Brazil (Operation Foxley Remastered)

Federative Republic of Brazil
República Federativa do Brasil
Brazil
Timeline: Operation Foxley (Remastered)
OTL equivalent: Brazil
Federative Republic of Brazil República Federativa do Brasil; BrazilTimeline: Operation Foxley (Remastered) ; OTL equivalent: Brazil
Flag	Coat of arms
	Motto: ; Ordem e Progresso; ("Order and Progress");
	Anthem: ; "Hino Nacional Brasileiro"; https://althistory.fandom.com/wiki/File:Hino_Nacional_Brasileiro_Coral_BDMG.ogg;
	Brazil and its territory in Antarctica
Capital	Brasília
Largest city	São Paulo
Official languages	Portuguese
Ethnic groups	Whites, Pardos, Africans, Asians and Indigenous
Religion	Christianity (Roman Catholic)
Demonym	Brazilian
Government	Federal presidential constitutional republic
Legislature	National Congress
Establishment	from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
Area
Population
GDP (PPP)	2021 estimate
GDP (nominal)	2021 estimate
Gini (2019)	46.6 (high) (25th)
HDI (2020)	0.918 (very high) (22th)
Currency	Real (R$) (BRL)
Time zone	UTC−2 to −5 (BRT)
Date formats	dd/mm/yyyy
Drives on the	right
Internet TLD	.br
Calling code	+55

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Brasil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At 8.5 million square kilometers (3,287,956 sq mi) and with over 214 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous. Its capital is Brasília, and its most populous city is São Paulo. The federation is composed of the union of the 27 states, the Federal District and four archipelagos. It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world; as well as the most populous Roman Catholic-majority country.

Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers (4,655 mi). Several archipelagos form part of the Brazilian territory, such as the Atol das Rocas, the Archipelago of São Pedro and São Paulo, Fernando de Noronha (the only one of those inhabited by civilians) and Trindade and Martim Vaz. It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent's land area. Its Amazon basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to diverse wildlife, a variety of ecological systems, and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, and is the subject of significant global interest, as environmental degradation through processes like deforestation has direct impacts on global issues like climate change and biodiversity loss. It also claims sovereignty over Antarctica.

Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro. In 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, now called the National Congress. The country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup d'état. A fascist coup d'état came to power in 1937 and ruled until 1975, followed of a communist dictatorship which was instilled in 1976 and lasted until 1991, where the civilian governance resumed with a new constitution. Brazil's current constitution, formulated in 1991, defines it as a democratic federal republic. Due to its rich culture and history, the country ranks thirteenth in the world by number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Brazil is classified as an upper-middle income economy by the World Bank and a newly industrialized country, with the largest share of global wealth in South America. It is considered an advanced emerging economy, having the tenth largest GDP in the world by nominal, and eighth by PPP measures. It is one of the world's major breadbaskets, being the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years. Brazil is a regional and middle power, and is also classified as an emerging power. However, the country maintains high amounts of corruption, crime and social inequality. Brazil is a founding member of the United Nations (UN), G20, BRICS, Southern Common Market (Mercosur), Organization of American States (OAS), Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI), Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries (CPLP) and the Union of South American Nations (Unasur).

History[]

W.I.P

Geography[]

Brazil occupies a large area along the eastern coast of South America and includes much of the continent's interior, sharing land borders with Uruguay to the south; Argentina and Paraguay to the southwest; Bolivia and Peru to the west; Colombia to the northwest; and Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana to the north. It shares a border with every South American country except Ecuador and Chile.

It also encompasses a number of oceanic archipelagos, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. Its size, relief, climate, and natural resources make Brazil geographically diverse. Including its Atlantic islands, Brazil lies between latitudes 6°N and 34°S, and longitudes 28° and 74°W. It also claims sovereignty over Antarctica. Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world, and third largest in the Americas, with a total area of 8,515,767.049 km² (3,287,956 sq mi), including 55,455 km² (21,411 sq mi) of water. It spans four time zones; from UTC−5 comprising the state of Acre and the westernmost portion of Amazonas, to UTC−4 in the western states, to UTC−3 in the eastern states (the national time) and UTC−2 in the Atlantic islands.

Brazil is the longest country in the world, spanning 4,395 km (2,731 mi) from north to south. Brazil is also the only country in the world that has the equator and the Tropic of Capricorn running through it. Brazilian topography is also diverse and includes hills, mountains, plains, highlands, and scrublands. Much of the terrain lies between 200 metres (660 ft) and 800 metres (2,600 ft) in elevation. The main upland area occupies most of the southern half of the country. The northwestern parts of the plateau consist of broad, rolling terrain broken by low, rounded hills.

