Romans (Bellum Romanum)

Romans (Latin: Romani) are an ethnic group and citizens of the Roman Republic. They are largely based around the, specifically on the below the  and  rivers. Romans speak Latin, the only surviving language and the parent of many languages in the region. Romans almost unanimously follow Roman Paganism as a religion, and the religion plays a large part in daily life.

Religion
Almost all Romans follow Roman Paganism as the ancestral polytheistic of Rome. While Romans use the religion to define themselves as a people, early Romans adopted the religious practices of peoples brought under and integrated into Roman rule, such as the or. Romans think of themselves as pious people, constantly praying to the gods in times of both need and abundance.

The earliest of of Rome's religious institutions could be traced to its founders, particularly, the second , who negotiated directly with the gods. This was the foundation of the mos maiorum, "the way of the ancestors" or simply "tradition", viewed as central to Roman identity.

Eventually, the religion of the Romans underwent extensive reformation in the 3rd century based on the life and teachings of Apollonius of Tyana, who lived two centuries prior. Apollonius denounced decadence and greed, performed miracles, cast out evil spirits, healed the sick, gave to the needy spoke as a law-giver, was condemned by Roman authorities, and was seen as the savior of the world, given to the world by the gods.

When Apollonius, the proclaimed son of Apollo, died, his apostles wrote the Biblia, which codified the teachings of Apollonius, along with the earlier stories of the Roman religion before Apollonius' birth. The Biblia preached kindness, charity, mercy; then denounced greed, decadence, and envy. These ideas were alien during the time, but quickly became popular among the needy and lower classes of the region, and by the 7th, it had become the official religion of the state.

Holidays
The Romans are especially notable for having many official holidays, which plays an important part in the religious life, and one of the primary characteristics of being a Roman. During the holidays, all work and business is usually prohibited. Rather, holidays are used as a time to relax while still being paid. Roman holidays are divided into two categories: formal and nonchalant. Formal holidays are spent by visits to temples, family banquets, and rest from work; while nonchalant holidays are spent with celebration in the streets, loud music, and strong wine. Holidays were either public or private affairs; private holidays were held between a large group of friends and family within the confines of the house, while public holidays are sponsored and funded by rich aristocrats or businessmen who wish to make their name and business well-known.

Regular
Two religious observances are monthly across the Roman population. The first day of the month was the Calends. The Calends are sacred to Juno, the queen of the gods. The Ides, sacred to Jupiter, the king of the gods, are held on the thirteen day of each month. During these days, work is prohibited and adherents have communion and worship Jupiter or Juno at the temples. On the Calends, Romans give 10% of their income of the previous month to the temples, which is used for maintaining the temple, science, and charity work.

Annual

 * January
 * January 3 - Compitalia – Early in January, Compitalia is held as a formal holiday to commemorate the beginning of a new year. Romans go to a temple and hold communion, bond with friends or family, and worship the gods. Slaves are given more food and drink than usual, including wine.
 * January 9 - Agonalia – Six days after Compitalia, Agonalia is held, a festival to Janus, the god of transitions. After visiting a pantheon or a temple, in the morning, adherents are required to to do a good work of charity, depending on wealth and status. Such actions can range from donating more than usual to the temple, or perhaps giving food to the needy.
 * January 15 - Carmentalia – A formal holiday honoring the goddess of childbirth, Carmenta. Women and girls alike visit a temple to celebrate and honor Carmenta. At sunset, men give their sisters, daughters, wives, and mothers gifts.


