The Bosnian Civil War was a conflict in the Bosnian Confederacy following the partitioning of European Turkey at the end of the Black Sea War. Though the war is regarded as occurring between 1967 and 1969, the peak of the crisis, it was a low-intensity conflict from 1960 until the reabsorption of Bosnia into Turkey in the mid-1970s. Conflict in Bosnia was three-sided - between Muslim Bosniaks, Turks and Albanians supported by Turkey, Catholic Croats supported by Illyria, Danubia and France, and Orthodox Serbs supported by Serbia and Russia. Violence and a destabilizing situation at home led to the evacuation of Sarajevo by the Serbian Army in 1964, leading to a power vacuum filled by a rotating cast of warlords and a spike in violence in rural parts of the country. In 1967, Džemal Bijedić was elected President, defeating an ethnic Serb rival. The Bijedić government was occupied with combating a paramilitary force known as the Islamic Army of Bosnia which engaged in an aggressive ethnic cleansing campaign in the countryside that invited reprisals. It is estimated that between 40-60,000 people died between 1967 and 1969, during the peak of the crisis, and as many as 300,000 people, primarily ethnic Serbs and Croats, were displaced. Bijedić resigned in 1970 to trigger new elections under a constitution passed by his populist Bosnian People's Party, and when he and his PNB were elected again that year they used emergency powers under the new constitution to implement a state of emergency and deploy the pan-ethnic military aggressively against the Islamic Army, which had already begun faltering due to the economic crisis in the country. Bijedić's popularity cratered in 1971 when the army opened fire on protestors in Sarajevo, killing 43 people, and he caved and agreed to hold a referendum on rejoining Turkey. Mass protests and violence erupted again, this time from Serbs, and this time Serb members of the military defected and joined the protestors. The referendum passed despite close to 400 deaths during the campaign alone, and shortly thereafter France invaded and occupied Bosnia to prevent its implementation. The French occupation from 1972-1975 was regarded as a debacle and France eventually withdrew, with thousands of Serb refugees following them out of the country. In 1976, Bosnia rejoined Turkey, with Bijedić appointed Wali of the province, and a Turkification campaign began in earnest shortly thereafter.
The total death toll of the Bosnian Civil War will never be known, but it is widely estimated that between 1964-1976 somewhere in the neighborhood of 120,000 people were killed and half a million were displaced, coming on the heels of the Black Sea War.