| |||||||
| Anthem | "Kimigayo (君が代)" | ||||||
| Capital (and largest city) |
Tokyo | ||||||
| Other cities | Dairen (Dalian) Fukuoka | ||||||
| Language official |
Japanese | ||||||
| others | Ainu Chinese languages
Hainan Min Hakka Mandarin Taiwanese Hokkien Wu Yue Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages
Eastern Itelmen Koryak Southern Itelmen Western Itelmen Formosan languages
Amis Atayal Bunun Kanakanavu Kavalan Paiwan Puyuma Rukai Saaroa Saisiyat Sakizaya Seediq Thao Truku Tsou Yami Korean Micronesian languages
Carolinian Chamorro Chuukese Kosraean Marshallese Palauan Pohnpeian Sonsorolese Tobian Yapese Nivkh Philippine languages
Balangao Bolinao Bontoc Ga'dang Ibaloi Ibanag Ifugao Ilocano Isnag Itawis Itneg Ivatan Kalinga Kalanguya Kankanaey Pangasinan Tagalog Russian Ryūkyūan languages
Amami Kunigami Miyakoan Okinawan Yaeyama Yonaguni | ||||||
| Religion main |
Shinto Buddhism | ||||||
| others | Animism Christianity | ||||||
| Demonym | Japanese | ||||||
| Government | Unitary parliamentary semi-constitutional monarchy | ||||||
| Population | 291,556,000 | ||||||
| Currency | Japanese yen | ||||||
| Time Zone | UTC+7 (Kainan) UTC+8 (Dairen, Hong Kong, Jōkai, Luzon, Macau, Taiwan) | ||||||
| Date Format | YYYY/MM/DD | ||||||
| Driving Side | left | ||||||
| Electricity | petroleum coal natural gas hydropower nuclear power | ||||||
| Plug Types | A and B | ||||||
| Calling Code | 81 | ||||||
| Internet TLD | .jp | ||||||
The Empire of Japan (Japanese: 日本帝国, Nippon Teikoku or Nihon Teikoku), commonly called Japan (日本, Nippon or Nihon), is a country in East Asia. It includes the Japanese archipelago, Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, the southern Kamchatka Peninsula, the Korean Peninsula, Taiwan, northern Luzon, Hainan, and most of Micronesia, as well as the cities of Dalian, Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Macau.
Japan maintains close relations with its client states Manchuria, Kahoku, Kanan, the Philippines, Siberia, and Mongolia. It is also close allies with Tibet, East Turkestan, Thailand, and Cambodia.
History[]
Meiji Restoration[]
Japan had been ruled by figurehead emperors with little power and abilities for much of its history until on January 3, 1868, the Meiji Restoration restored practical power to Emperor Meiji. This political event restructured Japan to be a constitutional monarchy akin to European powers, which the emperor became an active ruler with lots of political power, shared with an elected Imperial Diet. Japan started undergoing massive political and social reform along with westernization in order to strengthen Japan's power to that of the Western nations.
On August 22, 1875, the Treaty of Saint Petersburg was signed between Russia and Japan. Japan agreed to give up all rights to Sakhalin Island north of Hokkaido in exchange for all of the Kuril Island chain, as they had previously only owned the islands south of Urup.
The Korean Peninsula had long been a tributary state of China, then under the Qing dynasty. On February 27, 1876, after many confrontations between Japan and Korean isolationists, Japan forced Korea open to Japanese trade in the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1876. Japan blocked China and any other power from influencing Korea, and ended Korea's status as a Qing tributary.
Spanish-Japanese War[]
During the 19th Century, Spain's power and position in the world gradually slipped as they fought the First French Empire from 1807 to 1814, in turn causing them to lose their colonies in the Americas and the Caribbean, even though Spain and the Sixth Coalition eventually defeated France at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Nearing the 20th century, Spain's influence in the Pacific had declined significantly, while Japan had just began rapid modernization and militarization.
After seeing tremendous political and economic growth, Japan began laying its eyes on the Spanish East Indies to the south, consisting of the Philippines and various Pacific islands. In 1880, Japanese ships started patrolling near the islands and reported back to the mainland about Spain's reduced influence and defense there. Japan concluded that they had a golden opportunity to strike Spain while they were weak in the region. On March 18, 1880, Japan set sail large regiments of warships towards the Philippine archipelago and the Micronesian islands. Once there, they bombed the Spanish navy harbored in Manila, sparking the Spanish-Japanese War.
Japan overwhelmed Spanish defenses on many islands as more ships arrived and began deploying Japanese troops across the Philippines. Japan launched an island hopping campaign in Micronesia, one by one capturing the Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands, often met with little to no defenses as the Spanish East Indies were geographically very estranged from Spain itself. Japanese troops met Spanish resistance in the Battle of Manila where Japanese numbers and firepower destroyed the Spanish holdout. Japan quickly occupied the rest of Luzon, Mindanao, and the Visayas.
Spain realized efforts to retain its Pacific colonies far away from them were futile, and agreed to sign the Treaty of Manila on June 8, 1881. The war was the first major military victory in the modern era of an Asian power over a European one, and a humiliating loss for Spain. Spain was forced to cede the Spanish East Indies to Japan. Japan annexed the Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands as the Nan'yō Prefecture, while the Philippines were turned into a Japanese protectorate.
The Filipinos were not content being transferred from one power to another, as they had already been campaigning for independence from Spain. Upon rumors that Japan would soon annex the Philippines entirely, riots and guerrilla warfare began to rise up across the islands. Japanese peacekeeping forces were deployed in major cities to try to suppress independence movements as Japan wanted to keep the Philippines for their abundant natural resources and great labor force. However, the Japanese government soon realized they didn't have the capacity to simultaneously modernize its homeland and invest heavily in the Philippines.
In 1893, Japan decided to annex the more sparsely populated northernmost three regions on the island of Luzon for security and Japanese settlement, while establishing the Republic of the Philippines as a client state. Japan sponsored the teaching of Japanese history and language in schools and intertwined the economies of Japan and the Philippines, making them both dependent on each other. The Philippines began exporting a lot of minerals including nickel, gold, copper, and iron ore, as well as sugar, timber, natural gas, oil, and coconuts to Japan. In turn, Japan helped industrialize the Philippines and supplied them with rice, textiles, porcelain, and manufactured goods. Public opinion of Japan over Spain greatly rose, partially due to the fact that their new overlords were fellow Asians rather than white.