 * FebruaryLupercalia.gif
 * February 15 - Lupercalia – Lupercalia is held in honor of Faunus, god of the animals, and, the she-wolf who suckled the founders of Rome. The strangest of all Roman celebrations, during the celebratory festivities, male teenagers and young men, even of high rank, run throughout the streets almost naked, except a skimpy loincloth, for sport and laughter; striking passersby with harmless leather whips. Women participating in the festivities purposefully get in the way of the boys and got hit with the whips for good luck.
 * February 18 to 21 - Parentalia – A formal three-day set of holidays held in honor of family and relatives, dead or living. Romans remember their family members who have crossed into the afterlife, especially parents.
 * February 21 - Feralia –  On the last day of Parentalia, Romans visit the nearest temple to remember the people who have done great deeds of selflessness and charity. People are reminded to take gratitude in what they have, and whom they have in their life, espicially parents.
 * February 22 - Caristia – Held following the sobering days of Parentalia. Family and relatives of all degrees are invited to a household banquet. Quarrels are patched up, offenses or transgressions forgiven, and a sacred, but joyful meal to which everyone brought something to share was shared in the presence of the household deity.
 * February 24 - Regifugium – A celebratory holiday commemorating the expulsion of, and celebrated the absence of tyranny or oppression. Loud, celebratory music is played throughout the streets as fireworks erupt at night, in addition to the drinking of wine.Fireworks.jpg
 * March
 * March 1 - Matronalia – Held on this day in honor of Juno, the wife of Jupiter, queen and matron of the gods. During this more formal holiday, mothers are overwhelmed with love and received gifts from their husbands, sons, and daughters.
 * March 17 - Liberalia – A holiday dedicated to Liber, the god of liberty, a celebration of freedom from evil, burdens, care and folly. While adults would have this day off to relax, this was the day for Roman children, who still wore children's clothing to officially assume adult clothing, and declare their adulthood, usually on the occurrence falling nearest their sixteenth birthday.
 * March 19 - Quinquatrus – A formal holiday held in favor is Minerva, the goddess of wisdom, sciences, and the arts. This holiday is especially revered by artisans, scientists, artists, students, and teachers alike, as Minerva is their matron goddess.
 * March 23 - Martialia – A formal holiday held in honor of Mars, the god of war. Romans visit the local temple and praise Mars, for aid in both external struggles against enemies, and internal struggles within the mind. Roman servicemen in the military are also honored, as well as those who have fallen in service defending the nation.
 * April
 * April 21 - Parilia – A celebratory holiday celebrating the founding of Rome. At night, large bonfires are held in open spaces and large outdoor banquets are hosted. Like many celebratory festivals, loud music and wine is common in the streets during this holiday.
 * April 23 - Vinalia – A formal holiday held in honor Venus, the goddess of beauty. While men have the day off, women and girls head off to the temple to praise Venus, and ask her for beauty. popularity, charm, and wit.
 * June
 * June 9 - Vestalia – A formal holiday held in honor of Vesta, the goddess of the hearth, marriage, and the household. During this holiday, engaged and married women could go to a temple to praise Vesta and hold communion with fellow women.
 * July
 * July 23 - Neptunalia – A celebratory holiday held in honor of Neptune, god of the seas and waters. Held in the middle of the hot and dry summer, swimming and pool parties are very common in Roman youth following up to the days of Neptunalia. During the ceremony itself, the city is shaded from the sun with roof-level coverings, after which festivities take hold. Meanwhile, in the temple, prayers are held to decrease the chance of a drought.
 * August
 * August 23 - Volcanalia – Held to honor the god of fire, crafting, and volcanoes, Vulcan. Volcanalia is much more celebratory than the formal holidays, originally held to celebrate the fall harvest. Like many other similiar festivities, loud music can be heard on the streets in addition to large parades. At night, bonfires are burnt and great outdoor feasts are held.
 * Roman children gambling.jpgber
 * December 15 - Consualia – A prim holiday celebrating the end of the year, honoring Consus, the god of time. During this holiday, Romans visit the temple to have communion and prepare for the upcoming Saturnalia, celebrating the winter solstice.
 * December 17 to 23 - Saturnalia – A hearty six-day festival, is held around the winter solstice, celebrating Saturn, who was kicked out of Olympia by Jupiter and was offered a stay in Rome. On the first day, people gather in temples and shout "Io Saturnalia" while celebrating the start of the festival. On the second day, large feasts would be held in public. Afterwards, the population erupts in clowning and merriment with wine as social lubricant, sometimes degenerating into horseplay. Dice were used to choose one person at these public banquets to coronate somebody as the "Saturnalian King", and everyone is forced to obey his absurd commands, such as dancing and singing naked, to be doused in tar and feathers, or to be dunked in cold water. Saturnalia.jpg is the only time when gambling is socially common, much so that even children gamble with other children, using nuts instead of dice. On the third day, houses and buildings were adorned with laurels on their doors. Throughout the whole festival, men wear brightly-colored women's clothing and the women wear togas; as a woman wearing a toga any other time of the year meant she was a prostitute. Women exposed their bosoms without shame to everyone, and men did the same with lower extremities. In upper and middle class households, slaves and master switch roles, as the slaves run the house and masters cook food for the servants.
 * December 19 - Opalia – The third day of the festival, Opalia, honors Ops, the wife of Saturn and mother of Jupiter. On this day, friends and family alike exchanged gifts. These gifts could be anything, from joke gifts, to expensive foods, to extravagant, expensive clothing or other goods.
 * Larentia.jpgber 21 - Divalia – Held in the middle of Saturnalia, on the day of the winter solstice, after the initial phase of celebration, gambling, drunkenness, and gift-giving, the celebrations subside. Romans revisit the temples to honor the deities, and pray for another year of abundance and plenty.
 * December 23 - Larentia - Held on the last day of Saturnalia, when very strong wine is served, loud music is played again, and dancing returns to the streets. Donkeys are ridden into the street and people strip and frock along the streets naked, celebrating with friends. Larentia marks the end of Saturnalia with merriment, and with Saturnalia ending, so does the year eventually end, as the Romans welcome a new one.

