Changes: England (Knightfall)

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England
Timeline: Knightfall


Flag	Coat of Arms

Motto
For King and Country

Capital

London

Largest city

London

Language
official

English

others

Irish, French, Basque

Religion

Christianity (Catholicism?)

Demonym

English

Government

Parliamentary constitutional monarchy

King

George I (as of 1634)

Currency

Pound sterling

England is/was a country in the British Isles.

History

13th century

During the Mongol invasions of Europe, England did not participate until the Mongols met the coalition at Mainz. England joined primarily because of the Pope's promise to award Sicily to King Henry's second son Edmund. Even then England's participation was minimal to avoid further entanglement with continental affairs. English participation ended after the Second Baron's Revolt. Henry III died not long after and was succeeded by his son Edward. Edward would turn away from the devastation in Europe and focused more on the Isles in particular. He conquered Wales and made his son Edward the Prince of Wales. However, Edward was killed during his attempt to conquer Scotland in 1293.

14th century

The early reign of Edward II was marked by constant conflict with Scotland. However, the Second War for Scotland ended at Bannockburn. England would not invade Scotland again during the reigns of Edward II or Robert I of Scotland.

The plague arrived in England during the last years of Edward II's reign. During this time, the Sicilian Plantagenets died out and the title was passed back to the English main line.

Edward III, son of Edward II, thus inherited both English and Sicilian territories. He would give Sicily to his son John. He later died and was succeeded by his son Edward. Edward IV expanded the empire of his father in the continent, taking advantage of France as it fell apart. He conquered Aquitane and gave his second son Richard the title of Prince of that region.

After the death of Edward IV, his second and third sons, Richard and Henry, rebelled against their eldest brother, Edward, now the King of England. Edward defeated his brothers at Tours in 1383. Richard was killed and Henry was exiled. As neither had children, Edward gave Aquitane to his second son Edmund. However, Edmund died in 1391 of some illness (tuberculosis?).

Edward V tried to conquer Scotland twice during his reign, first in 1388. The war lasted for three years before losing the Battle of Hawick to Alexander IV. Edward tried again in 1397, capturing Edinburgh and holding it for a year before losing it and the rest of Scotland in 1401.

15th century

The 15th century in England began with the end of the Fourth Anglo-Scottish War. The Prince of Wales had died during the war and the king was left without an heir. The King died in 1411 without surviving issue and was succeeded by his cousin, Edward, the Duke of York, with the Sicilian branch being passed over. Edward VI invaded Ireland in 1418 and united the island under England after six years of war. The rest of his realm was plagued by conflict with his lords and rebellions in Ireland. He died in 1439 and was succeeded by his brother Richard.

The Burgundy Wars began during Richard II's war. In 1447, Burgundy invaded Aquitane. England allied with the Holy Roman Emperor against Burgundy and was one of three major anti-Burgundian powers. However, the King died near the end of the war, and his son Richard was the commander of English forces at Metz, where the war was won.

Richard III died early in his reign, but not before allocating land between his sons. This would lead to the Plantagenet Wars between their descendants. His eldest son, Edward VII, inherited the traditional lands of England and Normandy. His second Henry was created Lord Protector of Ireland and the third, Richard, was given the restored title of Prince of Aquitane.

Edward VII married his daughter to the future Robert IV of Scotland in an attempt to better relations with his northern neighbors. He also set up his second son Richard as the King of Navarre in the Second Castilian War in an effort to expand his reach. However, Aragon invaded and conquered Navarre after three years. The king died in 1502 and was succeeded by his son as Henry IV.

