Egypt (Pharaonic Survival)

United Kingdom of Egypt
𓋴𓈖𓏎𓇋𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 (Hieroglyphs)
Semanesyt Kemet
Semanesyt Kemet (Egyptian)
Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο της Αιγύπτου (Greek)
Inomeno Vasilio tis Aigyptou
United Kingdom of Egypt 𓋴𓈖𓏎𓇋𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 (Hieroglyphs); Semanesyt Kemet; Semanesyt Kemet (Egyptian); Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο της Αιγύπτου (Greek); Inomeno Vasilio tis Aigyptou
Flag	Coat of Arms
	Motto: ; Djet mi Sekhem, Sema mi Iteru; (Eternal in Power, United by the Nile)
	Anthem: ; Hesy en Iset: The Hymn to Isis http://althistory.fandom.com/wiki/File:PS_Egyptian_National_Anthem.mp3; Royal anthem: ; Nesuwy Hedj: Imperial March http://althistory.fandom.com/wiki/File:PSEgyptian_Royal_Anthem.mp3;
Capital	Per Senusret(Sesostria)
Largest city	Sesostria; Alexandria; Waset (Thebes); Mennefer (Memphis); Zau (Sais)
Official languages	Egyptian, Greek
Regional languages	Hebrew; Nubian; Amazigh
Religion	Kemetism(official); Christianity; Judaism
Demonym	Egyptian; Kemetian
Government	Federal constitutional parliamentary theocratic monarchy
Legislature	Parliament
Establishment	Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt
Area
Population
GDP (PPP)	2048 estimate
GDP (nominal)	2048 estimate
Gini (2048)	20.5
HDI (2048)	0.905
Currency	Egyptian Nefernub (NИ)
Time zone	UTC+2, UTC+3
Drives on the	right
Internet TLD	.kt
Calling code	+20

Egypt, officially known as the United Kingdom of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and Southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge in the Biau peninsula and the island of Sokotra. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Kingdom of Israel to the Northeast, Sudan and Ethiopia to the South, and Libya to the west. Per Senusret, also known as Sesostria, is the capital and largest city, while Alexandria is the second largest city and an important industrial and tourist hub at the Mediterranean coast. At approximately 294 million inhabitants, Egypt is the 4th-most populous country, but it is also the oldest surviving country in the world due to being founded on the 8th of January 3150 BC. Considered a cradle of civilisation Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanization, organised religion and central government. Iconic monuments such as the Akhet Nesu Necropolis and its Great Sphinx, as well the historical cities of Mennefer, Waset, Sais, and the Valley of the Kings, reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of scientific and popular interest. Egypt's long and rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity, which reflects its unique transcontinental location being simultaneously Mediterranean, Middle Eastern and North African. The Ancient Faith is dominant in Egypt, and Christianity is the second most followed religion. Modern Egypt dates back to 1700, when the current dynasty took power. Throughout the second half of the 19th century, Egypt started developing at a rapid pace, so serfdom was fully abolished in 1800 by Pharaoh Nebmaatra Senusret XI, and under Pharaoh Amenhotep VIII Egypt entered a period of expansion starting the reconquest of Nubia (finished in 1821) which was lost in 782 AD and also conquering Northwestern Libya which became a subnational monarchy under the House of Shoshenq along with Kush, Punt and eventually Cyprus. Egypt is a Federal Constitutional Parliamentary Theocratic Monarchy where the king is considered Divine, The country has a 2 chamber Parliament which is elected every 5 years. The country has a transparent press and a good human rights record. Kemetism is the official religion of Egypt and Egyptian and Greek are its official languages. With over 160 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa and the Middle East, the second-most populous in Africa (after Nigeria), and the eighth-most populous in the world. The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, an area of over 80,000 square kilometres (30888,173 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large regions of the Sahara desert, which constitute most of Egypt's territory, are sparsely inhabited. About 70% of Egypt's residents live across the country's urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Sesostria, Alexandria, Waset and other major cities in the Nile Delta. Egypt is considered to be a major regional power in North Africa, the Middle East and the Mediterranean, and a middle power worldwide. It is a developed country, ranking 27th on the Human Development Index. It has a diversified economy, which is the third-largest in Africa, the 11th-largest economy by nominal GDP, and the 15th-largest globally by PPP. Egypt is a founding member of the United Nations, the Fertile Crescent league, SHEMU, and the African Union.

History[]

Pre-History and Ancient Egypt[]

There is evidence of rock carvings along the Nile terraces and in desert oases. In the 10th millennium BCE, a culture of hunter-gatherers and fishers was replaced by a grain-grinding culture. Climate changes or overgrazing around 8000 BCE began to desiccate the pastoral lands of Egypt, forming the Sahara. Early tribal peoples migrated to the Nile River where they developed a settled agricultural economy and more centralised society.

By about 6000 BCE, a Neolithic culture took root in the Nile Valley. During the Neolithic era, several predynastic cultures developed independently in Upper and Lower Egypt. The Badarian culture and the successor Nubt series are generally regarded as precursors to dynastic Egypt. The earliest known Lower Egyptian site, Merimda, predates the Badarian by about seven hundred years. Contemporaneous Lower Egyptian communities coexisted with their southern counterparts for more than two thousand years, remaining culturally distinct, but maintaining frequent contact through trade. The earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared during the predynastic period on Nubt III pottery vessels, dated to about 3200 BC. The Akhet Nesu Necropolis is the oldest of the ancient Wonders and the only one still in existence. A unified kingdom was founded in 3150 BCE by King Narmer I, leading to a series of dynasties that ruled Egypt for the next three millennia. Egyptian culture flourished during this long period and remained distinctively Egyptian in its religion, arts, language and customs. The first two ruling dynasties of a unified Egypt set the stage for the Old Kingdom period, 2719–2184 BC, which constructed many pyramids, most notably the Third Dynasty pyramid of Djoser and the Fourth Dynasty Akhet Nesu pyramids.

The First Intermediate Period ushered in a time of political upheaval for about 150 years. Stronger Nile floods and stabilisation of government, however, brought back renewed prosperity for the country in the Middle Kingdom 2040 BC, reaching a peak during the reigns of Pharaohs Senusret III and Amenemhat III. A second period of disunity heralded the arrival of the first foreign ruling dynasty in Egypt, that of the Semitic Hyksos. The Hyksos invaders took over much of Lower Egypt around 1650 BC and founded a new capital at Avaris. They were driven out by an Upper Egyptian force led by Ahmose I, who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty and relocated the capital from Mennefer to Waset.

The New Kingdom c. 1570–1070 BC began with the Eighteenth Dynasty, marking the rise of Egypt as an international power that expanded during its greatest extension to an empire as far south as Tombos in Nubia, and included parts of the Levant in the east. This period is noted for some of the most well known Pharaohs, including Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun and Ramesses II. The first historically attested expression of monotheism came during this period as Atenism. Frequent contacts with other nations brought new ideas to the New Kingdom. The country was later invaded and conquered by Libyans, Nubians and Assyrians, but native Egyptians eventually drove them out and regained control of their country.

Achaemenid Egypt[]

In 525 BCE, the powerful Achaemenid Persians, led by Cambyses II, began their conquest of Egypt, eventually capturing the pharaoh Psamtik III at the battle of Pelusium. Cambyses II then assumed the formal title of pharaoh, but ruled Egypt from his home of Susa in Persia (modern Iran), leaving Egypt under the control of a satrapy. The entire Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt, from 525 to 402 BCE, save for Pedubast IV, was an entirely Persian ruled period, with the Achaemenid Emperors all being granted the title of pharaoh. A few temporarily successful revolts against the Persians marked the fifth century BCE, but Egypt was never able to permanently overthrow the Persians.

