User:WikiBuilder1147/Sandbox7

Section 1

 * 1) The legislative power of the Union shall be vested in a Federal Congress, which shall consist of a Senate, and a House of Representatives, and which is hereinafter called "The Congress", or "The Congress of the Union".
 * 2) After any general election the Congress shall be summoned to meet not later than thirty days after the day appointed for the return of the writs. The Congress shall be summoned to meet not later than six months after the establishment of the Union.
 * 3) There shall be a session of the Congress once at least in every year, so that twelve months shall not intervene between the last sitting of the Congress in one session and its first sitting in the next session.

Section 2

 * 1) The House of Representatives shall be composed of members directly chosen by the people of the Union. The number of members chosen in the several States shall be in proportion to the respective members of their people, and shall not, until the Congress otherwise provides, exceed one for every hundred thousand.
 * 2) Subject to this Constitution, the Congress may make laws for increasing or diminishing the number of the members of the House of Representatives.
 * 3) Every House of Representatives shall continue for four years from the first meeting of the House, and no longer.
 * 4) Until the Congress of the Union otherwise provides, the Legislature of any State may make laws for determining the districts in each State for which members of the House of Representatives may be chosen, and the number of members to be chosen for each district. A district shall not be formed out of parts of different States. In the absence of other provision each State shall be one electorate.
 * 5) Until the Congress otherwise provides, the qualification of electors of members of the House of Representatives shall be in each State that which is prescribed by the law of the State as the qualification of electors of the more numerous House of the Legislature of the State; but in the choosing of members each elector shall vote only once.
 * 6) Until the Congress otherwise provides, but subject to this Constitution, the laws in force in each State for the time being relating to elections for the more numerous House of the Legislature of the State shall, as nearly as practicable, apply to elections in the State of members of the House of Representatives.
 * 7) The Emperor in Council may cause writs to be issued for general elections of members of the House of Representatives. After the first general election, the writs shall be issued within ten days from the expiry of a House of Representatives or from the proclamation of a dissolution thereof.
 * 8) Whenever a vacancy occurs in the House of Representatives, the Speaker shall issue his writ for the election of a new member, or if there is no Speaker or if he is absent from the Union the Emperor in Council may issue the writ.
 * 9) Until the Congress otherwise provides, the qualifications of a member of the House of Representatives shall be as follows: he must be of the full age of twenty-one years, and must be an elector entitled to vote at the election of members of the House of Representatives, or a person qualified to become such elector, and must have been for three years at the least a resident within the limits of the Union as existing at the time when he was chosen;he must be a Citizen of the Union, either natural-born or for at least five years naturalised under the law of the Union. 
 * 10) The House of Representatives shall, before proceeding to the despatch of any other business, choose a member to be the Speaker of the House, and as often as the office of Speaker becomes vacant the House shall again choose a member to be the Speaker. The Speaker shall cease to hold his office if he ceases to be a member. He may be removed from office by a vote of the House, or he may resign his office or his seat by writing addressed to the Emperor.
 * 11) Before or during any absence of the Speaker, the House of Representatives may choose a member to perform his duties in his absence.
 * 12) A member may by writing addressed to the Speaker, or to the Emperor if there is no Speaker or if the Speaker is absent from the Union, resign his place, which thereupon shall become vacant.
 * 13) The place of a member shall become vacant if for two consecutive months of any session of the Congress he, without the permission of the House, fails to attend the House.
 * 14) Until the Congress otherwise provides, the presence of at least one-third of the whole number of the members of the House of Representatives shall be necessary to constitute a meeting of the House for the exercise of its powers.
 * 15) Questions arising in the House of Representatives shall be determined by a majority of votes other than that of the Speaker. The Speaker shall not vote unless the numbers are equal, and then he shall have a casting vote.

