Anglo-American War (Differently)

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Anglo-American War Beginning: March 25, 1923 End: May 17, 1926 Place: North America Southern and East Asia Pacific and Atlantic Oceans Oceania Great Britain Outcome: United States, Chinese, and Korean Victory Emergence of the United States and China as regional superpowers Territory gains for the United States Establishment of Quebec and the Republic of Hawaii Widespread unrest and revolutions throughout the British Colonies End of Japanese imperial ambitions Major naval disarmament Creation of the Pacific Nations Treaty Organization Major battles: North America Canadian Front Confederate Front Quebec Uprising Asia Indian Front Indian Uprising Invasion of Japan Oceania Hawaiian Uprising Great Britain North Ireland Uprising Battle of the Atlantic Battle of the Pacific Combatants  United States China Korea Independence movements: Indian Revolutionary Forces Saudi rebels Caribbean rebels Quebec Hawaiian Republicans Hawaiian Monarchists United Kingdom British Raj Canada  Japan Confederate States of America British Hawaii Commanders Hiram Johnson Frank Orren Lowden Leonard Wood John J. Pershing Douglas MacArthur Billy Mitchell Harland Sanders Puyi Sun Yat-sen Duan Qirui Chiang Kai-shek Sunjong George V Stanley Baldwin Archibald Murray Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby William Lyon Mackenzie King Arthur Currie Henry Edward Burstall Frederick Oscar Warren Loomis Yoshihito Yoshiyuki Kawashima Robert Latham Owen Johnathan Jackson J.E.B Stuart Jr. George Patton Strength {{{side1strength}}} {{{side2strength}}} Casualties and Losses {{{side1casualties}}} {{{side2casualties}}}

The Anglo-American War, sometimes referred to as the Second Great War, was the first large-scale armed conflict following the Great War, taking place across the continents of North America, Europe, and Asia. The war was fought from 1923 to 1926 between the United Kingdom and her colonies, Canada, the Empire of Japan, and the Confederate States of America against the United States of America, the Great Qing, the Great Korean Empire, and several liberation movements.

Origins

The conflict emerged from tensions regarding many America's views of mistreatment to them during the Treaty of Versailles over the fact they received less reparations following the war. The tension between the two nations only escalated when Great Britain renewed their alliance with Japan in 1921 and supported Tokyo in refusing to support the United States' Washington Naval Conference.

On March 2, 1923, a small hunting mishap on the United States/Canadian border would escalate into skirmishes between local militia and border patrols. Following attempts by the American, British, and Canadian governments to ease the tension, US President Johnson issued an ultimatum to both Canada and the United Kingdom.

The war

On March 25, 1923, Canada launched a preemptive attack on the United States after the United Kingdom informed the nation that it was going to reject the American ultimatum. The day after the Canadian declaration of war, the United Kingdom and her Commonwealth also declared war on the United States. Two days after that, the Empire of Japan, in honoring its alliance, joined the British side in the war.

The Canadian offensive was of great surprise to the military command of the United States, which had expected Canada to focus on a purely defensive war. Also, the United States had the majority of its military on the Confederate border and were still in the middle of transferring more troops to the North. This allowed Canada much progress in the early weeks of the war.

Canadian troops on the march

On April 2, after much debate among its leadership, the Confederate States of America joined the war on the side of the United Kingdom in hopes of a quick victory over the United States, led to territorial gains for the nation from its northern neighbor.

During the first months of the conflict, the United States was facing a war on two fronts and suffered multiple blows to moral with the losses of Seattle and the Capital of Washington DC, plus the bombardments of the cities of Boston and New York City. Despite this, the United States was able to halt the majority of their enemies' advancements, and by summer begin to retake some of their lost territory.

The American fortune would only improve on December 12, 1923, when a Chinese trading ship was attacked and sunk by a Japanese cruiser. Although both Japan and Britain made official apologizes for the accidental attack, China declares war on the two empires on December 16, 1923, and Korea followed suit the day after.

Confederate General George C. Patton with a tank shortly before the Californian breakthrough

With China joining the war, the focus of the United Kingdom and Japan in 1924 shifted from North America to their possessions in Asia and the Pacific. This allowed the United States some much needed breathing room, and by April 22nd, all Canadian forces were driven back into Canada and the capital of Washington DC was liberated from the Confederacy on June 28th.

Similarly to the Great War, by late 1924 and the beginning of 1925, the Anglo-American War became very much a stalemate. In hopes of forces of changing this, China and Korea launched the largest amphibious landing in history with the invasion of the Japanese Home Islands on August 6, 1925.

