1950+ (The Kalmar Union)

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This timeline describes the events related to the continents of Leifia (OTL North America) and Tawantinland (OTL South America). Also includes bits of the European and other continents' timelines but only in the context of Leifia.

List of Vinland's Queens

List of Álengiamark's Queens

I will add maps at some point...! And possibly split it out some more so it isn't so huge...

10th Century

980s

• 984 - Eric the Red founds Greenland's first colony at Brattahild.

News of the new colony drives many land-hungry families to Greenland. All arable land in Iceland has been claimed and it is in danger of no longer being able to support its population. Babies are being left exposed to die.

• 986 - While lost on the trip from Hordaland to Greenland Bjarni Herjolfsson spots another 'island' to the West.

11th Century

1000s

• 1000 - Bjarni returns to Hordaland and relates to King Haakon II about the new land.

• 1003 - In Greenland once more Bjarni sells Leif Ericsson his ship and points him in the direction of the new land. Leif passes a land of flat stones (Helluland) (OTL Baffin Island), a land of forests (Markland) (OTL Labrador) and finally comes ashore on a new island that is more open.

• 1004 - Spending the winter on the island Leif returns to Greenland with a consignment of Markland timber and a further boatload of grapes from the new island, thereafter known as Vinland (OTL Newfoundland). During his return Leif and his rescue another ship bound for Greenland that has got lost. A second expedition is launched by the Greenlanders by Leif's brother Thorvald, finding the spot of Leif's previous settlement at Leifsbutha.

• 1005 - After spending a miserable winter on the headland, Thorvald abandons Leifsbutha to try and find a more sheltered spot on the West coast opposite Markland. They run aground losing a keel at Kjalarnes but find a suitable spot in a bay they name Hop.

• 1006 - Ice bound for much of the winter Thorvald abandons Hop, collects a consignment of Markland timber and Vinland grapes and returns to Greenland. He returns in time to see the marriage of his and Leif's brother Thorstein and Gudrid, daughter of the captain Leif rescued two years before. Thorvald and Thorstein gather a much larger expedition and return to Vinland, once again occupying Leifsbutha.

Settlers have claimed all habitable land on the Greenlandic coast. There are worries that the colony will not be able to absorb the numbers coming from Iceland.

• 1007 - Thorvald (as the elder brother) and his followers take Leifsbutha as his farm. Thorstein travels south along the east coast to find a suitable second settlement for himself and his followers. Thorstein encounters natives who he calls Skraelings and the party is attacked by them. However a settlement at Thorshavn is created where Thorstein and his followers overwinter.

• 1008 - Thorstein and his family travel back to Greenland via Leifsbutha and Markland, leaving a few men guarding Thorshavn. Thorvald explores the eastern coast of Vinland, encountering more bands of Skraelings but these encounters are not violent. Thorstein dies in Greenland.

• 1009 - Thorvald delivers a fresh batch of timber to the growing Greenland colony before returning to Vinland with a few more men and some livestock. Gudrid marries a Icelander, Thorfinn Karlsefni. They travel to Iceland to trade ivory and relate news of the new Vinland settlements. Gudrid and Thorfinn are baptised at Reykjavik.

1010s

• 1010 - Gudrid and Thorfinn, with a smallish band of Icelandic settlers, return to Thorshavn to find it abandoned. Thorvald says he does not know what happened to them and lends stores of food and timber to help rebuild the hamlet. Gudrid gives birth to the first native Vinlander, a boy named Snorri. Skraelings approach the resettled hamlet and barter beans found further to the south for milk.

• 1011 - Freydis, sister of Leif and Thorvald, and sister-in-law of Gudrid, arrives in Vinland with two Icelandic ships. She settles to the south of Thorshavn in a bay they call Groenvik. A Skraeling raid is averted in the new settlement when Thorfinn arrives in the south to welcome his kinsmen. The two more northerly settlements send their regular consignment of timber back to Greenland.

• 1012 - Thorvald delivers his yearly load of timber to Greenland and then sails on to Iceland to ask for more men. He spends winter in Iceland and gathers a band of norse families willing to settle in Vinland.

• 1013 - After a decade of settlement Vinland's Norse population stands at 258. Skraeling population is estimated at 1500.

• 1014 - Freydis and her family begin to export timber to Iceland which is becoming less frequented by the eastern kingdoms.

Thorvald dies. A single farmstead is left at Leifsbutha while its remaining settlers either return to Greenland or join Thorshavn. One of Thorfinn's thralls makes the first circumnavigation of Vinland.

• 1015 - Leif Ericsson introduces Christianity to Greenland.

Iceland is riven with religious strife. Many families leave to join Vinland settling South-East of Groenvik at Isafjordhur (OTL St John's). Sweyn I of Denmark-Anglia puts pressure on the Icelanders to accept Christianity.

• 1016 - Vinland's first Althing is convened at Thorshavn to deal with the (relative) overcrowding in the bay and rules for trading with the Skraelings.

• 1018 - At the 3rd Althing the host is roughly split between those following Gudrid and those following Freydis. Sources are unclear what causes the feud. Animosity simmers throughout the Winter.

• 1019 - Iceland receives a bishop from Bremen, who immediately sends further emmissaries to the colonies of Greenland and Vinland.

Following a nasty encounter with the Skraelings on the Eastern coast, Thorfinn dies. Gudrid returns to Greenland leaving the thriving settlement at Thorshavn.

1020s

• 1020 -Vinland's first church is built at Thorshavn as the population accepts Christianity from the Bishop's emmisaries.

