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=== Historical background === |
=== Historical background === |
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| − | Roman economy suffered massive setback during so-called "Dark Age". From 1310 to 1366, GDP decreased annually by 1,3%. If we count only period of Dark Age (1348-1358) as era of GDP and economic output decrease, it would be even worse. According Imperial Census of 1345, last census before "Dark Age", economic |
+ | The Roman economy suffered a massive setback during so-called "Dark Age". From 1310 to 1366, GDP decreased annually by 1,3%. If we count only the period of the Dark Age (1348-1358) as an era of GDP and economic output decrease, it would be even worse. According to the Imperial Census of 1345, the last census before the "Dark Age", economic output of the Empire was about 72,63 billion $. Imperial scholars claim that post-Dark Age GDP in 1360 was about 17 billion $. In this case, the real decrease of GDP was about 11% per year from 1348 to 1360. |
== Colonialism and Agriculture == |
== Colonialism and Agriculture == |
||
| − | Roman Empire population reached critical level at 1348 when in Roman Empire lived about 25 people. Despite Agrarian Reforms from early 14th Century, which |
+ | The Roman Empire's population reached a critical level at 1348 when in Roman Empire there lived about 25 million people. Despite Agrarian Reforms from the early 14th Century, which implemented many improvements, including four-crops rotation, improved plows, selective breeding and abolition of agricultural taxes, agricultural output grew only by 2% per year, while population increased about 3% per year. Also industrialization, Imperial Trade Company and building large-scale workshops on fertile lands had a terrible effect on agricultural output. |
| − | Landing in Varronia led to contact with local natives and to |
+ | Landing in Varronia led to contact with local natives and to the discovery of many important crops (potatoes, maizes, tomatoes, beans...). While "Old World" crops are in many case sensitive and lack resilience, "New World" crops were much more suitable for "Old World" agriculture and soils. |
| − | That does not mean agrarian and food supply problems were soon solved. |
+ | That does not mean agrarian and food supply problems were soon solved. The first large scale spread of potatoes and New World crops in the Old World did not occur until 1500. |
== Colonialism and New World Empires == |
== Colonialism and New World Empires == |
||
| − | Relations between "New World Empires" as Mayan Empire and Central Varronia civilizations, like Tenochtitlan and colonial Roman Empire, were very various. Mayan civilization became one of very powers that |
+ | Relations between "New World Empires" such as the Mayan Empire and Central Varronia civilizations, like Tenochtitlan and colonial Roman Empire, were very various. The Mayan civilization became one of very few powers that voluntarily subjugated themselves to Roman Empire and accepted rule of the Roman Emperor. This happened in 1392, when various Mayan chiefs and kings met in a large council to discuss stances towards the Roman Empire and all of them accepted supreme rule of Rome. |
| − | This had deep impact on Imperial economy as Mayans became class of wealthy and successful merchants, even in nearly unknown Old World society. Mayans soon learned original and simplified Latin and Greek, accepted Orthodox Christianity and |
+ | This had a deep impact on the Imperial economy as Mayans became a class of wealthy and successful merchants, even in the nearly unknown Old World society. Mayans soon learned original and simplified Latin and Greek, accepted Orthodox Christianity and provided the Empire with wealthy trade routes in exchange for many autonomous rights and home-rule. |
| − | + | A very different situation occurred in Central Varronia, when Empire met Tenochtitlan. While Mayan rulers were subjugated to the Empire, a similar council happening in Central Varronia led to the formation of a military anti-Imperial confederacy with its only goal to repel invasion. But war never happened. While Mayans were warned by imperials about terrible diseases like smallpox or typhus. The Imperial Military prevented war by infecting Aztec cities and their allies, by spreading smallpox; and in 1395, 95% of the Central Varronian native population were deceased and the remaining population enslaved by the Empire. Then, the Empire captured large areas, huge cities and even Tenochtitlan itself without a fight. |
|
== Imperial Measures (1415) == |
== Imperial Measures (1415) == |
||
| − | In 1415, Imperial Government |
+ | In 1415, the Imperial Government under pressure by the National Imperial Bank and despite protests of the Imperial Trade Corporation, published special measures to minimize possible negative effects and maximalization of positive effects of colonialism on Imperial Economy. |
# Complete abolition of introduced "Colonial Tax" |
# Complete abolition of introduced "Colonial Tax" |
||