Section 3

 * 1) The Senate shall be composed of senators for each State, directly chosen by the people of the State, voting, until the Congress otherwise provides, as one electorate. Until the Congress otherwise provides there shall be six senators for each Original State. The Congress may make laws increasing or diminishing the number of senators for each State, but so that equal representation of the several Original States shall be maintained and that no Original State shall have less than six senators. The senators shall be chosen for a term of six years, and the names of the senators chosen for each State shall be certified by the Governor to the Emperor.
 * 2) The qualification of electors of senators shall be in each State that which is prescribed by this Constitution, or by the Congress, as the qualification for electors of members of the House of Representatives; but in the choosing of senators each elector shall vote only once.
 * 3) The Congress of the Union may make laws prescribing the method of choosing senators, but so that the method shall be uniform for all the States. Subject to any such law, the Congress of each State may make laws prescribing the method of choosing the senators for that State. The Legislature of a State may make laws for determining the times and places of elections of senators for the State.
 * 4) Until the Congress otherwise provides, but subject to this Constitution, the laws in force in each State, for the time being, relating to elections for the more numerous House of the Legislature of the State shall, as nearly as practicable, apply to elections of senators for the State.
 * 5) The Senate may proceed to despatch of business, notwithstanding the failure of any State to provide for its representation in the Senate.
 * 6) The Governor of any State may cause writs to be issued for elections of senators for the State. In case of the dissolution of the Senate the writs shall be issued within ten days from the proclamation of such dissolution.
 * 7) As soon as may be after the Senate first meets, and after each first meeting of the Senate following a dissolution thereof, the Senate shall divide the senators chosen for each State into two classes, as nearly equal in number as practicable; and the places of the senators of the first class shall become vacant at the expiration of four years, and the places of those of the second class at the expiration of eight years, from the beginning of their term of service; and afterwards the places of senators shall be vacant at the expiration of eight years from the beginning of their term of service. The election to fill vacant places shall be made within one year before the places are to become vacant.
 * 8) If the place of a senator becomes vacant before the expiration of his term of service, the Houses of the Legislature of the State for which he was chosen, sitting and voting together, or, if there is only one House of that Legislature, that House, shall choose a person to hold the place until the expiration of the term. But if the Legislature of the State is not in session when the vacancy is notified, the Governor of the State, with the advice of the Executive Council thereof, may appoint a person to hold the place until the expiration of fourteen days from the beginning of the next session of the Legislature of the State or the expiration of the term, whichever first happens. Where a vacancy has at any time occurred in the place of a senator chosen by the people of a State and, at the time when he was so chosen, he was publicly recognised by a particular political party as being an endorsed candidate of that party and publicly represented himself to be such a candidate, a person chosen or appointed under this section in consequence of that vacancy, or in consequence of that vacancy and a subsequent vacancy or vacancies, shall, unless there is no member of that party available to be chosen or appointed, be a member of that party.  Where: in accordance with the last preceding paragraph, a member of a particular political party is chosen or appointed to hold the place of a senator whose place had become vacant; andbefore taking his seat he ceases to be a member of that party (otherwise than by reason of the party having ceased to exist),he shall be deemed not to have been so chosen or appointed and the vacancy shall be again notified in accordance with section fourteen of this Article.  The name of a senator chosen or appointed under this section shall be certified by the Governor of the State to the Emperor.
 * 9) The qualification of a senator shall be the same as those of a member of the House of Representatives.
 * 10) The Senate shall, before proceeding to the despatch of any other business, choose a senator to be the President of the Senate; and as often as the office of President becomes vacant the Senate shall again choose a senator to be the President. The President shall cease to hold his office if he ceases to be a senator. He may be removed from office by a vote of the Senate, or he may resign his office or his seat by writing addressed to the Emperor.
 * 11) Before or during any absence of the President, the Senate may choose a senator to perform his duties in his absence.
 * 12) A senator may by writing addressed to the President, or to the Emperor if there is no President or if the President is absent from the Union, resign his place, which thereupon shall become vacant.
 * 13) The place of a senator shall become vacant if for two consecutive months of any session of the Congress he, without the permission of the Senate, fails to attend the Senate.
 * 14) Whenever a vacancy happens in the Senate, the President, or if there is no President or if the President is absent from the Union the Emperor, shall notify the same to the Governor of the State in the representation of which the vacancy has happened.
 * 15) Until the Congress otherwise provides, the presence of at least one-third of the whole number of the senators shall be necessary to constitute a meeting of the Senate for the exercise of its powers.
 * 16) Questions arising in the Senate shall be determined by a majority of votes, and each senator shall have one vote. The President shall in all cases be entitled to a vote; and when the votes are equal the question shall pass in the negative.

