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in: Under Construction, China, From Sea to Shining Sea

Changes: China (From Sea to Shining Sea)

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{{Under Construction}}
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{{NationInfo|name = 中國聯合會|name_en = Chinese Federation|timeline = |otl = China and Taiwan|flag = Flag of the Republic of China (1912-1928).svg|CoA = Twelve Symbols national emblem of China.svg|motto = "萬歲"|language = Chinese|lang_official = Mandarin|motto_en = Ten thousand years|Anthem = ''Song to the Auspicious Cloud''|city_largest = Shanghai|capital = Beijing|language_other = Cantonese|religion = Chinese Folk Religion|ethnic_other = Japanese<br/>Korean|ethnic_group = Chinese|demonym = Chinese|regime = {{W|Federal republic|Federal}} {{W|Parliamentary republic|parliamentary}} {{W|constitutional monarchy}}|governing_body = Royal Assembly|HoStitle = Prime Minster|population = 1,420,000,000|currency = Asian Economic Unit|organizations = United Nations (UN)<br/>Eurasian Coalition (EC)<br/>Asian Alliance (AA)|HoS2title = Royal Assembly members|HoS2name = 42 (current)|hos_name = Yuan Shikai (1899-1916)<br/>Sun Yat-sen (1916-1924)<br/>Zhang Zuolin (1924-1928)<br/>Chiang Kai-shek (1928-1964)<br/>Mao Zedong (1964-1976)<br/>Yen Chia-kan (1976-1979)<br/>Soong Ching-ling (1979-1981)<br/>Chiang Ching-kuo (1981-1988)<br/>Jiang Zemin (1988-1994)<br/>Hu Jintao (1994-2004)<br/>Tsai Ing-wen (2004-2014)<br/>Xi Jinping (2014-)|pop_unit = people (current)|est_date = Sempter 22, 1899|Timeline = Communist-Controlled America|calling_code = +86|Internet TLD = .cn|religion_other = Taoism<br/>Confucianism<br/>Irreligious|map = |map_caption = Chinese territory in dark green, disputed land in bright green|drives_on = right}}'''China''', officially known as the '''Chinese Federation''', is a constitutional monarchy in East Asia.
  
  +
==Republic of China (South China)==
−
==History==
  
  +
{{NationInfo
  +
| name =<big>中華民國</big><br />
  +
<small>'''Zhōnghuá Mínguó'''</small>
  +
| name_en =<small>Republic of China</small>
  +
| name_short =South China
  +
| Timeline =
  +
| otl =China
  +
| of =
  +
| flag =Flag of the Republic of China.svg
  +
|CoA=Republic of China National Emblem.svg
  +
| coa_caption
  +
| map =China Map GNW.png
  +
| map_caption =Territory of the Republic of China in blue and light blue (Not shown caims over Manchuria, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang).
  +
| motto =
  +
| motto_lang =
  +
| motto_en =
  +
| Anthem = National Anthem of the Republic of China
  +
| capital =Nanjing (1927–1937), Chongqing (1937-1953), Beijing (de jure), Nanjing (1953 to date, de facto)
  +
| city_largest =Shangai
  +
| city_other = Tianjin, Taiyuan, Nanjing, Chongqing and Xi'an.
  +
| language = Chinese (Standard Mandarin) and Traditional Chinese has official script.
  +
----
  +
| language_other = Chinese (Wu, Yue (Cantonese), Min, Xiang, Gan, and Hakka), Zhuang (Thai), Mongolian, Tibetan, Uyghur (Turkic), Hmong, Korean and Esperanto.
  +
| religion ={{W|Secular state}}
  +
| religion_other =Confucianism, Taoism, Chinese Buddhism, Chinese folk religion, Islam, Roman Catholicism, and Protestantism.
  +
| ethnic_group =Han
  +
| ethnic_other =Manchu, Mongol, Hui (Muslim Han) and Tibetan.
  +
| demonym=Chinese
  +
| regime =Unitary presidential single party rule (1916-1926), unitary presidential republic (1926-1935) and unitary semi-presidential republic (1935 to date).
  +
| HoStitle =President
  +
| HoSname =
  +
| CoGtitle =President of Executive Yuan
  +
| CoGname =
  +
| area =
  +
| water_area =
  +
| population =
  +
| est_date = 1912, re-established in 1916
  +
| ind_from =Chinese Empire
  +
| ind_date =
  +
| ind_rec =
  +
| annex_to =
  +
| annex_date =
  +
| currency =Chinese Silver Dollar, Customs tael (海關両), Customs gold unit (CGU) and Yuan (元)
  +
| timezone =
  +
| summer_time =
  +
| drives_on =Right
  +
| Internet TLD =
  +
| calling_code =
  +
| organizations =[[File:East Asian Community.png|25px]] East Asian Community
  +
}}
  +
The '''Republic of China''' ('''ROC''') was a sovereign country established in January 1912 after the Xinhai Revolution, which overthrew the Qing dynasty, the last imperial dynasty of China.
   
