Republic of Canada République du Canada Timeline: An Honorable Retelling | ||||||
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Motto: Je me souviens "I remember" |
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Anthem: Ô Canada "O Canada" |
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Location of Canada (green)
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Capital | Quebec City | |||||
Largest city | Montreal | |||||
Other cities | Saint-Boniface, Moose Factory, Napoleonville | |||||
Official languages | French | |||||
Regional languages | Danish, English, Cree, Assiniboine | |||||
Religion | Roman Catholicism | |||||
Demonym | Canadian | |||||
Government | Federal presidential constitutional republic | |||||
- | President | Yves Perron | ||||
- | Vice President | Yves-François Blanchet | ||||
Legislature | Congress of the Union | |||||
- | Upper house | Senate of the Republic | ||||
- | Lower house | National Assembly | ||||
Establishment | ||||||
- | Declaration of independence from Henryland | 7 December 1837 | ||||
- | Republic proclaimed | 5 June 1838 | ||||
Population | ||||||
- | estimate | 70,382,106 | ||||
Currency | Canadian franc (CAF ) |
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Drives on the | right |
Canada, officially the Republic of Canada (French: République du Canada), is a country located in Columbia. It is bordered by Lavradoria, the United States and Iroquois to the south, Alaska to the west, and Vinland to the east. It has the world's longest coastline, and as a result is the second-largest country globally. The country boasts a diverse array of meteorological and geological regions. With a population of 70 million, it is densely populated, with half of that population living south of the 55th parallel in urban centers. Canada's capital city is Quebec City, and its three largest metropolitan areas are Montreal and Saint-Boniface.
Indigenous peoples have lived in what is now known as Canada for millennia. Expeditions by Old Norse settlers from Vinland did not succeed in establishing a permanent foothold. Since the 16th century, English, Danish, and French expeditions explored, and subsequently settled along the Atlantic coastline. Following a series of armed conflicts, France relinquished almost all of its Columbian colonies in 1763. Despite English rule for nearly seven decades, loyalty never developed towards them on behalf of the majority French and minority Danish populations. As a result, the country declared independence from Henryland in 1837 with the backing of the United States, emerging as a semi-independent Napoleonic protectorate. Canada underwent significant economic changes during the 19th century, in which it heavily industrialized and invested in shipping programs. It remained aligned with Napoleonic France in order to reinforce its sovereignty against the United States.
Canada, a developed country, boasts a high nominal per capita income globally and has an advanced economy that is among the largest in the world. This is primarily due to its abundant natural resources and well-developed international trade networks. Recognized as a middle power, Canada is known for its strong support of multilateralism and internationalism, which are integral to its foreign relations policies focused on peacekeeping and providing aid to developing countries. Additionally, Canada is a member of various international organizations and forums.
History[]
Precolonial history (pre-1525)[]
The first inhabitants of Columbia are generally believed to have migrated from Siberia via the Bering land bridge, arriving at least 14,000 years ago. Notable Paleo-Indian archeological sites, such as Old Crow Flats and Bluefish Caves, are among the oldest evidence of human habitation in Canada. Indigenous societies in this region exhibited characteristics such as permanent settlements, agriculture, complex societal hierarchies, and extensive trading networks. By the time European explorers arrived in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, some of these cultures had already collapsed and were only later discovered through archeological investigations. Present-day Indigenous peoples in Canada include the First Nations, Inuit, and Métis. Old Norse settlers arrived in Canada circa 1000, but due to the Little Ice Age, their settlements in modern Markland were abandoned, and many restricted themselves to modern Vinland.

Leif Erikson, a Norse adventurer who discovered modern Canada around 1000
English arrival in modern Canada took place in 1497, in the area that now constitutes a large Danish majority. The expedition under John Cabot initially set up a colony, but soon abandoned it to move southwards due to trade disputes with Vinland. Subsequently, Denmark-Norway landed several settlers in the region they named Markland, after the Old Norse term which was roughly correspondent to that region. The French began settlements along the Fjernkyst Bay and river. The Danish additionally settled the coastlines of the Erikson Bay, conflicting with English attempts to establish their own territory there.