First Sino-Japanese War[]
On June 4, 1894, Korea requested Qing aid to put down the Donghak Rebellion led by Korean peasants. The Qing government sent 2,800 troops to Korea, but Japan interfered and sent 8,000 troops to Korea. China rejected Japan's suggestion for both nations to cooperate in reforming the Korean government. Japan refused to withdraw its troops from Korea, and in the same month, the Japanese troops captured Korean King Gojong, occuied the Royal Palace in Seoul, and installed a pro-Japanese puppet government on June 25, which then granted Japan the right to expel Qing forces from Korea.
China objected Japan's actions and started the First Sino-Japanese War. Japanese troops defeated Chinese forces on the Liaodong Peninsula west of Korea, and obliterated the Chinese navy in the Yalu River. From 1894-1895, the Japanese Empire experienced six months of unbroken successes by Japanese land and naval forces, and captured China's port of Weihaiwei. On April 17, 1895, China and Japan signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki. The Qing government was forced to recognize the independence of Korea under the Japanese sphere of influence. China also ceded Taiwan, the Pescadores Islands, and the Liaodong Peninsula to Japan.
However, soon after the Treaty of Shimonoseki, the Triple Intervention of Russia, Germany, and France, held a diplomatic intervention on April 23, 1895, over the harsh terms of the treaty as they wanted to stop Japanese expansion in China. They forced Japan to withdraw from the Liaodong Peninsula in the same year. Soon after the intervention, the Russian Empire occupied the Liaodong Peninsula for itself, while the German Empire occupied Jiaozhou Bay and built a fortress in Qingdao.
In 1898, Spain fought another war, this time against the the United States of America, where it lost its Caribbean colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico. Some Americans criticized the nation for not fighting Spain before Japan took its Pacific possessions, but the majority believed a war against Japan overseas to be unnecessary.
Boxer Rebellion[]
At the start of the 20th century in 1900, Japan joined a military coalition with Western powers including the United States, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and Russia, to put down the Boxer Rebellion in China, which sought to end foreign, colonial, and Christian influence in China. The Chinese empress soon decided to support the Boxers, and declared war on the invading alliance.
On June 17, Great Britain requested additional reinforcements from Japan in order to lift the siege in Beijing. Japan accepted Britain's offer of a million British pounds in exchange for their participation. Soon, Japan helped to storm Tianjin on July 14. The Eight-Nation Alliance defeated the Qing Imperial Army and lifted the Boxers' siege in Beijing on August 14. In September, the alliance executed Chinese government officials who supported the Boxers, and the Qing government was forced to pay a large amount of debt and allow foreign troops to be stationed in Beijing, significantly weakening their control over China. Soon afterwards, Russian troops occupied all of Manchuria from China.
Russo-Japanese War[]
Japan was supposed to have been given the Liaodong Peninsula in the Treaty of Shimonoseki after the First Sino-Japanese War, but the Triple Intervention allowed Russia to occupy it instead. Russia's imperial interests in the region clashed with Japanese interests, which led to the Japanese surprise attack on the Russian fleet in Port Arthur (known as Ryojun in Japanese) on February 8, 1904, starting the Russo-Japanese War.
Japan defeated the Russian navy again in the Battle of the Yellow Sea in August. The Russian Baltic fleet finally arrived in May of 1905 in the Tsushima Strait between Japan and Korea, and was annihilated by the Japanese navy. The war ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth on September 5, 1905, negotiated by the United States. Japan gained Port Arthur, the railway connecting it with the rest of the region, and the part of Sakhalin Island south of the 50th north parallel, which was turned into Karafuto Prefecture. The war resulted in a great loss of prestige for the Russian Empire, and saw the recognition of Japan as a great power.
Soon in November 17, 1905, the Japan-Korea Treaty was signed that made the Korean Empire a Japanese protectorate. In another treaty in 1907, Korea was stripped of its right to administer its internal affairs. Finally on August 22, 1910, Japan formally annexed Korea in the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty without consent of the Korean Emperor Gojong, and officially named Korea "Chōsen".
World War I[]
Japan decided to join World War I on the side of the Allies in 1914 to solidify its status as a world power, and take advantage of Germany's distraction with the main war theater in Europe to expand its sphere of influence in China. Japan declared war on the German Empire on August 23, 1914. Japan and allied British forces quickly occupied the Tsingtao fortress, the German East Asia Squadron base, and German-leased territories in China's Shandong Province. German colonial troops surrendered on November 7, 1914, and Japan gained Germany's colonial possessions in Tsingtao.
On January 18, 1915, Japan presented the Twenty-One Demands to the Republic of China, which aimed to greatly expand Japanese control over China. Japan was allowed to keep Tsingtao, influence Manchuria and Inner Mongolia, and have an expanded role in Chinese railways. Section 5 would have given Japan significant influence in finance, policing, and governmental affairs in China, essentially reducing China to a Japanese protectorate. The Allies did not approve of section 5 as it would reduce Western influence over China and make Japan very powerful, so Japan agreed to give up section 5 of its demands.
Siberian Intervention[]
The Russian monarchy was overthrown by the 1917 February Revolution, and a a new Russian Republic was established. The Bolshevik-led October Revolution overthrew the provisional government on November 7, 1917, and sparked the Russian Civil War between the Red Army fighting for communism in Russia, and the loosely allied forces called the White Army, consisting of monarchists, capitalists, and social democrats.
The Central Powers had captured large amounts of Russian territory while they were in civil war. Soviet Russia signed a separate peace treaty with them on March 3, 1918, so they could focus on winning the civil war.
In July of 1918, US President Wilson asked Japan to supply 7,000 troops as part of an international coalition against the Red Army. Japan agreed to send 12,000 troops, but under Japanese command rather than under a coalition, as they deeply feared communism and wanted to boost their security in the north against Russia through a buffer state or territorial expansion.
By November of 1918, Japan had almost 70,000 troops occupying various ports and major towns in Russian eastern Siberia. In June 1920, many Japanese soldiers and civilians were massacred by the Red Army in Nikolayevsk on the Amur River. While US and Allied forces left the region after the White Army leader was captured by the Red Army, Japan chose to stay as they became more afraid of the spread of communism to its sphere of influence.