  +
From its founding the ROC is based on mainland China. Central authority waxed and waned in response to warlordism (1915–28), the Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937–53), and a full-scale civil war (1927–...), with central authority strongest during the Nanjing Decade (1927–37), when most of China came under the control of the authoritarian, one-party military dictatorship of the Kuomintang (KMT).
−
=== Formation ===
  
−
<p class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">In June 11, 1898, the Guangxu Emperor undertook the Hundred Days' Reform. On September 22, 1899, China completed its transformation into a constitutional monarchy, despite difficulties such as a failed attempt by Empress Dowager Cixi to take over the government. 2,000 years of Imperial China had finally ended and the emperor proclaimed China as a republic. A provisional government, the "[[Qing Republic (Communist-Controlled America)|Qing Republic]]", was then established. Yuan Shikai was elected as China's first prime minster on December 12, 1899, while the emperor became a powerless figurehead, mostly unrelated to the government. The Royal Court was made into the Lower House of the legislative branch, which selected members of the Supreme Court. Under the Shikai's rule, China was divided among local militias, forming separate self-governing areas called "provinces", though these remained loyal to the emperor, who convinced them to join the central government. In response, Shikai renamed China from the "Qing Republic" to the "United Provinces of China", later renamed to the "Chinese Federation" by Mao in 1967,a nation which began forming relationships with Russia and the United States. </p>
  
   
  +
In 1953, at the end of World War II, the Empire of Japan surrendered control of Taiwan and Manchuria. China claims control over Tibet, Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Hong Kong (UK) and Macau (Portugal) and the territories controlled by PRC of China (North China).
−
=== Early History and Stabilization ===
  
−
<p class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">China provided support for [[Russia (Communist-Controlled America)|Russia]] in the Russo-Japanese War, though Russia's prime minister ended the war ended as quickly as China joined. <span>Under Shikai, China urged for a strong national military under his conservative and anti-Japanese policies. He blamed the lack of a nation military is the reason for their loss in the war against the Japanese, and wished to merge local militias into a single national army: the "Royal Preservation Army". Shikai also began to industrialize China with the hope</span> of strengthening the military. He saw a second war with Japan as inevitable, and believed China must move forward technologically if it was to survive. In World War 1, nationalist movements in Mongolia allied with the Central Powers and successfully defeated the northern Chinese armies, leading to Mongolian independence in 1915. This convinced warlords to merge their armies into one, as the Mongolians defeated the independent militias. Under Yan-sen, China became increasingly more democratic, reforming China's government to resemble the United States' government. China was transformed from a confederacy to a federation, and the Progressive and Conservative Parties established themselves as the Communist and Nationalist Parties by 1921. Political divisions in China, however, quickly grew tense, almost to the point of causing an armed conflict. Fortunately by 1919, the intervention of both the Xuantong Emperor and Sun Yat-sen had prevented this from taking place and stabilized relations between the parties. </p>
  
