the Vaud-class had their armament mounted in pear-shaped barbettes, with type-BII ammunition hoists. These allowed for all-around loading of the guns from the supply of ammunition within the turret, but they had to return to the centerline to load from the internal magazines. SMS Vaud and SMS Kleff, the last two ships to be laid down, held circular barbettes and type-BIII hoists, which rotated with the turret, allowing all-round loading of the guns even from the internal magazines.

Vaud, Tréier and Rethel were built at the Royal Shipyards in Hoorn under the construction numbers 57, 101 and 143. Kinnig Wëllem de Gestreng was built at the Royal Shipyards in Ostend under the construction number 292. Kleff, Gülich, and Kamerijk were built at the Royal Shipyards in Emden under the construction numbers 77, 14, and 238. Kinnig Robert de Friddenstifter was built by AG Weyland in Dunkerque under construction number 81. Keesar Otto de Klug was built at Blohm & Wolff in Antwerp under construction number 307.

Kinnig Eduard de Jonk-class


Design work on what would become the Kinnig Eduard de Jonk-class began in 1894, when designs for new battleships for France, Prussia and Great Britain became known. With nine Vaud-class battleships then under construction, it was decided a new class would be needed to augment the ships already being built. The final design, an incremental improvement over the Vaud-class, was submitted to the States-General Naval Committee in late 1894, and would be subsequently approved. The States-General would authorize the construction of five warships in November of that year.

The ships were 421 feet long and had a beam of 74 feet. At full load, the ships had a draft of 30 feet, and displaced 14,300 tons. Like the preceding Holland and Vaud-classes, they mounted the 11” K L/40 C/90 rifles, these in two twin-gun enclosed turrets. Their secondary armament consisted of 12 6”/40 guns, six per side. Their armor was thinner than the preceding Vauds, measuring 6” at its thickest compared to the Vauds 9” belt. However, this was possible due to the ship's adoption of Carnegie armor (OTL Krupp armor), which had 30 percent greater protective value for a given weight compared to Harvey armor. This allowed the ships to provide a thick armored belt running the entire length of the ship from bow to stern, and still come in at a lighter displacement then their predecessors. The Kinnig Eduard de Jonks were powered by a pair of three-cylinder vertical triple expansion steam engines. They were the first Burgundian battleships to carry water-tube boilers, which generated more power for less weight than the fire-tube boilers used on preceding ships. The five ships were capable of 18 knots.

The battleships typically carried a crew of 682 officers and crew, the exception being SMS Keesarin Elisabeth de Eisen, which carried 752 officers and crew to facilitate its designed role as a flagship.

Kinnig Eduard de Jonk, Keesarin Elisabeth de Eisen, and Keesar Barbarossa we’re constructed at the Royal shipyards in Hoorn, Emden, and Ostend, under the construction numbers 60, 105, and 59, respectively. Kinnig Jean de Mëll was built by AG Weyland in Dunkerque under the construction number 74. Kinnig Rogier de Daper was built by Blohm & Wolff in Antwerp under construction number 204.

Brandenburg-class


Similar in appearance to the Vaud and Kinnig Eduard de Jonk classes that preceded them, the Brandenburgs were ordered as “improved Vauds” but in fact were an enlarged Kinnig Eduard de Jonk design. While the Kinnig Eduards took advantage of the newly developed Carnegie armor (Krupp armor) to remain the same size as the Vauds while devoting a higher percentage of weight to its machinery without sacrificing protection, the Brandenburgs used it to improve protection without reducing the size of the ship. As such, the Brandenburgs enjoyed greater protection than the Vauds while also having the same higher speed as the Kinnig Eduards.