Japan used the Nikolayevsk massacre to justify annexing Northern Sakhalin into its Karafuto Prefecture consisting of Southern Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands for its national security on July 21, 1920. The United States and United Kingdom were concerned of the risks Japan was taking, and of Japanese ambition in Siberia. They diplomatically pressured Japan to stop further intervention in the war in exchange for letting them keep Northern Sakhalin. Japanese forces finally withdrew from Siberia in October of 1922, but bolstered their defenses on Sakhalin Island in case Russia would try to retake it.
Second Sino-Japanese War[]
On September 18, 1931, a Japanese lieutenant detonated a small amount of dynamite near a railway line owned by Japan near Mukden. Even though the explosion failed to destroy the tract, the Imperial Japanese Army accused China for the act, and launched a full scale invasion of Manchuria. Japan justified it as a liberation of the local Manchu population from China, even though most of the region was Han Chinese due to the large scale settlement Chinese in the 1800s. Japan established its puppet state of Manchukuo, known in English as Manchuria, six months later on February 16, 1932, with the last Qing emperor, Puyi, as its head of state.
Later on May 12, 1936, Japan occupied the Chahar Province of China, and established another puppet state called Mengjiang, justifying it as protection of Mongols against China despite also being majority Han Chinese.
On July 7, 1937, the Marco Polo Bridge Incident occurred in which the Chinese Army fired on the Japanese Army, prompting Japan to launch a full-scale invasion into China proper, starting the Second Sino-Japanese War against both Chiang Kai-shek and the Chinese Nationalists, and Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communists.
Starting from the Japanese puppets of Manchukuo and Mengjiang, Japan invaded China downwards, scoring major victories, capturing Beijing, Shanghai, and eventually the Chinese capital of Nanjing in December 1937. After failing to stop the Japanese in the Battle of Wuhan on October 27, 1938, the Chinese central government was relocated to Chongqing in the Chinese interior.
Soviet-Japanese War[]
The months leading up to July 1938, the Soviets had purged many people in the army, leading to many inexperienced officers. Japan realized Soviet forces in the far east were poorly equipped, and began planning an offensive from their puppet Manchukuo. Japanese troops first encountered Soviet troops in the Battle of Lake Khasan on July 29, 1938. More clashes ensued along the border of Manchukuo.
Japan claimed the border between Manchukuo and Mongolia was the Khalkha River, while Mongolia, a Soviet ally, believed the border to be 16 kilometers east of the river. Both Japan and the Soviets increased their forces in the area as more encounters occurred throughout 1938 and 1939. Japanese and Manchurian forces defeated Soviet and Mongolian troops in various battles along the river Khalkhin Gol in May 1939, giving Japan an advantageous position.
On September 1, 1939, Nazi Germany invaded Poland, thereby starting WWII. The United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany two days later. Japan largely ignored the chaos in Europe, and focused on their war against China.
Feeling confident from their victories against the Chinese and victories in border skirmishes, Japan declared war on the Soviet Union on October 30, 1939, soon after the fall of Poland. The Allies were wary of a German-Soviet alliance after the Soviets agreed to split Poland with the Nazis, and so did not condemn the Japanese invasion of the Soviet Union.
Japanese troops had been training in Northern Japan and Manchukuo in the cold, and Japanese morale was high. Japan launched quick naval invasions from Northern Sakhalin across the narrow Tartar Strait into the Russian mainland, and from the Kuril Islands into the Kamchatka Peninsula.
Japan invaded Outer Manchuria from numerous points along its border with Manchukuo. Japan quickly captured nearby cities including Chigiri, Arkhara, and Khabarovsk. Japan met fierce Russian resistance in the large port city of Vladivostok near Japanese Korea. Japanese ships blocked off much of the Sea of Japan from the Russian fleet, and soon encircled the city. Russian supplies plummeted as more Japanese reinforcements arrived. The Battle of Vladivostok on November 10, 1939, was a decisive Japanese victory. The city was renamed Haishenwai after the historical Chinese name for it.
The months following the fall of Vladivostok, Japan captured most of Primorsky from the Soviet Union, as well as the sparsely populated towns along the Kamchatka Peninsula. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy soon fell to the Japanese with little resistance. Japan also launched an invasion into Soviet allied Mongolia from its puppet Mengjiang, met with considerable success.
Two-front War Continues[]
Japan's invasion of China gradually slowed down as they met stronger Chinese resistance in Changsha and Guangxi. While they ruled most of the large cities and coast, their communication lines were stretched deep into the Chinese interior, and lacked sufficient manpower to control China's vast countryside.
Japan decided to launch a naval invasion of Hainan, China's southernmost island, from Taiwan, and captured the island with ease on April 4, 1940. Japan used Hainan to invade northwards into the Leizhou Peninsula, and moved forces into the Guangdong and Guangxi provinces of southern China. Japan looked to its southern possession with an increasing population, the Philippines, for more conscripts for the war.
Japan allied itself with separatists in China's westernmost regions, Xinjiang and Tibet. Japan promised them full independence if they help attack Chinese forces from the west. Getting supplies to the Uyghurs and Tibetans proved difficult, however, due to geographical barriers like the Tibetan Plateau and Taklamakan Desert that Japanese forces weren't close to yet.
Japan also put effort into coercing southern Chinese minorities to fight on their side, promising an independent southern Chinese state in which the majority Mandarin-speaking Han Chinese to the north wouldn't be able to suppress anymore. Japan found allies in the vastly diverse population of the Yunnan province, as well in the Zhuang, Yue, Hakka, Min, Xiang, and Gan peoples. With more naval invasions, Japan eventually captured all of the Chinese eastern and southern coasts, cutting off any naval aid to China.
Meanwhile, Japanese forces started to meet greater Soviet defenses in eastern Siberia. Japan controlled all of the land south of the Amur River, as well as all of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, much of the Amur Oblast, and the southern Khabarovsk Krai. Japan consolidated its control over the whole Kamchatka Peninsula, and captured the port city of Magadan on February 3, 1941, to strengthen Japanese control of the Sea of Okhotsk.