   
−
=== World War II ===
 +
===History===
−
<p class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">In the Second Sino-Japanese War, Japan invaded China through Korea on July 7, 1937, and within 2 months the province of Manchuria. Japan began an invasion of the cities of Nanjing and Beijing, and captured much of the Chinese coast by 1939. On June 30, 1942, Chinese forces invaded Korea through the Liaodong Peninsula, severing the Japanese supply line. This weakened Japanese forces, allowing China to regain its lost land, and even go further. By September of 1943, Chinese forces captured Taiwan and most of Korea. The Japanese Army was forced to the Pusan Perimeter, until Japan sent reinforcements. Chinese forces were forced to near the 38th parallel, were they retreated no further. Finally, on May 17, 1944, after months of stalemate and surrender to [[United Socialist Republics of America (Communist-Controlled America)|America]] inevitable, the Empire of Japan signed a peace treaty with China. Peace negotiations transferred Korean land above the 38th parallel to China, while land below the 38th parallel would remain under Japanese control. With the end of the war, China established a satellite state in northern Korea, that became independent from China in 1975 as the "[[North Korea (Communist-Controlled America)|Republic of Korea]]". </p>
  
   
  +
===State and Government===
−
=== Involvement in the Cold War ===
  
  +
<!-- ==Constitutional Organization of ROC== -->
−
<p class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">The conflicting communist economy of America with the capitalist economy of China lead to tensions between China and America. Though tensions with America eased when the alliance between America and [[Democratic People's Republic of Japan (Communist-Controlled America)|Japan]] collapsed in 1971, and America joined the embargo on Japan. </p>
  
  +
According to Sun Yat-sen's theory, the KMT was to rebuild China in three phases: a phase of military rule through which the KMT would take over power and reunite China by force; a phase of political tutelage; and finally a constitutional democratic phase. Thus, there have been at least three periods of constitutional organization.
   
  +
The phases of force and political tutelage that overlap each other, roughly occurs between 1916 to 1935. This period was marked by the Southern and Northern Expeditions and the alliance with the CPC. According to the First provisional constitution of 1916 the President of the National Government was elected by the KMT central executive committee. In the absence of a National Assembly, the KMT's party congress functioned in its place. Since party membership was a requirement for civil service positions, the KMT was full of careerists and opportunists. The second provisional constitution of 1926 called for the election of the President of the Republic by National Assembly. Its delegates were elected by party nominations. The distribution was one-third Nationalists, one-third Communists, and one-third of members from other parties every four years. Overseas Chinese and minorities were represented in the party nominations. The President nominated the President of Executive Yuan and all its ministers and commissioners. The old Da-Li-Yuan was reformed as the Supreme Court.
−
=== Modern day ===
  
−
<p class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">By modern day, Chinese citizens enjoy the ninth-high standard of living, thirteenth lowest infant mortality rate, the world's third-largest industry, the fifteenth-least corrupt and eighth-most stable government. In the modern world, China benefits from large economy, the largest army, and a large number of allies, but suffers from in inability to feed its population and a severe population explosion. </p>
  
   
  +
In 1935 a The Second Constitution of the ROC was promulgated, the Five-power Constitution. This was based on Sun Yat-sen's idea of "separation of the five powers". The government of the ROC has five branches (executive, legislative, judicial, control and examination) and also embodies the Three Principles of the People (Sān Mín Zhǔyì).
−
== Government ==
  
