Brazil (The Sun of the Andes)

Império do Brasil Brasil Timeline: The Sun of the Andes OTL equivalent: Southern Brazil
National flag National coat of arms
Motto:  Independência ou Morte!
Anthem:  Hino da Indepedência do Brasil
Brazil The Sun of the Andes.png
Capital (and largest city)		Rio de Janeiro
Other cities		Sao Paulo, Pernambuco, Paraíba, Salvador and Recife
Official languages		Portuguese
Other languages		Tupi–Guarani languages
Ethnic groups		Pardos (Mestizos), Brancos (Whites), negros (Blacks), indígenas (native Indians)
Religion		Secular (official), Roman Catholic, Protestants, Afro-Brazilian religions (Candomblé, Umbanda and Quimbanda), Spiritism, Deism and Judaism
Demonym		Brazilian
Government		Constitutional parliamentary monarchy
-	Emperor	Afonso II
-	Prime Minister	Reginaldo Delchiaro Cardoso
Legislature		General Assembly
-	Upper house	Senate
-	Lower house	Chamber of Deputies
Key Events
-	Pedro I proclaimed Brazil's independence	7 September 1822
-	Abolition of slavery	1886
Area
-		2,825,918 km2  1,091,093 sq mi
Population
-	estimate	120,200,000
Currency		Réis (Rs)
Time zone		UTC -3
Date formats		dd-mm-yyyy
Drives on the		right

The Empire of Brazil (Império do Brasil), is a prominent state in South America, being a a representative parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Brazil is the second largest, after Amazonas, and easternmost country in South America. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, It borders to the west, from North to south, with the Amazonas, Andes-Tawantinsuyu, Paraguay and Pampa.

History

Initially a colony of the Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil ascended to prominence within the Portuguese colonial empire in 1808. This elevation occurred when the Portuguese Prince Regent, who would later be crowned King Dom João VI, escaped Napoleon Bonaparte's invasion of Portugal. Seeking refuge, he established his government in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro, effectively making Brazil the epicenter of the Portuguese Empire. Although João VI returned to Portugal, he left his eldest son, Pedro, to govern the Kingdom of Brazil as his regent. Following a victorious conflict against his father's kingdom, he was hailed as Pedro I, the first Emperor of Brazil, on 12 October 1822. The foundation of the Empire of Brazil signified the emergence of a vast yet sparsely populated nation, characterized by its ethnic diversity and economic potential because of its vast natural resources.

Formative Years (1822-1850)

In the formative years of Brazil's history, two pivotal events significantly influenced the nation's trajectory: the separatist republican revolts in Bahia (1828-1830) and the Oriental War (1829-1830) in Pampa.

The separatist republican revolts, occurring between 1828 and 1830, were primarily centered in Bahia. These revolts were instrumental in the creation of the territory that would later become known as Amazonas. This period of upheaval reflected the diverse political and social currents within Brazil, as various regions grappled with the central government's authority and the broader implications of independence, the constitutional role of the emperor, federalism and slavery

Simultaneously, the Oriental War, fought between Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay, centered on the conflict over the region of Riograndense's independence. This conflict, spanning 1829 to 1830, further strained Brazil's resources. Both wars ended with Brazil's loss of the territories now known as Amazonas and Pampa, marking a significant territorial retraction for the young nation.

Governments were characterised by the consolidation of the monarchy, suppression of local revolts, establishment of foundational central institutions, provincial state structures, building a modern army and navy, full control of the national territory and economic policies focused on agriculture, cash crops and free trade. The dominance of the Liberal Party ended in 1840.

State and Government

Optional civil flag

Brazil is a representative parliamentary constitutional monarchy and federal in its internal organization. In the Empire of Brazil. The Emperor serves as the ceremonial head of state and is nominally in charge of the government. However, real governmental authority rests with the Prime Minister, who is officially referred to as the President of the Council of Ministers. This position holds the actual power of governance in a system that include multiple political parties. The execution of governmental duties is the responsibility of the government, while legislative authority is shared between the Emperor, the government and the General Assembly. The judicial branch is independence from both the executive and legislative branches. Additionally, the emperor wields a unique Moderating power, constituting a fourth branch of government.

The General Assembly, bicameral parliament, is composed of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. The Senate is composed of lifelong members organized in election. The most voted senators are chosen and appointed by the Emperor on a triple list. Each Province will give so many senators, as many as half of their respective deputies. The Chamber is fully elected for a term of five years, unless dissolved earlier by the emperor. Senators and deputies were elected indirectly before the electoral reform of 1881, by which all members of the General Assembly were elected directly.

The judiciary is organized in the Supreme Court of Justice, the national court acting in all instances. All of its members are directly appointed by the Emperor. Each province also has its own Tribunal of Relations to try cases in the lower court. The judiciary is completely independent from the Emperor, national and provincial governments.

Emperor

The Emperor is the head of both the moderating and executive branches, assisted by the Council of State and the Council of Ministers, respectively. He has the final say and holds ultimate control over the national government. He was tasked with ensuring national independence and stability. The Brazilian monarchy is hereditary through the descents of Pedro I of the House of Braganza The moderating power serves to "resolve impasses and ensure the functioning of the government". The powers reserved for the Moderating Power are exercised only after the Council of State had been consulted. The Council of State is integrated by the Prince Imperial (or Princess Imperial), councillors named by the Emperor and ex-officio councillors that are the Prime Minister, former prime ministers, the Presidents of the Senate and Chamber of Deputies and the President of the Supreme Court of Justice.