Section 4

 * 1) No adult person who has or acquires a right to vote at elections for the more numerous House of the Legislature of a State shall, while the right continues, be prevented by any law of the Union from voting at elections for either House of the Congress of the Union.
 * 2) Every senator and every member of the House of Representatives shall before taking his seat make and subscribe before the Emperor, or some person authorised by him, an oath or affirmation of allegiance in the form set forth as follows:&mdash;"I, A.B., do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to His Imperial Majesty Emperor Ellory the First, His Heirs and Successors according to law." The name of the Emperor or Empress of the Cygnians for the time being is to be substituted from time to time.
 * 3) A member of either House of the Congress shall be incapable of being chosen or of sitting as a member of the other House.
 * 4) Any person who: is under any acknowledgement of allegiance, obedience, or adherence to a foreign power, or is a subject or a citizen or entitled to the rights or privileges of a subject or citizen of a foreign power; oris attainted of treason, or has been convicted and is under sentence, or subject to be sentenced, for any offence punishable under the law of the Union or of a State by imprisonment for one year or longer; or</li>is an undischarged bankrupt or insolvent; or</li>holds any office of profit under the Crown, or any pension payable during the pleasure of the Crown out of any of the revenues of the Union; or</li>is an officer in or member of the Emperor's Navy, Army, Air Force or Marine Corps; or</li>has any direct or indirect pecuniary interest in any agreement with the Public Service of the Union otherwise than as a member and in common with the other members of an incorporated company consisting of more than twenty-five persons;</li> </ol>shall be incapable of being chosen or of sitting as a senator or a member of the House of Representatives. But sub-clause iv. does not apply to the office of any of the Queen's Ministers of State for the Union, or of any of the Queen's Ministers for a State. Sub-clause v. does not apply to former officers in or members of the Armed Forces who have resigned their commission within the Armed Forces and have not served within the Armed Forces for a period of not less than six months.
 * 5) If a senator or member of the House of Representatives: <ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">becomes subject to any of the disabilities mentioned in the last preceding section; or</li>takes the benefit, whether by assignment, composition, or otherwise, of any law relating to bankrupt or insolvent debtors; or</li>directly or indirectly takes or agrees to take any fee or honorarium for services rendered to the Union, or for services rendered in the Congress to any person or State;</li> </ol>his place shall thereupon become vacant.
 * 6) Until the Congress otherwise provides, any person declared by this Constitution to be incapable of sitting as a senator or as a member of the House of Representatives shall, for every day on which he so sits, be liable to pay the sum of one thousand sovereigns to any person who sues for it in any court of competent jurisdiction.
 * 7) Until the Congress otherwise provides, any question respecting the qualification of a senator or of a member of the House or Representatives, or respecting a vacancy in either House of the Congress, and any question of a disputed election to either House, shall be determined by the House in which the question arises.
 * 8) Until the Congress otherwise provides, each senator and each member of the House of Representatives shall receive an allowance of four thousand sovereigns a year, to be reckoned from the day on which he takes his seat.
 * 9) The senators and members of the House of Representatives shall receive of Compensation for their service, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the Union. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place.
 * 10) Each House of the Congress may make rules and orders with respect to the order and conduct of its business and proceedings either separately or jointly with the other House.