At the Althing Freydis accepts baptism, and pledges fealty to Sweyn I of Denmark-Anglia, unaware he is dead. This act sets a major precedent - as the Western colonies of Greenland and Vinland are wholly dependent on the good will of Iceland, Hordaland and eventually Denmark. Iceland's Althing accepts Christianity as the public religion with pagan rituals tolerated at home. One of the agreements is that the practice of exposing unwanted babies is stopped. Immigration from Iceland to Greenland and Vinland (and also Man and Dublin) immediately steps up. Leif Ericsson dies in Greenland.

• 1021 - After another particularly brutal attack on an isolated farmstead, a war band is raised by Freydis and they annihilate a Skraeling camp to the South.

The Althing debates how to properly defend the colony and this inevitably leads to discussion of who is in charge. Republican Icelanders prefer to see the continuing yearly Althing. Older Greenlanders and others would prefer to have a lord. After some heated discussion Freydis is elected Queen of Vinland. (Though it is quite possible this is just a medieval invention to justify the later royal house - the Vinlanders probably saw her as just the leader of the Althing). The first direct voyage from Vinland to Iceland is completed (although the ship did end up sailing to the Faroes first by mistake).

• 1023 - Surprising a Skraeling hunting expedition, a war-band from Thorshavn captures many hostages. During the few weeks of captivity a limited exchange of understanding takes place. The Skraelings seem fascinated by the Vinlanders agriculture and livestock.

A few Skraelings begin to gravitate towards the Norse hamlets, working on the farms and learning various techniques. Cnut I sends news of his victory over the Swedes and Geats to the Western colonies. Freydis again sends her fealty, though is annoyed no real assistance has been given to the colony.

• 1026 - Skraelings working on the farm of Grimm die from a mystery ailment.

Contact is made with further Skraelings in Markland by that summer's timber expedition. They are chased away. Freydis dies.

• 1028 - Sheep are imported from Iceland.

Unknown to Vinlanders, disease they have brought over from Europe is spreading amongst the Skraelings and with no natural immunity it is decimating them. After Freydis's death the yearly Althing elects a different speaker each year.

• 1029 - A Skraeling chief reports his clan has virtually been wiped out by disease. He and his remaining followers are baptised and pledge allegience to the Norse. Alongside his scouts the Norse partially explore the interior of Vinland.

1030s

• 1031 - Snorri Thorfinnsson returns from Greenland.

• 1035 - Snorri is elected speaker of the Althing. Using family connections to Greenland he soon monopolises the trade between the two colonies.

• 1036 - Snorri restricts the flow of sheep and other livestock to his supporters.

That summer is poor and famine hits Vinland.

• 1037 - Many settlers abandon Thorshavn and either return to Greenland or travel elsewhere - islands to the west of Vinland or to the east of Thorshavn, even Markland receives its first permanent settlement.

• 1038 - Skraelings attack many outlying farms.

• 1039 - Snorri dies in a Skraeling attack on Thorshavn.

The Althing refuses to have another man who can so comprehensively control the entire fate of the island as its leader again. Freydis's unmarried daughter, Hafdis I Thorirssdottir, is elected speaker. That summer's harvest is much better, a sign to the Vinlanders that Hafdis will be a good leader. Vinlanders defeat a Skraeling warparty.

1040s

• 1040 - Hafdis I moves the Althing down to Isafjordhur.

The chiefs of 5 Skraeling tribes meet the leaders of 6 Norse settlements. A general peace is concluded. The Norse are recognised as rulers of the island. In return the Skraelings are given help to develop their own settlements. Beothuk is established in the SouthWest corner of Vinland. The Skraeling population stabilises.

• 1042 - Hafdis I divides the coast into 36 portions even though many are uninhabited. Each portion is to send 2 representatives to the Althing each summer.

Boat building begins at Groenvik.

• 1043 - The settlements on Markland, Ingolfursey (OTL Anticosti Island) and Gudridsaeyjar (OTL Fogo Islands) affirm their allegience to the Althing.

Cornish traders reach Greenland and Vinland. Vinlanders explore their surroundings, Westwards down the Breidurras (OTL St Lawrence River) as far as Godifoss (OTL Niagra), Southwards as far as Langaeyja (OTL Long Island), and up the coast of Markland into Issjo (OTL Hudson Bay).

• 1045 The Skraelings are comprehensively Christianised by Icelandic priests.

The lack of livestock forces many Vinlanders to begin sea fishing. A population boom begins.

1050s

• 1053 - Pope Leo IX hears of the conversion of Vinland. It is probable he has no idea of where Vinland is or how many people live there. (About 700.)

Several ships of Cornish settlers arrive in Vinland escaping the Wessex invasion of their homeland. They settle at Pyronaber. Under pressure from Bremen the Bishop of Iceland bans the practice of exposing unwanted babies. As a result Iceland's excess population begins to move westwards. This ensures a regular influx of new settlers and expansion of settled land.

• 1058 - Hafdis I dies at Isafjordhur.

Her sister Sigrun is elected speaker as Hafdis's two sons are at sea and her daughter is only 6.

• 1059 - Hafdis's son Styrmir returns to Vinland and rebels against Sigrun, leading a Skraeling warband on raids.

1060s

• 1061 - Sigrun defeats Styrmir at Oxa with Cornish assistance and horses brought from Iceland.

• 1064 - Sigrun dies.

Despite her young age, Hafdis's daughter Thorey I Hjorlefiursdottir is elected speaker. Henceforth the Althing declares the speaker role to be passed down materalineally through the Eiriksson/Eiriksdottir family line. The men of the Eiriksson family are to be 'rewarded' for their loyalty with grants of land to be developed and settled - the beginning of the earl system in Leifia. Iron is discovered on Bjallasaey (OTL Bell Island).

1070s

• 1078 - Adam of Bremen records the histories of the North Altantic colonies in his Descriptio Insularum Aquilonis based on the reports of the bishop of Iceland.