A lot of resources were being shared between the Soviet Union and both Nationalist and Communist Chinese forces, with a lot passing through Mongolia. Japan decided it was best to focus on capitulating Mongolia to cut off the border between China and Russia. With help of Mongolian cavalry conscripts and promising Mongolians a greater Mongolian state like the days of the Mongol Empire, Japanese and Mengjiang forces captured Ulaanbaatar on May 18, 1941. The rest of Mongolia was soon taken over by anti-Communist Mongol rebels supported by Japan. Japan, Mengjiang, and the leader of the rebels signed the Treaty of Ulaanbaatar on June 12, 1941. The Japanese puppet of Mengjiang essentially annexed all of the Mongolian People's Republic, and proclaimed itself to be the successor state of Mongolia, spelling disaster for the Soviet Union.
Ten days after the victory in Mongolia, Nazi Germany and its allies launched a surprise invasion called Operation Barbarossa of the western Soviet Union on June 22, 1941. The Nazis had started the largest land offensive in history, with over 10 million combatants, taking the Soviets completely by surprise. The Soviet Union had much of its forces in the east fighting Japan, and faced tremendous losses due to Germany's blitzkrieg tactics. Stalin scrambled to move many Soviet troops to the western frontier to defend against Nazi Germany, in turn letting Japan easily capture significant amounts of land in eastern Siberia that they had been unable to capture so far.
Japan sent an ultimatum to the Tannu Tuva People's Republic bordering northwest Mongolia, now controlled by Japan, to accept a complete annexation into the Republic of Mongolia, on July 3, 1941. The Tuvan government complied as they wouldn't be able to fight the Japanese army, and the Tuvan people also felt close with the Mongolians.
By September of 1941, Nazi Germany had captured large swaths of territory in the western Soviet Union, and German troops were now at to their capital and largest city of Moscow. The Soviets were on the verge of capitulation facing invasions on both sides, and decided the only way to survive was to make peace with the Japanese to the east. The Soviet Union offered an unconditional surrender to the Empire of Japan, which Japan eagerly accepted. The Treaty of Irkutsk was signed on October 15, 1941. Japan directly annexed the Kamchatka Peninsula and Manchukuo annexed the former Qing lands of Outer Manchuria. Japan established a large new puppet state, the Republic of Siberia, with its borders following the Lena River and encompassing Lake Baikal. The Soviets were forced to recognize the sovereignty of the Japanese puppet states of the Empire of Manchuria, Republic of Mongolia, and the Republic of Siberia.
With the eastern front now gone, the Soviet Union could bring all of its forces to the west, and succeeded in repelling Nazi Germany in the Battle of Moscow, marking the start of Soviet counter-offenses against Germany.
Meanwhile, Japan brought its own forces down south into China to continue its slow and brutal war. The Japanese now bordered Xinjiang through their Mongolian puppet, and was able to supply and train Uyghur rebels to fight against the Chinese. In the summer of 1942, Japan launched an offensive to eliminate the Chinese Communists led by Mao Zedong concentrated in the Shaanxi Province. The Communists fought brutal battles against Japan in Xi'an and Yan'an. The Battle of Yan'an in July 26 saw high casualties on both sides, but the Japanese emerged victorious. Japan was able to crush most of the Chinese Communists after the fall of their stronghold city. The last of the Communist army surrendered to Japan on August 14.
Tibetan separatists had been able to gain support and control over the Qinghai and Xikang provinces of China up high in the Tibetan Plateau. Japanese forces had gradually squeezed the Chinese Nationalists into Central and Eastern China as much of the north had fallen under Japanese control. In October, Japanese troops entered Changsha after previously being defeated. Much of the Chinese army had become demoralized and corrupt after fighting for years, and the city fell to Japan in November 4, 1942, allowing for further Japanese penetration into the Chinese interior.
Japanese armies from the south in Guangxi and from the east in Hubei eventually converged at China's capital, Chongqing, deep in Central China after many slow but decisive battles in southern and eastern China. The Battle of Chongqing starting May 9, 1943, saw some of the fiercest fighting in WW2 with casualties almost reaching that of the Battle of Stalingrad a few months ago. About 830,000 Japanese troops were killed, while about 1,110,000 Chinese troops were killed. Fighting destroyed much of the city, and the city finally fell to Japan on July 1.
The loss of Chongqing was regarded as the final blow to a Chinese victory, and Chiang Kai-shek believed prolonging the war at this point would only lead to more millions of lives being lost. The Republic of China surrendered to the Japanese Empire on August 20, 1943.
The Treaty of Shanghai was signed on September 1, 1943. The signatories included the Empire of Japan, the Republic of China, the Chinese Communist Party, the Kingdom of Tibet, the Xinjiang clique, and the Japanese puppets Mongolia and Manchukuo. Japan kept all of the territories it had won in the First Sino-Japanese War, and directly annexed Hainan and Shanghai from China. China was forced to recognize the independence of the Empire of Manchuria consisting of the provinces of Shengjing, Jilin, Heilongjiang, and Rehe, the Republic of Mongolia consisting of the provinces of Mongolia, Ningxia, Suiyuan, and Chahar, the Kingdom of Tibet consisting of the provinces of Tibet, Qinghai, and Xikang, and the East Turkestan Republic in the province of Xinjiang.
Furthermore, Japan solidified complete control over China by creating two more puppet regimes from the remainder of its territory. The Republic of Kahoku (華北; "North China") was established in the north with its capital at Beijing. Likewise, the Republic of Kanan (華南; "South China") was established in the south, consisting of the provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Zhejiang, with its capital at Guangzhou. Japan claimed they split China to protect the southern minorities from assimilation by the Han Chinese north, but in reality it was a move to destroy Chinese unity and help prevent an organized resistance or uprising.
Post War[]
1943 saw the tide of World War 2 turn against Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy in Europe, especially after Germany failed in the Battle of Stalingrad and the Axis were defeated in the North African front. Soviet counteroffensives, the Allied invasion of Sicily, and D-Day forced the Axis into retreat on all fronts.
The Fascist Italian regime collapsed on July 25, 1943, after the invasion of Sicily. On April 30, 1945, Adolf Hitler committed suicide, and Germany surrendered on May 8. The Paris Peace Treaties were signed on February 10, 1947 following the end of WW2, and saw the United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and France emerge as victorious powers.