  +
* The Executive is composed of
  +
** The President of the Republic, elected by the National Assembly for a term of six years, is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the Republic of China.
  +
** Executive Yuan - led by the premier (President of the Executive Yuan) but in actuality it is the President who sets policy. The Executive Yuan is the "highest administrative authority" with oversight over domestic matters while giving the president of the Republic powers as commander-in-chief of the military and authority over foreign affairs;
  +
*The Legislative is composed of:
  +
** National Assembly, with the power to amend the constitution and elect the President and Vice President and the right to recall them if they failed to fulfill their political responsibilities.
  +
** Legislative Yuan is the unicameral legislative chamber, elected by universal suffrage. Some seats a allocated for overseas Chinese;
  +
* Judicial Yuan serves as the highest judicial organ in Republic of China. They are nominated and appointed by the President of the Republic, with the consent of the Legislative Yuan. The Judicial Yuan is charged with interpreting the Constitution. It also supervises lower courts, which consist of the Supreme Court, the high courts, district courts, the Administrative Court, and the Commission on the Disciplinary Sanctions of Public Functionaries;
  +
* Control Yuan is the audit branch that monitors the other branches of government. Its members are elected by provincial, municipal, Mongolian, Tibetan, and Overseas Chinese representative councils.
  +
* Examination Yuan is in charge of validating the qualification of civil service personnel and examination exam. Its members are nominated and appointed by the President of the Republic, with the consent of the Control Yuan.
   
−
=== Form of government ===
 +
===Heads of State and Government===
  +
{| class="wikitable"
−
The Chinese Federation is structured as a federal republic; a union between self-governing "provinces". Each province is allowed to make its own laws and collect taxes. However, if a province's laws conflict with national laws, it will be nullified, and a percentage of taxes collected by the provinces must be given to the government. Each province is allowed to organize its own military, though these become groups within the national military rather than remaining independent. China contains the 2 “Special Administrative Regions” of Hong Kong and Macau which are currently undergoing annexation into the Chinese Federation to become city-provinces; as well as the Special Autonomous Provinces of Tibet and Xinjiang, which possess full autonomy, but are legally part of China.
 
  +
! colspan="5" |President of the Republic of China
  +
|-
  +
!Name
  +
!Portrait
  +
!Term
  +
!Party
  +
!Notes
  +
|-
  +
|Tan Yankai
  +
|<!-- [[File:Kim_Gu.jpg|90px]] -->
  +
|1928-1928
  +
|Kuomintang
  +
|
   
  +
|-
−
=== Branches of government ===
  
  +
|Chiang Kai-shek
−
The federal government has 3 components: the executive branch, the legislative branch, and judicial branch. The executive branch is comprised of a prime minister and cabinet, the legislative branch is comprised of the bicameral Royal Assembly, itself comprised of the Royal Parliament and Royal Court (the Upper and Lower Houses respectively), and the judicial branch is comprised of the Supreme Court. A system of "checks and balances" exists to prevent any one branch of government from becoming to powerful.
  
  +
|[[File:Chiang_Kai-shek_March,_1945.jpg|90px]]
  +
|1928-1931
  +
|Kuomintang
  +
|
   
  +
|-
−
=== Political parties ===
  
  +
|Lin Sen
−
Chinese politics is dominated by 2 parties: the right-leaning Kuomintang, or Chinese Nationalist Party, (originally the Conservative Party) and left-leaning Communist Party (originally the Progressive Party). For most of the 20th century, Chinese politics was dominated by the Kuomintang, though as the Cold War thawed in 1980s, power shifted to the Communist Party. Currently, communists hold a majority in the government, with current Prime Minter Xi Jinping and the majority of Royal Assembly being members of the Communist Party, though the Royal Assembly is still controlled by a Kuomintang majority.<gallery>
  
  +
|[[File:ROC_President_Lin_Sen.jpg|90px]]
−
File:Naval Jack of the Republic of China.svg|Flag of the Kuomintang
  
  +
|1931-1943
−
File:Flag of the Chinese Communist Party.svg|Flag of the Chinese Communist Party
  