Ceremonial

 * Day of Lustration - This ceremony is held after the eighth day follow the birth of a girl, and is held on the ninth day following the birth of a boy. During this day, the mother officially names the child, and the father gives the child an amulet called a bulla to ward away evil or temptation. Many gifts and money is gifted to the new mother on this day.

Ethics
The ethics of the Romans are mostly based off is mostly based off the Biblia, which mainly preaches charity, kindness, and rallies against envy, jealousy, greed, and wrath. Lust, however, is natural, but one should not be promiscuous, rather they should be monogamous. The Biblia teaches principles of non-aggression and pacifism throughout its scriptures, only to fight back if attacked or threatened. Women and men are spiritually equal, and are meant to compliment each other.

Community, family, and friends are espicially important to Romans, who rely on each other for support. Rather than moving out when they get a job, Roman men continue to live with their parents, and take care of them when they become old in age. Roman women move into their spouse's household when married. Frequently, Romans can rely on family or friends financially as well; and in general, Roman life is somewhat family-oriented.

Although the Biblia says close to nothing on topics such as homosexuality, Roman attitudes towards sexuality are definite and strong. Extramarital sex and homosexuality is frowned upon, and abortion is allowed in extreme cases, such as in rape or if the mother's life is in danger.

Roman punishment for crimes vary much. Crimes such as stealing expensive jewelry or selling illegal drugs will earn the offender a rather light punishment, such as serving as a slave for a year or two. These offenders are considered non-violent and are readily accepted back into society. The next level, violent offenders and dangers to society are secluded in remote prisons, away from civilization. They work as cheap labor for the state. If improved, they are rehabilitated and allowed back into society. The last level, despicable criminals who must be removed from society as a whole, are.

Appearance
Romans are of typical appearance, with longer faces and a darker complexion. While Romans are still and white, their skin can be described as olive-skinned; a medium between the light brown people of the, and the pale white people of northern Europe. Romans are notable for having an eagle-like, signifying truth and dutifulness among many other ethnic groups across the world. Both men and women have rather round and soft jawlines, although males have slightly sharper faces. Romans have substantial, larger lips than northern Europeans, but are still smaller than those of. A large percentage of the Roman population have hazel eyes, a colorful mixture between green and brown; while the rest of the population have plain, brown eyes.Romans are slightly shorter compared to their tall northern European counterparts, due to the Roman diet and genetics. The majority of Romans are of completely average build, not skinny, big, large, tall, or short. Female hair is usually wavy, with male hair usually being curly or straight. Romans almost always have brown or hazel eyes. Roman hair is most usually black with brown hair coming in a close second. Blond hair can be found among Romans occasionally, but is less common than black or brown. Girls and women usually have wavy or straight hair. Roman men, on the other hand, either have straight or curly hair.

What is seen as attractive for males is generally a muscular, but lean demeanor. Strong forearms and a sculpted abdomen is especially seen as attractive. Beards are usually worn by adult men, unless they are politicians or in the military. What is seen as attractive for females is generally a pear-shaped body: a relatively larger rear, thicker thighs, and a more moderate bosom. A pendulous and large pair of breasts is seen as obstructive, while a non-existent bosom is masculine.

Family
In the anarchic, ancient days, households comprised the head (usually the father) of the household, paterfamilias (father of the family), his wife, children, and other relatives. In the upper classes, slaves and servants were also part of the household. The head of the household had great power over those living with him: He could force marriage (usually for money) and divorce, sell his children into slavery, claim his dependents' property as his own, and even had the right to punish or kill family members, even though the last disappeared quite early in Roman history.However, by the 10th century, Roman families had shifted into much more balanced system, which remains in place today. Roman family affairs are divided into two spheres which the husband and wife have exclusive control over. The man of the household controls matters relating to public life, business arrangements, and documentation of all family information are all the matters he has control over. The authority of the man of the house is rarely questioned and his wife and children are expected to adhere to most, if not all his directions. However, inside the home, the woman is considered the head of the family's management. Because the man typically works outside of the house and the woman in the house, the woman tends to take on the bulk of the responsibilities for managing the daily needs of the family and household. Given her strong and constant presence within the home as a wife, mother, and chief secretary to her husband, the woman of the household takes on her husband's sphere of family affairs when he is away, specifically if he is serving in the military. Roman women have a far greater and deeper understanding of the mechanics and operations of the household, and are regarded as the chief custodians of the family, while the men are regarded as the external decision makers and are supposed to protect the family, espicially financially. It is usually considered the woman's duty to take on the bulk of feeding and raising her children, while the men teach both their boys and girls physically inclined skills, such as running, wrestling, swimming, or how to play sports.