A glowing hagiography of Hafdis I is written in Iceland and distributed in Europe.

1080s

• 1081 - Gregory VII canonises Hadfis I, sends a bishop and a crown to Vinland recognising the growing community and its rulers. He probably hopes they will return with support against the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV.

• 1082 - Thorey I is crowned Queen by the new bishop of Vinland.

Most arable coastal land has now been claimed on Vinland and is split up into various farms. Colonisation of the interior is slower. 36 Vinland counties return representatives to the Althing. Of these 3 are Cornish/Breton, 15 are Skraeling and 18 are Norse. There are 2 Markland counties, 2 Ingolfursey counties and 1 Gudridsaeyjar county (all Norse). A further 3 counties from Kyreyja (OTL Prince Edward Island) and 4 from Eikland (OTL Nova Scotia) (all Norse) pledge allegience to Vinland.

• 1085 - The first Skraelings are taken to Europe. The expedition by Thorey's older brother Halfdan is recorded as visiting Reykjavik, Yorvik, Odense and Uppsala before journeying Southwards to Rome with gifts of walrus ivory and furs.

At Odense Halfdan (styled Earl of Kyreyja) reconfirms Vinland and its neighbours' fealty to the Danish crown. Coal is found on Eikland.

• 1087 - Halfdan returns to Vinland with a Papal banner, horses from Denmark (with stirrups) and war-axes from Yorvik.

Isafjordhur builds Vinland's first stave church.

12th Century

Iron weapons from Bjallasaey begin to circulate on the continent as Skraelings trade deeper and deeper. Thorey I bans the trading of horses to the continent. Some of the Suderfolk begin to copy Norse/Skraeling farming patterns - especially in the Breidurass. First settlements on Langaeyjar and on various islands in between it and Eikland. Settlements tend to be organised by either the Earls or the church. Explorers round Myrland (OTL Florida), note the islands beyond. The movement of settlers from Europe slows as the situation in Scandinavia stabilises. Iceland is no longer under so much population pressure. It redirects some of its excess population southwards to the Orkneys and Man, and in mercenary armies. Attempts by priests to Christianise the continent largely end in failure. Many are never seen again. Pope Paschal II urges Thorey I to begin crusades against the heathen 'Suderfolk' while monastic groups set up communities in Vinland and beyond. (Letter on display at Fjallasay Museum)

1100s

• 1101 - A earthwork wall (Eikveggur) is raised across the narrow point of Eikland to protect against Suderfolk raids.

Eikland beyond is divided into 17 counties and largely settled by the 1120s.

• 1104 - A peace with the nearest tribe of Suderfolk is arranged. Thorey I meets the King of the Passamaquoddy on Kyreyja, gives him a horse as a gift.

Cluniac monks set up the twin monasteries of St Peter & St Michael on the islands to the south of Vinland (OTL St Pierre & Miquelon). There they begin to experiment with the local crops as provided by Skraeling traders. They send 2 representatives to the Althing.

1110s

• 1112 - The Passamaquoddy conquer their neighbours with Vinlandic help. In return Halfdan is given Konunglegursaey (OTL Ile d'Orleans) and nominal control of the Passamaquoddy coast to prevent sea-raids from further North.

• 1116 - Thorey I dies. Her grand-niece Snaedis I (Halfdan's granddaughter) is crowned 'Queen of Vinland, Markland, Eikland and Magna Leifia'.

• 1117 - Snaedis I gives birth to twin daughters.

• 1119 - The Wampanoag destroy Vinlandic settlements on the islands of Sudervik. Beginning of the First Wampanoag War.

1120s

A series of wars, mostly with the tribes to the South of Vinland occupy much of the colony's time and effort. The Vinlanders attempt to conquer territory to provide Snaedis's two daughters with equal realms. Large movements of Vinlanders settle in the islands to the south of Wampanoag territory. Vinland's explorers reach the empires of the Mexica (OTL Aztecs) and Tawantinsuyu (OTL Inca).

• 1120 - Wampanoags are defeated at the Eikveggur despite their overwhelming numbers. Earl Halfdan dies the following day from his wounds and the Vinlanders do not follow up the retreating Wampanoags.

• 1122 - A joint Vinland/Passaquoddy/Algonquin/Abernaki force defeats the Northern Wampanaogs.

The Southern Wampanoags sue for peace. They cede the southern islands to Vinland.

• 1127 - The Algoquins on the mainland opposite Konunglegursaey convert to Christianity. Chronicles first mention their town at Quebec as being the main trading place for furs.

Second Wampanoag War (or the Wampanoag Crusade). Passamquoddy scouts are killed by Wampanoags. The Wampanoag generally rebel against their neighbours. Vinlanders abandon Sudervik again.

• 1129 - The long drawn out war results in Vinlanders taking the lands of the Southern Wampanoag and their Western allies.

Passamaquoddy and Abernaki help settle and pacify the new territory of Álengiamark. The town of St Hafdiss (OTL New Haven) is raised and, due to its distance from Isafjordhur, an Althing set up. Álengiamark is divided into 44 counties. 16 Norse, 2 Cornish, 7 Quiripi, 6 Pequot, 5 Mohegan and 8 Wampanoag. The Wampanoag, Quiripi and Pequot are baptised en masse.

1130s

• 1131 - Snaedis I dies.

Hafdis II is crowned Queen of Vinland, Eikland and Markland. Elisiv is crowned Queen of Álengiamark and Magna Leifia (The Magna Leifia title is meant to make up for lack of population and the lack of natural defensive borders though in actuality means little).

• 1137 - Third Wampanoag War. The King of the Passamaquoddy dies without a clear heir leaving the Northern Wampanoag free to march on Quispamis. The siege is lifted by Elisiv (sources record her actually leading troops into battle on horseback wielding a mace).

