1808-1850 (Think Before You Act)

Uniting of the French and Spanish Thrones (2/28/1808)
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Portuguese War (1808)
The union of the French and Spanish thrones became a turning point in history. Napoleon's power was now becoming the dominant force in all of Europe. It now contained Spain's colonial empire and the combined military strength of both countries. In Britain, King George III was horrified that his greatest nightmare had come true: the thrones of France and Spain, the most powerful in Europe, are now as one. He called for Spaniards to rebel against the French, but they held a deaf ear to his message. With Spain now under the control of Napoleon, the path to Portugal was clear. On May 8th, the force consisting of 150,000 Spanish and French troops stormed their way to Lisbon on what would be the Battle of Portugal, also known as the Portuguese War. At Lisbon, a 100,000 British and Portuguese force were there to defend the city. However, outmanuvered and outnumbered, the French-Spanish force crushed the Allied resistence. After 2 days of trying to defend the city, Portugal finally agreed to sue for peace.

One May 10th, the Treaty of Libson was signed by both France and Portugal. The first term was that Portugal gave its colonial empire to France, yet it was allowed to keep Angola and Mocambique. The second term was that it had to join the Continental System and ban the importing of British goods. The third term was that Portugal was split into two states: Alentejo and a rump Portugal. The fourth term was that Algarve and Norte (Portuguese regions) were given to France. The final term was that Portugal will be forced to join the French sphere of influence and pay 50 million Francs.

With Portugal out of the Napoleonic War, only Britain, Austria, Sicily, and Sardinia are Napoleon's enemies left. On May 16th, fearful that Napoleon will dominate Europe, Britain organized the Fifth Coalition, consisting of those nations, to fight against Napoleon. On May 17th, Napoleon arrives at Paris, where numerous celebrations took place after the victory over Portugal. Now, Napoleon sets his eyes on eliminating his last enemies of the Fifth Coalition.

War of the Fifth Coalition (4/10/1809-6/14/1809)
Austria was the first nation to strike against France. On April 10th, 1809, Austrian armies led by Berthier marched to Bavaria through the Inn River, though the bad road system and the cold rain hindered their advance. However, Berthier's poor military abilities would lead them to defeat. Despite the problems, Bavarian armies were smashed by the Austrians. On the 17th, Napoleon arrived at the region and smashed the Austrian troops at the battle. After thatm he continue to crush Austria in Eckmuhl and Regensburg. On May 13th, Vienna fell under French control.

On May 16th and 17th, Austrian armies traveled to Aspern-Essling to face Napoleon. On the 20th, Charles, one of the Austrian military commanders, knew that the French built a bridge at Kaiser-Ebersdorf at Lobau Island. On the 21st the battle began. Yet the Austrians were battered due to poor military strategy. Yet on the 22nd, Charles managed to force the French to retreat.

Napoleon's humiliating defeat at Aspern-Essling forced him to figure out another plan to cross the Danube. This time, they brought more weapons and supplies to the troops to prevent another defeat. On June 30th, the French crossed the Danube once again and clashed with Austrian armies at Wagram. However, without the Peninsular War unlike OTL, the Austrians suffered a greater defeat, forcing Austria to sue for peace and sign the Treaty of Schonbrunn, which has similar terms like OTL, yet it is more harsh on Austria, as it is forced to pay 50 million Francs and permenatly stay out of the war forever.

Other Events
While Napoleon was smashing Austria, Napoleon's stepson Eugene calshed with Archduke John at the Illyrian region. Although Austria managed to crush French armies at the Battle of Sacile on April, at Dalmatia, Marmont, under Eugene's command, managed to crush the Austrians on April 30th, expelling any Austrian attempt to invade Italy.

At the Duchy of Warsaw, Poniatowski smashed Austria at Raszyn on April 19th, crushing Austrian hopes of crossing the Vistula River. He then invaded Austria and forced them to flee the area. At Tyrol, Andreas Hofer and his supporters rose against Bavarian and French rule, yet it failed after the French won the war. On 1810, a firing squad executed Hofer.

At Saxony, a combined Austrian and Brunswicker army led by General Kienmayer managed to defeat French General Junot at the Battle of Gegrees. Saxony's capital, Dresden, was captured, forcing Napoleon's brother Jerome, who commaned the French army, to retreat. Yet the Austrian defeat at Wagram forced them to withdrawl.

At the French-controlled Netherlands, the British invaded the region to decrease the French pressure on the Austrians. Because there was no Peninsular War unlike OTL, the invading force was much more larger, forcing the French to retreat at the Battle of Walcheren pn July 30th. When the British heard about the Austrian defeat and Wagram, they were forced to retreat.

Prussian War (7/2/1809-7/15/1809)
The Austrian defeat at Wagram and its forced withdrawl from the war forced Prussia to declare war on July 2nd to slow the rise of French power in Germany. King Fredrick Wilhelm III knew that Prussian soverngity was threatened by the Confederation of the Rhine. Supported by the Russians, the British, and the Swedes, Prussian armies led by Gebhard von Blucher attacked Kassel at Westphalia. However, due to the fact that the OTL Peninsular War never existed nor the fact Austria was still involved, Napoleon easily crushed the Prussian armies there. They retreated to Berlin, hoping to recover.

Napoleon, in the meantime, did not want the Prussians to escape. On July 7th, Napoleon suprised Prussian troops at Berlin and eventually captured the city, the second time since the War of the Fourth Coaltion. Despite the crushing defeat, the Prussians stubbornly still fought on. Fredrick Wilhelm III was captured before he can escape from Berlin, and was eventually executed a day later.

On July 10th, a Prussian-Swede-Russian force attacked the French garrison at Augsburg. Because it was nighttime when the battle occured, a majority of the troops were fatigued. However, the coalition had brought torches to set fire to the tents at the French camp, forcing Napoleona nd his army to flee the town. This was the first and only French defeat in the war.

On July 11th, French troops at Stettin were suprised by Prussian armies, yet their manpower was severly reduced, forcing them to retreat once again. Sweden, not wanting to be the victim of the situation, declared a cease-fire with France, promising to drop out the war and pay 10 million Francs. Russia did the same thing too as they knew that the war for them was being lost, paying France 15 million Francs.

On July 15th, Prussian armies and Napoleon clashed at the last battle of the war. At the Battle of Bodden, the Prussian armies were forced to flee from Napoleon after realizing they had been outnumbered. Eventually, Prussia sued for peace by signing the Treaty of Berlin. The terms were:


 * 1) France will be paid 50 million Francs


 * 1) The region of Brandenberg will be given to the Confederation of the Rhine
 * 2) All hostilities between Prussia and France are to cease immedietly

St. Petersburg Accords (12/22/1809)
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London Accords (1/14/1810)
By the time the St. Petersburg Accords were signed by France and Russia, most of France's enemies were either crushed or had to return to peace. Yet Britain was the only nation still wanting to defeat Napoleon. He, however, was not interested. He believed he had conquered enough and would rather focus on domestic policies. On January 2nd, he sent a letter to George III of Britain, asking him for peace. While George reluctantly agreed to this, he knew it was better than fighting on.

On January 14th, delegates from both countries met in Lond. The terms of the accords included the end of hostilities between both countries, and in exchnage, Napoleon would bribe the British 50 million pounds to the British Parliment. Also, the English Channel became a demilitarized zone and the French Navy would end limit their presence in certain areas around the British Isles.

