China (1879: Agreement)

China, officially the Great Qing is the most populous state in the world with 970 million people. Located in East Asia, it borders Korea, Vietnam, Burma, Laos, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan and India to the south, Russia and Mongolia to the north, Afghanistan to the west and the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea to the west. Its capital city is Beijing.

At about 9.7 million square kilometers, China is the world's third largest country by total area, and the second largest by land area. Its landscape is diverse, with forest steppes and deserts (the Gobi and Taklamakan) in the dry north near Mongolia and Russia's Siberia, and subtropical forests in the wet south close to Vietnam, Laos, and Burma. The terrain in the west is rugged and elevated, with the Himalayas and the Tian Shan mountain ranges forming China's natural borders with India, Nepal and Central Asia. In contrast, mainland China's eastern seaboard is low-lying and has a 14,500-kilometre (9,000 mi) long coastline (the 11th longest in the world), bounded on the southeast by the South China Sea and on the east by the East China Sea, beyond which lie Japan.

The ancient Chinese civilization—one of the world's earliest—flourished in the fertile basin of the Yellow River which flows through the North China Plain. For more than 6,000 years, China's political system was based on hereditary monarchies (also known as dynasties). The first of these dynasties was the Xia (approx. 2000 BC) but it was the later Qin Dynasty that first unified China in 221 BC. The current dynasty, the Qing, was deposed in 1911. The first half of the 20th century saw China plunged into a period of disunity and civil wars. Major hostilities ended in 1941, when the nationalists won the civil war and established the Republic of China.In 1973, the moarchy was restored, however, in a parliamentary system.