Section 5

 * 1) The Congress shall, subject to this Constitution, have power to make laws for the peace, order, and good government of the Union with respect to: <ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">trade and commerce with foreign nations, and among the States;</li>taxation; but so as not to discriminate between States or parts of States;</li>bounties on the production or export of goods, but so that such bounties shall be uniform throughout the Union;</li>borrowing money on the public credit of the Union;</li>postal, telegraphic, telephonic, and other like services;</li>the naval and military defence of the Union and of the several States, and the control of the forces to execute and maintain the laws of the Union;</li>lighthouses, lightships, beacons and buoys;</li>astronomical and meteorological observations;</li><li>quarantine;</li><li>fisheries in Cygnian waters beyond territorial limits;</li><li>census and statistics;</li><li>currency, coinage, and legal tender;</li><li>banking, other than State banking; also State banking extending beyond the limits of the State concerned, the incorporation of banks, and the issue of paper money;</li><li>insurance, other than State insurance; also State insurance extending beyond the limits of the State concerned;</li><li>weights and measures;</li><li>bills of exchanging and promissory notes;</li><li>bankruptcy and insolvency;</li><li>copyrights, patents of inventions and designs, and trade marks;</li><li>naturalisation and aliens;</li><li>foreign corporations, and trading or financial corporations formed within the limits of the Union;</li><li>marriage;</li><li>divorce and matrimonial causes; and in relation thereto, parental rights, and the custody and guardianship of infants;</li><li>invalid and old-age pensions;<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"><li>the provision of maternity allowances, widows' pensions, child endowment, unemployment, pharmaceutical, sickness and hospital benefits, medical and dental services (but not so as to authorise any form of civil conscription), benefits to students and family allowances;</li></ol></li><li>the service and execution throughout the Union of the civil and criminal process and the judgments of the courts of the States;</li><li>the recognition throughout the Union of the laws, the public Acts and records, and the judicial proceedings of the States;</li><li>the people of any race, for whom it is deemed necessary to make special laws;</li><li>immigration and emigration;</li><li>the influx of criminals;</li><li>external affairs;</li><li>the acquisition of property on just terms from any State or person for any purpose in respect of which the Congress has power to make laws;</li><li>the control of railways with respect to transport for the naval and military purposes of the Union;</li><li>the acquisition, with the consent of a State, of any railways of the State on terms arranged between the Union and the State;</li><li>railway construction and extension in any State with the consent of that State;</li><li>conciliation and arbitration for the prevention and settlement of industrial disputes extending beyond the limits of any one State;</li><li>matters in respect of which this Constitution makes provision until the Congress otherwise provides;</li><li>matters referred to the Congress of the Union by the Congress or Congresss of any State or States, but so that the law shall extend only to States by whose Congresss the matter is referred, or which afterwards adopt the law;</li><li>matters incidental to the execution of any power vested by this Constitution in the Congress or in either House thereof, or in the Government of the Union, or in the Federal Judicature, or in any department or officer of the Union.</li> </ol>
 * 2) The Congress shall, subject to this Constitution, have exclusive power to make laws for the peace, order, and good government of the Union with respect to: <ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;"><li>the seat of the government of the Union, and all places acquired by the Union for public purposes;</li><li>matters relating to any department of the public service the control of which is by this Constitution transferred to the Executive Government or the Union;</li><li>other matters declared by this Constitution to be within the exclusive power of the Congress.</li></ol>

Section 6

 * 1) Proposed laws appropriating revenue or moneys, or imposing taxation, shall not originate in the Senate. But a proposed law shall not be taken to appropriate revenue or moneys, or to impose taxation, by reason only of its containing provisions for the imposition or appropriation of fines or other pecuniary penalties, or for the demand or payment or appropriation of fees for licences, or fees for services under the proposed law. The Senate may not amend proposed laws imposing taxation, or proposed laws appropriating revenue or moneys for the ordinary annual services of the Government.  The Senate may not amend any proposed law so as to increase any proposed charge or burden on the people.  The Senate may at any stage return to the House of Representatives any proposed law which the Senate may not amend, requesting, by message, the omission or amendment of any items or provisions therein. And the House of Representatives may, if it thinks fit, make any of such omissions or amendments, with or without modifications.  Except as provided in this section, the Senate shall have equal power with the House of Representatives in respect of all proposed laws.
 * 2) The proposed law which appropriates revenue or moneys for the ordinary annual services of the Government shall deal only with such appropriation.
 * 3) Laws imposing taxation, shall deal only with the imposition of taxation, and any provision therein dealing with any other matter shall be of no effect. Laws imposing taxation, except laws imposing duties of customs or of excise, shall deal with one subject of taxation only; but laws imposing duties of customs shall deal with duties of customs only, and laws imposing duties of excise shall deal with duties of excise only.
 * 4) A vote, resolution, or proposed law for the appropriation of revenue or moneys shall not be passed unless the purpose of the appropriation has in the same session been recommended by message of the Emperor to the House in which the proposal originated.
 * 5) If the House of Representatives passes any proposed law, and the Senate rejects or fails to pass it, or passes it with amendments to which the House of Representatives will not agree, and if after an interval of three months the House of Representatives, in the same or the next session, again passes the proposed law with or without any amendments which have been made, suggested, or agreed to by the Senate, and the Senate rejects or fails to pass it, or passes it with amendments to which the House of Representatives will not agree, the Emperor may dissolve the Senate and the House of Representatives simultaneously. But such dissolution shall not take place within six months before the date of the expiry of the House of Representatives by effluxion of time. If after such dissolution the House of Representatives again passes the proposed law, with or without any amendments which have been made, suggested, or agreed to by the Senate, and the Senate rejects or fails to pass it, or passes it with amendments to which the House of Representatives will not agree, the Emperor may convene a joint sitting of the members of the Senate and of the House of Representatives.  The members present at the joint sitting may deliberate and shall vote together upon the proposed law as last proposed by the House of Representatives, and upon amendments, if any, which have been made therein by one House and not agreed to by the other, and any such amendments which are affirmed by an absolute majority of the total number of the members of the Senate and House of Representatives shall be taken to have been carried, and if the proposed law, with the amendments, if any, so carried is affirmed by an absolute majority of the total number of the members of the Senate and House of Representatives, it shall be taken to have been duly passed by both Houses of the Congress, and shall be presented to the Emperor for His assent.
 * 6) When a proposed law passed by both Houses of the Congress is presented to the Emperor for the His assent, He shall declare, according to His discretion, but subject to this Constitution, that He assents, or that He withholds assent. The Emperor may return to the House in which it originated any proposed law so presented to Him, and may transmit therewith any amendments which He may recommend, and the Houses may deal with the recommendation.