The Thirtieth Dynasty was the last native ruling dynasty during the Ancient Era. It fell to the Persians again in 343 BCE after the Pharaoh Nakhthorheb I, was defeated in battle. This Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt, however, did not last long, as the Persians were toppled less than a decade later by Alexander the Great. The Macedonian Greek general of Alexander, Ptolemy I Soter I, founded the Ptolemaic dynasty.

Ptolemaic Egypt and Roman Egypt[]

The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic state, extending from southern Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia. Alexandria became the capital city and a centre of Greek culture and trade. To gain recognition by the native Egyptian populace, they named themselves as the successors to the Pharaohs. The later Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions, had themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participated in Egyptian religious life.

The last ruler from the Ptolemaic line was Cleopatra VIII, who committed suicide following the burial of her lover Mark Antony who had died in her arms (from a self-inflicted stab wound), after Ahmose IV allied with Octavian had captured Alexandria

The Classical Kingdom, inaugurated by Ahmose IV, commenced with his launch of the third native rebellion against the Ptolemaic Dynasty in 35 B.C. By early 31 B.C., Ahmose had successfully seized Herakleoplis Magna. In a strategic move, the future Emperor Augustus entered into an alliance with Ahmose, securing egyptian submission in exchange for allowing Augustus to remain the ruler of Egypt. Subsequently, Ahmose IV conquered Alexandria alongside the Romans and, during this period, he managed to save the young Caesarion, who was secretly adopted into a noble family.

King Ahmose enacted sweeping economic reforms in the Egyptian domain, aligning it with Roman practices. Egypt thrived during the Roman Kingdom under his reign, marking the restoration of Narmerian rule, which had last prevailed in 1327 B.C. The Ahmosid dynasty persevered for almost 170 years and allied itself with Vespasian during the tumultuous Year of the Four Emperors. This alliance played a pivotal role in allowing Egypt to be governed by the royal family for subsequent centuries.

The Kamosian Dynasty concluded in 129 B.C., succeeded by the Pausirian Dynasty, which flourished during the height of the Roman Empire. However, following the death of Queen Sobekneferu II, the unpopular rule of her husband precipitated the collapse of central royal authority, plunging Egypt into anarchy. In the midst of the Year of the Five Emperors, King Amunirdisu aligned himself with Emperor Severus. Despite this, the nobles in Lower Egypt sought an alliance with Pescennius Niger, leading to their secession from the Kingdom of Egypt and the establishment of the First Egyptian Republic. This republic featured a rotating monarchy, with the throne entrusted to the patriarchs of noble families in the Delta, each ruling for three years.

Simultaneously, the cousin of Queen Sobekneferu II rebelled against her husband, Amunirdisu IV, proclaiming the Fayum as the true government of Egypt. Mennefer and Bubastis also declared themselves as legitimate governments, contributing to a tumultuous period. Meanwhile, a radical sect of Osiris worshippers seized Heracleopolis, inaugurating the Fifth Intermediate Period, lasting a century. The kingdom finally reunited under Siptah III, whose lack of heirs marked the beginning of a new dynasty.

The Roman Kingdom era witnessed the decline of the Roman Empire and the rise of Christianity. The last dynasty of this period, led by Pharaoh Horemheb II, allied with Heraclius I after the Phocan Usurpation of 602 and the Khosrawid Invasion. Despite repelling Khosrow at Pelusium, Horemheb II recognized the need for further fortifications and initiated the construction of a canal across the Biau Peninsula, known as the fourth Biau Canal, during the Arab Invasions.

Ramesses XII imposed heavy taxes on all of Egypt, particularly the north, to fund these fortifications. Dissatisfied nobles proclaimed the Second Egyptian Republic in Alexandria, followed by over ten other cities asserting their independence. Enraged by this, Ramesses XII planned a punitive invasion but succumbed to a stroke. Tutankhensetamun I, the new Pharaoh, abandoned his father's plans and sought a temporary alliance with northern princes against the Arab threat. This alliance successfully thwarted the Arab Invasions, preventing the Arabs from breaking the Nile blockade, despite this the Arabs were able to conquer neighboring Libya.

Despite some success with the Arabs, Nubia was lost in 782 after a rebellion by the Viceroy who became its king. In 812, Pharaoh Sahura V and Caliph Al-Amin signed a peace treaty, securing Egypt's independence from the Roman Empire.

Medieval and Modern Egypt[]

This peace treaty paved the way for the reconquest of the northern principalities. King Sahura, renamed his son born in 815 from Unas to Narmer, who ascended to the throne in 840 and immediately initiated preparations. His initial target was Mennefer, which he successfully conquered in 860, followed by Abydos, Akhmin, and Asyut in 862. By 865, all the remaining principalities had been subdued. Narmer II earned renown as the new Narmer, the great unifier of the two lands. The subsequent centuries were characterized by peace and prosperity, with two notable exceptions: the disastrous invasion of Nubia in 1118, during which Pharaoh Nesbanebdjed VIII perished, and the Seventh Intermediate Period when the kingdom divided into two courts.

During this period, the half-brother of Mentuhotep X, Unas, rebelled against their father upon learning of plans by Neferhotep V to disinherit him. The era was marked by relative tranquility and eventually concluded when Mentuhotep's great-great-granddaughter, Hatshepsut VI, married King Nebiriau VII. Queen Hatshepsut died in childbirth in 1502 at the age of 39. Nebiriau VII abdicated the throne in her memory, and their 18-year-old son ascended as Senusret VIII, who during his long 45 year-reign introduced a constitution, parliament, reformed the military and built a new capital.

In the XVIII and XIX centuries, Egypt underwent rapid advancement in response to the growing European ambitions for colonization. The Pharaohs of the XLIV Dynasty expanded their kingdom and strengthened their army, forming an alliance with Ethiopia to repel an Italian invasion. They also successfully resisted colonization attempts by the French, British, and Ottoman forces. Pharaoh Senusret XI reclaimed Nubia, while Pharaoh Senusret XII undertook significant infrastructure projects, rebuilding the Canals of Senusret III and Horemheb II. He also constructed canals at Nefershu Playa and the Usergeb Depression to expand habitable areas.

Furthermore, Pharaoh Senusret XII played a pivotal role in World War I on the side of the Entente in 1914. Egypt contributed to the conquest of Tanzania and blocked the Austro-Hungarian coast. As reparations, Egypt gained 14 ships and 50 million gold marks.

During the Great Depression, the Egyptian economy faced profound challenges. In response, Pharaoh Amenemhat XII dissolved the parliament in 1931, assuming the role of an absolute monarch to address the crisis. Utilizing personal funds, he embarked on an initiative to construct housing for the homeless and unemployed. Additionally, he implemented a rearmament program, recognizing the geopolitical ambitions of European dictators and the potential vulnerability of Egypt. Aware of Italy's likely aggression, he fortified the borders as a strategic precaution. Amenemhat's policies yielded a swift economic recovery, setting the stage for his successor, Horemheb X, to further invest in the military. Amenemhat passed away in early 1935, and Horemheb X assumed the throne, leading Egypt into World War II.

Less than a year later, Italy invaded Ethiopia, prompting Egypt to send armaments to its ally. Despite Egypt's support, Italy successfully conquered the majority of Ethiopia. The Ethiopian Emperor sought asylum in Egypt at the Palace of Sesostria. In 1940, when Italy declared war on Egypt, the government was prepared for the impending invasion. King Horemheb X issued orders to launch counteroffensives in occupied Ethiopia and Somalia. Co-pharaoh Merenptah achieved victory in the west at the Battle of Cyrene in 1941, while Prince Siptah led the southern armies to liberate Addis Ababa on April 10, 1941. Pharaoh Horemheb X personally engaged in the war, leading a significant portion of the army to Greece. Collaborating with Byzantium, they contributed to the liberation of southeastern Europe.

