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Republic of China Timeline: History Remixed
中華民國 (Chinese) Chunghwa Minkuo (Postal) OTL equivalent: China including Mongolia | ||||||
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| Motto: 三民主義, 五族共和. San-min Chu-i, Wu-tsu kung-he Three people's principles, Leads the five groups under One Union |
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| Anthem: 卿雲歌 Qīng Yún Gē "Song to the Auspicious Cloud" Flag anthem: 五色旗頌歌 Wǔsè Qí Sònggē "Song to the Five-Colored Flag" |
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China (green)
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| Capital | Peking | |||||
| Largest city | Shanghai | |||||
| Official languages | Standard Chinese | |||||
| Government | Federal parliamentary republic | |||||
| - | President | Tsai Ing-wen | ||||
| - | Premier | Ma Ying-jeou | ||||
| Legislature | National Assembly | |||||
| - | Upper house | Senate | ||||
| - | Lower house | House of Representatives | ||||
| Formation | ||||||
| - | First pre-imperial dynasty | c. 2070 BCE | ||||
| - | First imperial dynasty | 221 BCE | ||||
| - | Establishment of the Republic of China | 10 October 1909 | ||||
| - | Most recent polity admitted | 1 April 1998 | ||||
| Currency | Chinese Dollar (CND) |
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| Time zone | UTC+05:30 to UTC+08:30 | |||||
| Calling code | +86 | |||||
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China (Chinese: 中國; postal: Chungkuo), officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's 2-most populous country with a population exceeding 1.4 billion. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and borders 11 countries by land, tied with Russia as having the most of any country in the world. With an area of nearly 13.00 million square kilometres (1300 sq mi), it is the world's ninth-largest country by total land area. The country is divided into 28 provinces, 28 areas, 6 municipalities, and 5 semi-autonomous special administrative regions. The national capital is Peking, and the most populous city and largest financial center is Shanghai.
The region that is now China has been inhabited since the Paleolithic era. The earliest Chinese dynastic states, such as the Shang and the Zhou, emerged in the basin of the Yellow River before the late second millenium BCE. The eighth to third centuries BCE saw a breakdown in Zhou authority and significant conflict, as well as the emergence of Classical Chinese literature and philosophy. In 221 BCE, China was unified under an emperor, ushering in more than two millennia in which China was governed by one or more imperial dynasties, such as the Han, Tang, Ming and Shun. Some of China's most notable achievements, such as the invention of gunpowder and paper, the establishment of the Silk Road, and the building of the Great Wall, occurred during this period. The Chinese culture, including languages, traditions, architecture, philosophy and more, has heavily influenced East Asia during this imperial period.
In 1909, the Chinese monarchy was ended and the Republic of China established. Since then, China has become the most powerful country in Asia after its participation in World War I. During World War II, China and Korea fought in the Pacific War with the United States and Russia to defeat Japan. After the end of World War II, China's economy developed rapidly and became the most developed country in Asia.
China is a federal parliamentary republic. It is one of the seven permanent members of the LON Security Council. It is ranked highly in terms of civil liberties, healthcare, and human development. [UNDER PROGRESS] The country has been one of the fastest-growing major economies and is the world's largest manufacturer and exporter, as well as the second-largest importer. It is the leading country of the Non-Aligned Movement in Asia and the most developed Asian country.
Etymology[]
The word "China" has been used in English since the 16th century; however, it was not a word used by the Chinese themselves during this period. Its origin has been traced through Portuguese, Malay, and Persian back to the Sanskrit word Cīna, used in ancient India. "China" appears in Richard Eden's 1555 translation of the 1516 journal of the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. Barbosa's usage was derived from Persian Chīn (چین), which was in turn derived from Sanskrit Cīna (चीन). Cīna was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the Mahābhārata (5th century BCE) and the Laws of Manu (2nd century BCE). In 1655, Martino Martini suggested that the word China is derived ultimately from the name of the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE). Although usage in Indian sources precedes this dynasty, this derivation is still given in various sources. The origin of the Sanskrit word is a matter of debate, according to the Oxford English Dictionary.