  +
|Kuomintang
−
</gallery>
  
  +
|
  +
  +
|-
  +
|Chiang Kai-shek
  +
|[[File:Chiang Kai-shek（蔣中正）.jpg|90px]]
  +
|1943-1955
  +
|Kuomintang
  +
|Under his presidency Inner Mongolia was reincorporated to China.
  +
  +
|-
  +
|Yan Xishan
  +
|[[File:Yan Xishan.jpg |90px]]
  +
|1955-...
  +
|Kuomintang
  +
|
  +
  +
  +
|}
  +
  +
{| class="wikitable"
  +
! colspan="5" |Presidents of Executive Yuan
  +
|-
  +
!Name
  +
!Portrait
  +
!Term
  +
!Party
  +
!Notes
  +
|-
  +
|Tan Yankai
  +
|<!-- [[File:Kim_Gu.jpg|90px]] -->
  +
|1928-1930
  +
|Kuomintang
  +
|
  +
  +
|-
  +
|Soong Tse-ven (T.V. Soong)
  +
|
  +
|1930-1930
  +
|Kuomintang
  +
|Acting
  +
|-
  +
|Chiang Kai-shek
  +
|[[File:Chiang_Kai-shek_March,_1945.jpg|90px]]
  +
|1930-1931
  +
|Kuomintang
  +
|
  +
  +
|-
  +
|Chen Mingshu
  +
|
  +
|1931-1931
  +
|Kuomintang
  +
|
  +
  +
|-
  +
|Sun Fo
  +
|
  +
|1931-1932
  +
|Kuomintang
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
|Wang Jingwei
  +
|[[File:Wang_Jingwei.jpg|90px]]
  +
|1932-1935
  +
|Kuomintang
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
|Chiang Kai-shek
  +
|[[File:Chiang_Kai-shek_March,_1945.jpg|90px]]
  +
|1935-1938
  +
|Kuomintang
  +
|
  +
  +
|-
  +
|Kung Hsiang-hsi (H.H. Kung)
  +
|
  +
|1938-1939
  +
|Kuomintang
  +
|
  +
  +
|-
  +
|Chiang Kai-shek
  +
|[[File:Chiang_Kai-shek_March,_1945.jpg|90px]]
  +
|1939-1945
  +
|Kuomintang
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
|Soong Tse-ven (T.V. Soong)
  +
|
  +
|1945-1947
  +
|Kuomintang
  +
|Acting
  +
|-
  +
|Chiang Kai-shek
  +
|[[File:Chiang_Kai-shek_March,_1945.jpg|90px]]
  +
|1947-1947
  +
|Kuomintang
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
|Chang Ch'ün
  +
|
  +
|1947-1948
  +
|Kuomintang
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
|Weng Wenhao
  +
|
  +
|1948-1948
  +
|Kuomintang
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
|Sun Fo
  +
|
  +
|1948-1949
  +
|Kuomintang
  +
|
  +
  +
|-
  +
|Yan Xishan
  +
|[[File:Yan Xishan.jpg|90px]]
  +
|1949-1951
  +
|Kuomintang
  +
|
  +
  +
|-
  +
|Chen Cheng
  +
|[[File:Chen Cheng in 1940's.jpg|90px]]
  +
|1950-1956
  +
|Kuomintang
  +
|
  +
|}
  +
  +
===Politics===
  +
*Kuomintang
  +
*Communist Party of China, Marxist-Leninist. Banned in 1954.
  +
*Productive People's Party / Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party. Left-wing of the Kuomintang.
  +
<!-- * Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang -->
  +
* Communist League of China / Revolutionary Communist Party of China. Marxist-Trotskyist party