First Imperial Act (1810-1820)
In Paris, celebrations took place all over France. The victory of Napoleon over his enemies, which were either battered or forced to return to peace, was finally acheieved. However, he knew that his country good go on no longer fighting wars. Instead, he began to rebuild and develop his country without any foreign interference. One of his accomplishments during the period was the passing of the First Imperial Act on February 4th, 1810. The plan was targeted to develop economic growth and the building and expansion of infrastructure for 10 years. The plans were simply to make France ahead of Britain as the main economic power of Europe. With the Continental System in place, it would be obvious Britain can not do anything about it. Under the plans, harbors, ship yards, steel mills, and textile factories were built all over France. It also emphasized on the improving, rebuilding, and the expansion of roads and canals, which would not only allow the shipping of goods and raw materials, but allow French troops to use it when there are foreign invasions in France. Railroads begin building across the French Empire and its puppets, begining in 1817 and would finished by 1822. Coal mines were dug up all over the country. A new, powerful trading and military fleet was built to remove Britain from controlling the seas by economic and military terms. Loans would be provided for businesses to start, grow, and expand. Schools and hospitals were built nationwide and nationalized factories were built to produce military arms, weapons, and ammunition. At least 400 million Francs was spent from the program, and the national GDP began increasing by 30% over 10 years. The rapid economic growth encouraged a population boom and shifting of people from rural areas and small villages to the big, urban, and industrialized areas. While a majoirty still lived in the countryside, France was becoming more and more urban and industrial.

The French puppet states of Italy, Spain, and the Confederation of the Rhine were the main supporters and contributors of the plan. The Rhine was definetly the place for industrial growth due its vast industrial mineral and coal deposits. Of all the areas of industrial growth, the French Rhine region had the fastest economic growth. The story of numerous business people being supported by the French have spread all across Europe, which leads to an increased reliance on France. Most of the nations under the reliance are also covered by French secuirty such as the French puppet states, Denmark-Norway, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, and Sweden. However, there is opposition to this in those countries as numerous groups often met in secret to breaktheir countries from French influence, but are not very popular and often hunted down and disbanded by Napoleon's Secret Police.

Growth of French Culture (1810-1830)
Due to strong French influence in Europe, French culture became widespread across the continent. During this period, French painters became renowned for thie rfamous paintinga. One of the artists, Eugene Delacroix, was famed for his paiting, Liberty Leading The People, symbolizing the French Revolution and the downfall of the corrupt French rulers. At that time, it was the most famous piece of art in France, admired greatly by Napoleon.

Romanticism was a cultural movement that began in Paris and eventually spread across the world. Romanticism was strongly used in music, literature, and the visual arts, but also had a legacy on hisoriography, education, and natural history. The movement was a revival of French culture during the period, something never seen in the country since the reign of Louis XIV. The themes of Romanticism range from authentic experience, to horror and terror, and to awe. The themes and references of nature and folk art was often common in many paintings. Romanticism is seen as a revivial of Classical, Renaissance, and Medieval art and culture. The purpose of the movement was to create a authentic and epic view of the world.

During this period, France was enriched by some of the world's most famous musicians and writers. One of the musicians was Ludwig van Beethoven, whose works of music is still popular in the continent to this day. Despite being deaf, he performed miraculous works of music, often attracted by the millions in the music theaters he went to. His most famous work was Symphony No. 5, Op, 67 (1st Movement). Francois-Rene was a renowned French author famed for his book, the Conspiracy, featuring two people, Louis and Jude, who hunt down a French terrorist group who plan to assassinate Napoleon. The book is very popular amongst the French people.

Henri Labrouste was one of France's famed architects for the construction of the Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Paris. It began construction in 1811 and was done by 1832. The basilica is one of the most famous monuments of France, and has replaced the Notre Dame as the crowning for French kings (aka Napoleon's descendents).

As one of the oldest wine makers of the world, French wine became increasingly popular in Europe. Champagne, the most famous of all the French wine, was the most commonly drank wine in the continent. This allowed wine makers and grape growers to prosper during this period.

The Havana Agreement and the Havana Act (1811)
When Portugal gave up most of its colonial empire, and when the French and Spanish thrones officially united, most of the American continents was now under French rule. Prior to the Napoleonic Wars, most of Latin America was under direct control of Spain and Portugal. The colonies were organized into viceroyalties (New Granada, New Spain, Peru, Rio de la Plata, Brazil). However, the people who lived there had some problems in their livelihood. Despite the reforms over the years, Spanish and Portuguese creoles (Spanish and Portuguese people who lived in the Spanish and Portuguese Empires in Latin America) were often discriminated in society. They held very few high positions in the government or the military, which were mostly held by peninsulars (Spanish and Portuguese people who are from the Iberian Peninsula). The colonies were not allowed to trade with each other or trade with other nations and were only allowed to trade with their ruling countries. Industrial development was also outlawed so that Iberian manufactured products can be bought.

The Mexico City Protest
After the defeat of Portugal and the uniting of the French and Spanish thrones, news of French liberalism spread to the Americas, which the people there used as an excuse for protesting for self-rule. On March 15th, 1811, 100,000 people led by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla marched through Mexico City. Using the method of civil disobedience, they attracted thousands of creoles into the protest. The goal of the protest was to achieve self-rule, end slavery, ban the discrimination of creoles and peninsulars, and certain economic rights. However, the French troops shot the protestors after one of them broke a window at a governmental office. This led to hundreds of casualties and the collapse of the movement. Miguel was one of the people dead during the massacre. Francisco Goya, a tourist at the city, witnessed the massacre and painted the 15th of March to reveal the horrifying massacre.

Despite the protest's failure, it managed to spread the word all over French Latin America. In just a few months, millions of people (in cities such as Lima, Rio de Janerio, Buenos Aires, and Havanna) were protesting for self-rule. When Napoleon received the news in Paris, he was shocked of the massacre at Mexico City and the protests across French Latin America. He knew that he had to do something to prevent them from gaining independence, so he sent a letter to the protesters on March 24th, promising them a compromise at Havana. The people agreed to this and many protest leaders met French officials at the city. Napoleon would grant amnesty to all protestors and execute those who would not believe his request.

Havana Agreement
On April 2nd, they all met at Havana where the Havana Agreement would be drawn up. Napoleon coinceded to the people's demands, promising them self-rule, the end of discrimnation and slavery, and the lifting of economic restrictions on the colonies. In exchange, however, they would continue their loyalty to the French crown. Also included at the agreement was the promise to arrest all French troops at Mexico City involved in the Mexico City Massacre and pay the families and friends of protest victims 500 Francs each.

The agreement led to an age of growth, freedom, and prosperity in French Latin America. The Hispaniolan Congreso (Congress in Spanish) and the Brazilian Congresso (Congress in Portuguese) were established by newly elected creole members. However, due to their lack of political experience, they were often assisted by French officials, who helped them make correct decisions. They were there until 1834, when the two Congresses had enough experience in government.

Havana Act


As part of the Havana Agreement, economic liberalization occured across French Latin America. Simon Bolivar, the prime minister of the Hispaniolan Congreso, enacted the Havana Plan, which aimed for very similar goals as the First Imperial Act. Economic growth, industrialization, building, improving, and expansion of infrastructure, education, health, and communication, and the urbanization of cities would occur for 10 years. The plan was to simply develop and expand the Latin American economy whose progress was hindered by their original colonial rulers. During this time, harbors, ship yards, steel mills, and textile factories were built all over the region. While it was allowed to trade with each other and even trade with other nations, it was barred from importing British goods as part of the French Continental System. The road and canal systems was expanded and improved, which allowed improved transportation across the region. Raw materials harvested in the region was split in terms of use: 60% went to the French Latin American economy, the remainder was shipped to France to develop its own economy. The money from the gold and silver that came from the mines was invested for economic use and not to build up wealth. The colonies were so rich in natural resources that they allowed the economy to grow at a astounishing rate. Wood came from Brazil, tin came from Rio de la Plata, iron and coal from New Granada, and gold and silver cam from all over the place. A powerful trading and a military fleet (though limited in size) was built to ship goods and raw materials worldwide. Loans were given to anyone trying to start a business. Schools and hospitals were built across the region. Factories that were nationalized manufactured military arms and ammunition. 600 Francs was used in the program, with the national GDP increased 60% over the time period. This allowed a population boom and the shifting of populations to the cities from the countryside.