Alternative suggestions include the names for Yelang and the Jing or Chu state. The official name of the modern state is the "Republic of China" (Chinese: 中華民國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó). The shorter form is "China" Zhōngguó (中國) from zhōng ("central") and guó ("state"), a term which developed under the Western Zhou dynasty in reference to its royal demesne. It was then applied to the area around Luoyi (present-day Luoyang) during the Eastern Zhou and then to China's Central Plain before being used as an occasional synonym for the state under the Qing. It was often used as a cultural concept to distinguish the Huaxia people from perceived "barbarians". The name Zhongguo is also translated as "Middle Kingdom" in English.
History[]
Prehistory[]
China is regarded as one of the world's oldest civilizations. Archaeological evidence suggests that early hominids inhabited the country 2.25 million years ago. The hominid fossils of Peking Man, a Homo erectus who used fire, were discovered in a cave at Zhoukoudian near Beijing; they have been dated to between 680,000 and 780,000 years ago. The fossilized teeth of Homo sapiens (dated to 125,000–80,000 years ago) have been discovered in Fuyan Cave in Dao County, Hunan. Chinese proto-writing existed in Jiahu around 6600 BCE, at Damaidi around 6000 BCE, Dadiwan from 5800 to 5400 BCE, and Banpo dating from the 5th millennium BCE. Some scholars have suggested that the Jiahu symbols (7th millennium BCE) constituted the earliest Chinese writing system.
Early dynastic rule[]
According to Chinese tradition, the first dynasty was the Xia, which emerged around 2100 BCE. The Xia dynasty marked the beginning of China's political system based on hereditary monarchies, or dynasties, which lasted for a millennium. The Xia dynasty was considered mythical by historians until scientific excavations found early Bronze Age sites at Erlitou, Henan in 1959. It remains unclear whether these sites are the remains of the Xia dynasty or of another culture from the same period. The succeeding Shang dynasty is the earliest to be confirmed by contemporary records. The Shang ruled the plain of the Yellow River in eastern China from the 17th to the 11th century BCE. Their oracle bone script (from c. 1500 BCE) represents the oldest form of Chinese writing yet found and is a direct ancestor of modern Chinese characters.
The Shang was conquered by the Zhou, who ruled between the 11th and 5th centuries BCE, though centralized authority was slowly eroded by feudal warlords. Some principalities eventually emerged from the weakened Zhou, no longer fully obeyed the Zhou king, and continually waged war with each other during the 300-year Spring and Autumn period. By the time of the Warring States period of the 5th–3rd centuries BCE, there were seven major powerful states left.
Imperial China[]
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Establishment of the Republic and World Wars[]
On 10 October 1909, the Republic of China was established, and Sun Yat-sen of the Kuomintang (the KMT or Nationalist Party) was proclaimed president. [UNDER PROGRESS]
Contemporary history[]
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Geography[]
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Politics[]
Government[]
The government of China was founded on the 1909 Constitution and its Three Principles of the People, which states that the China "shall be a democratic republic of the people, to be governed by the people and for the people". [UNDER PROGRESS] The government is divided into five branches (Yuan): the State Council (cabinet), the National Assembly (Congress or Parliament), the Judicial Yuan, the Control Yuan (audit agency), and the Examination Yuan (civil service examination agency).
Administrative divisions[]
According to the 1909 constitution, the territory of China is according to its "existing national boundaries". China is, constitutionally, divided into provinces, municipalities (which are further divided into districts for local administration) and special administrative regions. Each province is subdivided into cities and counties, which are further divided into townships and county-administered cities, each having elected mayors and city councilors who share duties with the county. Some divisions are indigenous divisions which have different degrees of autonomy to standard ones. In addition, districts, cities and townships are further divided into villages and neighborhoods. [UNDER PROGRESS]
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