The five ships were 431 feet long and had a beam of 75 feet, at deep load they displaces 15,800 tons. The Brandenburgs’ armor scheme was similar to the Kinnig Eduard de Jonks, an armored belt ran the length of the ship measuring nine inches thick over critical components like the machinery and magazines, tapering to 1.5-2 inches over the bow and stern. The warships were the first Burgundian battleships to mount the 11” K L/45 C/97 rifles - though the Fuji-class battleships built in Burgundian shipyards for Japan were the first ships to carry them. The longer barrel allowed time for more propellant to ingnite, allowing higher muzzle velocities, and thus longer ranges, than the older 11” K L/40 C/90. Th secondary armament consisted of 12 6”/40 rifles, consistent with preceding battleships. Like the Kinnig Eduards, the ships generated steam via 20 water-tube boilers, powering a two three-cylinder vertical triple expansion steam engines, allowing a designed speed of 18 knots, although it was found the Brandenburgs could average 18.2 knots.

Brandenburg and Karolingien were built by the Royal Shipyard in Hoorn under the construction numbers 117 and 123, respectively. Hohenstaufen and Ivrea were built in the Royal Shipyard in Emden under the construction numbers 156 and 203, respectively. Gerulfing was built at the Royal Shipyard in Den Helder under construction number 7.

Graf Kotte-class


Ordered in response to the large British and French building programs, they were designed as faster versions of the preceding Brandenburg-class. Somewhat smaller, they carried marginally less armor than their predecessors. However, they were no less armed than any other Burgundian battleship at the time. Their designed 19 knots maximum speed made them the fastest battleships in the fleet at the time of their completion.

Named for prominent members of the nobility, both from Burgundy and from its overseas territories, the six ships were informally named “the Counts”.

Measuring 432 feet long and with a beam slightly over 75 feet, the ships displaced 15,000 tons at deep load. The six of them carried the new 11” K L/45 C/97, mounted in two twin-gun turrets, one fore and one aft. Their secondary battery was the standard 12 6”/40 rifles, mounted six per broadside. The Graf Kottes’ armor scheme was similar to that on the Kinnig Eduard de Jonk and Brandenburg classes, however, was thinned to 7” to save weight. The armor on the turrets, decks and conning tower was unchanged. They were the first Burgundian battleships powered by four-cylinder triple expansion steam engines which, combined with the ships’ lighter weight, allowed a then-remarkable top speed of 19 knots.

Graf Kotte (named for the governor-general of Ceylon) was built at the Royal Shipyard at Ostend under the construction number 82. Graf Slyke and Emir Iskandar (named for the Emir of Johor) were built by Waal Eisenwerken und Werft in Nijmegen under the construction numbers 14 and 15, respectively. Graf Ramaaker was built by AG Weyland, Dunkerque under th construction number 71. Herzog Waterloo was built by the Royal Shipyard in Den Helder under the construction number 23. Herzog Guise was built by Blohm & Wolff in Antwerp under the construction number 39.

Grafleche Bourgogne-class


In 1901, the 25 battleships of the Vaud, Kinnig Eduard de Jonk, Brandenburg, and Graf Kotte classes then in service of under construction had begun to come under criticism for being undergunned for their displacement. The previous designs were all armed with four 11” guns in two turrets and a secondary battery of 12 6” guns on a hull displacing between 13,000 and 15,000 tons, and questions were beginning to arise over the usefulness of the 6” against the increasingly thick armor of foreign battleships. The Grafleche Bourgogne-class was designed in response. Although descendant from the Vaud design like preceding classes, they were the first to make a significant departure from the Vauds.

Roughly 453 feet long, a beam of 78 feet, and displacing 17,500 tons at deep load, the Grafleche Bourgognes displaced over 1000 tons more than the largest of the older ships. For the first time, an intermediate battery of four 9.4” guns in single turrets were added. These were the newly developed 9.4” SK L/45 C/01 rifles. In addition, the ships were also equipped with the standard 11” K L/45 C/97 guns as their main battery and ten 6”/40 guns as their secondaries (the addition of the 9.4” intermediaries necessitated the removal of two 6” guns). Propulsion was delivered by way of two screws powered by a pair of four-cylinder triple expansion steam engines. Steam was provided by coal-fired boilers, these equipped with oil sprayers for the first time in the Burgundian Navy. This allowed a sustained speed of 18.5 knots.