American Expansionism
In 1808, Democratic-Republican politician James Madison became president of the United States. As a pro-expansionist he immediately began to expand the nation westward. Since America bough Louisiana from France in 1803, numerous Americans have moved west and settled the area. However, Amerindians resisted any American attempt to displace them from their homeland by slaughtering tens of settlers and burning numerous western settlements. In 1810, James Madison, angered by this issue, assisted the settlers to combat the Amerindians by sending militia to protect them. Yet this only caused even more conflict.

Although the attack of American settlers was a big problem, there were other problems that Madison had to face. Even when the Napoleonic Wars were over, Britain continued to attack any merchant ships sailing to France. They often forced American sailors to join the Royal Navy. This forced Madison to force naval warships to accompany with trading ships heading to France. This proved to be a big sucess, with many British ships captured or sunk.

Meanwhile, the British used this as an excuse to protect their interests in Canada by sending weapons and supplies to the Amerindians, who gratefully accepted them. This caused deteriorating Anglo-American relationships. In fact, after American militiamen raided the Amerindians at the Battle of Tippecanoe, their discovered that they had possessed British weapons and supplies, causing a firestorm in Congress. The War Hawks were one part of Congress who wanted to declare war against Britain, yet the pro-British Federalist Party opposed this, believing the olive branch should be used to end the problems. Eventually, Madison used diplomacy which persuaded the British to end the support of Amerindians. Despite the success, the War Hawks were displeased and continue to call for war.

On June of 1812, American settlers in the Louisiana Territory were ambushed by Amerindians and slaughtered most of them, causing Congress to pressure Madison to go to war against Britain. Despite any peaceful attempt to end the problems, nothing worked for Madison. Finally, on June 18th, 1812, Madison conceided to Congress's demands and declared war on Britain. The War of 1812 has just begun.

War of 1812
The shots of war began when American troops led by William Hull seized York on June 18th. Because some of the people in Canada were Americans, Madison expected the people to rise up in favor of the American cause. However, this did not happen. Nearly all Americans in Canada were loyalists who immigrated to Canada after the American Revolution. Two European groups, the English, and the French, also did not support them due to cultural differences.

After York was seized, the Canadian colonial government fled to Montreal for saftey. On June 22nd, the Brtish government soon receievd the news and dispatched 50,000 troops (most of them veterans from the Napoleonic Wars) to Canada. Two days later, Napoleon also received the news, who met with his military commanders and advisors to plan out the French role in the war.

Atlantic Theatere
By the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the British Royal Navy was the world's best navy. It had 600 cruisers and other types of ships (with 85 of them in American waters), making the British masters of the sea. However, their army was weakened during the Napoleonic Wars, forcing the Parliment to takes steps to rebuild and improve on it. At Halifax, Nova Scotia, the Royal Navy in the region was greatly reduced due to the Napoleonic Wars, with only 22 ships. Meanwhile, the American Navy had only 22 ships, yet some of them (USS Constitutio, USS President, and the USS United States) were supreior to British ships.

During the war, Britain sent a majority of her navy to Halifax to blockade the American Coast, cease its trade with the rest of the world, and prevent them from getting any help. This caused American trade to cease completly and the economy to decline except in New England, where the pro-British Federalists mosntly ruled.

Because their small numbers, the American Navy used hit-and-run tactics, but because some of their ships were supreior in ability, they were able to defeat some British ships, including the HMS Guerriere (August 19th by the USS Constitution), Macedonian (October 25th by the USS United States), and Java (December 29th by the USS Constitution). Of all the ships in the battles, the USS Constituion was the most famous, often receiving little damage from the battles with the HMS Guerriere and the HMS Java. It was nicknamed "Old Ironhides" because cannonballs bounced from its sides.

Due to their naval defeats, the British were forced to imrpove on their naval designs, eventually building the HMS Leander and the HMS Newcastle, which were bigger and had more guns. Although the United States has a well-experienced navy, the British Royal Navy greatly outnumbered the Americans, thus preventing any American attempt to break the blockade. Despite British naval superiority, they were inferior to the power and design of the American vessels.

From January to March, the USS Essex, the USS Hornet, and the USS Wasp harrassed British shipping in the Atlantic, capturing at least 50 British ships. This caused damage to British trade causing the HMS Shannon, the HMS Phobe, and the HMS Cherub to intervene. However, all three ships were crushed by the Americans.

On June 1st of 1813, the British manage to land on Boston after the HMS Shannon destroyed the USS Chesapeke. However, their hold on the town was shortlived after most of the troops had to evacuate when the French began to attack British colonies. 3 days later, American and British forces clashed at Washington D.C. With French support, the Americans drove out the British in one of the most patriotic battles in American history.

Eventually in 1814, the Atlanitc Theatere was officially closed after the British suffered colonial lossess in the Carribean and West Africa and eventually surrendered in Haiti.

Canadain Theatere
At first, Madison was confident Canada would be taken easily and the people would join his cause. However, he was proven wrong. Most of the people were loyal to the British government and were American exiles after the Revolutionary War. Other people were British and French, who also opposed the American cause for cultural reasons. After the capture of York in June 18th, 1812, the Canadain Theatere has begun. From 1812 to 1813, the Great Lakes, especially Lakes Erie and Ontario, were heavily militarized by the presence of British troops and ships. What made the American advance hard was the British control over the St. Lawrence River, Lake Champlain, and the Niagra River. Amerindian tribes were also another problem, especially those from the Western fronteir.

The American Army had done poorly until 1813, which suffered the first defeat at the hands of the British at St. Joseph Island at the theatere. Mackinac Island, an important trading post, was captured after the British fired just one cannonball. Amhertsburg was later occupied by British troops.

General William Hull attempted to siege Montreal on July 12th, whose army is made out of untrained and inexperienced militamen. It also had limited supplies and very few artillery. Thus the battle resulted in favor of the British. Hull retreated to Fort Detroit, but by the time the British arrived on August 16th, he surrendered it without a fight. Fort Dearborn was sieged by the British on August 15th, ending with a British victory. Later, York was recaptured by the British due to the fact the Americans were demoralized about Hull's surrender.

Isaac Brock was the greatest British military commander in Canada. He gained much support from the Canadains, who saw the Americans as bloodthirsty and wanted to invade Canada to slaughter the people. Isaac convinced the people that Britain was strong and can beat the Americans in the war.

The Americans managed to cross the Niagra RIveron October 13th, yet they suffered a defeat at the hands of the British at Queenston Heights. However, Isaac's death at the battle greatly demoralized the British army. Yet the American militia refused to go any further.

When France declared support to America in 1813, the tide turned in the favor of the Americans. On July 12th, American troops managed to captured Montreal and Toronto 10 days later. On September 13th, American and British forces clashed at the Battle of Lake Eire, which resulted in an American victory.

Because of difficulties for communication due to British militarized zones, controlling the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River became crucial for the American cause. To establish a strong presence in the region to counter Britain's, a shipyard was built at Sackett's Harbor in the state of New York. There, eleven warships were built. Thanks to the new fleet, the Americans secured a victory at the Battle of Stoney Creek on May 5th, 1813 and later won on May 24th after the British were defeated at the Battle of Beaver Dams, yet the British attack on Sackett's harbor was repulsed on June 19th.