Elisiv and Hafdis II are present at the coronation of the new king. The Passamaquoddy alliance is strengthened by marriage between Elisiv and Hadfis's brother and the new king's daughter.

1140s

The potato reaches Vinland from the Tawantinsuyu. Cluniac experiments with it on St Peter are successful and it becomes the crop of choice amongst the farmers on more marginal land. The tribes beyond Álengiamark largely solidify into 'nations' with armies (with horses and iron weapons) and towns. Any Norse settlers outside of the queendoms without military support are usually captured and ransomed (if not worse). Traders are mostly accepted and tolerated. Vinland exports iron westwards and also to Greenland and Iceland. Wool and fish are other big industries. Álengiamark is largely pastoral but its population mix and lack of defensive frontiers means its army is larger and more powerful. '...the armies of Álengiamark could crush half of Leifia in a single season... if only they could stop squabbling' - Theobald of Kuranes. In return for European style weapons, foodstuffs and livestock, the queendoms receive furs, Liefian foodstuffs and even slaves as the various nations embark on periodical wars. The populations boom. Families of 12 or more are commonplace. Vinland's overflow moves southwards but Álengiamark seems to be able to handle and absorb the overflow. Overall the adoption of the potato and fishing seems to allow a larger population than previously possible in Vinland. Christianity is patchily practised by the twin queendom's subjects. But also it is accepted by certain tribes/groups up to the Mississippi at which all interest in it disappears. (And willingness of priests to attempt conversions). Seasonal trading settlements are tolerated on the Frebaert Vothnum (OTL Great Lakes) by the Algoquins and Potawatomi but they reject any attempts to permanently settle. Several expeditions back to Europe are undertaken. Valdemar I, King of Denmark, has to be reminded by his courtiers where Vinland is.

• 1142 - The year of three queens.

Hafdis II dies in childbirth. Her younger sister Asdis I is crowned as her niece is too young. But she too dies later in the year. Elisiv confirms she will protect her 3 year old niece and Iofridr I is crowned. The Earl of Gudridsaeyjar acts as regent and is generally remembered as benevolent. Ingolfurseyers find silver in Northern Passamaquoddy territory.

1150s

• 1155 - Elisiv dies. Dogg is crowned.

1160s

• 1167 - Dogg dies. Her sister Elin I is crowned.

1180s

• 1182 - Elin I dies. She has no children and no clear heir. Álengiamark threatens to descend into civil war. The Althing at St Hafidss petitions Isafjordhur for mediation.

It picks Elin II (Elin I's second niece). Elin's brother the Earl of Margirhaedeyja (OTL Manhattan Island) begins to look towards the west for possible expansion, asking the Althing for excessive taxes, and tries to ferment trouble on the border between Álengiamark and the Unami.

• 1183 - Álengiamark Civil War.

The Earl of Margirhaedeyja's heavy handed tactics ostracise the Earl of Langaeyjar. With help from the Eastern Isles he moves his own daughter Thorey I (Elin I's third neice) to the throne. Elin II goes into exile with the Passamaquoddy.

• 1184 - Thorey is in turn deposed by the Earl of Sudervik and his daughter Asthudur I. Thorey goes into exile in Iceland.

• 1188 - Asthudur I dies.

Elin II is recalled and crowned once more. A reconciliation between Langaeyjar and Sudervik is brokered. The Earl of Kyreyjar travels to Denmark (taking his cousin Thorey I of Álengiamark to the court to argue her case). There he joins the 3rd Crusade.

1190s

• 1197- The Leifian Civil War.

Elin II dies and with no other legitimate heirs the crown reverts to Iofridr. St Hafdiss rebels and chooses half-Quiripi princess Yrsa I as their queen. Iofridr's armies slowly advance (using some of the tactics the Earl of Kyreyjar has picked up in Europe and Palestine) and defeat Yrsa I's forces. However it is hard going, the tribes that make up Álengiamark's Skraeling population generally support Yrsa and are adept at using the terrain. The Passamaquoddy offer no help, they are unwilling to see a unified state on both their eastern and southern borders. They are lucky to get away without being invaded.

• 1199 - Yrsa I is captured and executed. Iofridr is finally crowned in St Hafdiss.

Very limited attempts to unify the queendoms are made and are eventually abandoned in the threat of another civil war. Iofridr promises to split the realm and sends her older daughter Eydis to be her regent.

13th Century

Álengiamark troops serve in many campaigns with Unami and Iriquois allies against the Erie, Mohawk and Ohio, even as far as the Illini. Relations between the two queendoms are poor, reflected in the increasingly militarisation of Ontario Vatnin (OTL Lake Ontario). Through trades, bargaining and shrewd marriages of her relations Eydis expands Álengiamark to include a portion of Ontario lakefront east of Godifoss - the Earldom of Ontario. Vinland meanwhile fortifies Fjallasay (OTL Montreal), upriver from Quebec. It fights a minor war with the Eastern Algonquin over the settlement. A general famine hits Leifia in the 1230's. The rise of Aniyunwiyan Empire is little commented on in Vinland until it is almost too late. Álengiamark is more bothered by incessant border raids by Wampanoag operating out of Passamaquoddy territory and both realms are weakened by the loss of long-reigning queens.

1200s

• 1201 - Iofridr I dies.

The realm is once again split between Iofridr's heirs. Eydis in Álengiamark. Eydis is regarded by contemporaries as very quick and shrewd. She apparently can speak Vinlandic, Danish, Latin, Skraeling (Beothukic), Quiripi and Passamaquoddy fluently and is a keen chess player. Thorey II in Vinland.

• 1205 - Thorey I of Álengiamark dies in a French nunnery.