The Allies did not discuss Japan in these treaties as Japan's wars with the Soviet Union and China were largely regarded as separate from World War 2 since they had never engaged in combat against the US, UK, or France during the war, nor made an effort to directly ally Nazi Germany. The Allies, being exhausted from fighting bloodiest war in history, did not care to fight another costly and brutal war to destroy the powerful Japanese Empire that had recently subjugated all of China. Even though the Soviet Union wanted revenge on Japan for the war in the east, the country needed a lot of time to recover from the war, and it was considered foolish to attack Japan and risk potentially losing another war.
The Cold War became a period of geopolitical tension between three world powers: the United States, the Soviet Union, and the Japanese Empire. As the Soviet Union became increasingly hostile towards the West, the United States and their allies started opening relations and trade with Japan and their sphere of influence as they viewed the Japanese monarchy as better than the “godless communists”. Some Americans even applauded Japan for weakening the Soviet Union and taking some of their territory before the start of the Cold War.
Overall, the West did not view Japan as an enemy as Japan never attacked them or their colonies when they were vulnerable in WW2, but rather a strong regional counter to the spread of communism around the world. While NATO condemned Japan’s exploitation of China through its creation of several puppet regimes, they did not explicitly support or fund any independence movements in Kahoku, Kanan, or Manchukuo, as they feared doing so would both make Japan a hostile enemy as well as potentially strengthen the Soviet Union if they also helped them gain independence but under communist regimes.
Contemporary Japan[]
The city of Macau was first settled by Portuguese merchants as early as 1557 during China's Ming dynasty, and experienced different Portuguese governments throughout the centuries. In 1887, Portugal signed a treaty with the Qing government giving Portugal colonial rights to Macau in exchange for helping to end the smuggling of opium. Portugal's democratic government in 1978 wanted to decolonize, and reached out to Japan to offer handing over Macau to Japan, as there was no independent Chinese government to give Macau to. Japan accepted, and on December 20, 1978, annexed Macau.
Hong Kong had a similar situation as it had been a colony of the British Empire since 1841. In 1860, Kowloon Peninsula was added to its territory, and in 1898, Great Britain gained a 99-year lease for the New Territories, meaning 1997 would be the end of the lease. However, since the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1943, the Qing government of China that Britain had gotten the lease from had long since ceased to exist, and the Japanese puppet state Kanan now governed southern China that Hong Kong bordered. In 1984, Great Britain held a treaty with Japan, who was responsible for Kanan's foreign affairs, and agreed to hand Hong Kong over to Japan directly rather than to Kanan. The United Kingdom officially handed over Hong Kong to the Empire of Japan on July 1, 1997.
Administrative divisions[]
Empire of Japan[]
Japan currently directly administers 81 prefectures. They include 70 prefectures proper (県, ken), seven urban prefectures (府, fu: Dairen, Keiki, Kōkō, Kyōto, Ōmon, Ōsaka, Taihoku), one regional prefecture (道, dō: Hokkaidō) and three metropolises (都, to: Tōkyō, Keijō, Jōkai). Its client states maintain their own subdivisions.
Historically, during the Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate established bugyō-ruled zones (奉行支配地) around the nine largest cities in Japan, and 302 township-ruled zones (郡代支配地) elsewhere. When the Meiji government created the prefectural system in 1868, the nine bugyō-ruled zones became fu (府), while the township-ruled zones and the rest of the bugyō-ruled zones became ken (県). Later, in 1871, the government designated Tokyo, Osaka, and Kyoto as fu, and relegated the other fu to the status of ken.
After the Treaty of Shanghai in 1943, Tokyo and newly annexed Jōkai (Shanghai) prefectures were designated as to (都), a new type of pseudo-prefecture meaning "metropolis", due to their very high populations. In addition, Taihoku and Dairen became a fu. In 1980, Keijō, the capital of Keiki Prefecture, was separated from the rest of the prefecture and became a to due to its rapidly growing population, with Jinsen replacing it as the capital. Upon their annexations, Hong Kong and Macau also became fu prefectures.
Despite the differences in terminology, there is little functional difference between the four types of local governments. To prefectures administer special wards as well as cities, which have almost the same degree of independence as Japanese cities.
Japan is also often divided into 12 statistical regions (chihō), each containing several of the country's 80 prefectures. The southern half of the Korean prefectures are grouped into Minami Chōsen, while the northern half is Kita Chōsen. The Seigan ("west coast") region is the prefectures annexed from China (excluding Taiwan). The Nan'yō ("south sea") region is the Micronesian islands and three prefectures on Luzon Island annexed from Spain. The Hokutōkai ("northern frozen sea") includes Hokkaidō, Karafuto, and Setsuhantō prefectures.
| Japanese | Largest city | Population |
|---|---|---|
| 中部地方 Chūbu-chihō |
名古屋市 Nagoya |
21,400,000 |
| 中国地方 Chūgoku-chihō |
広島市 Hiroshima |
7,300,000 |
| 北凍海地方 Hokutōkai-chihō |
札幌市 Sapporo |
6,156,000 |
| 関西地方 Kansai-chihō |
大阪市 Ōsaka |
22,500,000 |
| 関東地方 Kantō-chihō |
東京都 Tōkyō |
43,300,000 |
| 北朝鮮地方 Kita Chōsen-chihō |
平壤市 Heijō |
27,800,000 |
| 九州地方 Kyūshū-chihō |
福岡市 Fukuoka |
14,300,000 |
| 南朝鮮地方 Minami Chōsen-chihō |
京城市 Keijō |
50,500,000 |
| 南洋地方 Nan'yō-chihō |
清高市 Kiyotaka |
11,200,000 |
| 西岸地方 Seigan-chihō |
上海都 Jōkai |
50,600,000 |
| 四国地方 Shikoku-chihō |
松山市 Matsuyama |
3,800,000 |
| 台湾地方 Taiwan-chihō |
臺北市 Taihoku |
23,800,000 |
| 東北地方 Tōhoku-chihō |
仙台市 Sendai |
8,900,000 |
For each row, the first line is the prefecture's name written in Chinese characters, the second is the transliteration in Japanese, and the third is the prefecture's native reading if it is not Japanese.