# Decreasing of taxation of Mayan merchants |
# Decreasing of taxation of Mayan merchants |
||
Revision as of 22:31, 11 June 2020
Economy of Roman Empire in Colonialism
| Economy of Roman Empire (1366) | |
|---|---|
| Rank | 4th |
| Currency | 1 Hyperpyron = $50 (OTL) |
| Fiscal year | Calendar Year |
| Statistics | |
| GDP | $17 billion (1360) (disputed) (nominal) $18 billion (1360) (disputed) (PPP) $21,5 billion (1366) (nominal) $24,2 billion (1366) (PPP) |
| GDP growth | ▼-11% (1348-1360 average) ▲4% (1360-1366 average) |
| GDP per capita | $1,418 (1366) (nominal) $1,596 (1366) (PPP) |
| GDP by sector | 85% agriculture 11% Industry and trade 4% Services |
| Inflation (CPI) | 6,5% (1366) |
| Population below poverty line |
75% |
| Labour force | 10 million |
| Labour force by occupation |
85% Agriculture, 12% Industry, 3% Services |
| Unemployment | 28% (1366) |
| Average gross salary | 28 Hyperpyrons |
| Average net salary | 25 Hyperpyrons |
| External | |
| Ease of Doing Business Rank | 2nd |
| Exports | $8 billion (1366) |
| Export goods | Textile, steel, various resources, armament, construction materials, ships, silk, fur |
| Main export partners | Russian Republics China India |
| Imports | $6 billion (1366) |
| Import goods | Consumer goods, iron, coal, armament, oil, food, fur |
| Main import partners | Russian Republics China Delhi Sultanate |
| FDI stock | $25 million through joint projects (1366) |
| Public finances | |
| Public debt | No debt (1366) |
| Budget deficit | $1,33 billion surplus (+5,45% GDP) (1366) |
| Revenues | $20 billion (1366) |
| Expenses | $18,67 billion (1366) |
| Economic aid | Donor: $650 million (to allies) (1362-1366) |
| Foreign reserves | $5 billion in gold and silver (1366) |
| All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars | |
Historical background
The Roman economy suffered a massive setback during so-called "Dark Age". From 1310 to 1366, GDP decreased annually by 1,3%. If we count only the period of the Dark Age (1348-1358) as an era of GDP and economic output decrease, it would be even worse. According to the Imperial Census of 1345, the last census before the "Dark Age", economic output of the Empire was about 72,63 billion $. Imperial scholars claim that post-Dark Age GDP in 1360 was about 17 billion $. In this case, the real decrease of GDP was about 11% per year from 1348 to 1360.
Colonialism and Agriculture
The Roman Empire's population reached a critical level at 1348 when in Roman Empire there lived about 25 million people. Despite Agrarian Reforms from the early 14th Century, which implemented many improvements, including four-crops rotation, improved plows, selective breeding and abolition of agricultural taxes, agricultural output grew only by 2% per year, while population increased about 3% per year. Also industrialization, Imperial Trade Company and building large-scale workshops on fertile lands had a terrible effect on agricultural output.
Landing in Varronia led to contact with local natives and to the discovery of many important crops (potatoes, maizes, tomatoes, beans...). While "Old World" crops are in many case sensitive and lack resilience, "New World" crops were much more suitable for "Old World" agriculture and soils.
That does not mean agrarian and food supply problems were soon solved. The first large scale spread of potatoes and New World crops in the Old World did not occur until 1500.
Colonialism and New World Empires
Relations between "New World Empires" such as the Mayan Empire and Central Varronia civilizations, like Tenochtitlan and colonial Roman Empire, were very various. The Mayan civilization became one of very few powers that voluntarily subjugated themselves to Roman Empire and accepted rule of the Roman Emperor. This happened in 1392, when various Mayan chiefs and kings met in a large council to discuss stances towards the Roman Empire and all of them accepted supreme rule of Rome.
This had a deep impact on the Imperial economy as Mayans became a class of wealthy and successful merchants, even in the nearly unknown Old World society. Mayans soon learned original and simplified Latin and Greek, accepted Orthodox Christianity and provided the Empire with wealthy trade routes in exchange for many autonomous rights and home-rule.
A very different situation occurred in Central Varronia, when Empire met Tenochtitlan. While Mayan rulers were subjugated to the Empire, a similar council happening in Central Varronia led to the formation of a military anti-Imperial confederacy with its only goal to repel invasion. But war never happened. While Mayans were warned by imperials about terrible diseases like smallpox or typhus. The Imperial Military prevented war by infecting Aztec cities and their allies, by spreading smallpox; and in 1395, 95% of the Central Varronian native population were deceased and the remaining population enslaved by the Empire. Then, the Empire captured large areas, huge cities and even Tenochtitlan itself without a fight.
