User:JorgeGG/Ideas

=Ideas and proposals and development of Cromwell the Great=

=To do list=
 * Colonial North America
 * Ireland (Settlement and problem) and Act of Union (legal incorporation of Ireland to the Commonwealth)
 * Lord Presidents of the Provinces of Ireland
 * Prince Rupert???
 * Charter companies.
 * British and French India

Symbols of Power
Ideas for symbols of office (commonwealth mace, civic crown, sash?, and what other republican regalia or symbols?)

The installation of the Lord Protector: A robe of purple velvet lined with ermine, a Sword of state and a Scepter, and the Bible, sitting in the "Coronation Chair" or "King Edward's Chair." (source)

Other names for British colonies in North America

 * OTL Carolinas (in honour of King Charles I): Alternatives Raleigh, Pamlico, Heath (in honour of Sir Robert Heath), Nova Britannia.
 * OTL Georgia (in honour of King George II):

=North America=

Oregon
Oregon

Yucatan
The Republic of Yucatan (República de Yucatán) is located in the Yucatán Peninsula. It is bordered by the México to the southwest and Central American Federation and Belize to the south, with the Gulf of Mexico off its north coast. In 1829 it declared its independence in protest of the centralization policies of the Mexican Empire in the First War of the Reforms (1829-1830).

The production of Yucantan is largely a cattle ranching, logging, chicle and henequen production. Of these the later is the most important source of revenue. Henequen is processed as a textile in various forms to obtain a range of products. The wealth Yucatan comes from the price of henequen produced in large haciendas. Henequen

Caste War (1845-1857)
The Caste War began with the revolt of native Maya people of Yucatán, Mexico against the Mestixo and European-descended population (Yucatecos). The latter had long held political and economic control of the region. A lengthy war ensued between the Yucateco forces in the north-west of the Yucatán and the independent Maya in the south-east. There was regular raiding between them.

The Caste War caused the Republic of Yucatán to request military aid from Mexico and Central America Federation. The former was given on the condition that the Republic rejoin the Mexico. This condition led to the refusal of Mexican aid. With the help of the Central American army the Caste War finish with the Mayan State of Chan Santa Cruz. The Treaty of Tzucacab signed between the Republic of Yucatan and the moderate rebel leaders ended the War. The more radical leaders holded up for a longer time in the south east of Yucatan until their definite defeat.

Government
The Constitution of Yucatán of 1831 provides that the government of Yucatán, consists of three powers: the executive, the legislative and the judiciary.

Executive power rests in the President of Yucatán, who is directly elected by the citizens, using a secret ballot, to a four-year term with no inmediate reelection. Legislative power rests in the National Congress of Yucatán which is a bicameral legislature composed of a Senate and Chamber of Deputies. Judicial power is invested in the Superior Court of Justice of Yucatán.


 * President
 * Benito Aznar 1829-1829
 * José Tiburcio López Constante (liberal) 1829-1833
 * Miguel Barbachan (liberal) 1833-1837
 * José Tiburcio López Constante (liberal) 1837-1841
 * José Segundo Carvajal 1841-1845
 * Santiago Méndez Ibarra (liberal) 1845-1849
 * Miguel Barbachan (liberal) 1849-1859 Died in office.

Administrative division
The Yucatán is divided into 5 departments, each subdivided in districts and municipalities. The departments and districts are headed by a governor and delegate, respectively named by the President. The municipalities are headed by a municipal president (mayor).

Departments of Yucatan
 * Mérida
 * Izamal
 * Valladolid
 * Campeche
 * Tekax

Central America
The Federal Republic of Central America (Spanish: República Federal de Centroamérica / Federación de Centroamérica), is a sovereign state in Central America, which consisted of the territories of the former Captaincy General of Guatemala of New Spain.

Shortly after Central America declared its independence from the Spanish Empire, some of its countries were annexed by the Mexican Empire in 1821. The Central America Congress ratified the independence and established the Federal Republic in 1823.

Liberals win the Civil War of 1826-1829. Is is followed by the presidencies of Francisco Morazán (Liberal, 1830-1834, 1838-1842) and José Cecilio Díaz del Valle (Conservative, 1834-1838). The constitutional reforms of 1833 established the uniformity of laws at State and Federal level and gave Congress the sole right to legislate on certain matters.

Tensions between Mexico and Central America in the First Reform War lead to the Yucatan War, that also included as theater of operation the State of Chiapas and the recently independent republic of Yucatan.