  +
*China Democratic League. Progressivism and Chinese nationalism
  +
  +
===Administrative Divisions===
  +
The ROC is administratively divided in provinces, special municipalities, special administrative regions, areas, and regions.
  +
  +
<div style="column-count:3;-moz-column-count:3;-webkit-column-count:3">
  +
;Provinces
  +
*Anhui
  +
*Zhèjiāng
  +
*Fújiàn
  +
*Hénán
  +
*Húnán
  +
*Hubei
  +
*Gānsù
  +
*Jiāngxī
  +
*Guǎngxī
  +
*Guǎngdōng
  +
*Guìzhō
  +
*Shānxī
  +
*Shandong
  +
*Xīkāng
  +
*Sìchuān
  +
*Táiwān
  +
*Yunnan
  +
;special municipalities
  +
*Guǎngzhōu
  +
*Chóngqìng
  +
*Hànkǒu
  +
*Nánjīng
  +
*Shànghǎi
  +
*Xī'ān
  +
*Qingdao
  +
;Areas
  +
*Tibet
  +
;Special Administrative Regions
  +
*Weihai (abolish and incorporated to Shandong)
  +
*Hǎinán
  +
</div>
  +
  +
===Economy===
  +
  +
===Armed Forces===
  +
{{Infobox national military
  +
| country =
  +
| name =Republic of China Armed Forces
  +
| native_name =中華民國國軍
  +
| image =Republic of China Army Flag.svg
  +
|image_size =100px
  +
| alt =
  +
| caption =
  +
| image2 =
  +
| alt2 =
  +
| caption2 =
  +
| motto =
  +
| founded =1955 (from the National Revolutionary Army)
  +
| current_form =1955
  +
| disbanded =
  +
| branches =
  +
[[file:Republic of China Army Flag.svg|50px]] Republic of China Army<br/>
  +
Republic of China Navy<br/>
  +
Republic of China Force<br/>
  +
Republic of China Corps<br/>
  +
Republic of China Coast Guard
  +
| headquarters =Nanking
  +
| flying_hours =
  +
<!-- Leadership -->
  +
| commander-in-chief =
  +
| commander-in-chief_title =
  +
| chief minister =
  +
| chief minister_title =
  +
| minister =
  +
| minister_title =Minister of National Defense
  +
| commander =
  +
| commander_title =Chairperson of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
  +
<!-- Manpower -->
  +
| age =18-40 years of age men and women
  +
| conscription =Army serve two years. Naval, Air Force and special forces conscripts serve three years.
  +
| manpower_data =
  +
| manpower_age =
  +
| available =
  +
| available_f =
  +
| fit =
  +
| fit_f =
  +
| reaching =
  +
| reaching_f =
  +
| active =
  +
| ranked =
  +
| reserve =
  +
| deployed =
  +
<!-- Financial -->
  +
| amount =
  +
| percent_GDP =2,5%
  +
<!-- Industrial -->
  +
| domestic_suppliers =
  +
| foreign_suppliers =
  +
| imports =
  +
| exports =
  +
<!-- Related articles -->
  +
| history =
  +
| ranks =
  +
}}
  +
  +
  +
{{Clear}}
  +
----
  +
{{From Sea to Shining Sea}}
 