Simultaneously, in Egypt, Prince Amunherkhepeshef, the brother of the Pharaoh, served as regent and repelled Italian Libya's attempts to invade, Post-war negotiations favored Egypt, securing territorial gains from Libya. Influential in the negotiations, Egypt allowed royal governments to retain control over one city each in their respective territories. These governments later reclaimed power after the fall of the Berlin Wall. Horemheb X, alongside the British, played a key role in restoring the Kaiser in Germany and Austriathe latter of which would pave the way to the Danubian Empire some 50 years later, During the Cold War, Egypt aligned itself with the capitalist bloc, deploying troops to the Korean War, a significant contribution that aided in the defeat of the North and the reunification of the Korean Empire. Additionally, Egypt provided financial support to the Vietnamese Empire, leading to a stalemate in the conflict. This stalemate was ultimately resolved in 1995 following a second civil war in the north, resulting in reunification.

Pharaoh Horemheb, along with his sons and brother, attained hero status in Egypt for their role in the second world war. The Pharaoh commemorated this victory with an elaborate ceremony. Horemheb died in 1953, and his son Merenptah VIII assumed sole rulership. The early years of Merenptah's reign were mostly uneventful. He restored full parliamentary democracy and extended aid to Israel during the first Arab-Israeli war. In the latter part of his rule, the second Arab-Israeli war erupted, prompting Merenptah VIII to take a more active role. This conflict escalated into a regional-wide confrontation, with Egyptians fighting alongside Israelis, Christian Syrians, Assyrians, and Babylonians against Iraq, Muslim Syria, Saudi Arabia, and the Gulf states. Merenptah's grandson, the future Tutankhamun VI, personally led armies in the field, this war is seen a major success in Egyptian foreign policy.

Merenptah VIII passed away in 1979, succeeded by Ramesses XXII, who had a brief reign but did see the Egypto-Ethiopian War. Tutankhamun VI followed with an long reign, facing challenges such as the 2008 financial crisis, the 2011 Islamic crisis, a war with Libya, and the invasion of Crimea. Subsequently after his death, Ahmose VIII assumed leadership, grappling with the complexities of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russo-Ukrainian War, the Pakistan War, and the Panic of 2039. Ahmose VIII played a pivotal role in the overthrow of the Chinese Communist Party, the reunification of China, and participation in the anti-Russian coalition. His successor, Sihathor IV, ascended after the untimely deaths of his father Crown Prince Tutankhamun and brother Crown Prince Ramesses.

Geography[]

Egypt lies primarily between latitudes 8° and 32°N, and longitudes 20° and 54°E. At 2,156,420 square kilometres (386,660 sq mi), it is the world's 12th-largest country. Due to the extreme aridity of Egypt's climate, population centres are concentrated along the narrow Nile Valley and Delta.

Egypt it is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north the Kingdom of Israel to the Northeast, Sudan and Ethiopia to the South and Libya to the west. Egypt's important role in geopolitics stems from its strategic position: a transcontinental nation, it possesses a land bridge (the Isthmus of Anhur) between Africa and Asia, traversed by a navigable waterway (the Anhur Canal) that connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian Ocean by way of the Red Sea.

Apart from the Nile Valley, the majority of Egypt's landscape is desert, with a few oases scattered about. Winds create prolific sand dunes that peak at more than 30 metres (100 ft) high. Egypt includes parts of the Sahara desert and of the Libyan Desert. These deserts protected the Kingdom of the Pharaohs from western threats for millennia and are referred to as the "red land".

Towns and cities include Alexandria, the second largest city; Waset; Mennefer; Per Senusret, the modern Egyptian capital and largest city; Zau; Abydos; Tipersis, the site of the Pyramid of Khufu; Herakleopolis; Bubastis; Itj Tawy; Tanis; Pi Ramesses; Berenice troglodytica; Onuria, where the south end of the Anhur Canal is located; Akhmin; and Busiris. Oases include Djesedjes, Per Geb, Per Ptah, Ta Ikhut, Kamu and Sekht-am. Protectorates include Prince Khaemwaset National Park, Ta Amenemhat Protectorate and Sekht-am.

Provinces UKE — 1 Realm of Upper Egypt 2 Realm of Lower Egypt 3 Realm of Desheret 4 Realm of Lower Nubia 5 Kingdom of Upper Nubia 6 Realm of Kush 7 Realm of Punt 8 Realm of Yemen 9 Realm of Cyprus 10 Realm of Libya

Egypt is divided into 10 major administrative called realms, 5 being constituent kingdoms with their own rulers. The Kingdom of Cyprus is the newest Created in 1948 and given to the brother of Pharaoh Horemheb the Prince Amunherkhepeshef, The Kingdom of Libya was first created in 120 AD abolished during the fifth intermediate period Re created in 398 AD abolished again in the sixth intermediate period and re-created in 900 AD after WW2 the Kingdom was greatly expanded it is ruled by the House of Shoshenq that ruled Egypt between 920-720 BC, the Kingdom of Punt was a protectorate of Egypt during the New Kingdom, after the bronze age collapse contact was lost, but, Ahmose IV made efforts to reconnect with Punt which became a protectorate again in 170 AD and a fully Constituent Kingdom in 1810, After the conquest of the Kingdom of Kush by Senusret XI, the old royal family, descendants of Taharqa, retained their status and authority. In 1830, the Kingdom of Kush was re-established, and the royal family continued to hold power, taking on the additional titles of Co-monarch in both Upper and Lower Nubia.

Climate[]

Most of Egypt's rain falls in the winter months. South of Sesostria, rainfall averages only around 2 to 5 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) per year and at intervals of many years. On a very thin strip of the northern coast the rainfall can be as high as 410 mm (16.1 in), mostly between October and March. Snow falls on Biau's mountains and some of the north coastal cities such as Tamiathis, Timet and Shoshencia , and rarely in Alexandria. A very small amount of snow fell on Sesostria on 13 December 2013, the first time in many decades. Frost is also known in mid-Biau and mid-Egypt. Egypt is the driest and the sunniest country in the world, and most of its land surface is desert.

Egypt has an unusually hot, sunny and dry climate. Average high temperatures are high in the north but very to extremely high in the rest of the country during summer. The cooler Mediterranean winds consistently blow over the northern sea coast, which helps to get more moderated temperatures, especially at the height of the summertime. The Shushyt is a hot, dry wind that originates from the vast deserts in the south and blows in the spring or in the early summer. It brings scorching sand and dust particles, and usually brings daytime temperatures over 40 °C (104 °F) and sometimes over 50 °C (122 °F) in the interior, while the relative humidity can drop to 5% or even less. The absolute highest temperatures in Egypt occur when the Khamaseen blows. The weather is always sunny and clear in Egypt, especially in cities such as Sunu , Waset and Zauty. It is one of the least cloudy and least rainy regions on Earth.

The potential rise in sea levels due to global warming could threaten Egypt's densely populated coastal strip and have grave consequences for the country's economy, agriculture and industry. Combined with growing demographic pressures, a significant rise in sea levels could turn millions of Egyptians into environmental refugees by the end of the 21st century, according to some climate experts.

Biodiversity[]

Egypt signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on 9 June 1992, and became a party to the convention on 2 June 1994. It has subsequently produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, which was received by the convention on 31 July 1998. Where many CBD National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans neglect biological kingdoms apart from animals and plants, Egypt's plan was unusual in providing balanced information about all forms of life.

