America (Cromwell the Great)

"De todo lo expuesto podemos deducir estas consecuencias: las provincias americanas se hallan lidiando por emanciparse; al fin obtendrán el suceso; algunas se constituirán de un modo regular en repúblicas federales y centrales; se fundarán monarquías casi inevitablemente en las grandes secciones, y algunas serán tan infelices que devorarán sus elementos ya en la actual ya en las futuras revoluciones, que una gran monarquía no será fácil consolidar, una gran república, imposible (Carta de Jamaica, Simón Bolivar)" America comprises the totality of the continents of North and South America. Together they are sometimes called the New World.

An Outline
The first known European settlement in the Americas was by the Norse. However, the colonization never became permanent and was later abandoned. The voyages of Christopher Columbus from 1492 to 1502 resulted in permanent contact with European (and subsequently, other Old World) powers, which led to the Columbian exchange. Diseases introduced from Europe and West Africa devastated the indigenous peoples, and the European powers colonized the Americas. Mass emigration from Europe, including large numbers of indentured servants, and importation of African slaves largely replaced the indigenous peoples.

The legacy of the colonization and settlement by Europeans is that the Americas share many common cultural traits, most notably Christianity and the use of Indo-European languages: primarily Spanish, English, Portuguese, French, and to a lesser extent Dutch.

Decolonization of the Americas began with the the Haitian Revolution and Royalist Louisiana. This was followed by the Latin American Wars of Independence in the early 1800s. Between 1811 and 1825, New Granada, Venezuela, Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, Gran Colombia, the United Provinces of Central America, Argentina, Mexico, Brazil, Amazonia, Peru, and Bolivia gained independence from Spain and Portugal in armed revolutions. The process of Latin American independence took place in the general political and intellectual climate that emerged from the Age of Enlightenment and the turmoil of the European Revolutionary Wars. After the independence Wars were followed a by a long period of chaos, disruption and civil wars in the new Republics and the Mexican Empire.

Independent States
States established during and after the European Revolutionary Wars and the Latin American Wars of Independence.


 * North America

South America
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