During the 19th century, many have described Central America as a buffer state between Mexico and Colombia. Attempts to build a Nicaragua canal connecting the Caribbean Sea and thus the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean goes back at least to 1825 when the Federal Republic of Central America hired surveyors to study a route via Lake Nicaragua.

The economy of Central America is chiefly oriented to the production cash crops of bananas, coffee, sugar, cocoa and cotton.


 * Federal institutions
 * President and Vice-president, both elected for a four year term limited to one successive reelection. President names state secretaries. The President and Vice-president are elected by an federal electoral assembly.
 * Federal Congress (Senate and Chamber of Representatives).
 * Supreme Court of Justice


 * Presidents of the Federation
 * Manuel José de Arce y Fagoaga (Liberal -> Conservative) 1825-1829
 * Mariano de Beltranena y Llano (Conservative) 1829-1829
 * Francisco Morazán (Liberal) 1829-1829
 * José Francisco Barrundia y Cepeda (liberal) Interim President 1829-1830
 * Francisco Morazán (liberal) 1830-1834
 * José Cecilio Díaz del Valle (Conservative) 1834-1838
 * Francisco Morazán (liberal) 1838-1842

Until 1836 when freedom to organize was given to the states, they were required to have an elected
 * States institutions
 * Chief of State and Second Chief of State, both elected for a four year term
 * Representative Council (one member for each administrative division of State)
 * Assembly of Representatives (11 to 21 deputies)
 * Superior Court of Justice

Member State
=South America=

Haiti
"En me renversant, on n'a abattu à Saint-Domingue que le tronc de l'arbre de la liberté, mais il repoussera car ses racines sont profondes et nombreuses" L'indépendance est éphémère Sans le droit à l'égalité!

Endepandans se efemèr San yo pa dwa egalite!

Haiti (also Hayti or Ayiti) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea. Former French Colony until 18XX when a slave revolt established its independence. Annexed Spanish Santo Domingo on the Eastern half of the Hispaniola in 18XX.

Saint-Domingue
The island was named La Española and claimed by Spain, which ruled until the early 17th century. Competing claims and settlements by the French led to the western portion of the island being ceded to France, which named it Saint-Domingue.

Sugarcane plantations, worked by slaves brought from Africa, were established by colonists.

To develop it into sugarcane plantations, the French imported thousands of slaves from Africa. Sugar was a lucrative commodity crop throughout the 18th century. By 1789, approximately 40,000 white colonists lived in Saint-Domingue. In contrast, by 1763 the white population of French Canada, a vast territory, had numbered 65,000. The whites were vastly outnumbered by the tens of thousands of African slaves they had imported to work on their plantations, which were primarily devoted to the production of sugarcane. In the north of the island, slaves were able to retain many ties to African cultures, religion and language; these ties were continually being renewed by newly imported Africans. Blacks outnumbered whites by about ten to one.

The French-enacted Code Noir, prepared by Jean-Baptiste Colbert and ratified by Louis XIV, had established rules on slave treatment and permissible freedoms. Saint-Domingue has been described as one of the most brutally efficient slave colonies; one-third of newly imported Africans died within a few years. Many slaves died from diseases such as smallpox and typhoid fever.[53] They had low birth rates,[54] and there is evidence that some women aborted fetuses rather than give birth to children within the bonds of slavery.

As in its Louisiana colony, the French colonial government allowed some rights to free people of color: the mixed-race descendants of European male colonists and African female slaves (and later, mixed-race women). Over time, many were released from slavery. They established a separate social class. White French Creole fathers frequently sent their mixed-race sons to France for their education. Some men of color were admitted into the military. More of the free people of color lived in the south of the island, near Port-au-Prince, and many intermarried within their community. They frequently worked as artisans and tradesmen, and began to own some property. Some became slave holders. The free people of color petitioned the colonial government to expand their rights.

Independence
Political leaders in Virginia and Louisiana, Jamaica provided aid to enable planters to put down the revolt.

The Republic of Haiti was born in the midst of the French Revolution, slaves and free people of color revolted in the Haitian Revolution.

The Constitution provides automatic Haitian citizenship to any black, Indian, or person of mixed race who resided in the nation for more than a year.


 * Institutions
 * President and Vice-president. The President is elected for life and the Vice-president is elected for a five year term limited to one successive reelection. The President names state secretaries. The President and Vice-president are elected by the Senate.
 * National Assembly composed of the Senate and House of Representatives. The Senate is named by the House of Representatives from a a list of candidates provided by the President and serve for a nine year term. The representatives are directly elected for five year term.
 * Court of Cassation and lower criminal and civil courts. All judges are appointed by the President.