16th century

Henry IV was seen as a weak and ineffective ruler throughout his reign. As a child he was sickly and many expected his brother Richard to become king after their father died. Henry's reign was dominated by lesser lords and his wife's family. In 1519, Edward, the Prince of Aquitane, declared open rebellion against the king. His cousin the Lord Protector of Ireland followed suit, although to establish Ireland as a separate nation. Henry sought and received the aid of his brother in law, Robert IV of Scotland. The rebellion in Ireland was crushed quickly, but the war in Aquitane lasted much longer. Henry's armies were led by Robert and the Duke of Clarence. Robert died at Poitiers, which led to Scotland's withdrawal from the war. However, the Prince of Aquitane was captured by Richard, the Duke of York, at Bordeaux. He was held hostage until his son agreed to sign terms of surrender. The title of Prince was abolished and all of its claimants disinherited. The war, however, proved to many that Henry was unfit to rule. After the war, he was forced to abdicate in favor of his brother. His two sons were also forced to renounce their claims.

Reign of Richard IV

The reign of Richard IV is regarded as one of the greatest in English history. He started a period of economic prosperity by establishing colonies in Africa and by allying with Portugal, eliminating one of England's greatest threats. During his rule, England backed the claim of the House of Nassau to the Luxembourgish throne. Richard also avoided conflict with Scotland entirely, unlike any previous king. Richard was approached by the Prince of Muscovy, Ivan, to help him throw off the Mongol overlords and destroy the last remnants of the Mongols in Europe. Richard funded and supported the Muscovite Rebellion, sending an expeditionary force. This established long-standing relations between England and Moscow.

Richard sent the first English explorers to the New World after its discovery in 15??. The colony of New Kent was established along the coast of OTL New Jersey. A second, New Normandy, was established further north in OTL New Brunswick. English explorers also explored the King Richard River (Saint Lawrence River).

Reign of William III

Richard died in 1562 and was succeeded by his second son William (William III). He maintained the alliance with Moscow his father created and continued the exploration of the New World. The colony of New Sussex was established in the southern continent. It was during this time that the Sicilian Plantagenets (now called the House of Valois-Anjou) were ended by the rapidly expanding Greece. William abandoned the cause in the region and instead aided Greece in invading Khanstantinople. He also established colonies in the East Indies, but England was chased out by the rapidly expanding Viet Empire. England instead shifted its focus to the Middle East, specifically in Oman and Yemen, far from the reach of the Ilkhanate.

17th century

William III died in 1608 and was succeeded by his five year old grandson Henry. His rule was dominated by regents and his mother's family, the House of Bourbon-Braganza. Often times Portugal benefited at the cost of England. However, the New World colonies thrived during this time, since they faced little opposition from the regency government, which focused much more on African and eastern territories. New Kent invaded and absorbed (colony of European nation) and later merged with New Normandy to form the Dominion of New England.

Time of Troubles

Henry V died in 1615 before reaching majority. Two of his relatives put forth their claims to the throne. The first was his cousin, George of Clarence. George was the grandson of William III by his daughter Mary. The second was James I Mackenzie, King of Scotland, and third cousin of Henry. James was in fact preferred by a majority of English nobles due to hatred for George's father, John, as well as the fact that John was unmarried and without direct heirs of the House of Clarence. James defeated George at the Battle of Alnwick. George was exiled to Luxembourg.

For a time, James ruled all Scottish and English territories. However, he himself was killed when the Gordon's and Hamilton's attempt to remove the Mackenzies from power in Scotland. James met them on the field and was killed by the leader of the Gordons, Malcolm, who claimed the title of king as Malcolm V. The English refused to recognize him as their king and thus began the Time of Troubles.

Throughout the Time of Troubles, England constantly faced the possibility of losing its territories on the continent and overseas. However, George, the exiled Duke of Clarence, returned in 1622. He conquered the continental territories and invaded Ireland two years later. In 1625, he landed on the shores of Cornwall in the name of conquering England and claiming his birthright. He faced opposition from the Reds, led by Edward, Earl of Warwick, and the Yellows, led by Henry, Earl of Balfour. George conquered Cornwall and Wales after two years of war, causing the Reds and Yellows to form a temporary alliance against him. However, the Yellows left the alliance in 1629 after George was beaten back at Staffordshire. George defeated the Reds at the Second Battle of Worcestershire and killed the Earl of Warwick. The Yellows surrendered a few months later, and the Earl kept his land and titles.