| Japanese | Capital | Region | Population |
|---|---|---|---|
| 愛知県 Aichi-ken |
名古屋市 Nagoya-shi |
Chūbu | 7,475,630 |
| 秋田県 Akita-ken |
秋田市 Akita-shi |
Tōhoku | 918,811 |
| 青森県 Aomori-ken |
青森市 Aomori-shi |
Tōhoku | 1,190,685 |
| 千葉県 Chiba-ken |
千葉市 Chiba-shi |
Kantō | 6,269,572 |
| 忠清北県 Chūseihoku-ken Chungcheongbuk-hyeon |
淸州市 Seishū-shi Cheongju-si |
Minami Chōsen | 4,042,788 |
| 忠清南県 Chūseinan-ken Chungcheongnam-hyeon |
大田市 Taiden-shi Daejeon-si |
Minami Chōsen | 4,011,346 |
| 大連県 Dairen-ken Dàlián-xiàn |
大連市 Dairen Dàlián-shì |
Seigan | 7,450,785 |
| 愛媛県 Ehime-ken |
松山市 Matsuyama-shi |
Shikoku | 1,296,061 |
| 福井県 Fukui-ken |
福井市 Fukui-shi |
Chūbu | 746,733 |
| 福岡県 Fukuoka-ken |
福岡市 Fukuoka-shi |
Kyūshū | 5,101,340 |
| 福島県 Fukushima-ken |
福島市 Fukushima-shi |
Tōhoku | 1,773,723 |
| 岐阜県 Gifu-ken |
岐阜市 Gifu-shi |
Chūbu | 1,933,019 |
| 群馬県 Gunma-ken |
前橋市 Maebashi-shi |
Kantō | 1,902,834 |
| 平安北県 Heianhoku-ken Pyeong'anbuk-hyeon |
新義州市 Shingishū-shi Sinuiju-si |
Kita Chōsen | 4,028,492 |
| 平安南県 Heian'nan-ken Pyeong'annam-hyeon |
平壤市 Heijō-shi Pyeongyang-si |
Kita Chōsen | 7,673,899 |
| 広島県 Hiroshima-ken |
広島市 Hiroshima-shi |
Chūgoku | 2,745,295 |
| 北海道 Hokkai-dō |
札幌市 Sapporo-shi |
Hokutōkai | 5,114,809 |
| 澎湖県 Hōko-ken Pénghú-xiàn |
馬公市 Makō-shi Mǎgōng-shì |
Taiwan | 105,117 |
| 兵庫県 Hyōgo-ken |
神戸市 Kobe-shi |
Kansai | 5,378,405 |
| 茨城県 Ibaraki-ken |
水戸市 Mito-shi |
Kantō | 2,828,848 |
| 稲渓県 Inadani-ken Cagayan |
陽川市 Hikawa-shi Tuguegarao |
Nan'yō | 3,679,748 |
| 石川県 Ishikawa-ken |
金沢市 Kanazawa-shi |
Chūbu | 1,111,483 |
| 岩手県 Iwate-ken |
盛岡市 Morioka-shi |
Tōhoku | 1,168,771 |
| 上海都 Jōkai-to Shànghǎi-dū |
黄浦区 Kōhoku-ku Huángpǔ-qū |
Seigan | 24,874,500 |
| 香川県 Kagawa-ken |
高松市 Takamatsu-shi |
Shikoku | 926,866 |
| 鹿児島県 Kagoshima-ken |
鹿児島市 Kagoshima-shi |
Kyūshū | 1,553,060 |
| 海南県 Kainan-ken Hǎinán-xiàn |
海口市 Kaikō Hǎikǒu-shì |
Seigan | 10,081,232 |
| 神奈川県 Kanagawa-ken |
横浜市 Yokohama-shi |
Kantō | 9,222,108 |
| 咸鏡北県 Kankyōhoku-ken Hamgyeongbuk-hyeon |
淸津市 Seishin-shi Cheongjin-si |
Kita Chōsen | 2,532,362 |
| 咸鏡南県 Kankyōnan-ken Hamgyeongnam-hyeon |
咸興市 Kankō-shi Hamheung-si |
Kita Chōsen | 4,148,409 |
| 樺太県 Karafuto-ken Sakhalin |
豊原市 Toyohara-shi Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk |
Hokutōkai | 490,181 |
| 花蓮港県 Karenkō-ken Huālián-xiàn |
花蓮港市 Karenkō-shi Huālián-shì |
Taiwan | 325,706 |
| 京城都 Keijō-to Seoul-si |
松坡区 Shōha-ku Songpa-gu |
Minami Chōsen | 9,659,322 |
| 京畿府 Keiki-fu Gyeonggi-bu |
仁川市 Jinsen-shi Incheon-si |
Minami Chōsen | 16,384,003 |
| 慶尚北県 Keishōhoku-ken Gyeongsangbuk-hyeon |
大邱市 Taikyū-shi Daegu-si |
Minami Chōsen | 2,644,757 |
| 慶尚南県 Keishōnan-ken Gyeongsangnam-hyeon |
釜山市 Fuzan-shi Busan-si |
Minami Chōsen | 7,817,495 |
| 高知県 Kōchi-ken |
高知市 Kōchi-shi |
Shikoku | 669,516 |
| 黃海県 Kōkai-ken Hwanghae-hyeon |
海州市 Kaishū-shi Haeju-si |
Kita Chōsen | 4,732,597 |
| 江原県 Kōgen-ken Gangwon-hyeon |
春川市 Shunsen-shi Chuncheon-si |
Kita Chōsen | 2,636,218 |
| 香港府 Kōkō-fu Hong Kong |
添馬市 Tenba-shi Tamar |
Seigan | 7,498,100 |
| 熊本県 Kumamoto-ken |
熊本市 Kumamoto-shi |
Kyūshū | 1,708,761 |
| 京都府 Kyōto-fu |
京都市 Kyōto-shi |
Kansai | 2,537,860 |
| 三重県 Mie-ken |
津市 Tsu-shi |
Kansai | 1,731,863 |
| 宮城県 Miyagi-ken |
仙台市 Sendai-shi |
Tōhoku | 2,264,921 |
| 宮崎県 Miyazaki-ken |
宮崎市 Miyazaki-shi |
Kyūshū | 1,043,524 |
| 長野県 Nagano-ken |
長野市 Nagano-shi |
Chūbu | 2,007,647 |
| 長崎県 Nagasaki-ken |
長崎市 Nagasaki-shi |
Kyūshū | 1,270,358 |
| 南洋県 Nan'yō-ken |
青波市 Aonami-shi Koror |
Nan'yō | 389,361 |
| 奈良県 Nara-ken |