Marriage
After a Roman's sixteenth birthday and the Liberalia, they are eligible for marriage. Historically, especially among the aristocratic class, marriages were arranged as political and economic alliances. However, this practice eventually disappeared. As arranged marriages fell into disuse, became far more prevalent. Females, in Roman culture, are supposed to take up the burden of initiation in this process.

Dating usually starts of between two as acquaintances or friends with the aim of each assessing the other's suitability as a partner in a marriage. It is most often a form of courtship consisting of social activities done by the couple to test compatibility. Traditionally, after a year of dating, the man proposes to his partner; although this 'waiting time' can be extended to two or three years. After this, their parents, family, or friends take the time to organize the marriage itself.

The marriage ceremony starts off with a large banquet with the couple's parents, friends, and family. Following this was intense celebration with music and an abundance of wine. The audience of such as wedding can range from as small as a dozen people, to thousands of attendees. After this, the bride is carried to the groom's house by a procession, where the marriage is consummated, and only then is the couple considered husband and wife. When married, brides move into their groom's house as soon as possible after moving out of their parent's house.

Dowries, although it existed in archaic society, slowly disappeared, probably to expel the concern of how wealthy a bride's family is. When married, both of the families, the bride's family, and the groom's, are expected to support each other. In addition to this, the husband and wife's finances are treated as one.

Divorce is discouraged on terms of incompatibility, but is allowed nonetheless if all else fails. Divorce is always allowed on grounds of abuse or adultery, both of which have grievous financial, social, and religious consequences, meaning that these transgressions are rare, and divorce rate among Romans rarely go above 1%.

Jobs
As a developed, modern society, a mix of white-collar, skilled occupations, and blue-collar, laborious jobs dominate the society; both within cities and in rural regions. Olive oil presses, vineyards steel and cotton mills, large foundries, and shipbuilding facilities, or other laborious jobs provide much work for young Roman men looking for good wages and honorable work in their communities, who are often still studying in school. Trade guilds dominate much of the Roman economy and workforce, protecting the workers and managing the work of Romans involved in any major profession from fishing to teaching to entertainment. Work within Roman society is divided by gender, with the men pursuing the most difficult and dangerous positions of employment, and women maintaining careers either at home or in safer environments provided in markets and low-ranking bureaucratic or political positions. Most young Romans will typically follow the trade of their based on their sex as they leave school and become older, with boys going into laborious or time-consuming jobs while girls will typically go into more feminine trades such as retail or office jobs.

Both men and women in Roman society are expected to pursue work regardless of their class, with lower class men and women typically providing the bulk of unskilled workers as farmers and laborers, and middle and upper class Romans serving as doctors, lawyers, engineers, merchants, and governors. Young lower class men often join the military as soldiers, which puts them on a disciplined, hardworking lifestyle, providing an easy route for success and a place to call home. If a Roman family or individual falls on hard times or find it impossible to escape poverty, they may be adopted by the state as slaves. After being adopted, these 'slaves' are taken under the protection of another family, typically a part of the upper-class. These upper-class families are responsible for the well-being of the slaves, and are required by law to provide these services to slaves. These slaves perform typical house slave duties, such as cleaning, cooking, or taking care of children. In return, the slaves are paid by the state. In many ways, they are much more indentured servants rather than slaves; paid well, they are able to leave at any time.



Most work is considered honorable in Roman society, through work such as prostitution, which is legal, is still looked down upon as dishonorable or sinful, and is taxed heavily in some areas. Despite this, men and women are paid equally as their work within the same field is deemed equally valuable to Roman society. However, positions within certain occupations are almost always overwhelmingly held more by men or women on a case-by-case basis, meaning that wages tend to differ between men and women across the board, with men often times making far more than their female counterparts.

The average Roman workday typically starts at dawn and ends a noon, forming a brief six-hour workday. With this short workday, Romans have much more leisure time during the day compared to other societies. Roman women often take jobs and enter careers that are compatible with motherhood, and typically avoid stressful or time-consuming jobs. When women become mothers, they are expected to retire from their jobs, at least temporarily, and raise their children at home until they are old enough to go to school, generally when they are five years old. During this time, they are expected to nurse, take care of, and oversee her child's first developing years. Mothers are expected to breastfeed their children until around the age of two, even in public. Fathers are expected to instill Roman values into their children in addition to teaching them how to play sports, running, swimming, or anything of the sort.