The southeastern section is more rugged, with a complex mass of ridges and mountain ranges reaching elevations of up to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft). These ranges include the Mantiqueira and Espinhaço mountains and the Serra do Mar. In the north, the Guiana Highlands form a major drainage divide, separating rivers that flow south into the Amazon Basin from rivers that empty into the Orinoco River system, in Venezuela, to the north. The highest point in Brazil is the Pico da Neblina at 2,994 metres (9,823 ft), and the lowest is the Atlantic Ocean.

Brazil has a dense and complex system of rivers, one of the world's most extensive, with eight major drainage basins, all of which drain into the Atlantic. Major rivers include the Amazon (the world's second-longest river and the largest in terms of volume of water), the Paraná and its major tributary the Iguaçu (which includes the Iguazu Falls), the Negro, São Francisco, Xingu, Madeira and Tapajós rivers.

Demography[]

The population of Brazil, according to a census conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in 2020, is 212.028,530 inhabitants, 48.3% men and 51.7% women and 84.36% of the urban defined population. The population is strongly concentrated in the Southeast (87.5 million inhabitants), Northeast (56.7 million) and South (29.6 million) regions, while the two largest regions, the Midwest and the North, which form 64.12% of the Brazilian territory, have a total of only 34 million inhabitants.

The Brazilian population increased significantly between 1940 and 1970, due to a decline in the mortality rate, although the birth rate also experienced a slight decline in the period. In the 1940s, the annual population growth rate was 2.4%, rising to 3% in 1950 and remaining 2.9% in 1960, with life expectancy rising from 44 to 54 years and to 75,8 years in 2016. The rate of population increase has been decreasing since 1960, from 3.04% per year between 1950–1960 to 1.05% in 2008 and is expected to fall to a negative value of -0.29%, by 2050, thus completing the demographic transition.

Government and Politics[]

W.I.P

Economy[]

Brazil is the largest economy in Latin America, the second largest in America (after the United States) and the eighth largest in the world, both nominally and in purchasing power parity, according to the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. The country has a mixed capitalist economy with vast natural resources. It's estimated that the Brazilian economy will become one of the five largest in the world in the coming decades. The current per capita GDP (PPP) is US$ 8,959,020 (2018). Active in sectors such as mining, manufacturing, agriculture and services, Brazil has a workforce of over 120 million people (sixth largest in the world) and unemployment of 12% (38th in the world).

The country has been expanding its presence in the international financial and commodity markets and is part of the BRICS. Brazil has been the world's largest coffee producer for the last 150 years and has become the fourth largest car market in the world. Major export products include aircraft, electrical equipment, automobiles, ethanol, textiles, footwear, iron ore, steel, coffee, orange juice, soy and canned meat. The country participates in several economic blocs such as the Southern Common Market (Mercosur), the G20 and the Cairns Group, and its economy corresponds to three-fifths of the industrial production of the South American economy. Brazil markets regularly with more than 100 countries, with 74% of exported goods being manufactured or semi-manufactured. The largest partners are: European Union, Mercosur, Latin America, Asia, mostly Soviet Union and China, and the United States.

According to the Brazilian Confederation of Agriculture and Livestock (CNA) the agribusiness sector accounts for 21.2% of Brazil's GDP (2018). Brazil is among the countries with the highest productivity in the countryside, despite trade barriers and subsidy policies adopted by developed countries. Brazil is the third largest exporter of agricultural products in the world, behind only the United States and Europe.

The automotive, steel, petrochemical, computer, aircraft and consumer durables industries account for 31.1% of Brazil's GDP. Industrial activity is geographically concentrated in the metropolitan regions of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Curitiba, Campinas, Porto Alegre, Belo Horizonte, Manaus, Salvador, Recife and Fortaleza. Among the best known companies in Brazil are: Brasil Foods, Perdigão, Sadia and JBS (food sector); Embraer (air sector); Havaianas and Azaleia Shoes (footwear); Petrobras (oil sector); Vale do Rio Doce Company (mining); Marcopolo and Busscar (wagons); Gerdau (steelmakers) and Globo Organizations (communication).