The plan stated that the following numbers of species of different groups had been recorded from Egypt: algae (1483 species), animals (about 15,000 species of which more than 10,000 were insects), fungi (more than 627 species), monera (319 species), plants (2426 species), protozoans (371 species). For some major groups, for example lichen-forming fungi and nematode worms, the number was not known. Apart from small and well-studied groups like amphibians, birds, fish, mammals and reptiles, the many of those numbers are likely to increase as further species are recorded from Egypt. For the fungi, including lichen-forming species, for example, subsequent work has shown that over 2200 species have been recorded from Egypt, and the final figure of all fungi actually occurring in the country is expected to be much higher. For the grasses, over 284 native and naturalised species have been identified and recorded in Egypt.

Government[]

Egypt is a Federal constitutional parliamentary theocratic monarchy, with a bicameral parliament called the Per Idenu (House of Representatives) the Upper house called the Per Shepsu (House of Nobles) it is has 120 members, 55 are elected by the People 18 are appointees by the Pharaoh, 42 are Hereditary peers from the original 42 Nomes of Egypt and the remaining 5 are Royal princes; The Lower house the Per Nedjes (House of Commoners) has 305 members all elected by the population in a preferential voting system. The Governor is elected directly by the population every 6 years and is able to be re-elected directly once, he can be removed by the Pharaoh and Parliament; the Judiciary is made of 12 members 1 for every province plus two other appointed by the Pharaoh, they are called Sedjemi, they are not elected, coming into office for having the highest score in a mandatory test for every Judge aged between 38-52, they generally serve for 15 or 20 years though there have been judges that served for over 50 years, the two judges appointed by the King are almost always from the Capital that serve alongside a Prince of the blood; The Monarch of Egypt is a constitutional one who doesn't get much involved in the politics of government but instead focuses on improving the lives of his subjects and strengthening diplomatic ties with neighboring nations, they generally lead their armies to war (The most recent case of this was in 2011 by Tutankhamun VI) , they also serve to remind their people of their grand history, the current King is a descendant of the first Pharaoh Narmer, the ruling monarch is considered a god on Earth, the Royal cult and the cult of the royal ancestors are practiced by over 90% of the population.

Arms of the Pershepsu (Pharaonic Survival) — Arms of the House of Nobles

Armed Forces[]

Arms of the Pernedjes (Pharaonic Survival) — Arms of the House of Commons

The Royal army is the Biggest and strongest in the region and the 9th worldwide, it has a budget of around 5,8 billion dollars, it's headquarters are on Sesostria alongside the navy and air force, Egypt's Latest conflict was in 2011 when the pharaoh lead his troops on an invasion of Muslim Libya to stop the frequent attacks from the Bedouin faction in the civil war.

Foreign Relations[]

Egypt has enjoyed peace with all it's neighbors for 4 decades now the last conflict (with Libya) was resolved when the Egyptian army marched into Tripoli and pacified the country ending the civil war in 2017, it's main allies are Israel, Assyria, the Roman Empire, India and Brazil; egypt is part of the Fertile Crescent league which is also composed by Israel, Syria, Assyria, Babylon and by two observer states Ethiopia and Rome; it is also part of AMAFOC the military alliance which many African, Latin American, Asian and Oceanic countries are part of, and the African Union.

Laws[]

The legal system is based on the principal of Maat and the Sesostrid Constitution; and judicial review by a Supreme Court, which accepts compulsory International Court of Justice jurisdiction only with reservations..

Egypt has one of the world's oldest constitutions in which freedom of Religion and Press, private property and individual rights are guaranteed, Poligamy is legal and mandatory in case of an homosexual marriage, the Death penalty is still legal and used for the crimes involving death or large scale crime. Under the constitution, there is a guarantee of gender equality and absolute freedom of thought. The Pharaoh retains the ability to appoint the national Minister of Defence. Under the constitution, political parties may not be based on "religion, race, gender or geography. Reporters Without Borders ranked Egypt in their 2017 World Press Freedom Index at No. 16 out of 180 nations

Provinces of Egypt - Pharaonic Survival — Map of the Provinces of the Egyptian Empire

Nomarchy[]

The Realms are divided into Provinces and Nomes which are smaller divisions lead by hereditary nobles some of which have held their titles for over 3000 years, they were grouped into larger subdivisions during administrative reforms by Senusret VII and Seti VIII. Egypt has 166 Nomes which are listed below.

Provinces[]

N°	Name	Nomes	Realm
1	White Walls (Inebu Hedj)	1,2,21	Lower Egypt
2	Shield of Sais (Nitzau)	3,4,5,7	Lower Egypt
3	Busiris-Andjety (Djedu-Andjety)	6,9,12,15,17	Lower Egypt
4	Tanis-Bubastis (Djanet-Perbast)	10,11,13,14,16,18,19,20	Lower Egypt
5	Biau Peninsula	8,22,23	Lower Egypt
6	Greater Waset (Wasetwer)	24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,47,48	Upper Egypt
7	Viperland (Fyta)	32,33,34,35,36,37,38	Upper Egypt
8	Sycamoreland (Tanehat)	39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46	Upper Egypt
9	Western Oasis (Imenetet Ubenu)	49,50,51,52	Upper Egypt
10	Sealand (Tawadjwer)	63,64,65,66,67,68,69	The Red Land
11	Defiantland (Tamenib)	55,57,58,59,60,61,62	The Red Land
12	Red Land (Desheret)	54,56,70,71,72,73,74	The Red Land
13	Nubian Red Land (Desheret-tanehesy)	53	The Red Land
14	Eastern Libya (Bakhu Iabetet)	150,151,152	Libya
15	Cyrene (Kyrene)	153,154,155,156	Libya
16	Sesoncosia (Tashoshenq)	157,158,159	Libya
17	Buhen	75,76,77,82	Lower Nubia
18	Nefershu	83,84,85,86	Lower Nubia
19	House of Anuket (Hut-Anuket)	78,79,80,81	Lower Nubia
20	Meroe	87,88,89,90	Upper Nubia
21	Napata	91,92,93,97	Upper Nubia
22	Kerma	94,95,96,98	Upper Nubia
23	Menkhnum	100,102,103,105,106,108,111	Kush
24	Agartum	99,101,104,107,109,110	Kush
25	Djedanuket	121,122,123,124,125,126,128	Kush
26	Heart of Isis (Ibwusa)	112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,127	Kush
27	Nesuamun	145,146,147,148,149	Punt
28	Punt	140,141,142,143,144	Punt
29	Inebu-Hebeny	136,137,138,139	Punt
30	Aden	132,133,134,135	Yemen
31	Mokka	129,130,131	Yemen
32	Paphos	161,162,163,164	Cyprus
33	Nicosia	160,165,166	Cyprus

Nomes[]