Contrast to American militia, Canadian militia were much more skilled. French Canadains saw Americans as anti-Catholic while American loyalists did not want to be ruled by America. While some people endorsed the American cause, the American army had to struggle through obstacles and British loyalists.

At the St. Lawrence River, the Americans crossed the river through Presscott on June 13th and captured Ogdensburg four days later despite harsh resistence from loyalists. Quebec City was captured on June 21st, given American control of most of the river.

On July 4th, the Americans struck at Fort Eire, crushing the British there and forcing them to retreat. 9 days later, the Americans secured another victory at the Battle of Chippawa. On October 6th, the Americans secured another victory at the Battle of Plattsburgh, giving the Americans complete control over Lake Champlain.

Western Theatere
General William Henry Harrison was sent o the Ohio Territory to deal with the British-supported Amerindians. The goal was to simply take out Tecumseh, but the process was complicated. A part of William's army was defeated at Frenchtown on January 22nd, 1813. Because it was located at River Raisin, the incident ws known as the River Raisin Massacre.

In May 1813, Tecumseh sieged Fort Meigs in Ohio. The American and French reinforcements crushed the Amerindians at the battle, forcing many to retreat and Tecumseh to leave for Canada. In July, Tecumseh once again attacked the fort, but failed just like the last time. However, to increase Amerindian morale, he sieged Fort Stephenson, located at the Sandusky River. Yet he failed, marking the end of the Ohio War. It was the Battle of Thames on October 5th, 1813 that destroyed Tecumseh's fighting force and he himself.

French-American Alliance
For the first year of the war, the Americans were doing very badly. Defeats across Canada demoralized the American army. Anti-war protests have sparked across the nation. The economy is suffering and the Federalists are threatening to seceed from the Union. Madion knew that if something was not done, the United States will suffer the losses. He looked towards one nation he knew iwould stop Britain: France.

On October 13th, 1812, Madison sent a letter to Napoleon, asking him for assisstence in the war. Napoleon agreed to his request as an excuse to seize British colonies and weaken its power. On November 14th, American and French diplomats met in France, where they drew out the war plans and how their claims will be divided in the Paris Agreement. Eventually, both nations chose their claims: France would seize Britain's West African, Guyanan, and Lesser Antilles colonies while America would seize Britain's Canadian and Greater Antilles colonies.

The agreement would lead to the tide of the war turned against the British and its eventual defeat in the war. Many historians called this agreement the "meeting that changed America".

Seizing of British Colonies
Napoleon officially declared war on Britain on November 23rd, 1812. During the first part of his campaign, he sent the newly built and improved French Imperial Navy to attack the British West African colonies at the Gambian River region, the Gold Coast, and Sierra Leone. Due to the lack of military presence, they were easy to take, weakening British power in the West African region. The British Gambian region fell first on December 2nd, followed by the Sierra Leone on December 5th and the Gold Coast on December 5th.

When the British government received the news of the battles, they were forced to divert a part of their troops and ships to the colonies. However, because French ships improved in design and ability, it was the British who was the big loser. The British attempt to seize Sierra Leone was repulsed on December 11th.

After the capture of Britain's West African colonies, Napoleon began the invasion of the British Lesser Antilles. With forces coming from French Latin America, the British were not able to stand a chance against the situation. Trindad and Tobago fell on December 17th, followed by Grenada on the 27th, St. Vincent and the Grenadines on January 3rd, Saint Lucia on January 7th, Barbados on January 12th, Dominica on January 15th, Antigua and Barbuda on January 19th, and Saint Kitts and Nevis on January 22th.

French victories of Britain severly weakened the navy, allowing the American navy to capture the Bahamas on January 5th and Jamaica on January 8th. Britain, although suffering great losses from its navy and army, still fought on in Canada.

Haitain-French Conflict
After the capture of Britain's Carribean holdings, Britain knew that Haiti was the country's only hope for reclaiming their lost colonies. On October 23rd, the King Goerge III sent a letter to President henri of Haiti to ask for assistence. As an enemy of France, he agreed to help liberate the lost colonies.

One November 3rd, a British-Haitian joint force attacked Barbados. However, the French were better prepared than the joint force, causing a defeat for the Haitians and the British. Napoleon had discovered the opprutunity to take back their lost colony, so on November the 10th, French troops landed on Port-au-Prince. Although they won a victory, the Haitians proved to be fierce fighters. The French later one the Battle of Jereme against the Haitians and British. Just like the Haitian War of Independence, Yellow Fever was a major problem for the French, yet because fresh troops can come from Cuba, it was not as big of a problem as it used to be.

On November the 16th, however, the French were ambushed during the Second Battle of Jerome and were forced to retreat. However, 10 days later, they struck back at Jerome for the third battle and managed to weaken the British-Haitian forces. On December the 3rd, the French won a striking victory at Miragoane against the Haitians and the Battle of Jacmel on December the 9th. On December the 15th, Verrettes was captured by French forces. On December the 21st, Hinche was captured as well. On January the 1st, Port-de-Palix was captured, forcing the Haitians to surrender, allowing France to regain control of the nation.

Treaty of Washington D.C.
With Britain's military and navy succumbing to its losses, its economy spirling down, and the people revoltig, Britain was forced to sue for peace on January 4th, 1814. On January 8th, the Treaty of Washington D.C. was signed by delegates from all three nations. The terms were:
 * 1) America gains all of Canada, its claims in North America, and Britain's Greater Antilles colonies
 * 2) France gains Britain's Lesser Antilles, and West African colonies, Western Australia, the East Indies (formerly Ducth before Napoleon's conquest of the Netehrlands forced Britain to take control of it) and its Guyana territories (originally Ducth, taken over by Britain after the War of the Fifth Coalition, though later given to America by France as a reward) to France
 * 3) Britain must pay 300 miilion USD and 300 million Francs
 * 4) Britain must give up most of its navy, its naval warfare tactics, and its industrial technologies to France
 * 5) All support to Amerindians from Britain will cease permenatly

United States
The biggest winner of the War of 1812 was the United States, who were finally able to get rid of British rule in their backyard. The annexation of Canada and British-claimed North American Land tripled the country in size, something not seen since the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. James Madison was seen as a patriotic hero to his country. The Federalist Party lost all of their support for their pro-British ideology, and would never recover to this day. The Amerindians suffered the worst, as they are now vulnerable to losing their land to American settlers. Eventually, many were forced out of their homelands.

Celebrations took place all over the country from New York to Atlanta. Many people nicknamed the war their Second War of Independence since they had to struggle to defend themselves from Britain just like long ago. Franco-American relations also improved, as the two countries are now close friends. This would also lead to a more pro-French foreign policy for the United States.

Despite the successes, the New England states have complained about how the war was conducted and how the war had effected them. They accused the government on not spending enough money for the military budget and that states should have more control over their militia. The increased taxes and British blockade constantly damaged the economy, causing the anti-war sentiment to be focused in those states. There were even rumors that New England might seceed from the country, but that was false.

Also, Britain freed thousands of slaves by capturing slave ships heading to the United States, causing complaints from planters about the lack of fresh slaves and how it damaged their economy.

France
France, like the United States, came out victorious. Its conquest of Britain's West African and Carribean colonies would eventually lead to greater control of the regions. Napoleon was once again praised by the French people for leading into greatness. This led to an increased prestige for its people never seen since the Napoleonic Wars. France's naval victories against Britain helped replace the country as the main sea power. Their victory would eventually become one of the factors for their colonial successes in the future.

