China (Double Collapse)

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Federal Republic of China 中華聯邦民國 (Chinese) Zhōnghuá Liánbāng Mínguó (Pinyin) Timeline: Double Collapse: The Entire Collapse of Communism OTL equivalent: China excluding Xinjiang, Tibet, Manchuria, Hong Kong and Macau
Flag Emblem
Anthem:  三民主義 Sān Mín Zhǔyì Three Principles of the People Flag anthem: 中華聯邦民國國旗歌 Zhōnghuá Liánbāng Mínguó Guóqígē National Flag Anthem of the Federal Republic of China
China (green)
Capital		Beijing 39°55′N 116°23′E
Largest city by urban population		Shanghai
Official languages		Chinese
Regional languages		Mongolian • Tibetian • Cantonese • Taiwanese
Ethnic groups		92.0% Han Chinese 8.0% Others
Demonym		Chinese
Government		Federal parliamentary constitutional republic under a semi-presidential system
-	President	Hsu Hsin-ying
-	Vice President	Su Hui
-	Premier	Liu Yi-te
Legislature		National Assembly
-	Upper house	Control Yuan
-	Lower house	Legislative Yuan
Establishment
-	First pre-imperial dynasty	c. 2070 BCE
-	First imperial dynasty	221 BCE
-	Republic established	1 January 1912
-	People's Republic of China	1 October 1949
-	Dissolution of the PRC	19-20 December 1991
-	Current constitution	10 March 1993
Area
-	Total	5,908,869 km2  2,281,427 sq mi
Population
-	2023 estimate	1,268,239,500
GDP (PPP)		2023 estimate
-	Total	$34.58 trillion (1st)
-	Per capita	$27,263
GDP (nominal)		2023 estimate
-	Total	$15.32 trillion (3rd)
-	Per capita	$12,081
Currency		Chinese dollar (CND)
Drives on the		right
Calling code		+86

China, officially the Federal Republic of China (FRC) and commonly known as Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's second most populous country, with a population of more than 1270 million. China spans two geographical time zones and borders seven countries, The country consists of 20 provinces and four municipalities. The national capital is Beijing, and the most populous city and financial center is Shanghai.

Modern Chinese trace their origins back to a cradle of civilization in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. The semi-legendary Xia dynasty in the 21st century BCE and the well-attested Shang and Zhou dynasties developed a bureaucratic political system to serve hereditary monarchies, or dynasties, and the Hundred Schools of Thought debated the relation of state, family, and individual. In the third century BCE, Qin's wars of unification finally created the first Chinese empire, the short-lived Qin dynasty. The more stable Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) established a model for nearly two millennia in which the Chinese empire was one of the world's foremost economic powers. The empire expanded, fractured and re-unified, was conquered, absorbed foreign religions and ideas, and made world-leading scientific advances, such as Four Great Inventions, gunpowder, paper, the compass, and printing. After centuries of disunion following the fall of the Han, the Tang dynasty (618-907) achieved what the Roman Empire could not: reunification of the empire. The multi-ethnic Tang welcomed foreign trade and culture that came over the Silk Road and adapted Buddhism to Chinese needs. The early modern Song dynasty (960-1279) became increasingly urban and commercial. The civilian scholar-official or literati used the examination system and the doctrines of Neo-Confucianism to replace the military aristocrats of earlier dynasties. The Mongol invasion established the Yuan dynasty in 1279, but the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) re-established Han Chinese control. The Manchu-led Qing dynasty nearly doubled the empire's territory and established a multi-ethnic state that was the basis of the modern Chinese nation, but suffered heavy losses to foreign imperialism in the 19th century.

The Chinese monarchy collapsed in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution, when the Republic of China (ROC) replaced the Qing dynasty. Japan invaded China in 1937, starting the Second Sino-Japanese War and temporarily halting the civil war between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Kuomintang (KMT). The surrender and expulsion of Japanese forces from China in 1945 left a power vacuum in the country, which led to renewed fighting between the CCP and the Kuomintang. The civil war ended in 1949 with the division of Chinese territory; the CCP established the People's Republic of China on the mainland while the Kuomintang-led ROC government retreated to the island of Taiwan. Both claim to be the sole legitimate government of China, although the United Nations has recognized the PRC as the sole representation from 1971 to 1991. From 1959 to 1961, the PRC implemented an economic and social campaign called the Great Leap Forward that resulted in an estimated 15 to 55 million deaths, mostly through starvation. China conducted a series of economic reforms since 1978 and democratization since 1989 till dissolution in 1991. Following the dissolution of Communist China in 1991, the country renamed itself to the Republic of China, later as Federation of China in 1992, and later in 1996 as the Federal Republic of China. and China established itself as a democratic federal republic.

China is a developing market with high-income economy; It is the third-largest economy by nominal GDP, and the third-wealthiest country since the “Chinese New Deal” of 1995 following the Great Chinese Recession of 1991-1995. The country is one of the growing major economies and is the world's largest manufacturer and exporter. China is considered to be a third economic middle power due to its large markets and economic potentials.

History

Main article: History of China

Pre-1991

Main article: People's Republic of China

Early post-PRC era (1991-1995)

In the aftermath of PR China's dissolution in 19 December 1991, a reunification referendum was held on both mainland and Taiwan, with 73.2% support, Taiwan formerly reunified with China on 4 January 1992 under the name “Federation of China (FOC)”, from which it would renamed to Federal Republic of China four years later in 1996. Incumbent Taiwanese president Lee Teng-hui also agreed to become the provincial leader of Taiwan and Wei Jingsheng will become president of FOC.