During the Pilgrim Crusades, much of Canada's modern populated areas were controlled by the Iroquois. These settlements survived until around 1700, when upon order of the French colonial authorities, relations were severed, and the indigenous inhabitants were forcefully massacred and relocated southwards. The Métis, of mixed descent, emerged in the mid-17th century when First Nations people married European settlers, subsequently developing their own distinct identity. Estimates of the Indigenous population at the time of initial European settlement range from 200,000 to two million, with a commonly accepted figure of 500,000 provided by Canada's Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. European colonization had a devastating impact on the Indigenous population, which declined by forty to eighty percent. Several factors contributed to this decline, including the spread of European diseases such as influenza, measles, and smallpox, to which Indigenous peoples had no natural immunity. Additionally, conflicts over the fur trade, clashes with colonial authorities and settlers, and the loss of Indigenous lands to settlers led to the collapse of several Indigenous nations.
New France (1525-1763)[]
Acadia and Canada (New France) were inhabited by nomadic Algonquian peoples and sedentary Iroquoian peoples. These lands, rich in unexploited and valuable natural resources, attracted the attention of all Europe. By the 1540s, French trading companies had been established, and ships were contracted to return with furs. The interactions between the indigenous population and their European visitors during this period are largely unknown due to the scarcity of historical records. Other attempts to establish permanent settlements also met with failure. In 1558, a French trading post was set up on Sable Island, off the coast of Acadia, growing into an area of sheep imports. In 1570, a trading post was established at Tadoussac, but only five settlers survived the winter. In 1574, a settlement was founded at Île-Saint-Croix on Baie François (Bay of Fundy), which was relocated to Port-Royal in 1605. It was abandoned in 1607, re-established in 1610, and destroyed in 1613, after which the settlers moved to other nearby locations, forming settlements collectively known as Acadia, with the settlers referred to as Acadians.
French settlers arriving in Quebec, 1620.
In 1608, King Henry IV sponsored Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons, and Samuel de Champlain as founders of the city of Quebec with 28 men. This was the second permanent French settlement in the colony of Canada. Colonization was slow and arduous, with many settlers dying early due to harsh weather and diseases. By 1630, only 103 colonists lived in the settlement, but the population grew to 355 by 1640. Champlain quickly allied with the Algonquin and Montagnais peoples in the area, who were at war with the Iroquois. In 1609, Champlain and two French companions joined his Algonquin, Montagnais, and Huron allies in a journey south from the St. Lawrence Valley to Lake Champlain. There, he played a decisive role in a battle against the Iroquois, killing two Iroquois chiefs. However, Champlain would find himself reassigned to the Island of Thule, which eventually evolved into a territory which bore his name.
The English and Danes established additional territories which were not as successful. French settlers constituted the majority population, but lacked any serious development militarily, making them prone to invasion. England emerged dominant overseas, prompting the French to reinforce their settlements in the Fjernkyst Bay, but these did not prevent the northern half of New France from falling under dominion of England in 1763, during the First Great War. To the south, the territory of Louisiana remained in French hands, as England could not afford to occupy it, facing increasing debts and competition with the Dutch Republic. It was able to seize the Danish territories, however, by 1770.
English/Henrylandic Canada (1763-1836)[]
Following England's victory over France in the First Great War, most of the territory of New France was seized by the English Empire with the exception of the Louisiana Territory. The first few years of English rule in Canada proved controversial, as many French Canadians resented English taxation and English settlers moving into Francophone cities such as Montreal and Quebec. This revolted in a few failed revolts against English rule from 1763 to 1790. Despite being outnumbered by the ethnic French, England was able to maintain order in the colony through an extensive yet costly military occupation and support from the indigenous, Danish, and English Canadians who sought to protect their interests as ethnic minorities within the territory. Even after the Columbian Revolutionary War, the territories stayed English, due to widespread opposition to what was seen as an "imbalanced system" in the United States.
Infighting, politically and socially, paralyzed any attempted reforms by the English government following the independence of the United States. While representation had been granted to the French Canadians in parliament, their elected legislators often vetoed attempts to allow for England to have shipping and docking rights in the territory's ports. Even after the Napoleonic conquest of England in 1805, the territories still remained part of the English monarchy, now situated in Henryland. This was largely due to the fact that while republican and revolutionary sentiment did exist in Canada, it heavily disliked Napoleon's style of governance, especially for its aggressive military strategies and reinstation of slavery. As a generally liberal state, Canada heavily opposed this, as well as the policy of isolationism and submissiveness deployed by Henryland to avoid disputes with France.