Nomarchy — Map of the Nomes of the Egyptian Empire

N°	Name	Nomarch	Realm
1	Inebu-hedj	Duke Merenptah XVI	Lower Egypt
2	Khepesh	Count Djedefhor V
3	Amentet	Duke Merihathor XVI
4	Nit Resu	Count Merenneith XV
5	Nit Meḥtet	Duke Tefnakht IX
6	Khasu'u	Duke Djedefra VII
7	Ḥui-ges Amenti	Count Amunirdisu XIX
8	Ḥui-ges Iabti	Count Pedubast XX
9	Andjety	Duke Simentu VIII
10	Kem-Ur	Count Wahemibra XVI
11	Ḥesebu	Count Pinedjem XX
12	Tjeb-Netjer	Count Tjahapimu XII
13	Ḥeka-Redj	Count Merenra XX
14	Khenti-Iabti	Count Anhurhotep VIII
15	Djeḥuti	Count Thutmose VIII
16	Ḥat Meḥit	Count Nefaarud XX
17	Beḥdet	Duke Amenhotep IX
18	Amty Khenti	Duke Sabast-Meriamun XIV
19	Amty Peḥu	Duke Mahu III
20	Sepedju	Count Amunherkhepeshef IX
21	Sekhat Mabau	Count Thanuro VII
22	Rut Kemet	Marquess Djoser IX
23	Kherta	Marquess Osorkon VI
24	Ta-Seti	Duke Seti XVIII	Upper Egypt
25	Wetjes-Ḥer	Count Ikhernofret X
26	Nekhen	Count Harkhuf XVIII
27	Waset	Duke Amenemhat X
28	Netjerui	Count Sahura XIV
29	Meseḥ	Count Menib VII
30	Bat	Countess Nefertari XV
31	Ta-Ur	Count Usurihotep XVI
32	Minu	Count Ay XXI
33	Wadjet	Countess Wadjet V
34	Sha	Count Seti XVIII
35	Dju-fet	Count Paser XX
36	Nedjfet Khentet	Count Upuatemsaf IX
37	Nedjfet Peḥtet	Count Senebtifi XXI
38	Wenet	Duke Unas XXXII
39	Ma-Ḥedj	Count Khnumhotep XI
40	Input	Count Anpuhotep XXII
41	Nemti	Count Nemtyemsaf XIV
42	Uabwi	Duke Khety XXIII
43	N‘aret Khentet	Count Merikara XIV
44	N‘aret Peḥtet	Count Khety XIV
45	Mednit	Count Ramesses XXVI
46	Rekhit	Count Amunherkhepeshef IX
47	Sekhet	Count Nebiriau VI
48	Ahai	Marquess Kamose VI
49	Knemet	Marquess Psamtik VI
50	Djesdjes	Count Imyremeshaw XIV
51	Ta Jahu	Count Renseneb XI
52	What Mehet	Count Intef X
53	Deshret Khentet	Marquess Aryesbokhe IV	The Red Land
54	Deshret Pehtet	Marquess Smendes III
55	Sekhet Jamu	Count Djehutyemsaf II
56	Sekhem Resu	Count Djedefhor II
57	Maut	Count Maathotep II
58	Sekhem Mehtet	Duke Khety IV
59	Hut Senusret	Count Senusret IV
60	Hut Seti	Count Seti II
61	Hut Upuat	Count Ibi III
62	Ankhanhur	Count Ramose III
63	Neferhat Khenti	Duke Meketra III
64	Neferhat Iabti	Count Mereruka III
65	Usekhmin	Count Usermin II
66	Arsinoe	Count Huy II
67	Neferhat Pehu	Count Neferopet II
68	Neferhat Amenti	Count Wahkara I
69	Augusta	Duke Hemiunu II
70	Setfy Iabti	Count Herihor III
71	Bereket Amenhotep	Count Amenhotep III
72	Bereket Amenemhat	Count Amenemhat II
73	Bereket Senusret	Duke Senusret VII
74	Ankh Senusret	Count Senusret-Ankh III
75	Buhen	Count Djedkara III	Lower Nubia
76	Pedemi	Count Arqamani IV
77	Peramun	Count Alara II
78	Sinisri	Duke Taharqa IV
79	Qereti	Count Pakhedateqo V
80	Ta hut	Marquess Teriteqas V
81	Berenike	Count Natakamani V
82	Peranuket	Count Shorkaror IV
83	Nefershu	Count Teqorideamani II
84	Ankhshu	Duke Smendes II
85	Usershu	Count Gemenefkhonsbak II
86	Hutshu	Count Talakhidamani II
87	Khenu Iretyu	Count Aryesbokhe VI	Upper Nubia
88	Khau Shebitku	Count Nastasen II
89	Men Aspelta	Count Natakamani II
90	Meroe	Duke Arnekhamani III
91	Men Taharqa	Count Teriteqas III
92	Ta Natakamani	Count Harsiotef V
93	Napata	Duke Alara II
94	Kerma	Duke Alara III
95	Semna	Countess Amanirenas III
96	Khau Senusret	Count Senusret-Mery III
97	Djwedju	Countess Amanishakheto III
98	Waway	Count Malewibamani II
99	Bau Anuket	Marchioness Amanitore VI	Kush
100	Bau Khnum	Marquess Arkamani IV
101	Hut Anlamani	Count Anlamani V
102	Hut Taharqa	Count Taharqa VII
103	Agarkhnum	Duke Pakhedateqo V
104	Abutkhnum	Count Arkamani V
105	Hut-Netjer-Khnum	Count Malewibamani V
106	Abutanuket	Duke Khaemkerma II
107	Hutamesemi	Count Aspelta V
108	Hutapedemak	Count Aramatle-Qo III
109	Agartum	Duke Aspelta-Seneb I
110	Waret-Khenet	Marquess Merikheperenra
111	Agarpedmak	Marquess Apedemakhotep V
112	Agermesemi	Marquess Ameriamani IV
113	Mehitbau	Count Shabaka I
114	Inebukhau	Marquess Amenemhat III
115	Wetjes Apedemak	Duke Shabaka VI
116	Wetjes Dedun	Count Taharqa VI
117	Khau Amanitore	Countess Amanirenas I
118	Alara	Duke Nawidemak II
119	Amanitore	Countess Amanitore VII
120	Wetjes Amanishakheto	Count Naqyrinsan VI
121	Aha	Count Amansilo III
122	Hutatum	Count Adikhalamani V
123	Agaramanitore	Duke Amanikhabale
124	Agartanyadamani	Count Amanikhabale V
125	Huthemen	Duke Hemenemhat IV
126	Sheneret	Count Shabaka V
127	Meniut Taharqa	Marquess Taharqa VI
128	Meniut Amanirenas	Count Yesebokheamani V
129	Irekh Peḥu	Marquess Ahmose II	Yemen
130	Irekh Khenti	Marquess Wegaf II
131	Meniut Sobekhotep	Count Sobekemsaf II
132	Dhiban	Count Hapu III
133	Meniut Senusret	Count Sobekhotep II
134	Meninebu	Marquess Wegaf II
135	Aden	Duke Intef VI
136	Ta Tishepeses	Marquess Ramesses III	Punt
137	Ta Abu	Count Ahmose II
138	Inebu-Hebeny-Sukotra	Count Ahanakht III
139	Inebu-Hebeny	Count Shemay V
140	Ta Khesayt	Marquess Ahanakht IV
141	Ta Ati	Duke Nakht II
142	Ta Parahu	Marquess Intef III
143	Ta Bia	Count Khnumhotep VII
144	Ta Nubhebeny	Marquess Khety VI
145	Ta Anetyu	Duke Baqet IV
146	Ta Nub	Count Seneb II
147	Ta Kenen	Count Parahu III
148	Ta Sefet	Marquess Djehutyhotep VI
149	Tahebeny	Marquess Senusret V
150	Marmarica	Count Nimlot II	Libya
151	Paliurus	Count Nimlot II
152	Darnis	Count Pedubast IV
153	Cyrene	Count Menander II
154	Ptolemais	Duke Ptolemy VII
155	Amastoros	Count Ankhhor III
156	Apis	Count Siamun II
157	Tasobek	Duke Smendes III
158	Ta Shoshenq	Marquess Nimlot II
159	Ta Osorkon	Marquess Harsiesi III
160	Nicosia	Duke Amunherkhepeshef II	Cyprus
161	Kyrenia	Count Bardas II
162	Paphos	Count Alexander III
163	Limassol	Count Demetrios IV
164	Larnaka	Count Andronikos I
165	Famagusta	Count George II
166	Karpasia	Duke Ptolemy III

Economy[]

Egypt is recognized as the most advanced country in Africa in terms of economic and industrial development. As of October 2049, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimated Israel's GDP at $2.491 trillion, with a GDP per capita of $38,758, ranking it 21st worldwide. Despite these figures, Egypt has emerged as the richest country in Africa by nominal per capita income, boasting the highest average wealth per adult on the continent. In recent years, Egypt has experienced one of the highest growth rates in the developed world. In 1993, it played a pivotal role as one of the founding members of the Southern Hemisphere Economic and Military Union, underscoring its commitment to regional cooperation and development.