On 15 January, Wei signed Decree 1542 to initiate radical free market reforms in Mainland China. However, the reforms was proven to be uneasy where prices rose by 200% from 1992 to 1993 and unemployment also soared sharply, causing people losing confidence on Wei. The National People's Congress, which is elected during late PR China, also oppose Wei's quick transformation of economy. This event finally cumulates to 1993 siege of National People's Congress (similar but less violent than 1993 Russian constitutional crisis) which cause NPC's dissolution in national and local levels, resulting in restoration of the Legislative Yuan.

The Tibetan War (1993 - 1995)

Main article: East Tibetian War

The Eastern Tibetan War was a conflict in eastern Tibet that lasted about 2 years, from 1993 to 1995. The war began following inititian of a Chinese military response, ordered by President Wei Jingsheng, in response to the rebellious Tibetan guerillas in eastern Tibet, which supported Tibetan rule replacing the current Chinese rule.

Democratization and economic reforms (1995-2000)

In April 1995, China held its second post-CCP free presidential elections. KMT leader and former president of Taiwan during Cold War, Lee Teng-hui defeated Jingsheng by a narrow margin—54.00% to 49.30%. Soon after Jingsheng's defeat, Premier and vice-president Lien Chan accused leader of former China Democratic League Fei Xiaotong of a longtime collaboration with hardline faction of the CCP during the failed September coup of 1991, In the ensuing political crisis after its election, Xiaotong resigned.

In 1996, China embark on the Transitional Justice program to address the legacy of the Chinese Cultural Revolution and the rule of the Chinese Communist Party, which program sought to address human rights abuses, political persecution, and other injustices committed under the CCP's rule. This initiative was part of the government's broader effort to reconcile with the nation's past and promote a more democratic and accountable society.

Geography

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Climate

China's climate is mainly dominated by dry seasons and wet monsoons, which lead to pronounced temperature differences between winter and summer. In the winter, northern winds coming from high-latitude areas are cold and dry; in summer, southern winds from coastal areas at lower latitudes are warm and moist.

A major environmental issue in China is the continued expansion of its deserts, particularly the Gobi Desert. Although barrier tree lines planted since the 1970s have reduced the frequency of sandstorms, prolonged drought and poor agricultural practices have resulted in dust storms plaguing northern China each spring, which then spread to other parts of East Asia, including Japan and Korea. China's environmental watchdog, SEPA, stated in 2007 that China is losing 4,000 km² (1,500 sq mi) per year to desertification. Water quality, erosion, and pollution control have become important issues in China's relations with other countries. According to academics, in order to limit climate change in China to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) electricity generation from coal in China without carbon capture must be phased out by 2045. Official government statistics about Chinese agricultural productivity are considered unreliable, due to exaggeration of production at subsidiary government levels. Much of China has a climate very suitable for agriculture and the country has been the world's largest producer of rice, wheat, tomatoes, eggplant, grapes, watermelon, spinach, and many other crops.

Politics

The Federal Republic of China is a federal parliamentary constitutional republic under the semi-presidential system. [UNDER PROGRESS]

Government

Main article: Government of China

China is a federal presidential constitutional republic. The president is the titular head of state, elected by the National Assembly. The vice-president and premier is the head of government. The government is divided into five branches (Yuan): the Executive Yuan (cabinet), the Legislative Yuan (Congress or Parliament), the Judicial Yuan, the Control Yuan (audit agency), and the Examination Yuan (civil service examination agency). [UNDER PROGRESS]

Military

Main article: Federal Republic of China Armed Forces

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Economy

GDP per capita development in China

GDP per capita growth rate of China 1961-2023 (1961-1989: estimated; 1990-2023: actual)

[UNDER PROGRESS] China was one of the world's foremost economic powers throughout the arc of East Asian and global history. The country had one of the largest economies in the world for most of the past two millennia, during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline. Since economic reforms began in 1978 during communist (PRC) era, its economy experienced a takeoff that lasted until months before PRC‘s dissolution. Reliable GDP data become avaliable since 1990 when Wei Jingsheng become Premier of the State Council of the PRC. For full year 1991, 4.65% GDP growth is recorded (first three quarter robust positive growth) but beginning from 1991 Q4, in which when the PRC dissolved near the end of that quarter, more specifically after failure of September Coup, economic downturn began and eventually plunged into a deep depression that last until 1995, which is dubbed "Great Chinese Recession". Since 1995, rapid growth resumed with real per capita income growing at an average of nearly 8% (7.95%) per year in the following 28 years and today China has developed into a highly diversified economy and one of the most consequential players in international trade. Major sectors of competitive strength include manufacturing, retail, mining, steel, textiles, automobiles, energy generation, green energy, banking, electronics, telecommunications, real estate, e-commerce, and tourism. China has two out of the ten largest stock exchanges in the world—Shanghai and Shenzhen—that together have a market capitalization of over $__._ trillion, as of October 2020. China has three (Shanghai, Beijing, and Shenzhen) out of the world's top ten most competitive financial centers, commonly known as the [The Trio name TBD], which is more than any other country in the 2020 Global Financial Centres Index.

Tourism

China received __._ million international visitors in 2019, and in 2018 was the fourth-most-visited country in the world. It also experiences an enormous volume of domestic tourism between the late 1990s and early 2000s; Chinese tourists made an estimated 6 billion travels within the country in 2019. China hosts the world's second-largest number of World Heritage Sites (__) after Italy, and is considered to be one of the most popular tourist destinations (first in the Asia-Pacific).

China in the global economy

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Science and technology

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Culture and society

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