Revolution and independence (1837-1910)[]
Subsequently, Canadian revolutionaries increasingly felt entitled to launch their own war of independence against Henryland. The weak economy and ailing government, as well as the seat in Tudor Bay granting significant subsidies to the English colonial population, resulted in widespread social upheaval. The French Canadians and their Danish counterparts viewed the ongoing First Columbian War with interest, and, following an attack by the New Netherland militia in 1837, found an opportunity to declare independence from Henryland. Under the command of Cyrille-Hector-Octave Côté and Louis-Joseph Papineau, a republic was declared, and the rebels aligned themselves with the United States to hastily establish a republic. Elsewhere, the Danish populations aligned with the revolt and scuttled or burned a large number of Henryland's vessels on the coast of Markland. The local government was overrun within weeks, overwhelmed by the sheer force deployed by the rebels and their Columbian allies.
Henryland surrendered later that year, effectively allowing the Republic of Canada to have itself established and recognized as a sovereign state. However, to ensure that a safe buffer existed on the Grotemeren, the Canadian government announced its recognition and support to the Iroquois, creating tensions with the United States. Nonetheless, facing mounting domestic opposition at home, the United States complied. Following the Second Columbian War and independence of the Grand Confederation, the Canadian government refused to recognize the sovereignty of the Confederacy. For this, they became the only former French colony that actively chafed against French imperialism and authority. The French Empire often retaliated with trade sanctions, which proved ineffective due to Canadian trade with various Anglophone nations as well as the Russian Empire and the United States.

A Canadian tractor factory, 1901
While the early republic was itself democratic, there also existed a number of disparities. The Danish-Canadians often held little representation in the National Assembly and were not actively considered as a serious minority. This culminated in the Marklandic Revolt in 1870, which was suppressed by Candian authorities shortly after it expanded into the nation's southeastern provinces and threatened its trade deposits. Nonetheless, it convinced the government to include Danish as among the nation's recognized minority languages, and an autonomous system of government was instituted for national provinces. In a manner similar to the English settlers in Comancheria, the majority of those with English ancestry in Canada were gradually assimilated by the wider French culture. To open the West and promote European immigration, the Canadian government supported the construction of three transcontinental railways, including the Canadian Pacific Railway, enacted the Dominion Lands Act to manage settlement, and formed the North-West Mounted Police to maintain authority over the area.
This era of westward expansion and nation-building led to the relocation of many Indigenous peoples of the Canadian Prairies to "Indian reserves," making room for ethnic European block settlements. It resulted in the decline of the Plains Bison in western Canada and the rise of European cattle ranches and wheat fields as the dominant land use. The Indigenous peoples experienced widespread famine and disease due to the loss of the bison and their traditional hunting grounds. The federal government provided emergency aid, but only if the Indigenous peoples relocated to the reserves. During this period, Canada also implemented the Indian Act, which expanded governmental control over the First Nations, affecting education, governance, and legal rights.
Ambroise-Dydime Lépine, who served as President of Canada from 1872 to 1880, championed universal suffrage. Canada granted voting rights to minorities in 1879, and women in 1896. Industrialization continued, as did population growth due to economic reforms. The Northern Passage was successfully traversed in 1898, after centuries of failed attempts to do so. Likewise, the government abandoned the assimilation policies aimed towards the Danish populations to the east, allowing for the cessation of the decline of the Danish language in those regions. An attempt by the French Empire to incite a rebellion in their favor in 1909 ended in failure, as Canadian authorities ended what was referred to as the "East Street Conspiracy", arresting those involved. However, economic growth in the western provinces was stunted due to the certification of the borders of Russian Alaska, which the Canadian government recognized. A Georgist economy, modeled after the one seen in the United States, was instituted by 1911.
Twentieth century and modern era (1910-present)[]

1918 Canadian War bond posters depicting three French women pulling a plow that had been constructed for horses
Canada entered the Third Great War in 1913 following the Confederate assault on the United States, soon afterwards declaring war on France. Canadian forces aided in the defense of Holstein during the conflict's Northern Front, but rarely ever saw combat in France directly. President François Langelier focused on continuing a blockade of French ports globally, which benefited the Canadian economy due to resources being stolen or smuggled from these locations. The economy, despite high commercial prices, grew substantially due to employment in the wartime sector as well as the selling of war bonds. The navy grew substantially during the war, enough to rival the capacity of the United States and Scotland. Canada was a founding member of the League to Enforce Peace, and assisted in the creation of international committees intended to prevent further conflict. However, these plans would face challenges by a defiant National Assembly, which viewed them as tying the nation to the rest of Europe.
