Measuring Systems and Time Keeping (Cromwell the Great)

There two major systems of measuring systems and time keeping and currency.

system of measurement
A system of measurement is a collection of units of measurement and rules relating them to each other. Systems of measurement have historically been important, regulated and defined for the purposes of science and commerce. In modern times, after the French Revolution and European Revolutionary Wars, there are two major systems in use: the metric system and the British system.

Metric System
The metric system is decimal system of measurement. The new system of measures has a rational mathematical basis and ideally with reference to natural phenomena rather than unique artefacts. the metric system is part of the radical effort to sweep away old traditions and conventions and replace them with something new and better. Initially develop and implemented in France, later it became the official system of measurements of Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Scandinavia, South American Republics, Russia and Ottoman Empire.

It consists of a basic set of units of measurement, known as base units. Derived units arre built up from the base units using logical rather than empirical relationships while multiples and submultiples of both base and derived units were decimal-based and identified by a standard set of prefixes.

The base units are:
 * The mètre (symbol: m) the unit of length, defined as one ten-millionth of the distance between the north pole and the equator on the meridian passing through Paris
 * The are (are) for land area, defined as the area of a square with sides of length 10 metres
 * The stère (st) for volume (particularly of stacked firewood, grains or coal), defined as 1 cubic metre
 * The litre (l) for dry and liquid volume, defined as the volume of a cube with sides of one-tenth of a metre
 * The gramme (g) for weight, defined as the weight of a cube of pure water with sides of one-hundredth of a metre and at the temperature of melting ice.

The derived units are:
 * Centigrade scale (°C) a unit of measurement for temperature. Were 0 °C is the temperature of freezing water, 100 °C the temperature of boiling water.
 * The gradian a unit of measurement of an angle. Later replace by the radian. A full rotation of a circle is 400 gradians.
 * The radian (rad) a unit for measuring angles. Tough, the degree of arc is more commonly used.
 * The pascal (Pa) a unit of pressure used to quantify internal pressure, stress.
 * The poncelet (p) a unit of power. One poncelet is defined as the power required to raise a hundred-kilogram mass (quintal) at a velocity of one metre per second (100 kilogram-force·m/s).

British system
The British system (also called Exchequer Standards or customary units) is the system of units used by the British Commonwealth and its territories. The customary units are based on the historical units of measurement used in England. The Act for ascertaining and establishing Uniformity of Weights and Measure of 1706 standardized the customary units creating the British Exchequer Standards. The Act redefined units, simplified the association of measurements, abolished obsolete ones and repelead local customary units in Scotland and Ireland.

The Exchequer Standards take in account more or less the ideas of the Society for Promoting and Improving Knowledge (SPIK) in the need to specify a basic unit and subunits formalized according to a basic unit (inch, pound and gallon). However the base units were defined to certain physical constants or to easily built prototypes. For example the units of length are based on the seconds pendulum.

The SPIK can also defined other basic units. The prototypes are keep at the Greenwich Observatory that also has the Maritime units (Greenwich Standards) and Gunter's survey units.

Currency
Currencies are divided in decimal and non-decimal ones.

The Decimal currencies have sub-units based on a factor of 10. There are most commonly 100 sub-units to the base currency unit. For example the French franc. 1 franc = 100 centimes or cents. the Dutch guilder decimalised to 1 guilder=100 centen, instead of 1 guilder=20 stuivers = 160 duits = 320 penningen. This system is the one followed in all continental Europe.

The most commonly used and major non decimal system is the British pound sterling or (£sd). Under this system, there are 12 pence (p) in a shilling (s) and 20 shillings, or 240 pence, in a pound (£). Non decimal currencies were the norm before the French revolution, along local and regional currencies of not equal value. In modern times all European currencies switched to a single national decimal currency.