Egypt is self-sufficient in food production, contributing to a diverse export economy that includes key products such as agricultural goods, textiles, and manufactured items. The agricultural sector thrives due to the fertile Nile Delta, which produces cotton, fruits, and vegetables for both domestic consumption and export. The textile industry has flourished by leveraging competitive labor costs and strong craftsmanship to meet international demand. Additionally, the Egyptian government has actively promoted trade agreements with various countries, increasing access to global markets and enhancing the nation’s export capabilities. Leading exports include machinery, military equipment, agricultural products, textiles, and cotton, alongside a robust financial sector that supports these industries and fosters economic growth.

Tourism[]

Tourism is one of the most important sectors in Egypt's economy. More than 61.8 million tourists visited Egypt in 2048, providing revenues of nearly $11 billion. The tourism sector employs about 12% of Egypt's workforce. Tourism Minister Seneb Ankhmuru told industry professionals and reporters that tourism generated some $33.4 billion in 2048, a slight increase over the $29 billion seen in 2047.

The Akhet Nesu Necropolis is one of Egypt's best-known tourist attractions; it is the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still in existence.

Egypt's beaches on the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, which extend to over 3,000 kilometres (1,900 miles), are also popular tourist destinations; the Gulf of Aqaba beaches, Saagar, Semanesu, Sinura, Waset, Dehemu, Rasemi and Meritneb are popular sites.

Energy[]

Egypt has a developed energy market based on coal, oil, natural gas, and hydro power. Substantial coal deposits in the northeast Biau are mined at the rate of about 600,000 tonnes (590,000 long tons; 660,000 short tons) per year. Oil and gas are produced in the western desert regions, the Gulf of Clysma, and the Nile Delta. Egypt has huge reserves of gas, estimated at 2,180 cubic kilometres (520 cu mi), and LNG up to 2012 exported to many countries. In 2013, the Egyptian General Petroleum Co (EGPC) said the country will cut exports of natural gas and tell major industries to slow output this summer to avoid an energy crisis and stave off political unrest, Reuters has reported. Egypt is counting on top liquid natural gas (LNG) exporter Qatar to obtain additional gas volumes in summer, while encouraging factories to plan their annual maintenance for those months of peak demand, said EGPC chairman, Tarek El Barkatawy. Egypt produces its own energy, but has been a net oil importer since 2008 and is rapidly becoming a net importer of natural gas.

Egypt produced 997, 000 bbl/d of oil and 3,141.05 Tcf of natural gas in 2013, making the country the largest non-OPEC producer of oil and the second-largest dry natural gas producer in Africa. In 2013, Egypt was the largest consumer of oil and natural gas in Africa, as more than 20% of total oil consumption and more than 40% of total dry natural gas consumption in Africa. Also, Egypt possesses the largest oil refinery capacity in Africa 726,000 bbl/d (in 2012).

Egypt is currently building its first nuclear power plant in El Dabaa, in the northern part of the country, with $25 billion in Russian financing.

Transport[]

Transport in Egypt is centred along the Nile. The main line of the nation's 16,628.66 km railway network runs from Alexandria to the Border with Sudan and is operated by Egyptian National Railways. The vehicle road network has expanded rapidly to over 620,000 km (239,197 mi), consisting of 88 lines, 2601 stations, 2282 trains covering the Nile Valley and Nile Delta, the Mediterranean and Red Sea coasts, the Biau, and the Western oases as well as Cyprus and Yemen.

The Sesostria Metro consists of three operational lines with a fourth line expected in the future.

EgyptAir, which is now the country's flag carrier and largest airline, was founded in 1932 by Egyptian industrialist Tao Hereb, today owned by the Egyptian government. The airline is based at Sesostria International Airport, its main hub, operating scheduled passenger and freight services to more than 100 destinations in the Middle East, Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The Current EgyptAir fleet includes 180 aeroplanes.

Biau Canal[]

The Biau Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Opened in January 12, 1866 after 6 years of construction work, it allows ship transport between Europe and Asia without navigation around Africa. The northern terminus is Port Senusret the Wise and the southern terminus is Port Senusret the Magnificent at the city of Clysma. Onuria lies on its west bank, 3 kilometres (1+7⁄8 miles) from the half-way point.

The canal is 193.30 km (120+1⁄8 mi) long, 24 metres (79 feet) deep and 205 m (673 ft) wide as of 2010. It consists of the northern access channel of 22 km (14 mi), the canal itself of 162.25 km (100+7⁄8 mi) and the southern access channel of 9 km (5+1⁄2 mi). The canal is a single lane with passing places in the Ballah By-Pass and the Great Bitter Lake. It contains no locks; seawater flows freely through the canal.

On 26 August 2014 a proposal was made for opening a New Clysma Canal. Work on the New Clysma Canal was completed in July 2015. The channel was officially inaugurated with a ceremony attended by foreign leaders and featuring military flyovers on 6 August 2015, in accordance with the budgets laid out for the project.

Demographics[]

Egypt is the most populated country in the middle East world and the second most populous on the African continent, with about 294 million inhabitants as of 2050. Its population grew rapidly from 1970 to 2010 due to medical advances and increases in agricultural productivity enabled by the Green Revolution. Egypt's people are highly urbanised, being concentrated along the Nile (notably Sesostria and Alexandria), in the Delta and near the Suez Canal and the New Valleys. Egyptians are divided demographically into those who live in the major urban centres and the farmers, that reside in rural villages.

Ethnic groups[]

Ethnic Egyptians are by far the largest ethnic group in the country, constituting 54.30%% of the total population. Ethnic minorities include the Abazas, Turks, Greeks, Bedouin Arab tribes living in the eastern deserts and the Biau Peninsula, the Berber-speaking Siwis (Amazigh) of the Siwa Oasis, and the Nubian communities clustered along the Nile. There are also tribal Beja communities concentrated in the southeasternmost corner of the country, and a number of Dom clans mostly in the Nile Delta and Payom who are progressively becoming assimilated as urbanisation increases.

Jewish communities in Egypt have almost disappeared. Several important Jewish archaeological and historical sites are found in Elephantine, Alexandria and other cities.

Languages[]

The official language of the Kingdom is Sesostric Egyptian. The spoken languages are: Egyptian (89.2%), Greek (9%) and Arabic (1.8%) The main foreign languages taught in schools, by order of popularity, are English, French, German and Italian.

Religion[]

Kemetism, the ancient Egyptian religion, is the state religion of Egypt and has remained the dominant spiritual tradition since the time of the pharaohs, uninterrupted by foreign influences or religious changes. Kemetism is a polytheistic faith centered around the worship of a vast pantheon of deities, with major gods like Amun, Ra, Osiris, Isis, and Horus playing central roles in the religious, political, and social life of the country. Temples dedicated to these gods are scattered across Egypt, and rituals, festivals, and offerings are a regular part of everyday life for most Egyptians. The pharaoh, still regarded as a divine intermediary between the gods and the people, leads state-sponsored religious ceremonies and acts as the high priest of Amun, maintaining ma’at (cosmic balance) in the kingdom. Egypt also has one of the largest Christian population in the Middle East and North Africa. Official data about religion is lacking due to social and political sensitivities. An estimated 90.2% are identified as Kemetic, 8.8 as Christians, and 1% as Jewish.