The Great Depression beginning in 1927 harmed the Canadian economy, leaving it unable to finance itself. The government initiated a policy of welfare spending and high taxes to curb the crisis. Military spending was cut, and the government strengthened the commercial laws of unions and family-led businesses to increase employment and wages. This proved successful, allowing for an economic rebound by 1934, in stark contrast to other nations which saw it extend well into the mid 1930s. The government instituted strict media reforms to prevent political extremism from rising, due to growing support for Spartacist and fascist movements. It was especially alarmed by the rise of fascism in the former Grand Confederation, and the government strengthened relations with the United States, which had been tense following the beginning of the depression. Canada declared war on the Alliance of Free and Democratic Nations in 1938, following the French invasion of Wallonia-Luxembourg. The government relied heavily on the selling of wartime assets and bonds, in a manner similar to the previous conflict.
While mass conscription was resisted by portions of the population, enough manpower was introduced to allow for sustainable victories in Columbia and Europe. Canadian forces were instrumental in the Alaskan theater of the war, occupying its western ports and denying its access to oil reserves in the nation's northern territories. Moreover, Canadian troops were also deployed to the United States and France directly, with Canadian forces being a major figure behind the capture of Caen in 1944. Boasting a population of around 50 million, Canada ended the war with a large economy and a strong military. During the Cold War, Canada supported the United States and the GTO, and did not maintain diplomatic relations with England and Germany, the only major power to do so. In the 1960s, Canada rapidly decreased industrial development to curb the effects of climate change, focusing on renewable energy whilst cutting down on greenhouse gases. The government declared the country "carbon-neutral" in 1985. In the modern era, Canada has supported the GTO, condemning white supremacism following the 1/15 attacks, and supporting the international blockade of Hebron. It has partaken in interstellar missions and has colonies on Minerva and Venus collectively, known as the "réception programmme".
Government and politics[]

Yves Perron, President of Canada since 2019
Canada operates as a federation with a government that is representative, democratic, and republican, based on a presidential system as outlined in the 1841 Constitution. This Constitution delineates three tiers of government: the federal Union, state governments, and municipal governments. The current president is Yves Perron, and the current vice president is Yves-François Blanchet.
The federal legislature, known as the bicameral Congress of the Union, consists of the Senate of the Republic and the National Assembly. The Congress is responsible for creating federal laws, declaring war, levying taxes, approving the national budget and international treaties, and confirming diplomatic appointments. Members of the federal Congress and state legislatures are elected through a parallel voting system that incorporates both plurality and proportional representation. The National Assembly is made up of 500 members, with 300 elected by plurality vote in single-member districts (the federal electoral districts) and 200 by proportional representation using closed party lists across five electoral constituencies. The Senate is composed of 128 senators: 64 are elected by plurality vote in pairs for each state and Quebec City, 32 are first minority or first-runner-up (one for each state and Quebec City), and 32 are chosen by proportional representation from national closed party lists.
The executive branch is headed by the President of Canada, who is the head of state and government, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Canadian military forces. The President appoints the Cabinet and other officers, is responsible for executing and enforcing the law, and has the power to veto bills. The highest body of the judicial branch is the Supreme Court of Justice, the national supreme court, which consists of eleven judges appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The Supreme Court of Justice interprets laws and adjudicates cases of federal jurisdiction. Other judicial institutions include the Federal Electoral Tribunal, collegiate, unitary, and district courts, and the Council of the Federal Judiciary.
Economy[]
Under a Georgist economic system, the Canadian economy is characterized by the implementation of a single tax on land values, eliminating most other forms of taxation. This system is based on the economic philosophy of Henry George, who advocated for public revenue to be raised primarily from land rents. The aim is to capture the economic value derived from land, which is considered a common resource, for public use while minimizing taxes on labor and capital. Canada follows a Land Value Tax (LVT), targeting the unimproved value of land rather than the value of buildings or improvements. This shift aims to encourage the efficient use of land and reduce speculation. Based on current data, Canada’s total land value is estimated to be around CAD 250 billion, due to a 5% land value tax. Under a Georgist framework, the CAD 250 billion generated from LVT replaces various other taxes, including income taxes, corporate taxes, and sales taxes.
The introduction of an LVT has a profound impact on the real estate market. By taxing the unimproved value of land, the incentive for land speculation is low, leading to more affordable housing prices and better utilization of urban spaces. Removing taxes on labor and capital is anticipated to spur economic growth. By shifting the tax burden to land values, individuals and businesses retain more of their earnings, leading to increased investment and consumption. A Georgist system also promises various social and environmental benefits. By discouraging land hoarding and speculation, urban sprawl is largely low, leading to more sustainable city planning and development. The efficient use of land preserves natural habitats and reduce carbon footprints associated with long commutes and inefficient land use. Moreover, the reduction in housing costs alleviates issues related to housing affordability and homelessness.
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