Heads of State and Government of Haiti
Haiti distributed into Departments, and these subdivided into Districts (Arrondissements) and Communes. The Governor, named by the President, is political chief of the department
 * Administrative division

Departments:
 * Sud /Sid (Les Cayes)
 * Ouest /Lwès (Port-au-Prince)
 * Artibonite /Latibonit (Les Gonaïves)
 * Nord /Nò (Cap-Haïtien)
 * Ozama (Santo Domingo)
 * Cibao (Santiago de los Caballeros also called Sant-Yago)
 * Seybo (Azua)

The major crops are sugar, coffee and cocoa.
 * Economy

State primary and secondary schools follow the French approach and organization to education. Primary education is compulsory. There are two universities: University of Santo Domingo (founded in 1538 closed in 1823 reopened in 1839) and Université d'Haïti (founded 1841).
 * Education

=Others=

Austria / Danubia
The Danubian Federation is a central European State that is the successor of the Austrian Empire.

The Austrian Empire (Austrian German: Kaiserthum Oesterreich, modern spelling Kaisertum Österreich) was a Central European multinational great power from 1804 to (...), created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs. During its existence, it was the third most populous empire after the Russian Empire and the Commonwealth in Europe. Geographically, it was the third largest empire in Europe after the Russian Empire (621,538 square kilometres). Proclaimed in response to the European Revolutionary Wars, it partially overlapped with the Holy Roman Empire until the latter's dissolution in 1805.

Austria with the Peace of Vienna (1810) ceded western ("Upper") Carinthia with Lienz in the East Tyrol, Carniola, Gorizia and Gradisca, the Imperial Free City of Trieste, the March of Istria, and the Croatian lands southwest of the river Sava to the Italian and French Republic that created the jointly ruled Provinces of Illyria. The southern half of Tyrol went to the Italian Republic.

Austria's multinational, linguistic and religious subjects are keep together by the Emperor, Imperial Bureaucracy and the Army. Serfdom was officially abolished in all Habsburg lands in 1810.

Under reformist Emperor Joseph Franz the demands of locals subjects were considered and also regional economic interest were seeing as vital for push in the development of Austria. In 1838 and 1839 a major reform of the administration was decreed.

The Imperial Rescript of 1838, only applied to Cisleithania, divided the former crown lands into provinces. The provinces would have an appointed Governor and an elected provincial diet. For Hungary, or Transleithania, the Imperial Charter of 1839 organized it also in provinces. Transylvania and the Military Frontier were unmodified save for the grant of local government to cities.

Common to the whole of the Austrian Empire was that the electorate was ti be divided in three classes according to property requirements. The all classes could vote, but the first two classes could nominate candidates. The provincial diets would elect representatives to the House of Representatives of the National Parliament. The Senate would be integrated by nobles and nominated members.


 * Emperor (Kaiser)
 * Francis I (1768–1835) 1805-1835
 * Joseph Franz (1799–1807) 1835-18...


 * State Chancellor (Staatskanzler)
 * Johann Philipp Stadion, Count von Warthaus (1763–1824)1805-1807
 * Prince Klemens von Metternich (1773-1859) 1807-1836

Administrative Division
Between 1804 and 1838 Austria was divided in several administrative division partially due historical and legal reason. The main division are the Austrian crown lands, the lands of Bohemia, the Kingdom of Hungary, Principality of Transylvania and the Military Frontier.

They are administered by Statthalter governors directly subordinate to the Emperor and under guidance of the State Council. They have certain autonomy with their traditional Landstände (estates) assemblies. Bohemia is administered by Statthalter governors directly subordinate to the Emperor and under guidance of the State Council. The Kingdom is administered by a Palatine appointed by the Emperor and it has its own Diet (parliament) and customary constitution. However the Diet was rarely summoned by Emperor to session. Members of the Governor's Council (Helytartótanács) were appointed by the Habsburg monarch, and the superior economic institution, the Hungarian Chamber, was directly subordinated to the Court Chamber in Vienna. Transylvania is administered by an Imperial Governor It is under the direct control of the Habsburg Imperial military
 * Austrian crown lands (before 1838)
 * Archduchy of Austria (Erzherzogtum Österreich)
 * Lower Austria (Erzherzogtum Österreich unter der Enns)
 * Upper Austria (Erzherzogtum Österreich ob der Enns)
 * Duchy of Salzburg (Herzogtum Salzburg)
 * Duchy of Styria (Herzogtum Steiermark)
 * Princely County of Tyrol with Vorarlberg (Gefürstete Grafschaft Tirol mit dem Lande Vorarlberg)
 * Lands of the Bohemian Crown (Länder der Böhmischen Krone, before 1838)
 * Kingdom of Bohemia (Königreich Böhmen)
 * Margraviate of Moravia (Markgrafschaft Mähren)
 * Kingdom of Hungary (Königreich Ungarn, before 1839)
 * Grand Principality of Transylvania (Großfürstentum Siebenbürgen)
 * Military Frontier (Militärgrenze)