• 1206 - Thorey II of Vinland is killed in a hunting accident by a crossbow. Accusations of murder by her younger sister Kristjana and her lover the Earl of Konunglegursaey poison Vinlandic-Álengsk relations for years to come and briefly threaten to result in civil war.

Kristjana I is crowned.

• 1207 - Eydis is dissuaded by a invasion of Vinland by increased Mohawk pressure on the Northwestern border.

1220s

• 1225 - Eydis dies. Her daughter Frida I is crowned.

Taking advantage of the perceived weakness in Álengiamark Mohawk and Erie tribes defeat the Earl of Ontario and Algoquin vassals in pitched battles splitting the earldom between them.

1230s

• 1230 - Frida I dies. Her sister Adalbjorg I is crowned.

Kristjana I dies on Christmas Day. Jakobina I is crowned.

• 1231 - Jakobina I dies. Freydis II is crowned.

• 1236 - After years of famine and decades of internecine warfare the Aniyunwiya Tribes are united under Edoha. A massive army is raised which quickly defeats the Ohio and Creek.

• 1238 - The Unami army and its Northern allies are comprehensively annihilated at the Battle of 7 Kings.

The Aniyunwiya absorb the Iriquois, Erie and Unami into their empire.

• 1239 - St. Hafdiss is burnt by Aniyunwiya cavalry.

Adalbjorg I is captured in the Sudervik and held hostage. Álengiamark is made a adjunct of the Aniyunwiyan Empire (they also claim Vinland) but the resurgent Wampanoags frustrate any attempt to subject the kingdoms further north to the Empire's rule. The Aniyunwiya humour the Álengsk and place Edoha's youngest daughter Atamaja on the Álengsk throne.

1240s

• 1240 - An Aniyunwiyan naval fleet is destroyed on Ontario Vatnin by Vinland and Algonquin allies. As a result the Erie are emboldened to rebel but this fails. However the Aniyunwiyans never again have control of the lake.

The Earldom of Ontario is given to the Aniyunwiya by Vinland in return for Adalbjorg I.

1250s

• 1252 - Freydis II dies. Thorey III is crowned.

1260s

• 1261 - Thorey III dies. Kristjana II is crowned.

1270s

• 1273 - The Danish courtier Kristian of Orel complains he cannot understand the language of the Vinlanders. It has absorbed many Cornish and Skraeling words. Álengsk is regarded as even worse; it being a hybrid of Norse, Vinlandic, Quiripi and Mohegan.

• 1275 - Edoha dies and his Empire splinters, though the various pieces remain strong.

Álengiamark is left in control of the Unami, Ontario and the Nanticoke peninsular.

1280s

• 1280 - In the effort to transport a massive Icelandic army (well massive for Vinland - prob. 500-800 men) for a campaign in the Fraeburt Votnum, vast amounts of food and supplies are sent to Greenland.

Kristjana II dies. Thyri I is crowned.

• 1281 - Atamaja dies. By all accounts she has been a fair and just ruler, careful to keep her realm out of Aniyunwiyan politics as much as possible.

She rebuilt St Hafdiss, allowed the expansion of church land and presided over a relative boom in culture. Even so, to reconcile Vinland and receive military help from its neighbours the Althing elects Thorey II (both Thyri I and Atamaja's cousin) as her heir. They reaffirm their allegiance to Denmark. Vinland makes heavy use of Icelandic Pavise Crossbowmen against the Sauk at the siege of Saginaw. Their return to Iceland and subsequent deployment in the Brabant-Luxembourg war is noted as the first outbreak of syphilis in Europe.

• 1282 - By the Treaty of Mississauga Vinland extends its rule to Hafsvaedaland (OTL Roughly Eastern Michigan and Southern Ontario), though this is tenuous and its various tribes, though technically demoted from kingdoms to earldoms, retain virtual independence and no tax is ever sent to Isafjordhur.

Sioux scouts lead Greenlandic traders from Miklasjo (OTL Lake Superior) to the Roasjoinn (OTL Pacific Ocean). At roughly the same time Vinlanders see the Roasjoinn in Mexica.

• 1287 - Thyri I dies. Kristjana III is crowned.

14th Century

Vinland slowly reforms its Althing expanding the number of counties represented to include Fjallasay and Konunglegursaey, and to better represent growing population centres. A second house is introduced for the nobles and church for the settlement of disputes. Álengiamark is unable to reform due to its massive non-Norse population unwilling to give up any privileges. Their vast possessions therefore remain outside of the Althing system and are subject to martial law and largely untaxable. The cost of holding their Unami possessions is slowly strangling the economy and Thorey II spends most of her long rule trying to reconcile the tribes to central government.

1300s

• 1301 - Kristjana III dies. Hafdis III is crowned.

1310s

• 1312 - Portuguese traders attempting to sail directly to Vinland discover the Azores.

A general famine hits Leifia. It lasts for 8 years, weakening most nations East of the Mississippi. Start of the 'Long Althing' in Vinland to reform government.

1320s

• 1320 - Hafdis III dies. Kristjana IV is crowned.

1330s

• 1337 - Islamic traveller Ibn Rasid visits the courts of the major Leifian kingdoms before heading on to the Mexica. He finds Isafjordhur and St. Hafdiss small and uncultured compared to Yorvik or even Reykjavik but impressed by the hard working people.

1340s

• 1340 - On his return Ibn Rasid presents Queen Kristjana IV with three Llamas and to Queen Thorey II a full suit of Jaguar Warrior armour.

• 1341 - Thorey II dies. Elin III is crowned.

• 1345 - The first sailors arrive from Portugal via Verão Island (OTL Bermuda) in improved caracals. The 'Southern' route is open but service for the next century is very patchy. Approximately 60% of all ships sent by this route never arrive.