Imperial Measures (1415)
In 1415, the Imperial Government under pressure by the National Imperial Bank and despite protests of the Imperial Trade Corporation, published special measures to minimize possible negative effects and maximalization of positive effects of colonialism on Imperial Economy.
- Complete abolition of introduced "Colonial Tax"
- Decreasing of taxation of Mayan merchants
- Freedom for slaves which decide to join colonial efforts
- Sending prisoners and enemies of Empire in to colonies
- Taxation of large subjects active in colonial progress
- Implementing extreme tariff on gold import (90% tariff)
- Increasing local colonial self-rule include right to collect and distribute taxes
- Preferential right for colonists to buy lands and mines
- Appointing colonial representative to Imperial Government and Imperial Senate
- Continue in implementing Varronian crops to Imperial agriculture
Imperial Trade Corporation was dissatisfied with points 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8. Half of colonial tax was gifted to ITC, while because of point 3, thousands slaves in property of ITC joined colonial efforts. Sending prisoners to colonies was problematic step, it decreased price of labor, but increased safety problems. Taxation of "large subjects" was targeted only on ITC, same as point 8, which prevented ITC from aquiring many lucrative lands. Point 6 was another strike against ITC, as ITC was largest producer of gold and owner of 30% of imperial gold mines in Old World and 80% of New World gold mines. However, economic historians agree that point 6 prevented possibility of catastrophical inflation, which could ruin Roman Empire. Only few of gold and in most case already processed gold jewels, were imported to Old World. Aside of that, Empire introduce death penalty for gold smuggling in to Empire.
| Economy of Roman Empire (1400-1500) | |
|---|---|
| Rank | 3rd |
| Currency | 1 Hyperpyron = $50 (OTL) |
| Fiscal year | Calendar Year |
| Statistics | |
| GDP | $53.5 billion (1400) (nominal) $57 billion (1400) (PPP) (PPP) $187,3 billion (1500) (nominal) $195 billion (1500) (PPP) |
| GDP growth | ▲1,4% (1400-1500) |
| GDP per capita | $1,900 (1400) (nominal), $2,025 (1400) (PPP) $3.590 (1500) (nominal), $3,738 (1500) (PPP) |
| GDP by sector | 80% agriculture, 12% industry, 8% services (1400) 67% agriculture, 21% industry, 12% services (1500) |
| Inflation (CPI) | 2.5% (1400), 1.8% (1490) |
| Population below poverty line |
50-65% |
| Gini index | 0.8211 |
| Labour force by occupation |
70% agriculture, 22% industry, 8% services (1400) 60% agriculture, 30% industry, 10% services (1500) |
| Unemployment | 6% |
| Average gross salary | 38 Hyperpyrons ($1,900) (1400) 69 Hyperpyrons ($3,450) (1500) |
| Average net salary | 32 Hyperyprons (1400) 60 Hyperpyrons (1500) |
| External | |
| Ease of Doing Business Rank | 1st |
| Exports | $20 billion (1400), $100 billion (1490) |
| Export goods | Textile, food, vegetables, fruits, steel, various resources, armament, construction materials, ships, silk, books |
| Main export partners | Russian Confederation Bulgarian Empire India Persia Polish-Lithuanian Republic |
| Imports | $7 billion (1400) $16 billion (1490) |
| Import goods | Consumer goods, iron, coal, armament, oil, luxury and jewels |
| Main import partners | Russian Confederation Bulgarian Empire India Persia Polish-Lithuanian Republic |
| Public finances | |
| Public debt | No debt |
| Budget deficit | Surplus $85 billion (1400) $163 billion(1490) |
| Revenues | $175 billion (1400) $425 billion (1490) |
| Expenses | $90 billion (1400) $262 billion (1490) |
| Foreign reserves | $89 billion in gold and silver reserves (1270) |
| All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars | |
Peak of Colonialism (1490-1575)
Era of 1490 to 1575 was Golden Age of Roman Colonialism, especially under rule of Constantine X., ambitious and powerful Emperor.