The major reorganization of 1838-1839 divided as followed:
 * Cisleithainia into the provinces of:
 * Austrian Carinthia (Klagenfurt)
 * Lower Austria (VIenna)
 * Upper Austria (Linz)
 * Salzburg (Salzburg)
 * Styria (Graz)
 * Tyrol (Innsbruck)
 * Bohemia (Prague)
 * Moravia (Brünn/Brno)
 * Transleithania (Hungary or Maggyar) into the provinces:
 * Pozsony
 * Kassa
 * Sopron
 * Pest-Ofen
 * Nagyvárad
 * Upper Hungary
 * Banat
 * Transylvania (Kolozsvár/Cluj)
 * Vojvodina
 * Military Frontier

Russia
The Russian Empire (Russian: Российская Империя, tr. Rossiyskaya Imperiya) is an empire that exists across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War.

The third largest empire in world history, stretching over three continents. The rise of the Russian Empire happened in association with the decline of neighboring rival powers: the Swedish Empire, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Persia and the Ottoman Empire. It played a major role in European Revolutionary Wars in defeating French ambitions to control Europe and expanded to the west and south.

Khedivate of Egypt
The Khedivate of Egypt (Arabic: خديوية مصر‎; Ottoman Turkish: خدیویت مصر‎ Hıdiviyet-i Mısır) was an autonomous tributary state of the Ottoman Empire, established and ruled by the Muhammad Ali Dynasty following the defeat and expulsion of Louis Charles Antoine Desaix's forces which brought an end to the short-lived French occupation of Lower Egypt.

Desaix's proclaimed the Egyptian Republic as a sister state of France.
 * French Egypt

Pasha Muhammad Ali controlled Egypt using the incipient state machinery left by the French. Under his rule Egypt was centralized and annually paid its tribute to the Sublime Porte. Ali also started to govern autonomously being later acknowledged as viceroy (Khedive) by the Sultan. Ali also began the industrial cultivation of cotton and built irrigation works and taxing system and a treasury. Machinery for textiles and steam machines were imported. The railroad between Cairo and Alexandria was inaugurated with grand fanfare marking for many the beginning of a modern Egypt. Under British expertise the Egyptian pound was introduce as the national currency.
 * The Khedivate


 * Rulers of Egypt
 * Muhammad Ali -1848
 * Ibrahim Pasha 1848-
 * Isma'il Pasha

-

=Other regions=

India continent
=Sports= "For bodily exercise profiteth little: but godliness is profitable unto all things, having promise of the life that now is, and of that which is to come. (1 Timothy 4:8)"

"Know ye not that they which run in a race run all, but one receiveth the prize? So run, that ye may obtain. (1 Corinthians 9:24)" Sports have an important role in Commonwealth culture and society. However during the Puritan Age (1649-1659) sports and almost all leisure activities were restricted or look down as contrary to a virtuous religious life. The relaxing of restrictions under Lord Protector Henry Cromwell bought back the main sports of the country side in increasing numbers, cricket and ball games.

The British Isles have given birth to a range of major sports including: football, rugby, cricket, netball, darts, croquet, fives (hand-tennis), bowls, modern rowing, hockey, boxing, water polo, snooker and curling. The origins of tennis, table tennis, badminton, squash, golf and billiards are disputed with France were similar games developed. Modern Polo, originally from India, is also a played.

In the days of Leisure (2nd Tuesday of each month) it became common the practice of team sports. Sports were mostly encouraged by preachers as remedies to the ills of drinking, idleness and vagrancy. Gambling being under all means prohibited. although in cricket, the major sports of the late 18th century was considered "profane" if played on the Sabbath, especially if large crowds and/or gambling were involve. Parliament had to enact several laws restricting betting and capacity of cricket grounds.