Education
A child is educated as soon possible, generally starting at the age of five, at which children are sent to school. From here, they start elementary school, which focuses on basic, general learning and socialization skills, introducing children to a broad range of knowledge. The variety of subjects are wide and there is no focus on anything. Roman boys and girls are educated in the same subjects. Children begin to study basic math and start to read, write, and speak correct Latin. In addition to this, there are a wide range of arts, such as painting and singing. Physical education also starts here, and children are allowed to spend half of their school-day playing outside with friends. After reaching the age of nine, children graduate from their elementary school and enter middle school, which they attend from the age of nine to thirteen. Here soft subjects such as singing and painting are dropped. In replacement of these subjects, more academic fields are introduced, such as science, math, history, reading, writing, oratory, and theology. With studying in religion, morality and honor is also widely taught. In middle school, physical education becomes a large part of the curriculum and is intensified. Roman boys learn basic wrestling and fighting, while girls usually only learn wrestling. Following graduation from middle school at the age of thirteen, children enter high school. Roman high schools are more intensive than what other cultures do in this age, and academics are taken more seriously here. From here, high schools keep crucial subjects such as reading, writing, and oratory in Latin, along with physical education. Boys are taught how to fist fight, while both girls and boys continue to be taught how to wrestle. Other than these subjects, students can now choose the majority of their study, choosing their future career paths. Rather than all students learning the same thing at the same pace, each student is taught to their own capability. In addition to this, both boys and girls learn how to be good spouses, how to raise children, and how to handle finances. Most teenagers start their careers in high school, with boys taking up laborious jobs, and girl going into food or retail industries. These jobs are simply temporary stepping stones while studying for more professional careers. After graduating high school at the age of sixteen, almost all men and women attend university, where they "major" in a specific field for an additional four years, although for professions that require more extensive knowledge, such as health, law, or engineering, may even stay in university for ten years, rather than the normal four. Universities are widely known as places of parties and drunkenness. Typically in the last year or two in college, students become more thoughtful of the future and typically get married, at the age of nineteen or twenty.

Naming
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The technique of Roman names are quite unique, distinguishing the Romans from other people. Roman names consist of a combination of personal and family names. Conventionally referred to as the tria nomina, the combination of praenomen (given name), nomen (clan name), and cognomen (family name) are basic elements of the Roman name. Roman names are patrilineal, and Roman children are named after their father's family. Notable individuals are given agnomen (nickname), which can be based off their personal achievements or distinct physical characteristics.

Architecture
Roman architecture was initially cloned, but grew slightly so different from Greek buildings as to become a new architectural style, albeit similiar. The Romans only began to achieve significant originality in architecture around the beginning of the Imperial period, after they had combined aspects of their original with others taken from the Greeks.

City Design
The both the ancient Romans and those today extensively employ orthogonal plans and structures on which they mold their cities from. The basic plan of a city consisted of a central forum with city services, surrounded by a compact, rectilinear grid of streets, and wrapped in a wall for defense. However, with the advent of gunpowder, walls soon became useless, and were torn down to be used in other projects. To reduce travel times, two diagonal streets crossed the square grid, passing through the central square. A river usually flowed through the city, providing water, transport, and sewage disposal. It was easily identifiable that a new city was growing, as important buildings such as temples, basilicas, and baths popped up very close to the forum.

Forum
At the center of any true Roman city is the forum, a large open walking, pedestrian space''. ''This is usually where the majority of markets, shops, and vendors are placed. The forum is also where almost all declarations, speeches, or other political activities take place. In addition to this, the forum also serves as the primary business district of any Roman settlement. During the busy hours of the day there is tremendous hustle and bustle. All of a city's important buildings are based around the forum, such as the banks, courtrooms, or offices of major companies. The loud voices of the lawyers can be heard from quite a distance. Perhaps the loud screeching of a quarrel or a fight, about to break out could be heard. If a public figure had died, his funeral procession would lead through the Forum. In almost all cases, the Tavist fire temple of the city is build near, if not very close to the forum. The forums itself is frequently decorated as a garden, having trees, plants, and numerous kinds of bushes. All kinds of shops could be placed near the forum, from a market for general goods, to food markets,clothing shops, or even a shop for luxury items such as wine or jewelry. Life in the forum is always bustling, from dawn from long after dusk, even until midnight.