Grafleche Bourgogne was built at the the Royal Shipyards in Ostend under construction number 84. Gelderland was built in the Royal Shipyards in Hoorn under the construction number 109. Friesland was built by Haussmann-Wilton-Fijenoord in Rotterdam under construction number 164. Léck was built by Frederik Krupp Belgicawerft in Amsterdam under construction number 213. Lëtzebuerg was built by Carnegie Eisenwerken in Antwerp under the construction number 94.

Elsass-class
The Elsass’ were designed and built at a time when the future of the battleship was uncertain. On one hand, observation of the ongoing Sino-Japanese war indicated that the ranges at which battleships fought would be outside the effective ranges of the proposed intermediate batteries; on the other hand, there was a distinct fear that the battle line would be overwhelmed by the faster firing guns in the short range action expected during bad weather or nighttime engagements. As such, the Admiralty decided it prudent to design an improved version of the Grafleche Bourgogne-class. Their fate would be questioned when Grand Admiral Vincent Eikenboom retired in late 1904, and replaced by Jan Fëscher, a fervent supporter of the all-big-gun battleship. Nevertheless, he ordered their construction continued, seeing them as useful for secondary theaters to free up larger vessel for more critical service. However, the accelerated construction of SMS Dreadnought would lead to materials meant for members of the Elsass were diverted to meet Dreadnoughts schedule.

The Elsass’ were 443 feet long and had a beam of 79 feet and six inches, at deep load the four ships displaced 17,800 tons of water. The ships carried the then-standard main armament of four 11” guns in two enclosed barbette turret, one fore and one aft. It was not known at the time, but the Elsass’ would prove to be the last Burgundian capital ships to use this configuration. The guns were the newly designed 11” SK L/45 C/04, which utilized a larger propellant charge than the older 11” K L/45 C97. Advancing from the Grafleche Bourgogne-class, the Elsass’ had a uniform secondary armament of ten 9.4” SK L/50 C/03 in four dual and two single turrets mounted on the upper deck. Their propulsion, like their predecessors, was provided by two screws powered by a pair of four-cylinder vertical triple expansion steam engines, allowing a maximum speed of 18 knots. These were also the last Burgundian battleships to used this setup of reciprocating engines.

Elsass was built by AG Weyland in Dunkerque under the construction number 93. Metz was built by Blohm & Wolff in Antwerp under the construction number 138. Verdun and Sundgau were built by Haussmann-Wilton-Fijenoord in Rotterdam under construction numbers 124 and 151, respectively.

SMS Dreadnought


The culmination of near a decade of progressing understanding of the capabilities and realities of modern warship design and warfare, SMS Dreadnought was the brain child of Admiral Jan Fëscher, who first proposed the idea of an all-big-gun battleship as early as 1902. While he was granted some concessions in the form of up-gunning the secondary armament of the Grafleche Bourgogne and Elsass classes from 6” to 9.4” guns, he remained adamant in his lobbying for his design. When observations of naval combat in the Third Sino-Japanese war began becoming available, Fëscher pressed his perceived advantage, much to the chagrin of the more cautiously minded Grand Admiral Vincent Eikenboom. As it would happen, a combination of illness and age would force Eikenbooms retirement, and backed by the First Minister of the Navy, Graf Theodoor van Roosevelt, Fëscher would be named Grand Admiral of the Royal Navy in 1904. With himself at the reigns, Fëscher was able to finalize his design for an all big gun battleship, which he named “Dreadnought”, after Admiral Frans Wachts famous flagship.

Measuring 452 feet long and with a beam of 80 feet, Dreadnought displaced 18,000 tons of water when fully loaded. Her main armament consisted of eight 11” SK L/45 C/04 mounted in two pairs of superfiring turrets (the first time a capital ships main armament was mounted in such a way). To save weight, the size of her secondary battery was reduced in caliber from 9.4” and 6” to 3”. In total, she mounted twenty-two 3”/50 guns to deal with smaller warships. Dreadnought was the first major Burgundian warship fitted with equipment for electrically transmitting range, order, and deflection adjustments to the turrets, which, along with the Burgundian Navy using the “ladder system” of fine-tuning range adjustments, allowed for a remarkably fast time for getting shells on target. Power was provided by two screws powered by a pair of steam turbines, allowing for a top speed of 21 knots.