• 1347 - The Black Death is first recorded in the Crimea.

1350s

Following the black death and its frequent re-eruptions a general cult of 'Death' grips Magna Leifia. The Mexica gods spread in popularity west of the Mississippi. The Great Stave church at Fjallasay even recieves an altar dedicated to Xoloti and Coatilcue for travelling merchants, alongside one for Hel. Continued unrest in Álengiamark's Unami territory pushes the country to the brink.

• 1350 - The Black Death reaches Leifia. Some believe it came via the Azores, others via Iceland & Greenland.

Vinland and Álengiamark are both hit hard, as are most of the Magna Leifia nations. Population of Magna Leifia is cut by an estimated 30-40%. In highly populated Mexica it is believed to be even higher. Greenland reaches the limit of its power. As the black death decimates its population the climate has changed, making the island much colder. Trade routes shifting southwards removes most of the passing trade as well. Hordaland and Vinland vie for ownership. By the 1370's Greenland has handed all power over to Vinland, which runs it as a special fief of the crown.

• 1352 - Kristjana IV dies. Geirfrithur is crowned.

• 1355 - The Great Stave church at Fjallasay is finished.

Geirfrithur dies. Snaedis II is crowned queen of Vinland.

1380s

• 1385 - The Great Unami Revolt.

Stoked by their independent neighbours, the Eastern Erie and the Iriquois revolt. As Álengiamark sends in its army to crush the rebellion it is invaded by the Kingdoms of Erie, Seneca and Cayuga. Vinland is busy dealing with Hafsvaedaland and cannot respond.

• 1386 - The Susquehannock join in the continuing revolt.

• 1387 - At the battle of Kristjanabae the Álengiamark army succesfully repels the joint Erie and Iriquois armies but at the cost of losing 75% of its forces and a third of the nobility.

Queen Elin III dies, apparently of heartbreak after the death of her 3 brothers in the battle. Using the interegnum the Quiripi insist they will cede from Álengiamark if peace is not sought and refuse to acknowledge any of the throne's claimants.

• 1388 - First Congress of Fjallasay.

At Fjallasay representatives of 10 Leifia nations and 3 European nations meet to arrange a general peace of the Álengiamark lands as well as to define borders. The Erie are confirmed as separate nation, as are the Susquehannock. The Iriquois join with their Northern neighbours to form the Confederation of Six Nations. The Southern Unami remain a part of Álengiamark as does the Earldom of Ontario. Both are split into counties to be represented at the Althing. The remaining Aniyunwiyan lands are given freedom but they quickly rejoin the rump of their empire. Vinland's ownership of Greenland is recognised by Denmark (who promise to prevent Hordaland from reprisals). Vinland's claim on Hafsvaedaland is reconfirmed. Iceland is contracted to help pacify and settle the area. Denmark presents its flag and banner to the church at Fjallasay. Both Vinland and Álengiamark soon have their own versions. Blue with white cross for Vinland, Green with white cross for Álengiamark. Portugal is confirmed as having full control of the Southern route, as well as their ownership of Verão Island and their fort on the mainland. The northern borders are deliberately left vague. Asthurdur II is crowned queen of Álengiamark on the final day of the congress.

1390s

• 1390 - Snaedis II dies. Succeeded by Kristjana V.

• 1393 - The pope raises Fjallasay to Archbishophric with authority over all of North-West Leifia.

However the papal emissary is appalled by the concurrent worship of pagan gods that is occuring in the cathedral and in many other churches in Vinland. His report hangs the threat of excommunication over Kristjana III. She makes efforts to close the pagan chapels throughout Vinland but it is poorly executed, often without the backup of the army, and only leads to unrest. That she is seen as a distant figure (she never leaves Fjallasay) and ignores Isafjordhur's Althing only makes things worse.

• 1395 - Vinland descends into civil war as Eikland & Vinland rebel against the perceived tyranny of Kristjana's Fjallasay run government.

Her cousin Asdis is elected queen of Vinland by the Althing at Isafjordhur and receives Eikland's support. In Europe the war is shown as a struggle between Christianity (Kristjana) and Paganism (Asdis) and support generally falls on Kristjana's side. Álengiamark is more or less completely christianised so shows little sympathy for Asdis. Pope Boniface IX ignores the previous excommunication and urges crusade on Kristjana's behalf. The ten-year crisis sees rival navies clash in the Breidurras, repeated invasions by both sides into Algonquin lands, Icelandic armies raiding indiscriminantly throughout the region. The main fur trade moves east to Quebec as Fjallasay becomes too dangerous for merchants.

• 1397 - Asthurdur II dies. Succeeded by Elin IV.

15th Century

Northern Leifia largely settles down to a period of peace. The Erieac know this as 'the breath'. Álengiamark has minor skirmishes on its northern borders. Otherwise the forces of the various kingdoms are channelled westwards in mercenary form as the tribes of the central Mississippi begin to be pulled either towards the Mexica orbit or the Norse/Aniyunwiyan orbit. Minor plagues sweep the region but pre-black death levels of population are easily achieved and exceeded. Walled or fortressed towns become the norm rather than the exception although most of the population remains in the countryside. Fjallasay becomes the largest city outside Mexica with c. 15,000 citizens. St Hafdiss, Kristjanaborg (OTL New York), Quebec, Toronto and Ashtabula are the next largest cities. After the Excommunication crisis religious issues do not breakout into major wars unlike in Europe. However the church in many kingdoms begins to crack down on internal heresy. Algonquinland, as well as many of the other local kingdoms, make great strides to modernise their armies on the European model, importing engineers and armourers from Europe. The Aniyunwiyan Empire begins re-centralising power and reigning in local lords. To the far south the Mexica completely defeat the other local tribes of the Mesoleifia and establish their empire centred on Tenochtitlan. The first cannon in Leifia are used to great effect to defeat the Illini and expand Erieac influence westwards.

