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{{Infobox country |
{{Infobox country |
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| − | |native_name = |
+ | |native_name = |
| − | |conventional_long_name = |
+ | |conventional_long_name = Kingdom of England |
|common_name = England |
|common_name = England |
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| − | |image_flag = |
+ | |image_flag = Flag of England.svg |
|flag_border = yes |
|flag_border = yes |
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| − | |image_flag2 = |
+ | |image_flag2 = Royal_Standard_of_England_(1406-1603).svg |
| + | |flag_type = Top: {{W|Flag of England}}<br/>Bottom: {{W|Royal arms of England#Royal banner of England|Royal Banner<br/>(1406–1603)}} |
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| − | |flag_type = |
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|image_coat =Royal Arms of England (1399-1603).svg |
|image_coat =Royal Arms of England (1399-1603).svg |
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| − | |symbol_type = {{W|Coat of arms of |
+ | |symbol_type = {{W|Coat of arms of Engloand|Coat of arms}} |
|coa_size = 100px |
|coa_size = 100px |
||
| − | |image_map = |
+ | |image_map = United_Kingdom_1600_Morte.svg |
| + | |image_map_caption = Map of England in 1600<br/>(including the [[United Kingdom (Merveilles des Morte)|United Kingdom]]) |
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| − | |image_map_caption = |
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| |
| |
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|national_anthem = |
|national_anthem = |
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|today = |
|today = |
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| + | |government_type = {{W|Witan|Elective monarchy}}<br/><small>(927–1066)</small><br/>{{W|Unitary state|Unitary}} {{W|Hereditary monarchy|hereditary}} {{W|absolute monarchy}}<br/><small>(1066–1215)</small><br/>{{W|Unitary state|Unitary}} {{W|Parliamentary system|parliamentary}} {{W|monarchy}}<br/><small>(1215–)</small><br/> |
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| − | |government_type = Feudal monarchy |
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|status = |
|status = |
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|empire = |
|empire = |
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|established_event1 = Established |
|established_event1 = Established |
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|established_date1 = 927 |
|established_date1 = 927 |
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| − | |established_event2 = |
+ | |established_event2 = {{W|Battle of Hastings|Norman Conquest}} |
| − | |established_date2 = |
+ | |established_date2 = 1066 |
| − | |established_event3 = |
+ | |established_event3 = {{W|Magna Carta}} |
| − | |established_date3 = |
+ | |established_date3 = 1215 |
| − | |established_event4 = |
+ | |established_event4 = Personal union with the [[United Kingdom (Merveilles des Morte)|United Kingdom]] |
| − | |established_date4 = |
+ | |established_date4 = 1600 |
|established_event5 = |
|established_event5 = |
||
|established_date5 = |
|established_date5 = |
||
| − | |established_event6 = |
+ | |established_event6 = |
|established_date6 = |
|established_date6 = |
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|established_event_end = |
|established_event_end = |
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|established_date_end = |
|established_date_end = |
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|title_leader = [[List of Rulers of England (Merveilles des Morte)#King of England|King]] |
|title_leader = [[List of Rulers of England (Merveilles des Morte)#King of England|King]] |
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| − | |leader1 = {{W| |
+ | |leader1 = {{W|Æthelstan}} <small>(first)</small> |
| − | |year_leader1 = |
+ | |year_leader1 = 927–939 |
| − | |leader2 = |
+ | |leader2 = {{W|William the Conqueror|William the Conqueror}} |
| − | |year_leader2 = |
+ | |year_leader2 = 1066–1089 |
| + | |leader3 = [[William III of England (Merveilles des Morte)|William III]] |
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| + | |year_leader3 = 1600–1636 |
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| |
| |
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|capital = {{W|London}} |
|capital = {{W|London}} |
||
| − | |religion = |
+ | |religion = [[Catholic Church (Merveilles des Morte)|Roman Catholicism]] |
| − | |common_languages = {{W|English language|English}}, {{W|Norman French|Anglo-Norman}} |
+ | |common_languages = {{Plainlist}}{{W|English language|English}}<br/>{{W|Old Norse}}<br/><small>(until 11th century)</small><br/>{{W|Welsh}}, {{W|Cornish}}<br/>{{W|Cumbric}}<br/><small>(until 12th century)</small><br/>{{W|French}}<br/><small>(11th–15th century)</small><br/>{{W|Norman French|Anglo-Norman}}<br/>Anglo-Dutch<br/>{{W|Medieval Latin}}<br/><small>(until 15th century)</small> |
|currency = Pound |
|currency = Pound |
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|stat_year1= |
|stat_year1= |
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|stat_pop1= |
|stat_pop1= |
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| + | | legislature = {{W|Parliament of England|Parliament}} |