Britain
Britain suffered greatly from their defeat at the war. Once a proud, strong country, their prestige and military and economic power has been wrecked completly. Once the great sea power of the world, its naval defeats laid the way to French naval superiority. Many people looked to King George III and 2nd Earl of Liverpool as their scapegoats for their defeat in the war. This forced the prime minister to resign on December 1st, 1815, yet George III stubbornly held on to power.

The loss of their Carribean and West African colonies damaged British trade with the rest of the world. The only important possessions left in the Atlantic Ocean were its Atlantic Islands and South Africa. Because of their loss of important pit stops, their encouraged immigration to those colonies to strengthen their control over the region.

Post-Napoleonic Wars World (1810-1852)
With Napoleon the master of all of Europe and his enemies now forced to bow down to him, the French Empire was the unopposed supreme force of all of Europe. The end of the Napoleonic Wars helped Europe to return to peace once more. Thanks to the Havana and First Imperial Acts, French products are flooding markets worldwide and Britain was losing influence in Europe and the world economy as well as the pound, the country's currency. The economic depression the country suffered led to the Panic of 1815 on February 4th, yet this did little to effect the economies worldwide as France seems to constantly prosper from their growing economy.

Napoleon began to look to other places worldwide to expand the French Empire. The first place he targeted was Algeria, where he ordered an expedition led by his brother Louis-Napoleon to anchor at Algiers in April 13th, 1818. Both the sultan and Louis signed the Treaty of Algiers, causing Algeria to be a French protectorate in exchange for opening the country's markets to French products. Soon, with Algeria annexed, the same strategy was done for Morrocco (on March 16th, 1819) and Tunisia (May 4th, 1819). After most of North Africa became French, France expanded its empire around Western, Eastern, and Central Africa. Mauritania was annexed in 1820 (the area around the Volta River), the Ivory Coast, all of the Senegal River region, and the Guinea's at that same year. On 1821, France begins settling the East Indies, Western Australia, and the North Island of new Zealand. In the East Indies, however, due to the Dutch presence there, they ultimatly refuse and leave their colony to Borneo, where they set up their independent countries. By 1822, the French settled in Indochina and was later annexed as a protectorate in 1823. On 1824, Madagascar was settled by French settlers and was officially a colony by the time.

Napoleon also had numerous achievements back at home. In 1817, he officially established an Italian state made out of the lands he conquered (the Italian Peninsula and Italian lands from France and Switzerland). In 1823, a German state was also created out of the French-influenced German regions.

Napoleon faced big problems in Flordia, where natives constantly continue to attack settlements at the coast. Despite the military's best efforts, disease and little knwledge of the region hampers any attempt against the natives. Napoleon;s advisors suggest giving it away to take away the burden of this useless land. So he did. On February 14th, Napoleon sold Flordia to America for $3 million USD. In exchange, the Monroe-Napoleon treaty is signed, which establishes an official boundry between the United States and French Latin America. (The same boundry of the OTL Adams-Onis treaty)

Sweden and Prussia, weakened by their humilated defeats at the hands of the French and Russians, formed the Stettin-Stockholm Pact on September 4th, 1820. Although Britain was iven an offer to join, it refused due to the battered army. Yet it did provide them with military expertise to help modernize and improve their armies and navies. Denmark-Norway, however, disapproved of the alliance, causing tensions between the two groups.

Although the St. Petersburg Accord ended any chance of war, Alexander's fears of a possible invasion (though extinguished in 1825) and the fact the French Revolution had a major influence on its people, established a series of reforms to counter the problems. On 1813, Alexander enacted the Alexander Act, which promoted economic growth, industrialization, building and improving of infrastructure, the development of natural resources, the building of forts, military barracks, and shipyards, the epxansion into Central Asia, and political reforms, including the most famous of them all, end of serfdom. The act helped Russia become the fastest indsutrializing country in Europe, with factories quickly popping of all over the cities and increasing the industrial capacity, allowing the dependence of agriculture to decrease. And although serfdom was banned, Russian nobles still considered former serfs inferiors, causing a widening gap of the rich and poor. In 1817, due to French and American control over North America, Alexander enacted the Alaska Act, which promoted settlement in Alaska, which was sparsly populated. He promoted settlement by encouraging people to move there for free land as long as they would work on it. 1825, Alexander overcame is fears of a French invasion and asked napoleon to help support Russia in its economic growth and modernization, which Napoleon accepts. Thanks to the French, Russian modernization has become imminent. Food and industrial production were growing at least 45% a year while modern food production methods, modern factories and forges, and new, larger, and improved trading and naval fleets became common projects across Russia. The Russian navy was even better than before, with new ship designs that were even better than before and improved cannons and guns that were deadlier. However, problems remained. Nobles still controlled half the farmland, former serfs still had large debts, the city conditions were poor, and people from the lower and middle classes struggled to survive. By the time Alexander died on 1825, Russia has become a modern nation, shaking away its backwardness forever.



Austria, in the mean time, began to reel from its crushing defeat from the War of the Fifth Coalition. With the country now vulnerable to Napoleon, Francis I of Austria knew that reform was reliable. On November 2nd, 1818, he enacted the Austrian Act, which is similar to the First Imperial Plan and Alexander Plan; and also began to enact political reforms, including more freedoms to its people. Thanks to his leadership, Austria manages to expand its economy and recover from its burden, with new factories popping up in Bohemia, Austria, and Hungary. Yet the French economy has checked the success of the plan by oftenly outcompeting the Austrians in certain sectors. Farms received more modern equipment which led to higher food production. However, the military was greatly reduced to just an organized militia force and numerous provisional ones to prevent antagonization of France or Russia. Francis I ordered the Germanization of Bohemia and Hungary, which was mixed amongst the people's responses. In 1824, by the demands of the Hungarian and Bohemian nobles, Francis gave Hungary and Bohemia semi-autonomy, yet refused to make them full fledged parts of the empire. Also, Bohemians and Austrians still had faced some degree of segregation, including the limitations of their successes in the upper classes (except for the nobles for obvious reasons). Other ethnic groups, such as the Croats and Slovenes, despite gaining some new freedoms still had a degree of discrimination in society.

Meanwhile, Britain continues to struggle the burden of its losses from the War of 1812. With the navy now in shambles and the army smashed to just a small fighting force, the British Parliment took careful steps to rebuild and recover their military. The British Prime Minister Earl of Liverpool had to resign, with Goegre Canning succeeding him in his place. Under his leadership, he encouraged stronger ties with Austria, Sweden, and Prussia, though he refused to let the country into the Stettin-Stockholm Pact for internal reasons. He encouraged the Parliment to attract people to settle in South Africa and India to increase British presence and prevent them from being easy pickings for the French. Also, he once tried to give Ireland autonomy so they wouldn't have to rebell against British rule, but sadly, the Parliment turned the proposal down. The slave trade, meanwhile, although declining, it is in no position of being anywhere to banned. Despite his efforts, George failed to help Britain outcompete the French economy, as French products outpaced British products being the most bought in all of Europe. Despite the days of glory for Britain now looming, the British will not give up to France.

In Prussia, fears of French domination and the influence of the French Revolution left a lasting mark of the remaining part of the reign of King William III. He knew that the military system needs massive changing and that the people are constantly demanding liberal reforms. Pressures from reformers like Heinrich Friedridch, Karl vom und zum Stein, and Hermann von Boyen were building up. William, deciding that he needs to make changes, establishes liberal reforms in his country and established a Riechstag. However, conservative military leaders did not obey his reforms and attempted to depose him in a coup on May 6th, 1815. However, the people, with the support of the king, stubbornly rebelled against it, and the conspirators were forced to surrender, while William executed every one of them as revenge. Conservative polticians, fearing their loss of power, also supported the coup, and were banished as a reuslt. The Reichstag was officially established on Octomber 4th, completly dominated by liberals. A majoirty of laws that William has passed to the Reichstag have been unaminously approved, including one that reduced the power of the Junker ruling class. However, many laws, including military reforms, made up the majority of the new laws since France was a big threat posing the nation. Prussia began building up her fleet with the help of Sweden and Britain as a response to the reforms in Russia. William once said, "To challenge what's out there, you must keep up with time".