1400s

• 1402 - Elin IV dies. Her sister Brynja I succeeds.

• 1404 - The Ohio invade Hafsvaedaland. This cuts Kristjana off from support and money.

• 1405 - Kristjana V is deposed by her cousin Asdis II, ending the anarchy. Asdis II reunites the two halves of Vinland and begins beseiging Ohio held towns in Hafsvaedaland.

Kristjana and her close family flees to Verao Island.

• 1406 - Kristjana is apparently murdered by Portugese agents eager to appease the new rulers in Vinland and keep them on their side.

Asdis II officially declares Christianity to be Vinland's true religion but tolerates the various pagan rites being practised as long as they are outside of church land. No pagan temple is allowed to own land and all of their current land is made crown property. However the various pagan arch-priests are raised to the Althing's second chamber making them applicable to law and essentially independent.

1410s

• 1411 - Vinland moves 1,000 Greenlanders from their increasingly marginal farmland to help settle Hafsvaedaland in the Toronto area.

1420s

• 1420 - Asdis II dies. She is succeeded by Hafdis IV.

Álengiamark traders operating on the Roasjoinn witness the landing of Zheng He's massive treasure fleet. They are meant to be searching for Mexica but have landed several thousand miles to the north. This is sometimes attributed to the Hawaiian translators the Chinese were employing. They had erroneously assumed Hawaii was just an outlying island of Leifia and the natives would be able to translate and guide them. The men on board almost outnumber the Chinook natives onshore. The Chinese are put off revisiting for many years from the relative lack of trading opportunities.

• 1422 - Brynja I dies. Thyri succeeds.

1430s

• 1434 - Both Vinland and Álengiamark, after a long period of indecision, pledge allegience to the Kalmar Union and send representatives to the third council at Oslo.

1440s

• 1441 - After numerous revolts and minor skirmishes Álengiamark follows the Vinland model and the crown takes over all remaining pagan temple land (chiefly in the Southern Nanticoke and Chesapeakes). As there is no second chamber in Álengiamark's Althing the land becomes the direct responsibility of the monarch opening accusations of toleration and heresy.

1450s

• 1453 - Hafdis IV dies. Jabokina II succeeds her.

• 1459 - The Bible is translated into Álengsk by Jón Irronsson. He begins work on Quiripi version but is captured and burnt at the stake in St Hafdiss for heresy.

Thyri dies. Adalbjorg II succeeds.

1460s

• 1461 - The Álengsk explorer Bjarni Okwesson discovers the southern route into the Roasjoinn. The Okwesson Strait (OTL Straits of Magellan) are named after him.

• 1463 - Adalbjorg II dies. Elin V succeeds.

1490s

• 1493 - The Great Northern War.

The long shift of fur trade towards Quebec has enriched Algonquinland and created a deep seated rivalry between it and Vinland. Following a clash at Ottawa, which ends in a massacre of outlying Vinlandic trading settlements, Vinland shore forts fire on Algonquin trading ships as they enter Ontario Vatnin. The Algonquins capture Konunglegursaey after a bloody and devastating blockade, effectively splitting Vinland in two and cutting Fjallasay off from assistance. The war in Western Vinland (Hafsvaedaland) is characterised by long yearly seiges of Toronto and other major towns. To the East there are regular naval raids. The Passamaquoddy army strikes against Quebec but are routed at the Battle of Pohenegamook. The death of their King three months later affectively takes them out of the war and they sue for peace. Abenaki forces are similarly crushed trying to cross to the Northern shore, however they and Six Nation allies comprehensively occupy the southern shore. Álengiamark is largely unable to assist however the Earl of Ontario provides supplies and also a link to keep the 2 halves of Vinland in contact with each other.

16th Century

1500s

• 1500 - With a few Danish ships the Vinlandic navy sets fire to Quebec and then relieves Fjallasay.

'The town was in a fearful state... with many families half starved. We were received as heroes...' - Captain Jansson of the Danish ship Margarethe. Álengiamark finally untangles itself from local disputes and its army marches through Mohawmark, capturing its capital and king before halting an army of Algonquins moving south. 'The ranks of Alengsk knights with their polished armour and bright banners [was] blinding to the eye. The [Algonquin] prince near surrendered on the spot without fighting.' - Penob Kennebec, Abernaki historian.

• 1501 - Second Congress of Fjallasay to pacify Northern Leifia.

Hafsvaedaland is expanded up to the Ottawa river giving Vinland a land route to Fjallasay. The Algonquin lands south of the Breidurras are split between Abenakriga and the Six Nations. Quebec is divided between Abenakriga and Vinland. Algonquinland is reduced to a rump state with the Atikamekw taking a large Western portion. Mohawmark is restored as independent but the previous king (still held prisoner by Álengiamark) is removed and replaced with a more pliable relative.

• 1502 - Konunglegursaey is depopulated as the remaining Norse families move to the more secure fortress of Quebec, and the line of earls dies out 6 years later.

Jakobina II dies. Kristjana VI succeeds. Elin V dies. Brynhildur I succeeds. Messengers report that the Chinese are now regularly trading with the Mexica and even the Tawantinsuyu. A small Chinese community is resident in Cuzco and the Tawantinsuyu are beginning to build an ocean going navy in the Chinese 'junk' style.

1510s

• 1510 - Brynhildur I dies. Yrsa II succeeds.

Vinland participates in the Icelandic War. Hordaland attempts to force the island into accepting its rule by blockading trade. Vinland, assuming Greenland will be next on Hordaland's list, resists and supplies the island with food and materials. Fog enables the Vinlandic navy to dodge the larger Hordaland force. Several bands of Suderfolk levies are put ashore to help the Icelanders fight the invaders. Hordaland eventually pulls out of the area after several unsuccessful attempts to capture Reykjavik. Vinland/Hordaland relations are damaged for several decades.