Section 1

 * 1) The executive power of the Union is vested in the Emperor, and extends to the execution and maintenance of this Constitution, and of the laws of the Union.</li>
 * 2) The Crown will be passed down through inheritance, and may only be inherited by the legitimate heirs and descendants of His Imperial Majesty Alexander the First.
 * 3) Before he enter on the execution of his office, the Emperor shall take an oath or affirmation promising to serve, protect and defend the Constitution of the Union; to defend the rights of all Cygnians; and to execute to the best of His ability the duties and responsibilities He shall undertake as Sovereign of the Empire.

Section 2

 * 1) There shall be a Federal Executive Council to advise the Emperor in the government of the Union, and the members of the Council shall be chosen and summoned by the Emperor and sworn as Executive Councillors, and shall hold office during His pleasure.
 * 2) The provisions of this Constitution referring to the Emperor in Council shall be construed as referring to the Emperor acting with the advice of the Federal Executive Council.
 * 3) The Emperor may appoint officers to administer such Ministries of State of the Union as the Emperor in Council may establish. Such officers shall hold office during the pleasure of the Emperor. They shall be members of the Federal Executive Council, and shall be the Emperor's Ministers of State.  No Minister of State shall hold office for a longer period than three months unless he is or becomes a senator or a member of the House of Representatives.
 * 4) Until the Congress otherwise provides, the Ministers of State shall not exceed eleven in number, and shall hold such offices as the Congress prescribes, or, in the absence of provision, as the Emperor directs.
 * 5) There shall be payable to the Emperor, out of the Treasury of the Union, for the salaries of the Ministers of State, an annual sum which, until the Congress otherwise provides, shall not exceed twelve thousand pounds a year.
 * 6) Until the Congress otherwise provides, the appointment and removal of all other officers of the Executive Government of the Union shall be vested in the Emperor in Council, unless the appointment is delegated by the Emperor in Council or by a law of the Union to some other authority.
 * 7) The command in chief of the naval and military forces of the Union is vested in the Emperor.

Section 3

 * 1) In case of the removal of the Emperor from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of said office, the same shall devolve on their Heir to the Throne, or, if the heir is a minor or himself incapacitated, the first adult in the Line of Succession in the capacity of Regent, until the disability be removed, or the heir shall accede.
 * 2) Should all qualified individuals in the line of succession be themselves physically or mentally incapacitated, or be a minor, the Congress may authorise ten members of the Federal Executive Council to serve as a collective Regency until the Congress deems that the Emperor is fit to rule.
 * 3) Any person who: <ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;"><li>is a current member of His Majesty's Cabinet; or</li><li>is a current senator or member of the House of Representatives;</li></ol> shall be incapable of being chosen as a member of the Regency.
 * 4) The Regent or Regency shall be granted limited executive authority, and will be empowered to grant assent to laws and bills passed by the Congress.
 * 5) The Regent or Regency may not dissolve Congress unilaterally, and may not remove the Government or the Chancellor from office unless the Congress passes a motion of no confidence in the Government or the Chancellor.