Temples
Temples are some of the most obvious markers of Roman architecture. Their construction and maintenance is a major part of ancient Roman religion, and all towns of any importance have at least one main temple to a major god or goddess. The main room (cella) housed the cult image or statue of the deity to whom the temple was dedicated, and often a small altar for incense or libations. Behind the cella was a room or rooms used by temple attendants for storage of equipment and offerings. Public religious ceremonies of the official Roman religion take place outdoors, and not within the temple building due to overcrowding. Some ceremonies are processions that start at, visit, or ended with a temple or shrine. Those in need of food, clothing, or other charity, can often visit any temple for help, and will gladly receive it, given by the priests or priestesses of the temple.

The most common architectural plan has a rectangular temple raised on a high podium, with a clear front with a portico at the top of steps, and a triangular pediment above columns. The sides and rear of the building had much less architectural emphasis, and typically no entrances.

Basilica
Also a component of any real Roman city are basilicae, or public office. A basilica is an umbrella term for a variety of any building used for business or any public service. The common characteristic is that these buildings nearly all look the same. This can include buildings such as a court for law, a hospital for the ill, a bank for loaning or other financial activities, or an office for workers of a large company.

Shelter
There are three major types of Roman houses. The urban population live in insulae, an apartment complex. The middle class usually live in domus, a single-family, one or two-level house. The wealthy, affluent class live in large villa, away from the cities. Historically, almost all Roman houses also served as shops, usually situated on the first level. But this practice fell out of use with the dawn of the modern age, when street vending was replaced by large supermarkets.

Ancient insulae were been dangerous places to live, with frequent fires and collapse, however, with modern engineering, this issue has disappeared. Insulae complexes come in hundreds of designs, but as a general guideline, insulae have a kitchen, three bedrooms, one for the kids, and the others for the parents, and a toilet. Bathing would take place in the community thermae instead of the home. Modern insulae are stacked on each other, forming an insulae complex.



Domus, on the other hand, are quite larger, designed for the majority of Roman families. The domus includes multiple rooms, indoor courtyards, gardens and beautifully painted walls that are elaborately laid out. It generally has an entrance hall which leads to a large central hall, called the atrium, which is the center of the domus. The central hall is the most important part of the house, where guests, clients, and friends were greeted. Most atrium are open at the center with a retractable roof. If left open, rain can fall to the pool in the center of the atrium, giving the central hall a natural appearance. *Leading of this central hall were numerous bedrooms, which number can depend on the size of the family. But in general, there is one bedroom for every wife and their husband in the household; while there is one bedroom for every three children. The third type of house, the villa, is basically a much larger type of a domus, usually having the same design. It was historically, and still is, primarily owned by the rich who want to escape the noisy and rushed city life. villa usually have huge gardens and vineyards, which can easily be passed as plantations.
 * In addition to bedrooms, the central hall would lead into the dining room, where casual eating takes place.
 * The central hall would also lead to the the kitchen and the triclinium, where formal dining would take place, and guests could recline on couches and eat dinner whilst reclining,
 * The central hall, in addition to this, also leads to the living room, the bathroom, and the study room, where studying or business takes place.
 * The atrium also leads to the back of the house, where there is usually a garden or a patio.

Thermae
A Roman bath, called a thermae, are large bathing complexes within a Roman community. More often than not, a thermae is generally the center of a Roman community. They are common places to go after work, relax, socialize, bathe, and groom. In fact, a Roman city is not even considered complete until at least one thermae is built in the vicinity. The thermae are most often visited during noon, after the workday has ended.

The principal entrance of a thermae, called an atrium, both in ancient and modern times was a place to post advertisements, especially in large cities. From there, it leads to the apodyterium, or changing room. Since clothing is banned in thermae, all clothing must be removed here prior to entering the baths proper or the gymnasium. The apodyterium leads to both the baths proper and the gymnasium, the latter which is discussed below.

Upon leaving the apodyterium, the bather would first enter the frigidarium, or a cold plunge-bath. These cold baths also double as a swimming pool.



From the frigidarium the bather who then wished to go through the warm bath and sweating process entered the tepidarium, or warm room. In most thermae, this is simply a room merely heated with warm air in order to prepare the bather for the great heat of the vapor and hot baths. However, in some thermae, this room also contains a pool of water. Historically, bathers would have been anointed with olive oil here, but in the modern age, this is where bathers apply soap or other washes.

From the warm room, a bather would then enter the caldarium or hot bath. This is where the bather would finally wash off any oil or soap they had on before entering. From here on, a bather would go to the laconicum or sauna to finish the bath. From the laconicum, a bather would head back to the tepidarium, and then to the frigidarium.