Dreadnought was built at Kinnigleche Werft, Hoorn under the construction number 81.

Herzog Philippe de Fett-class


Soon after construction of SMS Dreadnought began, the Navy decided to order an addition three to the same design to allow them to form a cohesive Battle Division (which in the Burgundian Navy averaged at four battleships in size) instead of pairing Dreadnought with the slower, weaker, and less armored pre-dreadnought battleships. Not long after the ships were authorized, however, it was decided to modify the ships’ design to allow them to carry the newly developed 12” SK L/45 C/05, with the weight of broadside increasing from 5,600 lbs to 6,800 lbs.

The three ships were 452 feet long and 80 feet wide at the beam. At deep load they displaced 18,800 tons of water. The ships were armed with eight 12” SK L/45 C/04 guns in four dual turrets, arranged in the same fashion as SMS Dreadnought. They carried the same twenty-two 3”/50 secondary battery, although this was coming under heavier scrutiny, which would lead to future battleships carrying heavier secondary armament. The ships carried similar fire-control directors as their half-sister. The Herzog Philippe de Fetts were powered by the same steam turbines as Dreadnought, which also allowed them to reach a top speed of 21 knots.

SMS Herzog Philippe de Fett was built in Kinnigleche Werft, Emden under construction number 94. SMS Kinnig Frederik de Staark was built by Blohm & Wolff, Antwerp under the construction number 111. SMS Graf Bonapaart was built in Kinnigleche, Ostend under the construction number 203.

Barrois-class


The Burgundian Navy designed SMS Dreadnought to come in at a relatively light displacement, in the belief that other countries’ spies would see only an incremental improvement over preceding battleships rather than the game-changer it was. When design work on what would become the Barrois-class began, it was decided to operate under the assumption that Dreadnoughts capabilities would have already become known by the time the Barrois’s were laid down, so the design board decided to remove any self-inflicted weight limits. It was also decided the 3” guns mounted on Dreadnought and the Herzog Philippe de Fett-class were inadequate to ward off enemy destroyers and cruisers, so the secondary battery was increased to 5” guns, which would become the standard for Burgundian capital ships.

The Barrois-class ships measured 518 feet long and 85 feet wide at the beam, at full load the ships displaced 22,400 tons. The ships were armed with ten 12” SK L/50 C/06 rifles mounted in five twin-gun turrets mounted on the centerline. This allowed the entirety of the ships’ guns to be brought to bear on a target to port or starboard. The secondary battery consisted of fourteen 5”/50 caliber guns, ten mounted in casemates, and tow forward and two aft on the main deck. Propulsion was provided by two screws powered by two sets of steam turbines, allowing a top speed of 21 knots.

Barrois was built by AG Weyland, Dunkerque under the construction number 93. Geneva was built by Carnegie Eisenwerken, Antwerp under the construction number 109. Singapur was built by Kinnigleche Werft, Emden under the construction number 84. Artesië was built by Kinnigleche Werft, Den Helder under the construction number 12.

Utrecht-class


The Utrecht-class was conceived as an improved Barrois-type design. With countries like the United Kingdom rapidly advancing their own dreadnought programs, it was decided that the Navy couldn’t wait for the next series of designs (which would become the Zeeland- and Kap Karel-classes) to be finished, and thus ordered a modified design of the Barrois-class.

Slightly larger than the Barrois’s, the Utrecht-class measured 521 feet long and 88 feet wide at the beam. At full load the ships displaced 23,033 tons of water. They carried the same ten 12” SK L/50 C/06 main battery as the Barrois-class, and in the same configuration. The secondary armament however was increased from fourteen guns to sixteen, all of them a newly developed 5”/51 caliber rifle mounted in casemates. Their armored belt was eleven inches thick over critical areas, tapering to nine inches at the bow and stern. The ships were powered by four Haussmann Steam Turbines, which in turn drove four screws, allowing a top speed of 21 knots.

Utrecht and Aargau were built by Haussmann-Wilton-Fijenoord, Rotterdam under the construction numbers 15 and 42, respectively. Herzogleche Bourgogne was built by Frederik Krupp Belgicawerft, Amsterdam under the construction number 84. Bonen was built by Blohm & Wolff, Antwerp under the construction number 100.