Section 4

 * 1) The executive powers vested in the Emperor shall be devolved to a Government of Cygnia. This Government shall be led by a Chancellor of the Empire. The Chancellor shall be he who will command the confidence of the House of Representatives. All other members of the Government shall be nominated by the Chancellor, and subject to the approval of the Emperor.
 * 2) In case of the removal of the Chancellor from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice Chancellor, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the Chancellor and Vice Chancellor, declaring what officer shall then act as Chancellor, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a Chancellor shall be elected.
 * 3) The Chancellor shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the Union, or any of them.
 * 4) Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation:&mdash;I, A.B.,do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will well and truly serve His Imperial Majesty Ellory the First, His heirs and successors according to law, in the office of Chancellor of the United Cygnian States. I will to the best of my ability serve, protect and defend the Constitution of the Union, and I will do right to all manner of people after the laws and usages of the Union, without fear or favour, affection or ill will." The name of the Emperor or Empress of the Cygnians for the time being is to be substituted from time to time.
 * 5) The Chancellor of the Union shall be required to hold frequent audiences with the Emperor, and to give unto him information on the state of His Imperial Majesty's Government.

Section 5

 * 1) The Chancellor, Vice Chancellor, and all Civil Officers of the Union, shall be removed from office on Impeachment for and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanours.
 * 2) The Emperor shall never be above the law, and as such for the same shall be compelled to abdicate, and to have His designated heir succeed Him.

ARTICLE III

 * 1) The judicial power of the Union shall be vested in a single Supreme Court, and in such other federal courts as the Congress creates, and in such other courts as it invests with federal jurisdiction. The Supreme Court shall consist of a Chief Justice, and so many other Justices, not less than two, as the Congress prescribes.
 * 2) The Justices of the Supreme Court and of the other courts created by the Congress: <ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;"><li>shall be appointed by the Emperor in Council;</li><li>shall not be removed except by the Emperor in Council, on impeachment by the House of Representatives and trial by the Senate in the same session, on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity;</li><li>shall receive such remuneration as the Congress may fix; but the remuneration shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.</li> </ol> The appointment of a Justice of the Supreme Court shall be for a term expiring upon his attaining the age of seventy years, and a person shall not be appointed as a Justice of the Supreme Court if he has attained that age.  The appointment of a Justice of a court created by the Congress shall be for a term expiring upon his attaining the age that is, at the time of his appointment, the maximum age for Justices of that court and a person shall not be appointed as a Justice of such a court if he has attained the age that is for the time being the maximum age for Justices of that court.  Subject to this section, the maximum age for Justices of any court created by the Congress is seventy years.  The Congress may make a law fixing an age that is less than seventy years as the maximum age for Justices of a court created by the Congress and may at any time repeal or amend such a law, but any such repeal or amendment does not affect the term of office of a Justice under an appointment made before the repeal or amendment.  A Justice of the Supreme Court or of a court created by the Congress may resign his office by writing under his hand delivered to the Emperor. <li>of any Justice or Justices exercising the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court;</li><li>of any other federal court, or court exercising federal jurisdiction; or of the Supreme Court of any State, or of any other court of any State from which at the establishment of the Union an appeal lies to the Emperor in Council;</li><li>of the Inter-State Commission, but as to questions of law only;</li> </ol>and the judgment of the Supreme Court in all such cases shall be final and conclusive.
 * 3) In all matters: <ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;"><li>arising under any treaty;</li><li>affecting consuls or other representatives of other countries;</li><li>in which the Union, or a person suing or being sued on behalf of the Union, is a party;</li><li>between States, or between residents of different States, or between a State and a resident of another State;</li><li>in which a writ of Mandamus or prohibition or an injunction is sought against an officer of the Union;</li> </ol>the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction.
 * 4) The Congress may make laws conferring original jurisdiction on the Supreme Court in any matter: <ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;"><li>arising under this Constitution, or involving its interpretation;</li><li>arising under any laws made by the Congress;</li><li>of Admiralty and maritime jurisdiction;</li><li>relating to the same subject-matter claimed under the laws of different States.</li> </ol>
 * 5) With respect to any of the matters mentioned in the last two sections the Congress may make laws: <ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;"><li>defining the jurisdiction of any federal court other than the Supreme Court;</li><li>defining the extent to which the jurisdiction of any federal court shall be exclusive of that which belongs to or is invested in the courts of the States;</li><li>investing any court of a State with federal jurisdiction.</li> </ol>
 * 6) The Congress may make laws conferring rights to proceed against the Union or a State in respect of matters within the limits of the judicial power.
 * 7) The federal jurisdiction of any court may be exercised by such number of judges as the Congress prescribes.
 * 8) The trial on indictment of any offence against any law of the Union shall be by jury, and every such trial shall be held in the State where the offence was committed, and if the offence was not committed within any State the trial shall be held at such place or places as the Congress prescribes.