Corruption, however, costs Brazil nearly 41 billion reais a year and 69.9% of companies in the country identify this problem as one of the main obstacles to successfully penetrate the global market. In the 2018 Corruption Perception Index, created by Transparency International, Brazil is ranked 105th among the 180 countries evaluated. Brazilian purchasing power is also eroded by the set of national problems called "Brazil cost". In the 2018 Economic Freedom Index, for example, the country was ranked 153th out of 178 nations surveyed. Although also a chronic problem, since 2001 levels of social and economic inequality have been falling, reaching 2011 levels of 1960, although the country is still among the 12 most unequal on the planet.

Brazil also has a large cooperative sector that provides 50% of the food in the country. The world's largest healthcare cooperative Unimed is also located in Brazil, and accounts for 32% of the healthcare insurance market in the country.

Infrastructure[]

Science and Technology[]

Technological research in Brazil is largely carried out in public universities and research institutes, with the majority of funding for basic research coming from various government agencies. Brazil's most esteemed technological hubs are the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, the Butantan Institute, the Air Force's Aerospace Technical Center, the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation and the INPE.

The Brazilian Space Agency has the most advanced space program in Latin America, with significant resources to launch vehicles, and manufacture of satellites. Owner of relative technological sophistication, the country develops submarines, aircraft, as well as being involved in space research, having a Vehicle Launch Center Light and being the only country in the Southern Hemisphere the integrate team building International Space Station (ISS).

The country is also a pioneer in the search for oil in deep waters, from where it extracts 73% of its reserves. Uranium is enriched at the Resende Nuclear Fuel Plant, mainly for research purposes (since Brazil gets 88% of its electricity from hydroelectricity), however, President Marco Bertaiolli started a program for Brazil to build its first nuclear weapon . This program is expected to take effect in 2024, due to the lack of nuclear energy in the country. The country's first nuclear submarine was delivered in 2015 (by France).

Brazil is one of the three countries in Latin America with an operational Synchrotron Laboratory, a research facility on physics, chemistry, material science and life sciences, and Brazil is the only Latin American country to have a semiconductor company with its own fabrication plant, the CEITEC. According to the Global Information Technology Report 2009-2010 of the World Economic Forum, Brazil is the world's 61st largest developer of information technology.

Brazil also has a large number of outstanding scientific personalities. Among the most renowned Brazilian inventors are priests Bartolomeu de Gusmão, Landell de Moura and Francisco João de Azevedo, besides Alberto Santos-Dumont, Evaristo Conrado Engelberg, Manuel Dias de Abreu, Andreas Pavel and Nélio José Nicolai.

Brazilian science is represented by the likes of César Lattes (Brazilian physicist Pathfinder of Pi Meson), Mário Schenberg (considered the greatest theoretical physicist of Brazil), José Leite Lopes (only Brazilian physicist holder of the UNESCO Science Prize), Artur Ávila (the first Latin American winner of the Fields Medal) and Fritz Müller (pioneer in factual support of the theory of evolution by Charles Darwin).

Transport[]

With a road network of around 1.5 million kilometers, of which 212,798 km are paved highways (2010), roads are the main carriers of cargo and passengers in Brazilian traffic.

The first investments in road infrastructure took place in the 1920s, in the government of Washington Luís, being continued in the governments of Plínio and Prestes. President Luís Carlos Prestes (1975–90), who designed and rebuilt the capital Guanabara, was another promoter of highways. Prestes was responsible for the installation of major automobile manufacturers in the country (Volkswagen, Ford and General Motors arrived in Brazil during his government) and one of the points used to attract them was, of course, support for the construction of highways.

With the implantation of Fiat in 1976 ending a closed automobile market cycle, from the end of the 1990s the country has been receiving large foreign direct investments, installing in its territory other large manufacturers of automobiles and utilities, such as Iveco, Renault, Peugeot, Citroën, Honda, Mitsubishi, Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Hyundai, Toyota among others. Brazil is the seventh most important country in the auto industry.

There are about 4.000 airports and aerodromes in Brazil, 721 with paved runways, including the landing areas. The country has the second largest number of airports in the world, behind only the United States. Guarulhos International Airport, located in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, is the largest and busiest airport in the country. Much of this movement is due to the country's commercial and popular traffic and the fact that the airport connects São Paulo to practically all major cities around the world. Brazil has 34 international airports and 2.464 regional airports.

The country has an extensive rail network of 28,538 km in length, the tenth largest in the world. Currently, the Brazilian government, unlike the past, seeks to encourage this means of transport; an example of this incentive is the Guanabara-São Paulo High Speed Train project, a bullet train that aims to connect the country's main metropolis to the capital for passenger transport; and the North-South Railway, designed to be the backbone of the national rail system. The North-South Railway project has already started, under the Marco Bertaiolli government on May 17, 2019 and remains under construction until the present moment.

