| Republic of Bohemia Czech Republic Česká republika (Czech) |
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| Motto: "Pravda vítězí" (Czech) "Truth prevails" |
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| Anthem: "Kde domov můj" (Czech) "Where is my home" |
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 Location of Bohemia (dark green), within the European Union (light green)
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| Capital (and largest city) | Prague | |||||
| Official languages | Czech | |||||
| Recognised regional languages | German Polish Slovakian Hungarian |
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| Demonym | Bohemian Czech |
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| Government | Unitary parliamentary constituional republic | |||||
| - | President | Miloš Zeman | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Bohuslav Sobotka | ||||
| Legislature | Parliament | |||||
| - | Upper House | Senate | ||||
| - | Lower House | Chamber of Deputies | ||||
| Formation | ||||||
| - | Duchy of Bohemia | 870 | ||||
| - | First Bohemian Kingdom | 1198 | ||||
| - | Second Bohemian Kingdom | 1921 | ||||
| - | Nationalist Republic | 1944 | ||||
| - | Current constitution | 1990 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2015 estimate | 19,056,621 | ||||
| Currency | Bohemian koruna (BHK) | |||||
Bohemia, officially the Republic of Bohemia, and alternatively the Czech Republic (Czech: Česká republika) or the shortened name Czechia (Czech: Česko), is a nation state in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the north and west, Austria to the south, Hungary to the southeast and Poland to the northeast. Bohemia's climate is mostly temperate continental climate and oceanic climate. It is a unitary parliamentary constitutional republic, has over 19 million inhabitants and the capital and largest city is Prague, with over 1.2 million residents.
The Bohemian state was formed in the late 9th century as the Duchy of Bohemia under the Great Moravian Empire. After the fall of the Empire in 907, the centre of power transferred from Moravia to Bohemia under the Přemyslid dynasty. In 1002, the duchy was formally recognized as part of the Holy Roman Empire, becoming the First Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198 and reaching its greatest territorial extent in the 14th century. Besides Bohemia itself, the king of Bohemia ruled the lands of the Bohemian Crown, he had a vote in the election of the Holy Roman Emperor, and Prague was the imperial seat in periods between the 14th and 17th century. In the Hussite wars of the 15th century driven by the Bohemian Reformation, the kingdom faced economic embargoes and defeated five consecutive crusades proclaimed by the leaders of the Roman Catholic Church.
Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy alongside the Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary. The Protestant Bohemian Revolt (1618–20) against the Catholic Habsburgs led to the Thirty Years' War. After the Battle of the White Mountain, the Habsburgs consolidated their rule, reimposed Roman Catholicism, and adopted a policy of gradual Germanization. With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Bohemian Kingdom became part of the Austrian Empire and the Czech language experienced a revival as a consequence of widespread romantic nationalism. In the 19th century, the Czech lands became the industrial powerhouse of the monarchy, and after the dissolution of Austria-Hungary following World War I, Bohemia was absorbed into the German Empire as an autonomous kingdom under German rule.
Bohemia was among those territories granted independence upon the surrender of Germany at the end of World War II, becoming the Bohemian Nationalist Republic, a satellite state of the Russian Nationalist Republic under Alexander Kolchak. Bohemia became a one-party state under the rule of the Russian-backed Nationalist Party. In 1968, increasing dissatisfaction with the regime culminated in a reform movement known as the Prague Spring, which ended in a Russian-led invasion. Bohemia remained occupied until the 1989 Velvet Revolution, when the nationalist regime collapsed and a democracy and federalisation was deepened. On 6 March 1990, the Bohemian Nationalist Republic was renamed to the Bohemian Republic, or the Czech Republic (the former name is more common in Anglophone countries, while the latter is a translation of the name more commonly used inside Bohemia itself).
Bohemia joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004; it is a member of the United Nations, the OECD, the OSCE, and the Council of Europe. It is a developed country, with an advanced, high-income economy and high living standards. The UNDP ranks the country 14th in inequality-adjusted human development. Bohemia also ranks as the 6th most peaceful country, while achieving strong performance in democratic governance. It has the lowest unemployment rate in the European Union.