[[Category:China]]
  
[[Category:China]]
−
[[Category:Communist-Controlled America]]
 +
[[Category:From Sea to Shining Sea]]

Latest revision as of 12:28, 19 December 2019

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Republic of China (South China)

Republic of China
中華民國
 Zhōnghuá Mínguó
OTL equivalent: China
Flag Coat of Arms
Flag Coat of Arms
Location South China
Territory of the Republic of China in blue and light blue (Not shown caims over Manchuria, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang).
Anthem "National Anthem of the Republic of China"
Capital Nanjing (1927–1937), Chongqing (1937-1953), Beijing (de jure), Nanjing (1953 to date, de facto)
Largest city Shangai
Other cities Tianjin, Taiyuan, Nanjing, Chongqing and Xi'an.
Language
  official 		 
Chinese (Standard Mandarin) and Traditional Chinese has official script.
  others Chinese (Wu, Yue (Cantonese), Min, Xiang, Gan, and Hakka), Zhuang (Thai), Mongolian, Tibetan, Uyghur (Turkic), Hmong, Korean and Esperanto.
Religion
  main 		 
Secular state
  others Confucianism, Taoism, Chinese Buddhism, Chinese folk religion, Islam, Roman Catholicism, and Protestantism.
Ethnic Groups
  main 		 
Han
  others Manchu, Mongol, Hui (Muslim Han) and Tibetan.
Demonym Chinese
Government Unitary presidential single party rule (1916-1926), unitary presidential republic (1926-1935) and unitary semi-presidential republic (1935 to date).
President
President of Executive Yuan
Established 1912, re-established in 1916
Independence from Chinese Empire
Currency Chinese Silver Dollar, Customs tael (海關両), Customs gold unit (CGU) and Yuan (元)
Driving Side Right
Organizations East Asian Community East Asian Community

The Republic of China (ROC) was a sovereign country established in January 1912 after the Xinhai Revolution, which overthrew the Qing dynasty, the last imperial dynasty of China.

From its founding the ROC is based on mainland China. Central authority waxed and waned in response to warlordism (1915–28), the Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937–53), and a full-scale civil war (1927–...), with central authority strongest during the Nanjing Decade (1927–37), when most of China came under the control of the authoritarian, one-party military dictatorship of the Kuomintang (KMT).

In 1953, at the end of World War II, the Empire of Japan surrendered control of Taiwan and Manchuria. China claims control over Tibet, Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Hong Kong (UK) and Macau (Portugal) and the territories controlled by PRC of China (North China).

History

State and Government

According to Sun Yat-sen's theory, the KMT was to rebuild China in three phases: a phase of military rule through which the KMT would take over power and reunite China by force; a phase of political tutelage; and finally a constitutional democratic phase. Thus, there have been at least three periods of constitutional organization.

The phases of force and political tutelage that overlap each other, roughly occurs between 1916 to 1935. This period was marked by the Southern and Northern Expeditions and the alliance with the CPC. According to the First provisional constitution of 1916 the President of the National Government was elected by the KMT central executive committee. In the absence of a National Assembly, the KMT's party congress functioned in its place. Since party membership was a requirement for civil service positions, the KMT was full of careerists and opportunists. The second provisional constitution of 1926 called for the election of the President of the Republic by National Assembly. Its delegates were elected by party nominations. The distribution was one-third Nationalists, one-third Communists, and one-third of members from other parties every four years. Overseas Chinese and minorities were represented in the party nominations. The President nominated the President of Executive Yuan and all its ministers and commissioners. The old Da-Li-Yuan was reformed as the Supreme Court.

In 1935 a The Second Constitution of the ROC was promulgated, the Five-power Constitution. This was based on Sun Yat-sen's idea of "separation of the five powers". The government of the ROC has five branches (executive, legislative, judicial, control and examination) and also embodies the Three Principles of the People (Sān Mín Zhǔyì).

  • The Executive is composed of
    • The President of the Republic, elected by the National Assembly for a term of six years, is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the Republic of China.
    • Executive Yuan - led by the premier (President of the Executive Yuan) but in actuality it is the President who sets policy. The Executive Yuan is the "highest administrative authority" with oversight over domestic matters while giving the president of the Republic powers as commander-in-chief of the military and authority over foreign affairs;
  • The Legislative is composed of:
    • National Assembly, with the power to amend the constitution and elect the President and Vice President and the right to recall them if they failed to fulfill their political responsibilities.
    • Legislative Yuan is the unicameral legislative chamber, elected by universal suffrage. Some seats a allocated for overseas Chinese;
  • Judicial Yuan serves as the highest judicial organ in Republic of China. They are nominated and appointed by the President of the Republic, with the consent of the Legislative Yuan. The Judicial Yuan is charged with interpreting the Constitution. It also supervises lower courts, which consist of the Supreme Court, the high courts, district courts, the Administrative Court, and the Commission on the Disciplinary Sanctions of Public Functionaries;
  • Control Yuan is the audit branch that monitors the other branches of government. Its members are elected by provincial, municipal, Mongolian, Tibetan, and Overseas Chinese representative councils.
  • Examination Yuan is in charge of validating the qualification of civil service personnel and examination exam. Its members are nominated and appointed by the President of the Republic, with the consent of the Control Yuan.