Chinese soldiers in India

Also in 1925, several independence uprisings began across Great Britain's colonies and protectorates, spreading the British resources even thinner. In response of trying to hold onto its own territories, the United Kingdom was unable to support its allies, Japan and the Confederacy, which now had enemy troops on their national soils.

Following an anarchist bombing at the Palace of Westminster, the British leadership decided that the war needed to come to an end. The British government told General Secretary Eric Drummond, 7th Earl of Perth of the League of Nations, to try to seek an end of the conflict through the organization.

The League of Nations sent several delegations with representatives from France, Egypt, Australia, Brazil, and Austria-Hungary to persuade the warring states to come to negotiations. Canada would be the first to sign an armistice on April 7 1926, followed by the United Kingdom on the 12th, Japan on the 27th, and finally the Confederacy on May 17.

On November 1, 1926, the Treaty of Thebes was signed by the nations involved in the conflict. Among the agreements was the establishments of the Republic of Quebec and the Republic of Hawaii, territory gains by the United States from Canada, and major naval disarmament by all nations involved in the conflict.

Following the war, China and the United States became recognized as new superpowers on the world stage and, with Korea and Hawaii, the four nations would form the Pacific Nations Treaty Organization, an intergovernmental military alliance for their mutual defense. (As of 2020, the PNTO has 25 member nations.)

The United Kingdom left the conflict but joined many more as the Empire began trying to end revolts in Northern Ireland, South Africa, and India.

Japan took a major moral and industrial blow after the war which left it in a weakened state which only got worst in the years to come with the Great Depression. In turn, Japan would begin to rely on its former enemies of China, and the United States which would lead to a Westernization of the nation.

The Confederate would be left angered by the results of the war as many felt that it did not lose the conflict. Many would blame the Confederate Government, and this blame would eventually help lead to the Confederate Civil War. These interwar years between the Anglo-American and the Civil War are commonly known as the Rebel Rabbling Years in the CSA.

Canada took the biggest blow from the war, being home to most of the conflict and losing the most territory which in turn would lead to a fall in the nation's economy. Many Canadians would migrate to either the new American territory or the new Republic of Quebec. The lives of these migrating people would only get harder when the great depression hit.

Background

Many historians believe that the Anglo-American War's originated during the months following Great War. President Theodore Roosevelt and his administration hoped that the United States would receive Germany's Pacific colonies during the negotiations of the Treaty of Versailles, which would allow the United States a better hold in trade with Asia.

For the Americans, the Paris Peace Conference began on a bad foot when President Theodore Roosevelt died on January 6 on the boat heading to Paris. After Roosevelt's death, the American delegation was left without a leader, which forced the new President Hiram Johnson to choose a successor. He would make the controversial choice of Leonard Woods, commander of the American Expeditionary Forces. Woods arrived on March 1919, but negotiations had already begun and, although Woods was a respected military leader, he was not a skilled diplomat.

Since the United States received no territories during the Treaty of Versailles, the nation refused to join the League of Nations.

Johnson/Woods in Green, Harding/Coolidge in Red, and Cox/Francis in Blue

The Johnson Administration viewed the Paris Peace Conference as a complete failure, but never the less this did not effect public support for the new president.

On November 2, 1920 President Johnson would win a landslide victory to be elected to his own term in the White House defeating both Unionist Senator Warren G. Harding and Democratic Governor John Cox. This victory would legitimize the young Progressive Party, and would lead to the Democratic Party losing its role as dominant force in national politics.

August 5, 1921 The Empire of Japan and the United Kingdom renew the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. US Government condemned the alliance as they feared this would lead to Japanese Dominance in the Pacific Market and cut off American trade with China. These fears were only elevated when news media in the United States reported alleged Anti-American clauses in the treaty.

President Hiram Johnson in one of his 1920's campaign pamphlet

By the state of the Decade, the British had the largest navy afloat although many of their battle ships were becoming obsolete, and Japan had begun rapidly building expensive new warships. Secretary of State Evans Hughes fearing that the United States would not be able to keep up with the arm race would push for a disarmament among the world powers. The Washington Conference looked like it was going to take place in November of 1921, with Great Britain, France, China, the Netherlands, Egypt, Portugal, and the Confederacy all agreeing to participate in it. Yet Japan confident with their alliance with Great Britain refused to join the disarmament talks, and in a show of support with their ally stepped out of the Conference. (They were soon followed by the Confederacy, the Netherlands, and France.) In response to this President Johnson would call off the Conference and condemn the two nations as warmongers.

On December 7, 1921 President Johnson would push legislation into the Congress calling for the expansion of the United States' military budget. It would pass with a 3/4th majority shortly after new years.