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| − | }}The '''Kingdom of England''' is a a Sovereign Nation located in the British Isles established in 927 as a result of the Unification of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms located in the region. |
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| + | | house1 = {{W|House of Lords of England|House of Lords}} |
||
| + | | house2 = {{W|House of Commons of England|House of Commons}} |
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| + | }} |
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| ⚫ | The '''Kingdom of England''' ({{W|Latin}}: ''Regnum Anglorum'', "Kingdom of the English") is a {{W|sovereign state}} located in the British Isles. England was established in 927 from the unification of the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms under {{W|Æthelstan}} (r. 927–939), its first king. After a brief personal union with Norway and Denmark between 1016 and 1042, England was conquered by {{W|William the Conqueror}}, Duke of Normandy, who became King of England in 1066, with {{W|London}} quickly establishing itself as the largest and principal commercial center. |
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| + | Beginning with the Normans, the [[List of Rulers of England (Merveilles des Morte)|Kings of England]] would gradually seek to conquer the remainder of the British Isles and additional lands in the Continent. The Norman dynasty ruled until the ascendance of the {{W|House of Plantagenet|Plantagenets}} in 1154. Throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, England consolidated its rule over large portions of [[France (Merveilles des Morte)|France]], forming an {{W|Angevin Empire}} that lasted until the {{W|Battle of Bouvines}} in 1214. The Normans would begin the first incursions into Ireland, while under {{W|Edward I of England|Edward I}} the {{W|Conquest of Wales by Edward I|first conquest of Wales}} would occur in 1284, followed by numerous attempts to subjugate Scotland by Edward and his son, {{W|Edward II of England|Edward II}}. The rivalry between the Capetian kings of France and the Angevin kings of England culminated in {{W|Edward III of England|Edward III}} claiming the throne of France in 1337, beginning the the Hundred Years' War. |
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| ⚫ | |||
| + | Edward III (reigned 1327–1377) helped to transform the nation into a formidable military power, securing an initial victory in France in 1360. He also oversaw developments in legislation and government, including the growth of the {{W|Parliament of England}}. Despite initial English victories, under William I of France the English were rebuked in the Continent and lost their territorial possessions there. The 1440s would see the extinction of the direct Plantagenet line, beginning a period of civil wars known as the War of the Roses, which crippled English power. It was during these conflicts against France and internally that England lost control over parts of the rest of the British Isles to the [[Celtic Union (Merveilles des Morte)|Celtic Union]]. |
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| − | Through the 12th and 13th Centuries England consolidated it's rule over large portions of France forming an Angevin Empire that lasted until the Early 13th Century after the Capetian Victory during the Capetian–Plantagenet rivalry which saw the Capetian and Plantagenet Dynasties compete for the French Throne. After their defeat in 1337 the rivalry between both dynasties were reignited by Edward III who started the Hundread Years War by claiming the French Throne. |
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| + | After numerous dynasty changes in the [[1500-1599 (Merveilles des Morte)|sixteenth century]], the English throne was contested between the [[Catholic Church (Merveilles des Morte)|Catholic]] Queen Jane and the [[Religion (Merveilles des Morte)#Jungism|Jungist]]-backed Elizabeth I and her husband [[George II of Denmark (Merveilles des Morte)|George II of Denmark]]. In the subsequent [[Anglo-Danish War (1592–1600) (Merveilles des Morte)|Anglo-Danish War of 1592–1600]], the Catholic faction prevailed, and Jane was wed to William III of the [[United Kingdom (Merveilles des Morte)|Lotharingian United Kingdom]], beginning a personal union that would last over a century. |
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| − | The early 14th century was the height of power for the Plantagenet Dynasty, in an ongoing conflict against France for control of the Aquitaine and other French titles. The First Scottish War of Independence ended with a resounding victory for Edward I, the “Hammer of the Scots”, and led to the execution of Robert the Bruce. Ireland also saw an opportunity of expansion, as the Lords of Ireland eventually subjugated all the Irish subkingdoms in the name of the English King. The brief Anglo-French War in the early 14th century placed England’s continental holdings on the defensive, which they ultimately won. With the power struggle in France caused by the untimely death of King Philip VI, England saw the opportunity to intervene, sparking a prolonged conflict known as the “Hundred Years War” lasting from 1338-1439. The first phase of this conflict, or the Edwardian Phase, lasted until what appeared to be a decisive English victory in 1360, having captured King John “the Good” alive. The collapse of the Valois