However, even though the George had conquered England, Parliament refused to accept him as king. He was also prevented from entering London until he accepted some major constitutional reforms. George eventually agreed after failing to take London and created the first constitutional monarchy of England. The Time of Troubles officially ended in 1634 with the coronation of George as King George I.

Kings of England

Henry III

Eleanor of Provence

Eleanor of Castile

Edward I

Edmund of Sicily

Isabella of France

Edward II

Henry III of Sicily

Philippa of Hainault

Edward III

Charles of Sicily

Edward IV

Joan of Kent

John of Sicily

Edmund of York

Joan of Navarre

Edward V

Richard of Aquitane

Henry of Lancaster

Edward VI

Richard II

Edward, Prince of Wales

Edmund of Aquitane

Richard III

Cecily Neville

Edward VII

Henry, Lord Protector

Richard of Aquitane

Robert IV of Scotland

Elizabeth, Queen of Scotland

Henry IV

Richard IV

Richard, Lord Protector

Edward of Aquitane

Duncan III of Scotland

Margaret of Scotland

James Mackenzie

William III

Malcolm IV of Scotland

James Mackenzie, 10th of Kintail

Mary of York

Edward, Prince of Wales

Isabella of Portugal

James III of Scotland

George I

Henry V

@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 William III died in 1608 and was succeeded by his five year old grandson Henry. His rule was dominated by regents and his mother's family, the House of Bourbon-Braganza. Often times Portugal benefited at the cost of England. However, the New World colonies thrived during this time, since they faced little opposition from the regency government, which focused much more on African and eastern territories. New Kent invaded and absorbed (colony of European nation) and later merged with New Normandy to form the Dominion of New England.
 ====Time of Troubles====
-Henry V died in 1615 before reaching majority. Two of his relatives put forth their claims to the throne. The first was his cousin, George of Clarence. George was the grandson of William III by his daughter Mary. The second was James III Mackenzie, King of Scotland, and third cousin of Henry. James was in fact preferred by a majority of English nobles due to hatred for George's father, John, as well as the fact that John was unmarried and without direct heirs of the House of Clarence. James defeated George at the Battle of Alnwick. George was exiled to Luxembourg.
+Henry V died in 1615 before reaching majority. Two of his relatives put forth their claims to the throne. The first was his cousin, George of Clarence. George was the grandson of William III by his daughter Mary. The second was James I Mackenzie, King of Scotland, and third cousin of Henry. James was in fact preferred by a majority of English nobles due to hatred for George's father, John, as well as the fact that John was unmarried and without direct heirs of the House of Clarence. James defeated George at the Battle of Alnwick. George was exiled to Luxembourg.
-For a time, James III ruled all Scottish and English territories. However, he himself was killed when the Gordon's and Hamilton's attempt to remove the Mackenzies from power in Scotland. James met them on the field and was killed by the leader of the Gordons, Malcolm, who claimed the title of king as Malcolm V. The English refused to recognize him as their king and thus began the Time of Troubles.
+For a time, James ruled all Scottish and English territories. However, he himself was killed when the Gordon's and Hamilton's attempt to remove the Mackenzies from power in Scotland. James met them on the field and was killed by the leader of the Gordons, Malcolm, who claimed the title of king as Malcolm V. The English refused to recognize him as their king and thus began the Time of Troubles.
 Throughout the Time of Troubles, England constantly faced the possibility of losing its territories on the continent and overseas. However, George, the exiled Duke of Clarence, returned in 1622. He conquered the continental territories and invaded Ireland two years later. In 1625, he landed on the shores of Cornwall in the name of conquering England and claiming his birthright. He faced opposition from the Reds, led by Edward, Earl of Warwick, and the Yellows, led by Henry, Earl of Balfour. George conquered Cornwall and Wales after two years of war, causing the Reds and Yellows to form a temporary alliance against him. However, the Yellows left the alliance in 1629 after George was beaten back at Staffordshire. George defeated the Reds at the Second Battle of Worcestershire and killed the Earl of Warwick. The Yellows surrendered a few months later, and the Earl kept his land and titles.