Gymnasium
Almost all young men, women, and children go to the gymnasium, an open field, before bathing or for regular exercise. Gymnasium are frequently inside Roman bath complexes themselves, right in the middle. Gymnasiums are very much a community center for youths, who visit it as a past-time between their academic education and jobs. Gymnasium are unisex and are not separated by gender. This is where youths exercise, play sports, or do similar activities before entering the baths. Romans men are notably always nude in the gymnasium, giving the place its name. On the other hand, women wear short tunics ending just above their thighs for exercise.

Cuisine
Romans usually start their day off with breakfast, which is served at dawn. After which they eat a small lunch at noon, and in the afternoon, after work, Romans eat dinner. Like the rest of, most foods is based around tomatoes, all kinds of meat, peppers, shellfish, olive oil, fish, and cheese. In addition to this, all types of sauces, wine, species can also all be applied in Roman cooking.

The main staple of Roman cuisine is bread and a wide array of pasta. Pasta include noodles in various lengths, widths and shapes. Although pasta may come in many shapes and sizes, the Romans are famous on a global scale for their specific kind of pasta named lasana. This dish contains wide, flat-shaped pasta stacked on another with various sauces and melted cheeses in between. Red wine is by far, the most common alcoholic beverage in Rome, and some attest it is the sole most important aspect of being Roman. The most common non-alcoholic beverage is coffee, mostly imported from regions surrounding the Red Sea. Roman serving sizes are unusually small compared to other cultures, due to the content of their cuisine.

Business or political meeting are almost always aligned with eating times, whether it be breakfast, lunch, or dinner. Occasionally after dinner, Roman adults, especially younger ones, invite friends to a convivium, or drinking party. While wine is drank here, smoking marijuana is also common. This is where casual philosophical or scientific debates take place, especially by the highly educated and sophisticated.

Clothing
Overwhelmingly, Roman clothing is loose-fitting, flowing, and rarely sewn together. Roman clothing is notable for staying steadfast in design throughout the ages, not changing or being altered very much. In Roman culture, women wearing their hair up, but not too fanciful is seen as most desirable. For men, it is considered masculine to have a full, but neat beard. In fact, in Roman politics, a man shouldn't even be considered for office if he cannot grow a beard. Modern Roman clothing and culture is the combination of ancient, Carthaginian, ancient Roman culture, mixed into one over the course of two thousand years. Roman clothing and the Romans themselves were renowned historically for being very sanitary, dumping their clothes into urine, which contains ammonia and taking daily or even taking two baths a day.

Undergarments
Women almost always wear the subligar, meaning "little binding underneath". Women's subligar are form-fitting, often include an elastic waistband, a crotch panel to cover the nether regions (usually lined with absorbent material such as cotton), and a pair of leg openings that, like the waistband, are often made of elastic. Most women's subligar end before the thighs begin, only covering the groin region. Various materials are used, but are usually chosen to be breathable.

Men usually choose not to wear the subligar unless the weather is unusually cold or when visiting a colder country. Men's subligar are in design, the same as women's subligar, but extend further down, ending at the middle of the thigh, fully containing the goods.

Footwear
Sandals with open toes are what Romans wear for walking around indoors. There are many different designs for sandals, from the practical to expensive and elegant. Boots, which encased the foot and covered the toes, were considered appropriate for outdoors. Like sandals, there are many different styles of boots, from durable to exuberant. There are no dramatic gender differences in Roman footwear, although women might wear decorative jewelry in their boots. It's espicially notable that all politicians, even those of the lowest office, wear red distinctive shoes that mark their position.

Main Dress
Whether wearing a subligar or not, the most crucial and extremely common article of clothing for men is the tunic, a long, loose-fitting shirt. It can be worn in any length possible, even down to the ankles, with the most common length extending to the knees. Early in Rome's history, the length, style, and color of of stripes on the tunic indicated a person's place in society; however, this practice gradually disappeared over the years. Over the tunic, a belt can be worn on the waist, fastening the tunic. In the winter months, or in very cold climates, additional tunics may be worn over the original tunic, even up to four.For formal wear only, men wear a toga over the tunic; a long piece of cloth draped over the shoulders and around the body. It was usually woven from white wool, and was worn over a tunic. The toga was originally worn by both men and women, and as a practical work-garment. However, it slowly became voluminous, complex, and costly, eventually becoming strictly for stately processions, public debate, oratory, and other rather formal events. Originally, the most common style of toga was plain white, or had red fringes. This restriction on style eventually fell out of favor and faded out of use, allowing free design. Several major variants include: For a casual, but dignified look, Roman men wear a himation over a tunic as a cloak instead of wearing a toga, which is reserved for formal events. The himation starts off as a rectangular piece of fabric which is thrown over one shoulder, wrapped under the opposite shoulder, brought around the front, and wrapped around the same shoulder.
 * a pure white, bright toga, used for candidates for political office,
 * a dark, or pure black toga, used for mourning or for times of crisis. Specifically, it is used by politicians as a form of protest, disapproval, or despair.
 * For a long time after the fall of the Roman Empire to the Republican Revolution, the use of a fully-purple toga was punishable by death, which was previously worn by the emperor, who had become a hated figure.