dynasty in France led to a resurgence of the war, in the second phase known as the “Louisan Phase”. This ended in an overall victory for France under King Louis X, having taken back Calais and most of Aquitaine. As France was on the brink of civil war between the Capetian and Valois dynasties, England intervened again during the reigns of John II and Henry V, in the conflict known as the Lancastrian Phase. King William I of France proved to be the ultimate victor, eventually annexing the rest of the English continental holdings. The unexpected death of Edward IV in 1377 allowed a direct succession through his brother, John of Gaunt, who founded the Lancastrian branch of the Plantagenet dynasty. When the Lancastrians died out in the 1440s, this sparked a major conflict in England between two different branches seeking the throne, the House of York and the House of Beaufort. It was during these conflicts against France and internally that England lost control over parts of the rest of the British isles, putting them under the hegemony of the collective alliance known as the Celtic Confederacy. John Wycliffe founded the Lollards in England in the 1380s, which has since become the major Protestant movement across the British islands and Scandinavia. Cultural contributions in terms of literature, music and philosophy have all been well-known to the region, from such works as Thomas Mallory, William Caxton and Geoffery Chaucer. |
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| − | |||
| − | The country's throne was worn by a variety of dynasties over the centuries, but in 1600, the Luxembourg Dynasty was established, placing the Kingdom of England in personal union with the United Kingdom (that had broken off from the Kingdom of Lotharingia) on the continent, and established a dynasty that would last for more than a century. |
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{{Icons|Morte}} |
{{Icons|Morte}} |
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Revision as of 08:50, 28 January 2022
Kingdom of England | |
|---|---|
 Map of England in 1600 (including the United Kingdom) | |
| Capital | London |
| Common languages | English Old Norse (until 11th century) Welsh, Cornish Cumbric (until 12th century) French (11th–15th century) Anglo-Norman Anglo-Dutch Medieval Latin (until 15th century) |
| Religion | Roman Catholicism |
| Government | Elective monarchy (927–1066) Unitary hereditary absolute monarchy (1066–1215) Unitary parliamentary monarchy (1215–) |
| King | |
• 927–939 |
Æthelstan (first) |
• 1066–1089 |
William the Conqueror |
• 1600–1636 |
William III |
| Legislature | Parliament |
• Upper house |
House of Lords |
• Lower house |
House of Commons |
| Historical era | Middle Ages |
• Established |
927 |
| 1066 | |
| 1215 | |
• Personal union with the United Kingdom |
1600 |
The Kingdom of England (Latin: Regnum Anglorum, "Kingdom of the English") is a sovereign state located in the British Isles. England was established in 927 from the unification of the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms under Æthelstan (r. 927–939), its first king. After a brief personal union with Norway and Denmark between 1016 and 1042, England was conquered by William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, who became King of England in 1066, with London quickly establishing itself as the largest and principal commercial center.
Beginning with the Normans, the Kings of England would gradually seek to conquer the remainder of the British Isles and additional lands in the Continent. The Norman dynasty ruled until the ascendance of the Plantagenets in 1154. Throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, England consolidated its rule over large portions of France, forming an Angevin Empire that lasted until the Battle of Bouvines in 1214. The Normans would begin the first incursions into Ireland, while under Edward I the first conquest of Wales would occur in 1284, followed by numerous attempts to subjugate Scotland by Edward and his son, Edward II. The rivalry between the Capetian kings of France and the Angevin kings of England culminated in Edward III claiming the throne of France in 1337, beginning the the Hundred Years' War.
Edward III (reigned 1327–1377) helped to transform the nation into a formidable military power, securing an initial victory in France in 1360. He also oversaw developments in legislation and government, including the growth of the Parliament of England. Despite initial English victories, under William I of France the English were rebuked in the Continent and lost their territorial possessions there. The 1440s would see the extinction of the direct Plantagenet line, beginning a period of civil wars known as the War of the Roses, which crippled English power. It was during these conflicts against France and internally that England lost control over parts of the rest of the British Isles to the Celtic Union.
After numerous dynasty changes in the sixteenth century, the English throne was contested between the Catholic Queen Jane and the Jungist-backed Elizabeth I and her husband George II of Denmark. In the subsequent Anglo-Danish War of 1592–1600, the Catholic faction prevailed, and Jane was wed to William III of the Lotharingian United Kingdom, beginning a personal union that would last over a century.
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