1520s

• 1521 - The Earl of Ontario represents Vinland & Álengiamark at the Diet of Worms where Luther's heresies are crushed and all church practises upheld.

Meanwhile Lutheran tracts are imported via Iceland and translated. The Algonquin reoccupy Quebec forceably removing the Vinlanders. Konunglegursaey is resettled.

• 1522 - The first Leifian printing press is demonstrated in St Hafdiss, though widespread adoption is slow due to lack of paper and paper mills.

Irronsson's bible is covertly printed. Copies circulate throughout Álengiamark and Vinland for several years.

• 1523 - Kristjana VI dies. Her neice Thorey IV succeeds. Thorey is 13 and newly converted to Lutheranism.

Lutheranism quickly spreads throughout Vinland, taking many converts from Catholic and Pagan rites and even the remaining Odinists.

1530s

• 1531 - Lutheranism spreads amongst the Abernaki and Quiripi.

The Vinlandic bible is burnt in Álengiamark. Anti-Lutheran sentiment sweeps the Álengiamark and Erieac territories. Amongst the Illini Lutheranism becomes akin to devil worship and witch-hunts begin out of all proportion to the real number of Lutherans in the area. Meanwhile several Passamaquoddy lords, Mohawmark and the Wampanoag convert to Lutheranism. The Six Nations, Atikamekw and Aniyunwiyan remain largely pagan. Catholic church land in Vinland is abolished, or rather, handed over to secular mayors to administer. Only in a few cases do the locals revolt. St Peter & St Michael escapes as this falls under the Earl of Pyronaber who remains Catholic. 12 out of 13 Vinlandic Earls profess the Lutheran doctrine.

• 1533 - Vinland secretly joins the Schmalkaldic League. Although it can provide no concrete help it does help push the Kalmar Union towards allying with the League.

1540s

• 1547 - A Vinland-Iceland unit is attached to the Bohemian army at the Battle of Muhlberg. The Imperial army is defeated leading to the withdrawl of Imperial forces from Northern Germany.

Vinland sets up two trading companies. The Northern Company to handle Greenland trade and explore the Northwest Passage. The Southern Company to handle trade with the Taino, Caribs and Tawantinsuyu and also explore Tawantinland. Mexica and interior trade remained a crown business.

1550s

• 1552 - The Emirate of Granada occupies Coabana (OTL Cuba) to the south of Myrland as a base for its gold exports from the Mexica.

The act begins a scramble for the Taino islands which are generally much less advanced than the mainland and under attack from the Caribs. It also allows Granada to further shake the grip Castille wielded over it. This is fully supported by Portugal.

• 1553 - Vinland occupies the 3 largest of the Lucayan islands (OTL Bahamas) to the west of Myrland settling with mainly Cornish descended families.

'The Vinlanders were accepted by the locals who were poor and unjustly ruled but many [of the settlers] did not like the heat or the summer storms and went home again'.

• 1555 - Álengiamark and Portugal come to blows over their respective authority over the 7 Taino kingdoms on Quisqueyanos (OTL Hispaniola).

Álengiamark and Vinland side with Castille which is eagerly taking over Boriken (OTL Puerto Rico). Portugal allies with Granada and Aragon. Susquehanockland and Passamaquoddia, keen to be involved in the lucrative trans-Atlantic trade, both occupy and begin to develop Lucayan islands. Susquehanock traders are killed in a dispute in Rome, leading to a demand from several Leifian kingdoms for proper recognition from the European powers. They ally with Leon and are active in Leon's development of their Atlantic possessions.

• 1557 - Denmark occupies various islands (OTL Virgin Islands) as a barrier between the peaceful Tainos and the warrior Caribs.

Its interest in its possession never really advances much beyond building a harbour in Kristiansted and christianising the population.

• 1558 - The pope mediates on the growing Quisqueyanos crisis which threatens to cause a general war in Iberia.

Álengiamark is given authority over the Western third of the island. Portugal over the Eastern two-thirds. In an addition, Leon is given authority over all southern Atlantic islands (whether discovered or not). Álengiamark quickly helps its 2 Taino sub-kingdoms strengthen while Portugal is embroiled in Iberian affairs.

1560s

• 1562 - The Southern Company discovers the uninhabited Alkafuglaeyjar (OTL Falklands) and claims them for Vinland. The main islands are named Hafdis and Elisiv after the twin queens of Leifia. Reports of this immediately provoke clashes with Leon which claims all southern Atlantic islands.

1570s

• 1578 - Using the ongoing Icelandic famine to gather support, Vinland transports 34 families from Iceland to the Alkafuglaeyjar, to settle and protect them from Leonese raids. They find the climate similar to Iceland's and sheep farming the best form of agriculture.

Further colonisation is slow but Vinland keeps its colony well supplied. The Tawantinsuyu use it as a resupply depot before the dangerous crossing to Africa and a small resident population of Tawantinsuyu develops, as well as a few African Bantu.

17th Century

1600s

• 1603 - The Vinlandic navy defeats an under-strength Leonese armada. This effectively seals the Vinlandic claim to the Alkafuglaeyjar. The surviving Leonese sailors are put ashore on the Carib island they will name Santuario (OTL Barbuda).

1670s

• 1671 - Tired of persecution Vinland's Anabaptist population leaves. The main host travels southwards hoping to settle on a Carib island. A second smaller group travels westwards hoping to reach the Roasjoinn.

• 1673 - The main group of Anabaptists reach Alkafuglaeyjar. Disease in the tropics has cut their numbers in half however.