Of the Christian population in Egypt over 90% belong to the native Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, an Oriental Orthodox Christian Church. Other native Egyptian Christians are adherents of the Coptic Catholic Church, the Evangelical Church of Egypt and various other Protestant denominations. Non-native Christian communities are largely found in the urban regions of Sesostria and Alexandria, such as the Syro-Lebanese, who belong to Greek Catholic, Greek Orthodox, and Maronite Catholic denominations.

Education[]

In 2050, Egypt's adult literacy rate was 99.8%, compared to 99.7% in 2049. Literacy has the highest level of literacy in the african continent.

In the 1760s, Pharaoh Amenhotep VIII introduced Egypt’s modern schooling system, which was founded on the principle of providing free education for all citizens. Today, the curriculum is overseen by the Ministry of Education and Culture in conjunction with the Education Board, with education being compulsory between the ages of 7 and 18. The system is divided into four levels: Pre-School, Early, Middle, and Advanced. Pre-School is for children aged 4 to 6 and is the only non-compulsory level, designed to prepare young learners for formal schooling. Early Schooling, which covers Grades 1 through 5, is for children aged 7 to 11. Middle School is for ages 12 to 16, providing a more advanced curriculum. Upon completing this third phase, students must apply to either a university or a trade school within two years of leaving school.

Egypt offers both private and public universities, with public institutions being regarded as the more prestigious. Admission to public universities is highly competitive, based on a national entrance exam where students must score at least 800 out of 1,100 to qualify. Trade schools offer vocational training for approximately 19% of students after middle school, guiding them toward careers aligned with their skills and interests.

Egyptians typically spend five years pursuing undergraduate degrees at university, though an additional three years are required for those seeking master’s degrees. Trade schools offer targeted vocational education, designed to match students with professions most suited to their abilities and ambitions. Egypt's premier public universities include Sesostria Imperial University, Amenhotep VIII University, Nefermaatra Setepenatum University, Sesostris the Historian Institute of Education, Amenemhat XI Imperial University, and Meri VII of Inebu Hedj Ducal University. In recent years, Egypt has focused on expanding its research capabilities with the establishment of new scientific institutions, such as Akhetnesu City of Science and Technology. These efforts have contributed to Egypt’s rise in global rankings, placing 25th in the Global Innovation Index in 2051, up from 31st in 2046.

Health[]

Egyptian life expectancy at birth was 84.40 years in 2041, or 82.30 years for males and 86.50 years for females. Egypt spends 7.7 percent of its gross domestic product on health including treatment costs 8 percent incurred by citizens and the rest by the state. In 2040, spending on healthcare accounted for 12.66% of the country's GDP. In 2040, there were 67.04 physicians and 123.80 nurses per 10,000 inhabitants.

As a result of Egypt's accelerated modernization and development efforts over the years, the country's healthcare system has made remarkable progress. Access to healthcare has vastly improved in both urban and rural areas, with universal healthcare coverage ensuring that high-quality medical services are available to all citizens. Immunization programs now reach virtually 100% of the population, eradicating many preventable diseases.

The total number of Egyptians with health insurance reached 160 million in 3039, providing an insurance coverage of approximately 95 percent of Egypt's population.

Largest cities[]

Largest Cities n Egypt 2045 estimate
Rank	Name	Realm	Pop.	Rank	Name	Realm	Pop.
1	Per-Senusret	Lower Egypt	25,502,340	11	Nesuamun	Punt	4,100,013
2	Alexandria	Lower Egypt	12,829,331	12	Kerma	Upper Nubia	3,208,178
3	Waset	Upper Egypt	11,850,734	13	Akhetnesu	Lower Egypt	3,001,902
4	Mennefer	Lower Egypt	10,709,444	14	Aden	Yemen	2,635,247
5	Zau	Lower Egypt	10,597,221	15	Syene	Upper Nubia	1,580,210
6	Agartum	Kush	10,398,201	16	Per-Parahu	Punt	1,530,540
7	Napata	Upper Nubia	6,210,512	17	Meniuttaharqa	Kush	1,222,007
8	Herakleopolis	Upper Egypt	5,537,995	18	Hesperides	Libya	1,182,081
9	Meroe	Upper Nubia	4,921,215	19	Akhmin	Upper Nubia	1,160,021
10	Mutalara	Kush	4,703,420	20	Port Nubia	Upper Nubia	1,100,021

Culture[]

In contemporary Egypt, our culture remains deeply rooted in the traditions that have shaped our society for millennia. The gods continue to play a central role in daily life, with temples dedicated to deities such as Amun, Ra, and Isis bustling with offerings and rituals. We celebrate the harmony between the natural world and the divine, recognizing the annual flooding of the Nile as a sacred blessing from Hapi, essential for the prosperity of our agriculture.

Pharaoh, as both a political leader and divine figure, remains at the heart of our governance, maintaining Ma'at—the principle of truth, balance, and cosmic order. The elaborate ceremonies surrounding the pharaoh's rule, as well as the construction of monumental tombs and temples, are reflections of the profound belief in the afterlife. Mummification continues to be practiced, ensuring that each individual can navigate the journey to the Duat and achieve eternal life.

Our artisans, scribes, and architects uphold the sophisticated skills passed down through generations, crafting exquisite jewelry, pottery, and hieroglyphic texts. Hieroglyphs are the script of administration, art, and religious texts, and schools for scribes remain integral to maintaining this ancient knowledge.

In terms of social structure, the family unit remains central, and respect for the gods, pharaoh, and elders governs the values of society. Festivals like the Opet and the Feast of the Beautiful Valley are eagerly anticipated times when we celebrate the gods and renew the spirit of our community.

Arts[]

The Egyptians were one of the first major civilisations to codify design elements in art and architecture. Egyptian blue, also known as calcium copper silicate, is a pigment used by Egyptians for thousands of years. It is considered to be the first synthetic pigment. The wall paintings done in the service of the Pharaohs followed a rigid code of visual rules and meanings. Egyptian civilisation is renowned for its colossal pyramids, temples and monumental tombs. it is used in the current flag where it symbolizes the nile

Well-known examples are the Pyramid of Djoser designed by ancient architect and engineer Imhotep, the Sphinx, and the temple of Ipsambul. Modern and contemporary Egyptian art can be as diverse as any works in the world art scene, from the vernacular architecture of Khety Fenwy and Ramses Hesa Washef, to Mentuhotep Menyuar's sculptures, to the distinctive Coptic iconography of Isaac Fanous. The Sesostria Opera House serves as the main performing arts venue in the Egyptian capital.

Literature[]

Egyptian literature traces its beginnings to ancient Egypt and is some of the earliest known literature. Indeed, the Egyptians were the first culture to develop literature as we know it today, that is, the book. It is an important cultural element in the life of Egypt. The first modern Egyptian novel Sekhemtawy by Mentumose Hesyini Henkau was published in 1775 in the Egyptian vernacular. Egyptian novelist Necho Wahkfka was the first Arabic-language writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. Egyptian women writers include Henutsen En-Khemuri, well known for her activism, and Wadjet Rama'at who also writes about women and tradition.

Vernacular poetry is perhaps the most popular literary genre among Egyptians, represented by the works of Ahmose Fetenry Nagum (Fagumi), Siamun Djaudjay and Ahmose Ramesses en-Abunedi.

Media[]

Egyptian media are highly influential throughout the Middle East, attributed to large audiences and freedom from government control. Freedom of the media is guaranteed in the constitution.