| Economy of Roman Colonies (1575-1625) | |
|---|---|
| Rank | 27th |
| Currency | 1 Hyperpyron = $50 (OTL) |
| Fiscal year | Calendar Year |
| Statistics | |
| GDP | $27 billion (1575) (nominal), $35 billion (1575) (PPP) $4 billion (1612) (nominal), $5.2 billion (1612) (PPP) $1.35 billion (1625) (nominal), $1,75 billion (1625) (PPP) |
| GDP growth | 17% (1575) -5,5% (1575-1625) |
| GDP per capita | $15,882 (1575) (nominal), $20,588 (1575) (PPP) $4,705 (1612) (nominal), $6,117 (1612) (PPP) $1,580 (1625) (nominal), $2,058 (1625) (PPP) |
| GDP by sector | 60% Agriculture, 40% Industry (1575) 98% Agriculture, 2% Industry and Services (1625) |
| Inflation (CPI) | 2% (1575) 45% (1612) 52% (1625) |
| Population below poverty line |
20% (1575), 80% (1612), 95% (1625) |
| Labour force | 900,000 (1575) 300,000 (1625) |
| Labour force by occupation |
35% Agriculture, 65% Industry (1575) 85% Agriculture, 15% Industry (1612) 99% Agriculture, 1% Industry and Services (1625) |
| Unemployment | 5-10% (1575), 80% (1612), 95% (1625) |
| Average gross salary | 57 Hyperpyrons ($2,850) (1575) six Hyperpyrons (300$) (1625) |
| Average net salary | 50 Hyperpyrons ($2,500) (1575) 3 Hyperpyrons ($150) (1625) |
| External | |
| Ease of Doing Business Rank | 6th (1575), 65th (1625) |
| Exports | $16 billion (1575), $400 million (1625) |
| Export goods | Food, fruits, crops, vegetables, precious metals, wood, lumber, iron, steel, machinery, jewels, luxuries |
| Main export partners | Roman Empire |
| Imports | $10 billion (1575), $800 million (1625) |
| Import goods | Slaves, ships, consumer goods, processed materials, machinery, technologies, armament (1575) Only armament and machinery (1625) |
| Main import partners | Roman Empire |
| Public finances | |
| Public debt | $850 million (1575), $20 billion (1625) |
| Budget deficit | Surplus $12 billion (1575), deficit $960 million (1625) |
| Revenues | $18 billion (1575), $40 million (1625) |
| Expenses | $6 billion (1575), $1 billion (1625) |
| All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars | |
In 1390, population of colonies was about 6,000 citizens, while in 1490 it was already 80,000 citizens and in 1575 colonial population reached 1.7 million citizens (exclude Mayans). Many people dreamed about better life in colonies, as they were more profit, with lower prices of land and higher prices of labour. In same time, price of 1 ha of land in Old World territories of Roman Empire was eight times higher than in colonies. Also wages in colonies were about 70% higher than in Old World Roman Empire. Increasing of colonial population had many positive effects on Old World Roman Empire, as local price of land decreased and price of labour increased. Also problems with homelessness and poor class reduced by their leaving Old World.
Economic output of Roman Empire increased yearly by 7-8% from 1490 to 1575 and Empire became second largest economy after Sino Empire.
War and stagnation of colonialism
From 1575 until 1612, colonialism was weakened by internal political struggles of Roman Empire and by bloody war with Sino Empire, which also initiated colonization of Varronia as New China. While war continued until 1670, from 1575 to 1612 Roman Empire experienced numerous devastating defeats, destroyed colonies, even annihilation of most Mayan population by raiding armies of China.
Imperial import from colonies shrank about 90% from 1600 to 1612, population decreased by 50%, GDP of colonies decreased by 85%, agricultural output by 45% and industrial output by 95%. When war turned in favor of Roman Empire, colonial economy virtually no more exist and remnants of economy were destroyed by Imperial Army during using tactic of scorched earth. In 1625, only 5% of former colonial economy existed and only in fortified coastal ports and shipyards, connection with Mayans was cut off and it took many decades to destroy remaining Sino Armies invading Varronia.
Recolonialism
Recolonialism and reconstruction was era occurred from 1660 when most of Sino Armies were defeated until 1700. First massive surge to colonial reconstruction was presence of Imperial Military and Engineer Corps of Imperial Army which restored many destroyed routes and highways, rebuilt ports and waystations and built new fortress. Another surge happened after end of war by peace treaty which granted all Chinese colonies in Varronia to hands of Roman Empire. Chinese colonists were expelled, but their property and lands took over Roman Empire.
Only real problem was repopulation of depopulated areas, as many people were skeptic about colonial efforts after war. China granted about 500,000 slaves as forced tribute through peace treaty and Roman Empire declared them freedmen, in exchange for their participation in colonial efforts and repopulating area. Another 175,000 members of families of imperial soldiers and officers joined colonies and then Empire was able to persuade another civilians to join colonies.
However, GDP and economic output reached pre-war level very soon, just in 1680.
For purposes of understanding whole situation, last infobox about economy is focusing of colonial economy at beginning of colonial war in 1575 and at end of worst phase of colonial war in 1625.
While war continued until 1670, Empire was able to re-initiate some works and projects in colonies since 1625, especially with support from military.