Footwear
There is little distinguishing between male and female footwear in Roman clothing. Roman footwear can be divided into two main groups: sandals and boots. Both are flat soled. Boots, usually worn for outdoor use, can have cleats for grip and durability. Roman footwear is notable for its sophisticated strap-work and delicate cutting to create intricate decorative patterns. Indoors, Romans go barefoot to not track in dirt and to stay sanitary.

Other
When at the public baths men are also nude. When exercising at a gymnasium, younger men also go about nude, however, being nude outside any of these places is disgraceful. When sleeping, a man usually wears a specific tunic just for sleeping.

Undergarment
Historically, upper-class women wore an upper undergarment called a mamillare wrapped around the breasts, a brasserie, but more of a binder, to prevent their breasts from growing too large, which was viewed as comical. However, the use of the mamillare fell out of use by approximately 800 AD due to inconvenience; thus, many Roman women today wear no upper undergarment.

In addition to this, women also almost always wear a subligacula, an triangular bottom loincloth, covering the groin. Subligacula are worn regardless of what is worn over. As with the mamillare, the way in which it was made changed, along with the material it was made out of.

During winter or otherwise very cold weather, Roman women wear what would usually be men's clothing--a tunic, as an undergarment, extending down to the ankles.

Main Dress
The most common clothing among women is the ''chiton. The most commonly worn type of chiton, a Doric chiton'' starts out as a rectangular piece of cloth. If the woman wants to wear an over fold, the top part of

wide rectangle is folded over. The woman holds the two long ends of the rectangle, wraps it around herself, and clips the ends together with a pin or button. The woman then puts her hand through an opening on the other side, brings it up to her shoulder, and then clips it. A belt is then placed below the breast or on the waist to control the fullness. This kind of chiton leaves one side of the body exposed, and is worn during warm weather. The Ionic chiton is a much more concealing version type of chiton. This type of chiton starts out with a much wider rectangular piece of cloth than the Doric chiton. When clipped on, instead of being sleeveless, it has sleeves extending from the shoulder to the wrist, being the main type of clothing during winter or cold weather. During the winter, ionic chitons are worn. If extremely cold, up to two or three tunics may be worn under the ionic chiton.For formal wear only, Roman women wear a stola, a long, pleated dress, worn over an tunic. The stola is generally sleeveless but versions of it have short or long sleeves. Like the doric chiton, the stola is fastened by pins on the shoulders. The stola typically has two belts. The first was worn just below the breasts creating a great number of folds. The second and wider belt is worn around the waist.

Younger women, during the summer or hot and humid days are always seen wearing a pani, a short and simply decorated skirt which is held up by a wide, decorative belt around the waist. The pani extends to right above the knees, which is why the pani is used in hot months and during athletic activities. The Pani is also worn topless.

Outerwear
For a cloak in cold weather or for other uses, women can wear the previously-discussed himation over a chiton or stola as a shawl. Heavier, longer himations are especially used as protection against rain over the head or by new mothers to wrap around an infant.

Footwear
Female footwear is the same as male footwear in Roman culture, although female boots are generally pointier as the ends.

Jewelry and Cosmetics
The only common form of jewelry is actually the pins that fasten women's clothing, often beautifully decorated. The only other common form of jewelry Roman women can also wear earrings, albeit only for formal events. Less commonly, or for formal events, women also can wear necklaces, pendants, bracelets, and rings. Make-up is infrequently worn, espicially not to be worn on hot days or while playing sports. They instead spend time doing their hair, which fashion can change within months or even weeks.

Children
From the age that one can walk to the age of their marriage, both boys and girls wear a simple tunic for everyday wear, usually in a plain color and simply decorated, extending down to the ankles; over their respective bottom undergarment, a subligar for boys, and a subligacula for girls.

When swimming, exercising, playing sports, or otherwise doing similar activities, Roman boys wear nothing and go about in the nude. Girls, for the same activities such as athletics or playing sports, wear a pani, a skirt worn at the knees and topless, to cover the nether regions.