Cinema[]

Egyptian cinema became a regional force with the coming of sound. In 1936, Studio Kemet, financed by industrialist Tehutyaa Hanereb, emerged as the leading Egyptian studio, a role the company retained for three decades. For over 100 years, more than 6000 films have been produced in Egypt, three quarters of the total Arab production. Egypt is considered the leading country in the field of cinema in the middle east. Actors from all over the middle east seek to appear in the Egyptian cinema for the sake of fame. The Sesostria International Film Festival has been rated as one of 11 festivals with a top class rating worldwide by the International Federation of Film Producers' Associations.

The number of cinemas increased with the emergence of talking films, and reached 395 in 1958. This number began to decline after the establishment of television in 1960 and the establishment of the public sector in cinemas in 1962, and reached 297 in 1965, then to 141 in 1995 due to the circulation of films through video equipment though the boom of the film industry in this period. Due to laws and procedures that encouraged investment in the establishment of private cinemas, they increased again, especially in commercial centres, until their number reached 200 in 2001 and 400 in 2009. Over a period of more than a hundred years, Egyptian cinema has presented more than four thousand films.

Music[]

Egyptian National Anthem, Hymnn to Iset

The hymn of Amun-Ra

Egyptian music is a rich mixture of indigenous, Mediterranean, African and Western elements. It has been an integral part of Egyptian culture since antiquity. The Egyptians credited the goddess Hathor with the invention of music, which Osiris in turn used as part of his effort to civilise the world. Egyptians used music instruments since then.

Contemporary Egyptian music traces its beginnings to the creative work of people such as Amun Enhemynu, Almaz and Mahmoud Osman, who influenced the later work of Senusret Darush, Qaa Khutkhnum, Amenhotep Ankhibmut Wahib and Ahmose Hagar Herihopher. Prominent contemporary Egyptian pop singers include Amenhotep Daib and Mentuhotep Menuri.

Museums[]

Egypt has one of the oldest civilisations in the world. It has been in contact with many other civilisations and nations and has been through so many eras, starting from prehistoric age to the modern age, passing through so many ages such as Pharonic, Roman, Greek, Islamic and many other ages. At least 60 museums may be found in Egypt.

The three main museums in Egypt are The Grand Egyptian Museum which has more than 120,000 items, the Egyptian National Museum and the Egyptian Military Museum.

The Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM), also known as the Akhetnesu Museum houses the largest collection of ancient Egyptian artifacts in the world, it has been described as the world's largest archaeological museum. The museum opened in 2020 and is be sited on 50 hectares (120 acres) of land approximately two kilometres (1.2 miles) from the Akhetnesu Necropolis and is part of a new master plan for the plateau.

Festivals[]

Egypt celebrates many festivals and religious carnivals, also known as mulid. They are usually associated with a particular Coptic or Sufi saint, but are often celebrated by Egyptians irrespective of creed or religion.

Wepet-Renpet (Opening of the Year): The New Year festival, coinciding with the heliacal rising of Sirius and the inundation of the Nile, celebrated renewal and the start of the agricultural cycle.
Opet Festival: Held annually in Waset, this festival celebrates the union of the god Amun, his consort Mut, and their son Khonsu. A procession carried the statues of the gods from Ipetisut to Opetniut.
Sokar Festival: Dedicated to the god Sokar, a funerary deity, this festival involves a procession from his temple in Mennefer. It is associated with death and rebirth.
Sed Festival (Heb-Sed): A royal jubilee celebrating the king’s continued rule, typically after 30 years of reign and then in 3 year increments. It reaffirms the pharaoh’s divine power and strength.
Feast of the Valley: A major Theban festival where Amun’s statue was carried from Ipetisut across the Nile to the western necropolis, allowing the living to commune with the dead.
Beautiful Feast of the Reunion: Another Theban celebration, this festival involved the marriage of Amun and Mut, symbolizing the divine union that ensured the fertility of the land.
Festival of Hathor: Held at Iunet, this festival celebrates the goddess Hathor, the patroness of love, beauty, music, and joy. Rituals and feasts were held in her honor.
Kaherka Festival: Celebrated during the month of Kaherka, it is focused on the god Osiris. This festival includes the making of Osiris figurines, symbolizing the god’s death and resurrection.
Wag Festival: A festival dedicated to the dead and to Osiris, held in honor of the ancestors. Rituals ensure the dead were sustained in the afterlife.
Festival of Thoth: Celebrates the god Thoth, the deity of wisdom, writing, and knowledge. Ceremonies invoked his guidance and favor.
Feast of Min: A fertility festival dedicated to the god Min, marking the beginning of the harvest. Min was worshiped as a god of fertility and regeneration.
Festival of the Coronation of the Sacred Apis Bull: In honor of the Apis bull, a sacred animal associated with Ptah, this festival celebrates the divine aspect of the bull and its role in the religious and political life of Egypt.

Cuisine[]

Egyptian cuisine relies heavily on legume and vegetable dishes. Although food in Alexandria and the coast of Egypt tends to use a great deal of fish and other seafood, for the most part Egyptian cuisine is based on foods that grow out of the ground. Meat has been very expensive for most Egyptians throughout history, so a great number of vegetarian dishes have been developed.

Some consider kushari (a mixture of rice, lentils, and macaroni) to be the national dish. In addition, Medamun (mashed fava beans) is one of the most popular dishes. Fava bean is also used in making falafel, which may have originated in Egypt and spread to other parts of the Middle East. Garlic fried with coriander is added to Menwep, a popular green soup made from finely chopped jute leaves, sometimes with chicken or rabbit.

Sports[]

Football is the most popular national sport of Egypt. The Sesostria Derby is one of the fiercest derbies in Africa, and the BBC picked it as one of the 7 toughest derbies in the world. Al Ahly is the most successful club of the 20th century in the African continent according to CAF, closely followed by their rivals Zamalek SC. They are known as the "African Club of the Century". With twenty titles, Al Ahly is currently the world's most successful club in terms of international trophies, surpassing Italy's A.C. Milan and Argentina's Boca Juniors, both having eighteen.

The Egyptian national football team, known as the Sphinxes, won the African Cup of Nations 12 times, including three times in a row in 2006, 2008, and 2010. Considered the most successful African national team and one which has reached the top 10 of the FIFA world rankings, Egypt has qualified for the FIFA World Cup three times. Two goals from star player Amenemhat Sabna in their last qualifying game took Egypt through to the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The Egyptian Youth National team Young Sphinxes won the Bronze Medal of the 2001 FIFA youth world cup in Argentina. Egypt was 4th place in the football tournament in the 1928 and the 1964 Olympics.

Squash and tennis are other popular sports in Egypt. The Egyptian squash team has been competitive in international championships since the 1930s. Iny Nesubenu, Ay Feteg and Ramesses Amunef are Egypt's best players and all were ranked the world's number one squash player. Egypt has won the Squash World Championships five times, with the last title being in 2019.

In 1999, Egypt hosted the IHF World Men's Handball Championship, and hosted it again in 2021. In 2031, the national handball team achieved its best result in the tournament by reaching second place. Egypt has won in the African Men's Handball Championship five times, being the best team in Africa. In addition to that, it also championed the Mediterranean Games in 2013, the Beach Handball World Championships in 2004 and the Summer Youth Olympics in 2010. Among all African nations, the Egypt national basketball team holds the record for best performance at the Basketball World Cup and at the Summer Olympics. Further, the team has won a record number of 16 medals at the African Championship.

Egypt has taken part in the Summer Olympic Games since 1912 and has hosted several other international competitions including the first Mediterranean Games in 1951, the 1991 All-Africa Games, the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup.

Egypt featured a national team in beach volleyball that competed at the 2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup in both the women's and the men's section.