Cricket received official sanction by the establishment of the Lord's Cricket Ground under the patronage of Lord Protector James Scott. Others like Lord John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville promoted and played golf making it the sport of the ruling and mercantile elites by definition. During the European Revolutionary Wars (1790-1810) and as a means to encourage patriotism it became common the assistance of Lord Protectors Leveson-Gower and Spencer to the first and last game at the Lord's Cricket Ground.

Upper class women organized the first female sports governing bodies of the Commonwealth, the Ladies' Golf Union (LGU, 1883) and a year later the Scottish Ladies' Golf Association (SLGA, 1884). Both bodies, in England and Scotland, are in charge of the general promotion and administration of women's amateur and professional golf activities and registry. The British Golf Unions became the federation of all women and men Home Nations organizations. The Society of St Andrews Golfers and Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers the governing bodies.

Also class lines are a source of preference, for example hunting, cricket, horse riding, polo, golf, billiard, tennis and their variants are mostly played by the upper classes. Thought some forms became popular among the middle and working classes like table tennis, frontball (also called hand-tennis) and squash.

However the main team sports and the ones that have professional leagues, major popularity and large fan base are: football, rugby and cricket. Of these three cricket is the oldest one becoming well-established among the English upper class in the 18th century. It became a national game in the 18th century. By the 19th century football and rugby were develop in their current forms and rules of game. These two become by large the most played team sports by the lower and working classes in the Commonwealth. There are regional differences in popularity and development for example rugby being mostly popular in Ireland and Wales. Some like shinty are played only in Scotland and northern England.

Football and rugby were introduced and adopted in Europe and the rest of the world by Commonwealth expatriates, military personnel, railroad workers and overseas university students.

The physical culture movement that originated during the 19th century in France, Scandinavia and Western Germany exalted the virtues of athletics and gymnastics in the education of boys and girls. Following likewise school athletics and gymnastics were introduced in the national school program as part of physical education practices.

Prior to the mid 19th century sports activities for women were recreational rather than sport-specific in nature. The emerge of modern team sports (i.e. rugby and football) and changes in the national school programs that put physical education for both girls and boys, encouraged the participation of women in sports activities. Football, rugby and cycling became important sources of leisure in the leisure days and weekends for working class women. Middle class women and female clerical workers began practicing table tennis, frontball and swimming among the most important ones.

Cricket
The  Cricket Conference (CC) is composed of the representatives from the National Cricket Association (NCA, England and Wales), Scottish Cricket Union and Irish Cricket Union.

Its international body is the International Cricket Conference (ICC) composed of the representatives from the National Cricket Association (NCA England and Wales), Scottish Cricket Union, Irish Cricket Union, West Indies Cricket Board and Australian Cricket Board. The ICC was established for the formulation of rules and regulations which govern the international matches between the member associations.

Football
The Association Football Board (AFB) is composed of the British representatives from the Football Association (FA), Scottish Football Association (SFA), Football Association of Wales (FAW) and Irish Football Association (IFA). Is has as associate members the Channel Islands Football Association and Isle of Man Football Association.


 * British League Cup
 * The Football Association Challenge Cup
 * Scottish Football Association Challenge Cup
 * Welsh Football Association Cup
 * Irish Football Association Challenge Cup

The Women's Commonwealth Football Association (WCFA) is the governing body of women's football in the Commonwealth. It organizes an annual championship, the County Football Associations Challenge Trophy and the Scottish Women's Football Cup.

The British Home Championship is a biannual football competition contested between the Commonwealth's five home national teams: England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland and Home Islands Combination (joint team of the Isle of Man and Channel Islands). It is the oldest international football tournament.

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Rugby
The International Rugby Football Board (IRFB) is composed of the British representatives from the (English) Rugby Football Union (RFU), Scottish Rugby Union (SRU), Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU) and Welsh Rugby Union (WRU). Is has as associate member the Channel Islands Rugby Association. The Manx Rugby Football Union is affiliated to the Rugby Football Union and its rugby league. The clubs of the Channel Islands take part in the English rugby leagues.

The British Women's' Rugby Union (BWRU) is the governing body for women's rugby union in the Commonwealth.

The Home Nations Championships is a biannual rugby competition contested between the Commonwealth's five home national teams: England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland and Channel Islands. It is the oldest international rugby tournament.

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Other Sports

 * Lacrosse (North America)
 * Field hockey
 * Ice hockey
 * Basketball (North America)
 * baseball (North America)