College of Cardinals | |
---|---|
Type | Electoral body |
Legal status | active |
Purpose/focus | Choosing a new pope |
Headquarters | St Peter's Basilica |
Location | Rome |
Official languages | Latin |
Parent organization | Catholic Church |
The College of Cardinals is the highest legislative body within the Papal States. As an organization, they have the authority of electing the next Pope after the death of the previous one. They can be elevated to this position from any Bishop within the Catholic Church. Cardinals can come in two different positions, either as Cardinal-Electors or Cardinal-Priests, who each have different responsibilities within the organization of the Church, but all participate in the elective conclave. The conclave held immediately after the death of a Pope is a period of isolation where the Cardinals are locked from the outside world until they reach a decision of 2/3 majority (from the Latin Cum Clave "With a key"). During the pontificate of a Pope, the Cardinals still have responsibility for administration of the church as a check against the power of the Papacy.
Functions
Cardinal-Electors
The Pope holds the sole authority to elevate ordained Bishops to the level of Cardinal, which is a position held for life. All cardinals have the responsibility in advising the Pope during his pontificate, within a periodic council known as the consistory. The consistory meets every two weeks, and all Cardinals are expected to attend either in person or represented by an envoy. While the Cardinals have no actual authority over Papal decisions, their advice is taken with utmost respect, due to their position of power to elect Popes.
During a conclave, the Cardinal-Electors convene in Saint Peter's Basilica the day after the Pope's funeral, and take an oath to their honesty and sincerity. Then all laymen are ordered to leave, and the doors are locked. Ballots are taken on a bi-daily basis until a Papal candidate receives a 2/3 majority. There is no quorum of Cardinals necessary for an election, but can include however many can attend. Only Cardinal-Electors are eligible for being elected Pope, and they are also the only votes that are counted.
Cardinal-Priests
Cardinal-Priests are selected and function very similarly as Cardinal-Electors, but in a much more limited capacity. Rather than being elevated from Bishops, they are elevated from Priests at large. They generally hold this position for life, but if they are moved to a Cardinal-Elector they must first be ordained as a Bishop. They also have the same power and responsibilities during the periodic consistory. While they are expected to attend for Papal elections, their role is purely observatory and do not actually participate in voting or nominating.
However, during a pontificate Cardinal-Priests have a more active role in the church than Cardinal-Electors. It is their job to relay edicts delivered from the Papal Chair down to the individual priests of the church hierarchy. There currently is no established rules on how they are expected to enforce edicts coming from the Pope, but rather they are a self-organizing entity that operates organically. The Holy Office, in charge of rooting out acts of heresy in the Church, grants them authority to make inquiries on individual cases related to canon law.
Conclaves since 1061
Conclave of 1061
Conclave of 1073
Conclave of 1085
Cardinal Name | Nation | Voted (X) | No. of votes |
---|---|---|---|
Giovanni di Porto | Papal States | X | |
Ubaldo di Sabina | Papal States | X | |
Martin I of Ovedio | Castile | X | |
Peter Igneo | Tuscany | X | |
Giovanni Minuto | Papal States | X | |
Odo de Chatillon | France | X | 8 |
Bruno de Sagini | Salerno | X | |
Thomas of Bayeux | England | X | |
Matyas Goran | Hungary | ||
Lambert III of Krakow | Poland | X | |
Henry von Paderborn | Saxony | ||
Landulf of Naples | Apulia | X | |
Ivan II Prodrum | Kievan Rus | X | |
Desiderius di Benevento | Apulia | N/A | 3 |
Discussion
- Landulf of Naples nominates Desiderius di Benevento. Bruno de Sagini concurs.
- Peter Igneo nominates Odo of Chatillon.
- Several cardinal-priests demand electoral rights, citing a version of In nomine Domini produced by Deusdedit di San Pietro.
- Ivan of Kiev votes for Odo of Chatillion, while not unmoved by their arguments Patriarch Ivan believes the arguments to be backed by a forgery and leaves the matter to the next pope falling in line with cardinal Odo.
- Richard de Saint-Victor supports his fellow Cardinal-Priests, strongly arguing in favor of the version of In nomine Domini produced by Deusdedit di San Pietro.
- Cardinal Odo of Chatillion votes for himself (this practice was forbiden only after 1621). He is sympathetic to the situation of the Cardinal-Priests, but thinks that only the next pope have the power to decide that.
- The Roman Cardinals vote for Odo de Chatillion
- Lambert and Martin cast their votes for Odo and Desiderius respectively.
- Habemus papam! Odo of Chatillon is elected pope, taking the name Urban II.