Heads of State and Government

President of the Republic of China
Name Portrait Term Party Notes
Tan Yankai 1928-1928 Kuomintang
Chiang Kai-shek Chiang Kai-shek March, 1945 1928-1931 Kuomintang
Lin Sen ROC President Lin Sen 1931-1943 Kuomintang
Chiang Kai-shek Chiang Kai-shek（蔣中正） 1943-1955 Kuomintang Under his presidency Inner Mongolia was reincorporated to China.
Yan Xishan Yan Xishan 1955-... Kuomintang


Presidents of Executive Yuan
Name Portrait Term Party Notes
Tan Yankai 1928-1930 Kuomintang
Soong Tse-ven (T.V. Soong) 1930-1930 Kuomintang Acting
Chiang Kai-shek Chiang Kai-shek March, 1945 1930-1931 Kuomintang
Chen Mingshu 1931-1931 Kuomintang
Sun Fo 1931-1932 Kuomintang
Wang Jingwei Wang Jingwei 1932-1935 Kuomintang
Chiang Kai-shek Chiang Kai-shek March, 1945 1935-1938 Kuomintang
Kung Hsiang-hsi (H.H. Kung) 1938-1939 Kuomintang
Chiang Kai-shek Chiang Kai-shek March, 1945 1939-1945 Kuomintang
Soong Tse-ven (T.V. Soong) 1945-1947 Kuomintang Acting
Chiang Kai-shek Chiang Kai-shek March, 1945 1947-1947 Kuomintang
Chang Ch'ün 1947-1948 Kuomintang
Weng Wenhao 1948-1948 Kuomintang
Sun Fo 1948-1949 Kuomintang
Yan Xishan Yan Xishan 1949-1951 Kuomintang
Chen Cheng Chen Cheng in 1940's 1950-1956 Kuomintang

Politics

  • Kuomintang
  • Communist Party of China, Marxist-Leninist. Banned in 1954.
  • Productive People's Party / Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party. Left-wing of the Kuomintang.
  • Communist League of China / Revolutionary Communist Party of China. Marxist-Trotskyist party
  • China Democratic League. Progressivism and Chinese nationalism

Administrative Divisions

The ROC is administratively divided in provinces, special municipalities, special administrative regions, areas, and regions.

Provinces
  • Anhui
  • Zhèjiāng
  • Fújiàn
  • Hénán
  • Húnán
  • Hubei
  • Gānsù
  • Jiāngxī
  • Guǎngxī
  • Guǎngdōng
  • Guìzhō
  • Shānxī
  • Shandong
  • Xīkāng
  • Sìchuān
  • Táiwān
  • Yunnan
special municipalities
  • Guǎngzhōu
  • Chóngqìng
  • Hànkǒu
  • Nánjīng
  • Shànghǎi
  • Xī'ān
  • Qingdao
Areas
  • Tibet
Special Administrative Regions
  • Weihai (abolish and incorporated to Shandong)
  • Hǎinán

Economy

Armed Forces

Republic of China Armed Forces
中華民國國軍
Republic of China Army Flag
Founded 1955 (from the National Revolutionary Army)
Current form 1955
Service branches Republic of China Army Flag Republic of China Army

Republic of China Navy
Republic of China Force
Republic of China Corps

Republic of China Coast Guard
Headquarters Nanking
Manpower
Military age 18-40 years of age men and women
Conscription Army serve two years. Naval, Air Force and special forces conscripts serve three years.
Expenditures
Percent of GDP 2,5%



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