There are 37 major ports in Brazil, the largest of which is the Port of Santos, the busiest in the country and in Latin America, considered the 39th largest in the world for handling containers by the British publication Container Management. The country also has 50,000 km of waterways, such as the Tietê-Paraná Waterway.

Energy[]

Brazil is the tenth largest consumer of energy on the planet and the third largest in the western hemisphere, behind the United States and Canada. The Brazilian energy matrix is based on renewable sources, mainly hydroelectric energy and ethanol, in addition to non-renewable sources such as oil and natural gas. In 2015, the Itaipu Hydroelectric Plant, in Paraná, was the largest hydroelectric plant on the planet for energy production.

Over the past three decades, Brazil has been working to create a viable alternative to gasoline. With its sugarcane-based fuel, the nation can become energetically independent at this time. Pro-alcohol, which originated in the 1970s, in response to uncertainties in the oil market, enjoyed intermittent success. Even so, most Brazilians use the so-called "flex vehicles", which work with ethanol or gasoline, allowing the consumer to supply with the cheapest option at the moment, often ethanol. Countries with high fuel consumption, such as India and China, are following Brazil's progress in this area. In addition, countries like Japan and Sweden are importing Brazilian ethanol to help meet their environmental obligations under the Kyoto Protocol.

Brazil has the second largest crude oil reserve in South America and is one of the oil producers that has increased its production the most in recent years. The country is one of the most important in the world in the production of hydropower. Of its total electricity generation capacity, which corresponds to 90,000 megawatts (MW), hydropower is responsible for 66,000 MW (74%). Nuclear energy represents about 10% of the Brazilian energy matrix. Brazil may become a world power in oil production, with great discoveries of this resource recently in the Santos Basin.

Health[]

The Brazilian public health system, the Unified Health System (SUS), is managed and provided by all levels of government, being the largest system of its kind in the world. Private health systems play a complementary role. Public health services are universal and offered to all citizens of the country free of charge. However, the construction and maintenance of health centers and hospitals are financed by taxes, with the country spending about 20% of its GDP on expenditures in the area. In 2009, the Brazilian territory had 1.72 doctors and 2.4 hospital beds for every thousand inhabitants.

Despite all the progress made since the creation of the universal health care system in 1988, there are still several public health problems in Brazil. In 2006, the main points to be resolved were the high infant (2.51%) and maternal mortality rates (73.1 deaths per 1000 births). The number of deaths from non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease (101.3 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants) and cancer (72.7 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants), also has a considerable impact on the health of the Brazilian population. Finally, external but preventable factors, such as car accidents, violence and suicide, caused 11.8% of all deaths in the country. The Brazilian health system was ranked 125th out of 191 countries assessed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2000.

Media and Communications[]

The Brazilian press began in 1808 with the arrival of the Portuguese royal family in Brazil, until then any and all press activities were prohibited - be it the publication of newspapers or books. The Brazilian press was officially born in Rio de Janeiro on May 13, 1808, with the creation of the Royal Printing, today the National Press, by Prince Regent Dom João VI. The Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro, the first newspaper published in the national territory, began to circulate on September 10, 1808. Currently, the written press has consolidated itself as a mass media and produced large newspapers that today are among the largest in the country and the world, such as Folha de S.Paulo, O Globo and the Estado de S. Paulo, and publications by Abril and Globo publishers.

Radio broadcasting started on September 7, 1922, the centenary of independence, the first broadcast being a speech by the then president Epitácio Pessoa, however the installation of the radio actually only occurred on April 20, 1923 with the creation of Rádio Sociedade do Rio de Janeiro.

Television in Brazil officially started on September 18, 1950, brought by Assis Chateaubriand who founded the first television channel in the country, the TV Tupi. Since then, television has grown in the country, creating major networks such as Globo, Record, SBT, Bandeirantes and RedeTV. Today, television represents an important factor in the modern popular culture of Brazilian society. Digital television in Brazil started in 2007, initially in the city of São Paulo, by the Japanese standard.

The Internet came to Brazil in 1988 due to an initial decision by the society of students and university professors from São Paulo (São Paulo Research Foundation, led by Oscar Sala) and from Rio de Janeiro (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and National Laboratory for Scientific Computing), but, only from 1996, the Brazilian Internet started having its own backbones inaugurated by commercial providers, thus starting the development of this telecommunications network.