Zeeland-class


The next evolutionary step from the Utrecht-class, the design for the Zeelands came down to one with twelve 12” guns, or another with ten 14” guns. At the time they were prosposed, the 14” gun had not been completely designed, possibly causing delays in the ships’ construction, and at was believed at the time the 12” gun was capable at the expected ranges of dreadnought engagements. As such, the twelve gun design was chosen, although six dual turrets were selected over four triple turrets, as there were prevailing concerns over the greater loss in firepower should a turret be destroyed. The Zeelands were the first Burgundian warships to incorporate a torpedo bulkhead, included after concerns were raised over inadequate underwater protection.

The Zeeland-class measured 562 feet long and 93 feet wide at the beam, at full load the ships displaced 27,243 tons. The main armament consisted of 12 12” SK L/50 C/08 rifles in six twin gun turrets. Their secondary armament were 21 5”/51 guns mounted in casemates which were in turn mounted in the forecastle (this was due to lessons learned from the 1905-07 voyage of the Great White Fleet). Their armored belt was eleven inches thick over the citadel, tapering to five inches near the bow and stern. For propulsion, four steam turbines drove four screws, allowing a top speed of 21 knots.

SMS Zeeland was built by Haussmann-Wilton-Fijenoord, Rotterdam under the construction number 71. SMS Limburg was built by Blohm & Wolff, Antwerp under the construction number 80.

Kap Karel-class


Unlike previous dreadnoughts, whose designs were incremental improvements over each other since the construction of SMS Dreadnought, constrained by cost and size limits, the Kap Karels were almost a complete “clean slate” design, driven by the need to accommodate for larger guns and thicker armor. They were ordered in the 1909-1910 Naval Program, which had originally only approved two battleships (which would become the Zeeland-class) but was upped to six ships as a result of public pressure in the European naval arms race.

The Kap Karel-class measured 573 feet long, 95 feet wide at the beam, and displaced 28,367 tons of water at full load. The were the first Burgundian ships to carry the 14” SK L/45 C/09, thus making them the first Burgundian super-dreadnoughts. Their secondary armament consisted of twenty-one 5”/51 guns. Belt armor on the Kap Karels was 12” thick at the maximum, and its deck armor ranged from 1-4”. Propulsion was provided by two steam turbines powering two screws, allowing a top speed of 21 knots.

Kap Karel was built at Kinnigleche Werft, Hoorn under the construction number 113. Kuba was built at Carnegie Eisenwerken, Antwerp under the construction number 299. Nieuw Zeeland was built by AG Weyland, Dunkerque under the construction 127.

SMS Maryland


Originally ordered as the fourth member of the Kap Karel-class, Marylands design was slightly altered before construction began. Whereas her three half-sisters had their twin sets of steam turbines powering two screws, Maryland had four screws.

Aside from displacement, which was somewhat increased to 28,800 tons at full load to account for the larger powerplant, Marylands armament, protection, and speed remained unchanged from the Kap Karel-class

Maryland was built at Waal Eisenwerken und Werft, Nijmegen under the construction number 21.

Standard-type
A series of thirteen battleships spread over five classes ordered from 1911-1913, and commissioned from 1914 to 1916. Part of the naval arms race that took place before and during the wars of the 1910s, upon completion they formed the core of the Burgundian battle line

The standard type, by specifying common tactical operational characteristics between classes, allowed battleships of different classes to operate together as a tactical unit (BatDiv) against enemy battleships. By contrast, other navies had fast and slow battleship classes that could not operate together unless limited to the performance of the ship with slowest speed and widest turning circle. Otherwise the battle line would be split into separate "fast" and "slow" wings. The Standard type was optimised for the battleship-centric naval strategy of the era of their design.

Characteristics of the Standard type included:


 * all-or-nothing armor scheme
 * All main guns on the centerline
 * designed range of about 8,000 nautical miles (15,000 km) at economical cruising speed
 * top speed of 21 knots (39 km/h)
 * tactical turn radius of 700 yards