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| − | The '''Almohad Caliphate''' (ئموحّدن (Imweḥḥden), from Arabic الموحدون (al-Muwaḥḥidun), "the monotheists" or "the unifiers") is a Moorish Berber Muslim movement founded in the 12th century. |
+ | The '''Almohad Caliphate''' (ئموحّدن (Imweḥḥden), from Arabic الموحدون (al-Muwaḥḥidun), "the monotheists" or "the unifiers") is a Moorish Berber Muslim movement founded in the 12th century. Almohad Caliphate rules over territories of Morocco, Al-Andalus, Argelia, Ifriqiya, Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean and Eternal Islands in the Atlantic. It limits to the south with the various Sahel policies and barber tribes. Its main rivals, and sometimes allies, are to the east the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and to the north the Christian Kingdoms of Spain. |
==History== |
==History== |
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The Caliphate was organized in governorates. The governorates had as basic unit the kora (pl. koras) subdivided in Iqlīm (pl. aqālīm). The thagr was the military mark of the governorates near the frontiers. The governors named by the Caliph had civil powers in their territories. A separate official in charge of military affairs (Soldiers and castles) the ''Qaid'', was named by the Caliph. The frontiers the military command was in hand of an ''Amir'' named by the Caliph. The quaid and emir were highly dependant and supervise by the Caliph due to the fear of independence of the governors or local oligarchies. |
The Caliphate was organized in governorates. The governorates had as basic unit the kora (pl. koras) subdivided in Iqlīm (pl. aqālīm). The thagr was the military mark of the governorates near the frontiers. The governors named by the Caliph had civil powers in their territories. A separate official in charge of military affairs (Soldiers and castles) the ''Qaid'', was named by the Caliph. The frontiers the military command was in hand of an ''Amir'' named by the Caliph. The quaid and emir were highly dependant and supervise by the Caliph due to the fear of independence of the governors or local oligarchies. |
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| − | ==Almohad Caliphs== |
+ | == Almohad Caliphs == |
The Almohad Caliphs used the title ''Prince of the believers'' (Amīr al-Mu'minīn).<ref>Arabic: أمير المؤمنين; latinized as Miramolinus, hence Italian Miramolino, French Miramolin, Spanish Miramolín and Portuguese Miramolim, in Byzantine Greek: ἀμερμουμνῆς amermoumnês)</ref> The Almohad caliphs are to be elected. However by 1184 (580 AH) it was de facto by direct line of succession (father to son) with the election being a mere formality that legitimized the designated heir apparent. From that date the Caliphate was held by members of the Al-Mu'min dynasty (1133/527 AH) |
The Almohad Caliphs used the title ''Prince of the believers'' (Amīr al-Mu'minīn).<ref>Arabic: أمير المؤمنين; latinized as Miramolinus, hence Italian Miramolino, French Miramolin, Spanish Miramolín and Portuguese Miramolim, in Byzantine Greek: ἀμερμουμνῆς amermoumnês)</ref> The Almohad caliphs are to be elected. However by 1184 (580 AH) it was de facto by direct line of succession (father to son) with the election being a mere formality that legitimized the designated heir apparent. From that date the Caliphate was held by members of the Al-Mu'min dynasty (1133/527 AH) |
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Revision as of 15:41, 17 August 2016
الاحد (Arabic) ("The One, The Indivisible") | |||||||
| Capital | Marrakesh
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| Largest city | Qurṭubah (Cordoba)
| ||||||
| Other cities | Ishbiliya (Sevilla), Tulaytulah (Toledo), Tlemcen, Tunis, Fez and Rabat. | ||||||
| Language official |
Arabic | ||||||
| others | Berber, Mozarabic, Castilian and Ladino | ||||||
| Religion main |
Muslim (Sunni and Ibadi) | ||||||
| others | Christian Catholicism and Jewish | ||||||
| Ethnic Groups main |
Arab and Berber | ||||||
| others | European | ||||||
| Government | Caliphate | ||||||
| Legislature | Majlis-ash-Shura | ||||||
| Caliph | Muhammad al-Nasir | ||||||
| Vizier | |||||||
| Established | 1121 (514/515 AH) | ||||||
| Currency | Dinar, Dirham and Fals | ||||||
The Almohad Caliphate (ئموحّدن (Imweḥḥden), from Arabic الموحدون (al-Muwaḥḥidun), "the monotheists" or "the unifiers") is a Moorish Berber Muslim movement founded in the 12th century. Almohad Caliphate rules over territories of Morocco, Al-Andalus, Argelia, Ifriqiya, Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean and Eternal Islands in the Atlantic. It limits to the south with the various Sahel policies and barber tribes. Its main rivals, and sometimes allies, are to the east the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and to the north the Christian Kingdoms of Spain.
History
The Almohad movement was started by Ibn Tumart among the Masmuda tribes of southern Morocco. The Almohads first established a Berber state in Tinmel in the Atlas Mountains in roughly 1120 (513–514 AH). They succeeded in overthrowing the ruling Almoravids in governing Morocco by 1147 (541 AH), when Abd al-Mu'min al-Gumi conquered Marrakech and declared himself Caliph. They then extended their power over all of the Maghreb by 1159 (553/554 AH). Al-Andalus followed the fate of North Africa and all Islamic Iberia was under Almohad rule by 1172 (567/568 AH).
The 12th and 13th century was characterized by the attention paid to crushing rebellions and resistance in Ifriqiya and Maghreb. Also the campaigns against the Spanish kingdoms. These continuous campaigns did not represent problems since from the three regions the Almohads could obtain armies and pay then: Al-Andalus (Christian mercenaries and Andalusians), Ifriqiya (Arabs) and Maghreb (Berbers). However resistance to both the rule and doctrine of the Almohads presented a constant source of internal weakness and rebellion in all regions until the 13th century.
Territories
The Almohad Caliphate controls the territories of:
- Morocco (Maghreb al-Aqsa)
- Argelia (Maghreb al-Awsat, Central Maghreb)
- Ifriqiya (Maghreb al-Adna, Eastern Maghreb)
- Al-Andalus
- Balearic Islands
The Caliphate was organized in governorates. The governorates had as basic unit the kora (pl. koras) subdivided in Iqlīm (pl. aqālīm). The thagr was the military mark of the governorates near the frontiers. The governors named by the Caliph had civil powers in their territories. A separate official in charge of military affairs (Soldiers and castles) the Qaid, was named by the Caliph. The frontiers the military command was in hand of an Amir named by the Caliph. The quaid and emir were highly dependant and supervise by the Caliph due to the fear of independence of the governors or local oligarchies.
Almohad Caliphs
The Almohad Caliphs used the title Prince of the believers (Amīr al-Mu'minīn).[1] The Almohad caliphs are to be elected. However by 1184 (580 AH) it was de facto by direct line of succession (father to son) with the election being a mere formality that legitimized the designated heir apparent. From that date the Caliphate was held by members of the Al-Mu'min dynasty (1133/527 AH)
- ...
- Muhammad al-Nasir. Reign 1199-1230 (595-627 AH)
- ↑ Arabic: أمير المؤمنين; latinized as Miramolinus, hence Italian Miramolino, French Miramolin, Spanish Miramolín and Portuguese Miramolim, in Byzantine Greek: ἀμερμουμνῆς amermoumnês)
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