Conclave of 1099
Cardinal Name | Nation | Voted (X) | No. of votes |
---|---|---|---|
Hugh of Die | France | X | |
Martin I of Ovedio | Castile | X | |
Odon de Chatillon | France | X | 4 |
Bruno de Sagini | Salerno | / | 3 |
Thomas of Bayeux | England | X | |
Matyas Goran | Hungary | X | 2 |
Lambert III of Krakow | Poland | X | |
Walter di Albano | Papal States | X | |
Milo of Angers | Papal States | X | |
Maurice di Porto | Papal States | X | |
Bovo of Tusculum | Papal States | X | |
Rainer of Bleda | Tuscany | X | 5 |
Giovanni Caetani | Apulia | X | |
Berenguer Bernat | Catalonia | X | |
Anslem IV of Bius | Milan | X |
Discussion
Conclave of 1118
Cardinal Name | Nation | Voted (X) | No. of votes |
---|---|---|---|
Crescenzio the Younger | Papal States | ||
Giovanni Marsicano | Papal States | 1 | |
Cruno of Praeneste | France | X | |
Lamberto Sannabecchi | Papal States | ||
Corrado Demitri | Papal States | ||
Pietro Pierleoni | France | X | |
Gregorio Papareschi | Papal States | ||
Bovo of Tusculum | Papal States | ||
Bruno de Sagini | Salerno | X | |
Giovanni Caetani | Apulia | X | |
Guy of Burgundy | France | X | |
Pietro Senex | Papal States | ||
Matyas Goran | Hungary | X | |
Enrico de Mazara | Sicily | X | 5 |
Boso of Sant Anastasia | Lombardy | ||
Geoffery II of Chartres | France | X | 5 |
Gebhard of Trent | Bavaria | ||
Otto of Lombardy | Genoa | ||
Arnaud de Cabanac | France | X | |
William of Pamplona | Navarre | ||
Thurstan of Bayeux | England | X | |
Arnold of Rosklide | Denmark | X | |
Herwig of Meissen | Saxony |
Discussion
Current Cardinals
Cardinal-Electors
Name | Appointed | Nation | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Witalis of Albano | 1111 | Papal States | d. 1126 |
Crescenzio the Younger | 1116 | Papal States | d. 1126 |
Giovanni Marsicano | 1100 | Papal States | d. 1121 |
Cruno of Praeneste | 1107 | France | d. 1123 |
Lamberto Sannabecchi | 1099 | Papal States | d. 1130 (OTL Pope Honorius II) |
Corrado Demitri | 1114 | Papal States | d. 1154 (OTL Pope Anastasias IV) |
Pietro Pierleoni | 1113 | France | d. 1138 (OTL Antipope Anacletus II) |
Gregorio Papareschi | 1116 | Papal States | d. 1143 (OTL Pope Innocent II) |
Bovo of Tusculum | 1099 | Papal States | d. 1121 |
Bruno de Sagini | 1079 | Salerno | d. 1123 |
Giovanni Caetani | 1089 | Apulia | d. 1119 (OTL Pope Gelasius II) |
Guy of Burgundy | 1116 | France | d. 1124 (OTL Pope Callixtus II) |
Pietro Senex | 1102 | Papal States | d. 1134 |
Matyas Goran | 1074 | Hungary | |
Enrico de Mazara | 1117 | Sicily | d. 1120 |
Boso of Sant Anastasia | 1109 | Lombardy | d. 1127 |
Geoffery II of Chartres | 1115 | France | d. 1148 |
Gebhard of Trent | 1117 | Bavaria | d. 1120 |
Otto of Lombardy | 1117 | Genoa | d. 1120 |
Arnaud de Cabanac | 1103 | France | d. 1131 |
William of Pamplona | 1115 | Navarre | d. 1122 |
Thurstan of Bayeux | 1114 | England | d. 1140 |
Arnold of Rosklide | 1109 | Denmark | d. 1121 |
Herwig of Meissen | 1102 | Saxony | d. 1119 |
Cardinal-Priests
Name | Nation | Notes |
---|---|---|
Benedict of Vincoli | 1102 | Papal States |
Anastasio Celemnte | 1102 | Papal States |
Divizzo Martino | 1106 | Papal States |
Jan di Cecilia | 1106 | Papal States |
Theobold di Paolo | 1111 | Venice |
Rainer di Pietro | 1111 | Papal States |
Gregory di Prisca | 1115 | Papal States |
Desiderio Prassede | 1115 | Papal States |
Deusdedit of San Lorenzo | 1116 | Papal States |
Gregorio Sienense | 1116 | Papal States |
Giovanni Eusebio | 1116 | Papal States |
Guido Balbina | 1116 | Papal States |
Giovanni Cremense | 1116 | England |
Sasso de Anagni | 1116 | Papal States |
Pietro Pisano | 1113 | Papal States |
Amico Vincenzo | 1117 | Apulia |
Ugone d'Alatri | 1116 | Papal States |