Causes
For a few years, the Stettin-Stockholm Pact and Denmark-Norway have become closer to the verge of war. Because the Dane-Norweigans supported the French, they were seen as bitter enemies by Sweden and Prussia. Meanwhile, Russia and France are right at their shoulders, thus threatening their own sovergnity. Meanwhile, Denmark-Norway have been impatiently waiting to get their hands on Sweden one day. King Fredrick VI of Denmark-Norway has forged closer ties with Napoleon since the end of the Napoleonic Wars, reling on him for military protection in exchange for assitence in the military and economy. Russia, who were also rivals of Sweden and Prussia, also forged closer ties with Denmark-Norway as an excuse to rush their enemies in Northern Europe. Poland, meanwhile under the rule of Fracois Joseph Lefebvre, seeked closer to ties to Russia to eliminate the Prussian menace on her borders. Britain, in the meantime, sent aid to the Stettin-Stockholm Pact, yet did not send any troops for fear of being invaded.

Fredrick VI decided that because he and his allies were more suprerior than Sweden or Prussia, it would be likely that he would win a war against them. So he declared war on December 5th, 1819. The next day, Danish ships led by Carl Jessen began bombarding the habor in Stockholm. Unprepared, the Swedes, the government, and the royal family were forced to flee Stockholm, giving the Danish a stronghold on Sweden. News arrived to Stettin on December 16th, St. Petersburg on December 23rd, Warsaw on December 25th, and Paris on December 28th. Soon, the war began to escalate as French, Russian, and Polish troops march to Prussia while Dane-Norweigan and Russian navies begin landing troops on Swedish coastal cities.

Prussian Theatere
On December 8th, Prussian troops led by Julius Grawert attacked Warsaw to undermine the Polish War effort. However, it was the sheer size of the Polish-Russian invading force that forced the Prussians to defeat. On December 6th, back at Stettin, French troops seized the capital with little trouble, capturing the government and executed its leaders. Prussian and Swedish moral was falling, and anti-war riots taking place across the cities. Yet after all, Denmark-Norway started the war. On January 1st, a Prussian army suprised the Poles at Breslau, which forced them to retreat from Silesia, which did bring up some moral for the Prussian troops.

On February 2nd, the French and Russian navies led by French naval captain Henri Rigny attacked the new government at Danzig to force them to surrender. With the help of Polish and Russian armies, Deizig fall, yet the government escaped to an unknown location (for them). On February 14th, the Poles struck back at the Prussians once again at Breslau, with the city eventually following in just two days. On February 22nd, Konigsberg was captured easily by Russian and Polish troops. By March 7th, the Prussians were forced to sue for peace.

At Prussia, revolts against foreign military occupation was common on the countryside. From March 11th-September 1st, rebels burned down foreign forts, bases, and embassies. They raided the granaries of forts and often took what ever they can. However, the militiaries responded back by burning the countryside and massacring any rebel they can find. This caused the rebellion to dwindle during September and eventually cease.

Swedish Theatere
In Sweden, Russian armies under Mikhail Kutuzov capture Hamina on December 21st and later Espoo on J anuary  5th. Despite the striking victories, guerilla armies in Finland continued to bog down the Russians, causing some frustration amongst the soldiers. Nevertheless, Helsinki was captured on January 16th.

On Decemeber 24th, the Purssian-Swedish navy was destroyed at Visby by the Russians, while troops struggling to conquer the island of Gotland suffer massive bloodshed from resisting Swedish troops. At least 10,000 died in a single day, and while it proved the fierce the Swedish troops, yet this also took a toll on the army as well. Swedish troops were defeated at Kalmar on December 28th, allowing Russia to have a foothold of Sweden. yet bad weather prevented any advances.



Bad weather at Sweden force operations to be temporarily cancelled until April 6th, when the Swedes attempted to regain Helsinki from the Russians, yet this failed as they were forced to turn back. From Stockholm, the Dane-Norweigans began to advance north to Malmo, where it fell on April 14th. Jyvaskyla was captured by the Russians on April 27th.

A Sweden, harsh terrain and guerilla bandits continued to bogg down invading armies in Southern Sweden and Finland. On July 5th, a Franco-Dane-Norweigan force captured Gotherburg, while ending a harsh revolt in the town. On July 7th, a Russian force was defeated when the Swedes suprisied attack the Russians at Tampere, yet were defeated at Turku 7 days later. On July 23rd, the Swedes failed at a disastourous attempt to take St. Petersburg despite the massive damage done to it.

On August 1st, Swedish troops managed to defend Falun from the Dane-Norweigans and Russians using the steep terrain as their weapon. On August 6th, Ostersund was also securred from the Dane-Norweigans due to the steep terrain. However, at Seinajoki, the Swedes suffered a crushing defeat to the Russians on August 7th. A victory scored by the Swedes at Lulea at the Dane-Norweigans again on August 11th, forcing them to turn south to invade Sweden.

On August 21st, the Battle of Lake Oulu forced the Swedes to abandon Southern Finland to the Russians and move north to help protect themselves from the Russians with the help of the Lappish locals. The Russians, meanwhile, headed in that same direction, where they bogged through Lappish, Finnish, and Swedish guerrila attacks. They reached Rovaniemi, where on September 14th, the Russians had to retreat due to poor communication and supply lines. However, they struck back on September 17th, this time taking the city, forcing the Swedes to abandon Finland and protect Sweden from invaders.

The Russians caught up with the fleeing Swedes on October 3rd at Harnosand, where despite their best efforts. the Swedes were ultimatly crushed. This left with only the army from Sweden itself to protect it from Frech, Polish, Dane-Norweigan, and Russian invaders. However, with winter coming ahead, the Swedes had time to recover. Despite this, the Russians made a daring move to strike them at Umea, their winter quarters. On January 13th, the Russians finally crushed the Swedes at Umea, ending the war as well as the soverngnities of Sweden and Prussia.

Treaty of Copenhagen (1/16/1821)
Delegates from four nations: Denmark-Norway, Russia, Poland, and France met at Copenhagen to discuss the divison of Prussia and Sweden. France was no interested in any land, leaving Russia, Denmark-Norway, and Poland to have the spoils. However, the Rhine Confederation joined the meeting as requested by the French The treaty was signed on January 16th. The terms were:


 * 1) Russia will gain all of Finland
 * 2) Denmark-Norway will claim all of Sweden
 * 3) Denmark-Norway is now the Scandinavian Union
 * 4) Northern Prussia is now part of the Rhine Confederation, while the rest is now Poland's.

Growth and Expansion of America
The American victory in the War of 1812 meant that America helped the country emerge as a middle power. With new land in Canada to settle, the people praised Madison as a hero who helped ended the British menace in border. In Canada, American settlers began to trek west to reach the Pacific Coast.

Without the threat of British harrassment of American ships, trading is now safe and could finally expand without any interference. The expansion of American industry helped the country compete economicall with other nations. The alliance with France that originated since the War of 1812 is still strong, with the country receiving the expertise it can get to build is nation and trading France her allies resources and finished goods at low prices, generally avoiding Britain who are powerless to stop this. The Panic of 1815, like in Europe, didn't effect America as much as speculated by financialists. Democratic-Republican President James Monroe struck a crushing defeat against Federalist DeWitt Clinton, who sought to build up the country.