Emperor of Brazil

• Pedro I (1798-1834) 1822-1831 and King of Portugal 1826-1826
• Regency 1831-1841
• Pedro II (1825-1885) 1841-1885
• Afonso I (1845-1889) 1885-1889
• Luiz I (1869-1912) 1889-1912
• Afonso II (1895-1959) 1912-1959
• Luiz II (1921) 1959 to date

Prime Minister

The Head of Government, in the Brazilian parliamentary system, is the Prime Minister officially called President of the Council of Ministers (Portuguese: Primeiro-ministro, Presidente do Conselho de Ministros). The post was created in 1847, by Pedro II as Brazil transitioned from semi-constitutional to fully constitutional parliamentary monarchy. The Prime Minister is named by the Emperor based on the leader of the party or parties that commands a majority in the Chamber of Deputies. From 1822 to 1847 the Coouncil of Ministers was chaired by the Emperor o Regent.

Prime Minister

• Manuel Alves Branco (1847-1848, Liberal Party PL)
• José Carlos Pereira de Almeida Torres (1848-1849, PL)
• ...

Politics of Brazil

The main poltical parties of Brazil are the following.
The Liberal Party (Partido Liberal, PL) advocated the classical liberal reforms, increased civil liberties, and a decentralized federal structure. The PL traditionally supported a free-market economy with minimal government intervention, emphasised individual rights, parliamentary democracy, secularism and abolition of slavery.
The Conservative Party (Partido Conservador, PCon) was the standard-bearer of traditional values, a strong centralized government, the state patronage of the Catholic Church, and maintaining the status quo. The party generally supported a hierarchical social order and advocates for economic policies that favor established businesses and landowners. It dissolved in the 1910s with the formation of the National Popular Party and the National Union.
The Moderate Party (Partido Moderado, PM) was formed by members who found common ground between the liberal and conservative doctrines. The Moderate Party seeks balanced solutions, advocating for moderate social reforms and economic policies that combine market freedom with some level of state intervention to address inequalities. It rapidly became the main government party, either alone or by means of coalitions.
The Democratic Party (Partido Democrático, PD) emerged from the left wing of the Liberal Party, the PD pushed for broader democratic reforms. It supported increased political participation, social justice, and policies aimed at reducing inequality and enhancing welfare programs.
The National Popular Party (Partido Nacional Popular, PNP), emerged from a split within the Conservative Party by social-Christian members. The PNP combines conservative social values with a commitment to social welfare, emphasising Christian ethics and the protection of the family unit within a capitalist framework.
The Brazilian National Union (União Nacional Brasileira, UNB) emerged as the successor to the historical Conservative Party. The UNB retains much of its predecessor's ideologies but with a greater emphasis on national unity, strength, and economic modernization, following the defection of the National Popular members.
The Socialist Party of Brazil (Partido Socialista do Brasil, PSB), advocated for the redistribution of wealth, social ownership of major industries, and extensive welfare state. The PSB promoted workers' rights and aims to reduce income disparities through progressive taxation and social policies. It merger along with like-minded parties in the PTB.
The Communist Party of Brazil (Communist Party of Brazil, PCB), a split from the PSB is committed to a Marxist-Leninist framework. The PCB seeks to overhaul the capitalist system in favor of a state-led planned economy. It promotes the idea of a proletarian revolution and the establishment of a classless society.
The Labour Party of Brazil (Partido Trabalhista do Brasil, PTB) resulted from the merger of various socialist and other non-communist left-wing groups under the common position of Trabalhismo as its defining ideology. The PTB focuses on labor rights, social justice, and inclusive policies to support the working class. It supports a mixed economy where both the state and private sector play significant roles.

Provinces of the Empire of Brazil

Brazil is organized into 10 provinces and the Neutral Municipality, which serves as the national capital.

The Province is under the direction of a Provincial-Governor appointed by the Emperor on advice of the Prime Minister for a 5 year term. The Provincial Legislative Assemblies, elected every five years, names the Provincial Premier that acts as the executive of the Province.

Local government is administered by unicameral Câmara de Vereadores (Councillors' Chamber), the governing body of the cidade (towns and cities). The Chamber is composed of vereadores (councilmen), the number of which depended on the size of the cidade. The Câmara de Vereadores elects the prefeito (Mayor), the executive officer of the cidade.

Provinces

1. Alagoas (Maceió)
2. Bahia (Salvador)
3. Espírito Santo (Vitória)
4. Goiás (Vila Boa de Goiás)
5. Mato Grosso (Cuiabá)
6. Minas Gerais (Vila Rica)
7. Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro 1821-1834, Niterói 1834 to date)
8. Santa Catarina (Florianópolis)
9. São Paulo (São Paulo)
10. Sergipe (São Cristóvão)

Neutral municipality (Rio de Janeiro)

Former provinces

• Cisplatina (Montevidéu), gained independence as Uruguay
• São Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul, gained independence as Riograndense
• Ceará (Fortaleza), part of Amazonas
• Grão-Pará (Belém), part of Amazonas
• Maranhão (São Luís), part of Amazonas
• Paraíba (Parahyba), part of Amazonas
• Pernambuco (Recife), part of Amazonas
• Piaui (Oeiras), part of Amazonas
• Rio Grande do Norte (Natal), part of Amazonas