奈良市 Nara-shi |
Kansai | 1,298,946 |
| 新潟県 Niigata-ken |
新潟市 Niigata-shi |
Chūbu | 2,135,036 |
| 日浜県 Nisshō-ken Ilocos |
海風市 Umikaze-shi San Fernando |
Nan'yō | 5,292,297 |
| 大分県 Ōita-ken |
大分市 Ōita-shi |
Kyūshū | 1,098,383 |
| 岡山県 Okayama-ken |
岡山市 Okayama-shi |
Chūgoku | 1,850,210 |
| 沖縄県 Okinawa-ken |
那覇市 Naha-shi |
Kyūshū | 1,462,871 |
| 澳門府 Ōmon-fu Macau |
澳門市 Ōmon-shi Macau |
Seigan | 712,651 |
| 大阪府 Ōsaka-fu |
大阪市 Ōsaka-shi |
Kansai | 8,770,650 |
| 佐賀県 Saga-ken |
佐賀市 Saga-shi |
Kyūshū | 795,157 |
| 埼玉県 Saitama-ken |
埼玉市 Saitama-shi |
Kantō | 7,328,073 |
| 雪半島県 Setsuhantō-ken Kamchatka |
火岳市 Kagaku-shi Petropavlovsk |
Hokutōkai | 289,033 |
| 滋賀県 Shiga-ken |
大津市 Ōtsu-shi |
Kansai | 1,405,299 |
| 島根県 Shimane-ken |
松江市 Matsue-shi |
Chūgoku | 650,900 |
| 新竹県 Shinchiku-ken Xīnzhú-xiàn |
新竹市 Shinchiku-shi Xīnzhú-shì |
Taiwan | 3,812,604 |
| 静岡県 Shizuoka-ken |
静岡市 Shizuoka-shi |
Chūbu | 3,561,252 |
| 臺中県 Taichū-ken Táizhōng-xiàn |
臺中市 Taichū-shi Táizhōng-shì |
Taiwan | 4,581,085 |
| 臺北府 Taihoku-fu Táiběi-fǔ |
臺北市 Taihoku-shi Táiběi-shì |
Taiwan | 7,484,735 |
| 臺南県 Tainan-ken Táinán-xiàn |
臺南市 Tainan-shi Táinán-shì |
Taiwan | 3,331,426 |
| 臺東県 Taitō-ken Táidōng-xiàn |
臺東市 Taitō-shi Táidōng-shì |
Taiwan | 216,308 |
| 高雄県 Takao-ken Gāoxióng-xiàn |
高雄市 Takao-shi Gāoxióng-shì |
Taiwan | 3,591,177 |
| 栃木県 Tochigi-ken |
宇都宮市 Utsunomiya-shi |
Kantō | 1,898,513 |
| 徳島県 Tokushima-ken |
徳島市 Tokushima-shi |
Shikoku | 697,733 |
| 東京都 Tōkyō-to |
新宿区 Shinjuku-ku |
Kantō | 14,063,564 |
| 鳥取県 Tottori-ken |
鳥取市 Tottori-shi |
Chūgoku | 539,190 |
| 富山県 Toyama-ken |
富山市 Toyama-shi |
Chūbu | 1,009,050 |
| 和歌山県 Wakayama-ken |
和歌山市 Wakayama-shi |
Kansai | 895,931 |
| 山形県 Yamagata-ken |
山形市 Yamagata-shi |
Tōhoku | 1,031,642 |
| 山口県 Yamaguchi-ken |
山口市 Yamaguchi-shi |
Chūgoku | 1,301,480 |
| 山霞県 Yamakasumi-ken Cordillera |
清高市 Kiyotaka-shi Baguio |
Nan'yō | 1,791,121 |
| 山梨県 Yamanashi-ken |
甲府市 Kōfu-shi |
Chūbu | 796,231 |
| 全羅北県 Zenrahoku-ken Jeollabuk-hyeon |
全州市 Zenshū-shi Jeonju-si |
Minami Chōsen | 1,802,766 |
| 全羅南県 Zenranan-ken Jeollanam-hyeon |
光州市 Kōshū-shi Gwangju-si |
Minami Chōsen | 3,937,238 |
Provinces of Chinese Allies[]
Empire of Manchuria[]
| Manchu | Capital | Mandarin | Capital |
|---|---|---|---|
| N/A | ᡥᠠᡳᡧᡝᠨᠸᡝᡳ Haixenwai |
滨海 Bīnhǎi |
海參崴 Hǎishēnwǎi |
| N/A | ᡥᠠᡳ᠌ᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠣ Hailan Boo |
白原 Báiyuán |
海兰泡 Hǎilánpào |
| ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᠮᡳᠮᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᠠ Abkai-imiyangga |
ᠮᡠᡴᡩᡝᠨ Mukden |
遼寧 Liáoníng |
瀋陽 Shěnyáng |
| ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ Sahaliyan'ula |
ᡥᠠᡵᠪᡳᠨ Harbin |
黑龍江 Hēilóngjiāng |
哈爾濱 Hā'ěrbīn |
| ᡤᡳᡵᡳᠨ Girin |
ᠴᠠᠨᡤᠴᠣᠨ Cangcon |
吉林 Jílín |
長春 Chǎngchūn |
| ᠊ᡵᡩᡝᠮᡠ ᠪᡝ ᠠᠯᡳᡥᠠ Erdemu Be Aliha |
᠊ᡵᡩᡝᠮᡠ ᠪᡝ ᠠᠯᡳᡥᠠ Erdemu Be Aliha |
熱河 Rèhé |
熱河 Rèhé |
Republic of Kahoku[]
| Mandarin | Capital |
|---|---|
| 安徽 Ānhuī |
合肥 Héféi |
| 甘肅 Gānsù |
蘭州 Lánzhōu |
| 河北 Héběi |
石家莊 Shíjiāzhuāng |
| 河南 Hénán |
鄭州 Zhèngzhōu |
| 湖北 Húběi |
武漢 Wǔhàn |
| 江蘇 Jiāngsū |
南京 Nánjīng |
| 陝西 Shǎnxī |
西安 Xī'ān |
| 山東 Shāndōng |
濟南 Jǐnán |
| 山西 Shānxī |
太原 Tàiyuán |
| 四川 Sìchuān |
成都 Chéngdū |
Federation of Kanan[]
| Native name | Capital | Mandarin | Capital | Official languages |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 廣東 (Cantonese) Gwóngdùng |
廣州 (Cantonese) Gwóngjāu |
廣東 Guǎngdōng |
廣州 Guǎngzhōu |
Cantonese, Hakka, Leizhou Min, Shaozhou Tuhua, Teochew |
| 廣西 (Zhuang) Gvangjsih |