On May 1st, 1818, James Monroe enacted the American Act, which like the First Imperial Act, encouraged economic growth and infrastructure building, with financial support coming from France. Factories were popping across the Northern part of the country. Railroads, roads, and canals were built with French financial support. Shipyards were constructed all across the East Coast. One time, when Alexande rI visited Monroe in 1828, he was amazed of the "will of the American people (to help their country grow".

Meanwhile, there was a great support in the belief in the famed Mainifest Destiny, an ideology that encourages the expansion from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans was desirable by the whole country. With France willing to protect the country, there was great confidence that nothing bad would happen while reaching their goal.

The inventions such as the steamboat, the steam engine, and the railroad are begining the shape American westward expansion. Such inventions allowed industry to rise and transportation in the west to improve. Many settlers see a bright future ahead of their country.

To strengthen the goal of the Manifest Destiny, new states were created, including Mississippi (containing OTL Mississippi and Alabama) in 1837, Louisiana in 1838, Arkansas in 1839, Indiana (including Illinois and Iowa) in 1841, Ontario in 1842, and Quebec in 1844.

Canadian Question
Although the annexation of Canada was a magnificent achievemtn for the United States, there was one problem with the people there. Many of them were American loyalists, French Quebecoins, and English settlers. Many of them were loyal to Britain instead of the United States, making administration in the region difficult. Anti-loyalist and anti-Catholic feelings in America stirred up conflict.

Riots were common in towns such as York, Montreal, and Toronto, as pro-British Canadians often conflicted with American and French soldiers keeping order in the region. On September 7th, 1815, Napoleon urged Madison to enact reforms for all loyalists and Catholics to gain their support. On October 14th, Madison enacted the Catholic and Loyalist Emanicpation Act, which allows amnesty and ends discrimination for all Canadain loaylists and Catholics as long as they remain loyal citizens.

While this allowed Madison to incrase his approval ratings in Canada, a large majority of the people left the region to the West to escape the "American menance". Most of the settlers were British loyalists, who feared risk of being persecuted once again since the American Revolution.

During the 1840's, many new "countries" were formed in the American Fronteir, including Assinobola, Manitoba, New Ontario, and Yukon.

Issue of Slavery
Despite the great unity for Americans, there was only one thing that would tear it apart: slavery. Slavery has existed in the country ever since it was first settled. Many people in the North want it banned because it was morally wrong for the country while the South want it legal because it provided their livelihood. Oftenly, both sides would try to get more states to join its side than the other, which led to tensions.

One of the disputes was the state of Missouri. Northern and Southern Congressmen have constantly argued of the status of the state. The Northerners wanted it slave-free, while the Southerners wanted it pro-slavery. On February 19th, 1820, President Monroe enacted the Missouri Compromise, which allowed Missouri to be a slave state and Maine to be a free state. It also established a line at 36 north as the boundry of slave states and free states. However, this only provided temporarily relief on the issue.

In 1820, three men: John Randoplh, Henry Clay, and Richard Bland Lee formed the American Colonization Society (ACS) with many other anti-slavery members, which allowed any African Americans to return to Africa by establishing a colony in what would be the American state of Liberia. On April 25th, thousands of blacks with Northern financial support established the settlement of Monrovia at Cape Mesurado, most of them escaped from the South. The Southern state governments accused the ACS as an excuse for helping slaves escape the south.

However, 1828 was one of the most fearful years in the United States. That same year, the Tariff of 1828 was enacted to protect Northern industries, yet the South disliked it because it threaten the cotton industry. John Calhoun, governor of South Carolina, threatened to seceed from the Union, causing a crisis that threatened the unity of the nation. In 1833, President Henry Clay agreed to reduce the tariff over a period of time, simmering the crisis, yet widening the North-South gap.

In 1831, the famous abolishinist Nat Turner led a slave rebellion in Southhampton County in Virginia. The revolt cause 58 white deaths, yet 100 black deaths. This forces Nat Turner and 12 of his men into hiding, yet they were eventually caught and executed for treason. This caused the plantists to prepare for future uprisings.

Despite the risks of slaves, many have escaped to freedom through the famous route known as the Underground Railroad. During this time, figures like Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass have helped slaves escape their owners to freedom in the North or in French Latin America where they cannot be found. This causes anger amongst the South, forcing Congress to pass the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 to punish anyone helping escaping slaves and return them to their owners.

In 1847, the mostly-American dominated Texas was given independence by Napoleon II, who join the United States concurrent to that. The reason for the split was mostly due to the demand for slavery in Texas, which was enacted in the state right away when it joined. Many French black settlers and fugitives from America were forced to flee from the state to French Mexico and the Northern states.

On 1852, Harriet Stowe releases the book, Uncle Tom's Cabin, explaining the life of an escaped slave and how he got to freedom. The book became popular across the country and intensified the North-South Tensions. The influence of the book forced Southern states to bar it from coming to those states, fearing a slave uprising.

On 1854, the Kansas Act is enacted to deal with the slave issue in Kansas (also containing Nebraska), which permits popular sovergnity to decide whether the state should be free or a slave state. However, the referendum was constantly interrupted by riots and fights across the state in an era known as "Bleeding Kansas", when pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions have erupted across settlements, causing further intensifying of tensions between North and South. One year later, the US military is forced to intervene, and as a result, the conflict ended.

Causes
During the first four months of 1820, peace was about to become extinct in the Ottoman Empire. The empire, once the proud nation who excelled beyond Europe, it was now on the verge of crumbling and falling behind. Corruption plagued the Turkish court, The economy and currency were crashing from inflation. Europeans were constantly planning to take advantage of its weakened state. But most importantly, nationalism was common amongst the minorities inspired by the French Revolution.

French and Russian Imperialism
Napoleon was looking forward to conquer Egypt, the place he failed to dominate prior to his rise to power. Yet despite the earlier failure, he stubbornly wanted to return to gain the revenge he desired. French control of the Maghreb alarmed the Ottomans, who in 1818, began to established a militarized zone at the Tunisian-Ottoman border. Ottoman pirates were another problem to the French, who were formerly from the Barbary States before being annexed to France. Hired as mercenaries by the Ottomans, they raided French towns along the French North African coast and were the biggest nuisance to French naval dominance in the Mediterranean. Napoleon sent a letter to Sultan Mahmud II. Here is a part of the letter:

''Who in the name of God has give you the right to challenge the power of France in the Mediterranean? Do you even know we are the masters of Europe? If you do know this, than you should reconsider what you are doing and stop attacking the power of France in the Mediterranean.''

However, Mahmud ignored the message and continued to support pirates and their raids across the Mediterranean.

Meanwhile, Russia, just like France, was also looking forward to expanding its territory into the Caucasus to end the Ottoman menance in the region. Russian troops constantly harrassed Turkish outposts in the region, forcing Mahmud to send troops to the region to counter this. What also decreased the region's stability was the uprisings by Christian groups (especially Armenians) inspired by the French Revolution.

Peloponnese Uprising
In Greece, Greek nationalists, inspired by the French Revolution, began to plot the war for independence. For centuries, since the fall of the Byzantine Empire. Greece has been embroiled by Muslim rule. Now, the people have had enough of their Muslim rulers. Rigas Feraios was another inspiration, having led an uprising in Serbia that although failed to achieve independence, the region was granted autonomy by the Turks.