南寧 (Zhuang) Namzningz |
廣西 Guǎngxī |
南寧 Nánníng |
Cantonese Iu Mien, Kam, Pinghua, Zhuang |
| 貴州 (Bouyei) Gvisxul |
貴陽 (Cantonese) Gwaiyèuhng |
貴州 Guìzhōu |
貴陽 Guìyáng |
Bouyei, Hmong, Kam, Nuosu, Tujia |
| 湖南 (Xiang) Fu˩˧ Lan˩˧ |
湖南 (Xiang) Tsã˩˧ Sɔ˧ |
湖南 Húnán |
長沙 Chángshā |
Cantonese, Gan, Hakka, Iu Mien, Kam, Tujia, Waxiang, Xiang, Xiangnan Tuhua, Xong |
| 江西 (Gan) Kongsi |
南昌 (Wu) Noe-tshaon |
江西 Jiāngxī |
南昌 Nánchāng |
Gan, Hakka, Huizhou, Wu |
| ꒊꆈ (Nuosu) Yypnuo |
昆明 (Cantonese) Gwān-mìhng |
雲南 Yúnnán |
昆明 Kūnmíng |
Bai, Bouyei, Hani, Hmong, Kachin, Kam, Lahu, Lisu, Loloish, Naxi, Sui, Tai Lue, Tai Nuea, Tibetan, Zhuang |
| 浙江 (Wu) Tsehkaon San |
杭州 (Wu) ɦaŋ-tsei |
浙江 Zhèjiāng |
杭州 Hángzhōu |
Huizhou, Minnan, Wu |
Republic of Mongolia[]
| Mongolian | Capital | Mandarin | Capital |
|---|---|---|---|
| ᠴᠠᠬᠠᠷ Chakhar |
ᠴᠢᠭᠣᠯᠠᠯᠲᠣ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠯᠭᠠᠨ Čuulalt Haalga Haalgan |
察哈爾 Cháhāěr |
張家口 Zhāngjiākǒu |
| Суйюань муж Suiyuani |
ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ Höh hot |
綏遠 Suīyuǎn |
呼和浩特 Hūhéhàotè |
| Ниншя Ninshya |
Иньчуань Inichuani |
寧夏 Níngxià |
銀川 Yínchuān |
| ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ Mongol Uls |
ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ Ulaanbaatar |
蒙古 Ménggǔ |
烏蘭巴托 Wūlánbātuō |
| Тува Tuvagiin |
Кызыл Kyzyl |
圖瓦 Túwǎ |
克孜勒 Kèzīlēi |
Kingdom of Tibet[]
| Tibetan | Capital | Mandarin | Capital |
|---|---|---|---|
| དབུས་གཙང་ Ü-Tsang |
ལྷ་ས་ Lhasa |
烏思藏 Wūsīzàng |
拉薩 Lāsà |
| ཨ་མདོ་ Amdo |
ཟི་ལིང Siling |
安多 Ānduō |
西寧 Xīníng |
| ཁམས་ Kham |
དར་རྩེ་མདོ། Darzêdo |
康 Kāng |
打箭爐 Dǎjiànlú |
Republic of the Philippines[]
| Name | Capital | Island | Official languages |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bangsamoro | Cotabato | Mindanao | Cebuano, Chabacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Lumad, Moro, Tagalog |
| Biscol | Legazpi | Luzon | Bikol languages, Tagalog, Visayan languages |
| Calabarzon | Calamba | Luzon | Chavacano, Hatang Kayi, Inagta Alabat, Manide, Tagalog, Umiray Dumagat |
| Caraga | Butuan | Mindanao | Butuanon, Cebuano, Kamayo, Manobo, Surigaonon, Tagalog |
| Central Luzon | San Fernando | Luzon | Ilocano, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Sambal, Tagalog |
| Central Visayas | Cebu City | Visayas | Bantayanon, Boholano, Cebuano, Porohanon, Tagalog |
| Davao | Davao City | Mindanao | Cebuano, Dibabawon, Giangan, Kalagan, Mandaya, Mansaka, Obo, Sangirese, Sarangani, Tagabawa, Tagalog |
| Eastern Visayas | Tacloban | Visayas | Abaknon, Baybayanon, Cebuano, Kinabalian, Tagalog, Waray |
| National Capital Region | Manila | Luzon | Tagalog |
| Negros Island | Bacolod | Visayas | Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Tagalog |
| Northern Mindanao | Cagayan de Oro | Mindanao | Bukid, Cebuano, Higaonon, Hiligaynon, Ilianen, Iranun, Kamigin, Maranao, Matigsalug, Subanen, Tagalog, Waray, Western Bukidnon |
| Soccsksargen | Koronadal | Mindanao | Blaan, Cebuano, Dulangan Manobo, Hiligaynon, Ilianen, Ilocano, Iranun, Karay-a, Maguindanaon, Obo, Sarangani, Tagabawa, Tagalog, Tboli, Teduray |
| Mimaropa | Calapan | Luzon | Bantoanon, Cuyonon, Hiligaynon, Onhan, Romblomanon, Tagalog |
| Western Visayas | Iloilo City | Visayas | Aklanon, Capiznon, Hiligaynon, Kinaray-a, Tagalog |
| Zamboanga | Pagadian | Mindanao | Cebuano, Chavacano, Maguindanaon, Sama, Subanon, Tagalog, Tausug, Yakan |
Siberian Republic[]
| Russian | Capital |
|---|---|
| Example | Example |