Alexander Ypsilantis was the leader of the Greek nationalist group Filiki Eteria, who planned to stir an uprising in Peloponnese. This was successful on April 17th, when thousands of Greeks revolted. They attacked 50,000 Muslims living in the region, with 20,000 dead. When the news hit Constantinople, Mahmud ordered the arrest of the Greek Patriarch of Constantinople, Gregorios V, arrested, suspecting him of having a part in the uprising.

The movement spread across Greece and the Balkans, causing uprisings all over the region. Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks, Romanians, and Bulgarians constantly attacked Muslims, Turks, and governmental buildings in what is known as the Balkan Revolution. This forced Mahmud to declare martial law in the region, yet military support was coming from Europeans.

However, support for the movement was commonplace in Europe, especially France and Russia. The moment when the Greek War of Independence began, France and Russia declared war as an excuse to help the protestors and seize territory from the Ottomans.

Russian Campaign
On April 22nd, 1820, Russian General Pyotr Bagration led 100,000 troops into Tiraspol, where they clashed with a 110,00 Ottoman force there. The battle went on for two days before the Ottomans were forced to retreat due to having heavier casualties than the newly improved Russian army. The Ottomans were forced to fortify Wallachia, Translyvania, and Western Moldavia from the Russian invasion, yet this was difficult due to the pro-Russian and pro-independene riots.



To counter the Russian invasion of Romania, the Turks struck at Odessa on May 11th, eventually capturing the city. The Russians responded by sending a force to take back the city. During the Siege of Odessa, at least 60,000 died, mostly Turks. Eventually, the Russians captured the city on May 26th.

On May 21st, the Russians manage to strike the Ottomans at Botosani. Inspired by the Russians, the local populance began to rebel for independence, allowing the Russians to easily take the city and slaughter most of the Turkish army. On April 8th, Piatra Neamt was invaded by Russian forces, who manage to easily oust the Turks from the town. By the request of Pyotr, the Russian government began to fund Roman separatists in the region, causing constant pain to the Turkish military.

However, Selim III ordered the raids of Russian trade routes and communication lines and the burning of the countryside (to prevent the Russians from obtaining any resources), causing the Russians to suffer two defeats at Tulcea on May 29th and Galati on April 6th, forcing the Russians to recover until April 13th, when they struck the Turks back at Tulcea and eventually defeated them. Later, they once again captured Galati on April 20th.

Meanwhile, the Turks began fortifying Bucharest and fought off the rebellions in the city. On July 4th, the Russians arrived, fighting the Turks in the Siege of Bucharest. One month later, the Russians broke into the city, officially forcing the Turks to retreat from Romania, allowing the Russians to advancde through Bulgaria.

Pyotr marched to Pleven with 150,000 soldiers (with 35,000 Romanian recruits) on July 9th. The goal was to march to Sofia and capture the city. However, the Turks fough valiently to ensure the Russians did not capture it. However, eventually, the Russians took control on July 12th.

Finally, the Russians marched to Sofia on August 7th. The city was greatly fortified by the Turks, who manage to squash a rebellion there and forced the inhabitants to flee. For three months, the Turks and Russians fought to take control of the city. Eventually, the Turks fell on November 10th, giving the Russians a foothold of northwestern Bulgaria.

However, the Turks began to siege the city once again to retake it. On November 21st, the outnumbered Russians had to hold off against the Turks. the battle went on for four months, with reinforcements coming from both sides. Eventually, the Russians were abel to send in more men and forced the Turks out of the city on February 26th, 1821.

Pyotr began to plan to find a route to meet up with the French at Belgade. On March 4th. However, the journey was dificult due to the mountainous terrain and the lack of adequate roads. On March 7th, the Russians headed for Svoge, where the managed to take out the Turks. On May 10th, the Russians captured Kostenets from the Turks. The capture of the town allowed the Russians to head to Serbia.

The Russians manage to reach Aleksinac on August 21st. However, due to problems with the terrain, the Russians were forced to pull back. They found an alternate route by crossing to Krusevac on September 11th. There, they manage to defeat the Turks thanks to the support of Serbian rebels.

Finally, on December 6th, the Russians manage to catch up with Michel Ney in Belgrade, where with the French, sieged the well-fortified city until February 1st, 1822, allowing the rebels to seize Serbia, Bosnia, and Herzegovina. However, the siege was difficult due to thin supply routes, which often demoralized the coaltiion force at times. Fortunatly, the French were able to send supplies through the Illyrian Provinces, allowing the pressure to be relieved at some cases. The seizing of Belgrade led to the independence of Serbia, Montenegro, and Bosnia (in a union with Herzegovina).

However, back at Bulgaria, Selim III made numerous attempts to seize Bulgaria, even going as far to attack Romania. On March 4th, the Turks raided Alexandria, later advancing to Bucharest to siege in. The siege carried on for a month until on April 2nd, the Russians forced him off. meanwhile, Selim III ordered numerous raids on the countryside of southernmost Romania, causing the burning of the countryside, seizing of villagers, and the looting of towns. The Russians led by Peter Wittgenstein helped defend the region agains the raids. On April 7th, his army managed to take back Alexandria from the Turks, ending their foothold on southern Romania.

From Plovdiv, Selim III attempted another siege of Sofia. However, a part of the army and military commanders mutined, seeing the plan as too risky. The caused a conflict in the military camp. The Russian spies, however, took note of this and urged Peter to strike at the city. He listed. On May 2nd, while the Turkish army was constantly fighting each other, the Russians with the help of the Bulgarian rebels struck the city with full force. Eventually, the overwhelmed Turks were forced to flee. Selim III was amongst the Turks who fled from the city.

Eventually, the remainder of the Turkish army was force to flee to southeastern Bulgaria, while the southwestern portion was under Russian-rebel control. Eventually, Bulgaria declared independence from the Ottoman Empire, inspiring rebellions in Ottoman Bulgaria. On May 11th, the Russian-Bulgarian force struck Stara Zagora to support an internal rebellion in the city. Selim III, however, sued for peace. He bribed the Bulgarians 100 million Lira in exhcnage for a cease-fire. The Bulgarian rebel leaders agreed to the cease-fire in exchnage for the recognition of their independence.

French-Russian Campaign
On May 17th, the Russians and French met in Sofia to liberate Macedonia, Albania, and Greece from Ottoman rule and eventually sack Constantinople. On April 2nd, the French-Russian coalition force (with rebels from all over the newly-freed independent Balkan countries) marched to Skopje. However, the journey was difficult due to the steep terrain and poor roads. Turkish and pro-Turkish Balkan loyalists in the region also constantly attacked supply routes, often fatiguing the army at times.

During the siege, the Turks led by Selim III built formidable defenses around the city. A deep trench was dug around the city, thus making the battle diffficult for the coalition. Eventually after two months, they dug around the trench, and attacked the city from the downtown area. It did not take long for Selim III to be murdered in the battle, demoralizing the Turkish army then on. However, a pro-Turkish mob in the city clashed with Albanian rebels and the coalition army, causing a riot that occured until April 5th, when the pro-Turkish Macedonians were forced to flee the city.

However, on April 21st, pro-Turkish Bosnians, Macedonians, and Muslims begin to riot against French and Russian occupation, who demand the return to Turkish rule. However, the newly independent countries, France, and Russia obviously refused to recognize their demands. In April 24th, the French attacked Sarajevo to stop a pro-Turkish riot, which lasted for 14 days till the rioters were dead.

On April 25th, the French-Russian force sieged Tirana for four months. Despite Turkish efforts, losses in the Caucasus, Greece, and Egypt and the threat of the Russian army and navy reaching Constantinople forced the Turks to flee to Thrace, freeing most of the Balkans

Egyptian Theatere
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Caucasus Theatere
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Greek War of Independence
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Balkan Revolution
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Treaty of Constantinople
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