Europe
What country before ever existed a century and half without a rebellion? - and what country can preserve its liberties if their rulers are not warned from time to time that their people preserve the spirit of resistance? Let them take arms.
(Thomas Jefferson, letter to William Stephens Smith (13 November 1787), quoted in Padover's Jefferson On Democracy.)
Some relevant Modern European States, also includes former republics established by invading French armies or by local revolutionaries and assisted by the French Republic during the European Revolutionary Wars. Modern meaning from the times of the French Revolution onward.
Illyrian Provinces[]
| Illyrian Provinces Ilirske provincije (Croatian) Timeline: Cromwell the Great
Ilirske province (Slovene) Province illiriche (Italian) Provinces illyriennes (French) Illyrische Provinzen (German) OTL equivalent: Illyrian Provinces (1809–1814) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Capital (and largest city) | Laybach (Ljubljana) | ||||
| Other cities | Fiume (Rijeka) and Istria (Trieste) | ||||
| Official languages | French, Italian, Croatian and Slovene | ||||
| Other | German | ||||
| Religion | Roman Catholic (Official religion), Protestantism, Judaism, Deism (Cult of Reason) and Atheism | ||||
| Demonym | Illyrian | ||||
| Government | Autonomous province of the Italian Republic | ||||
| - | President of the Italian Republic | Ettore Raneri | |||
| - | Governor-General | Ezio Provenza | |||
| Legislature | Illyrian Council | ||||
| Establishment | |||||
| - | Established from territories of Austrian Empire and former Venetian Republic | 1802 to date | |||
| - | Recognised by the Treaty of Vienna | 1810 | |||
| Currency | Italian lira (1 IL = 1⁄100 centesimi) | ||||
| Time zone | Italian Standard Time (UTC+1 / TUC0) | ||||
| Date formats | dd/mm/yyyy (AD) Uses the Italo-Iberian Civil Calendar[1] | ||||
| Drives on the | right | ||||
The Illyrian Provinces are an autonomous province of the Italian Republic, along the north and east coasts of the Adriatic Sea. Illyria was created from the Slovene Lands, ruled by the Habsburg Monarchy, and the former Venetian territories of Dalmatia and Istria.
The Illyrian movement[2], a pan-South-Slavist cultural and political campaign had the official support of the authorities. It campaign in its first year was for the standardization of Croatian and Slovene and its use has medium in elementary and secondary schools. Italian and French authorities helped in part by creating lyceums and an École centrale at that serves as university. The Illyrian movement would become the seed of southern Slavic nationalism.
The influence of the Illyrian Provinces and the rejection of Austrian rule prompted a French cultural diffusion and national appreciation in certain areas of the countries that made up the Provinces. Among the main changes brought to Illyria was the overhaul of administration of Austrian administration, usage of the French Code Civil and the Penal Code, separation of the state and the church, introduction of civil wedding and civil registration.
From 1802 to 1810 the British Navy imposed a blockade of the Adriatic Sea which brought merchant shipping to a standstill, a measure most seriously affecting the economy of the Dalmatian port cities. The Illyrian provinces became highly dependent, and still to this day, on trade with the Italian Republic.
The Decree on the Organization of Illyria established the Central Government of the Illyrian Provinces in Ljubljana, The Governor-general, named by the President of the Italian Republic is assisted by a Council. The military command was in charge of the French Commander of the Illyrian Army until its command was transferred to Italy. Demands for a representative legislative body were put on hold until after the War and later by the military situation and hostilities from Austrian Empire.
The Provinces of Illyria are:
- Adelsberg (Adelsberg /Postojna)
- Bouches-du-Cattaro (Cattaro /Kotor)
- Carinthie (Willach /Villach)
- Carniole (Laybach /Ljubljana)
- Croatie (Karlstadt /Karlovac)
- Dalmatie (Zara /Zadar)
- Fiume (Fiume /Rijeka)
- Istria (Istria/Trieste)
[]
In Unitate, Felicitas (Latin) ("In unity, happiness") | ||||||||||||
| Anthem | "Marseillaise" | |||||||||||
| Capital (and largest city) |
Copenhagen | |||||||||||
| Other cities | Stockholm and Oslo | |||||||||||
| Language official |
Swedish, Danish, Dano-Norwegian and Norwegian | |||||||||||
| others | French, Icelandic, Faroe, Finnish, Estonian, Sami and Inuit languages and German | |||||||||||
| Religion main |
Protestant (Churches of Sweden, Denmark-Norway and Iceland) | |||||||||||
| others | Catholicism, Judaism, Deism and Atheism | |||||||||||
| Demonym | Scandinavian | |||||||||||
| Government | Republic (French sister republic) | |||||||||||
| Legislature | National Assembly | |||||||||||
| National Directory | First Director | |||||||||||
| Independence | from United Kingdom of Denmark, Sweden and Norway 1805-1808 | |||||||||||
| declared | 1805-1808 | |||||||||||
| Currency | krone/krona (kr.) -> Scandinavian speciedaler (1 Spd=100 øre) | |||||||||||
| Time Zone | GMT+1 / TUC0 | |||||||||||
The Republic of Scandinavia was a unitary state formed after the overthrow of the monarchy of the United Kingdom of Denmark, Sweden and Norway in 1804 and it claimed sovereignty over its territories.
Though the republic's effective control was confined to Denmark, parts of Sweden (including Stockholm), areas around Oslo, Turku, Bergen, Tampere, Helsinki and all of Iceland. The uncontrolled areas, the Faroe Islands and the colonies of Greenland were in rebellion and shortly afterwards occupied by the British Navy, providing a base for monarchist and dissidents of the republican government.
The newly proclaimed regime became sister republic of France in 1804. A National Assembly elected by universal suffrage through electoral assemblies replaced the previous Riksdag of the Estates. Its executive power was the Executive Committee, later changed to the National Directory, both elected by the National Assembly and assisted by a council of ministers. The judiciary was reorganized creating a national high court of justice for all of Scandinavia.
The Republicans became divided in federalist and unitarist. Also the status of the national churches divided republicans in the majority that were upholders of a republican State Church, partisans of absolute religious freedom and a faction that called for the disestablishment of the churches. Once the compromised project of the Constitution of National Churches of Scandinavia was enacted rural worshipers and parishes rebelled against its premises of strict governmental control and appointed of priest, obligatory of loyalty to the republic, and removal of priests not loyal to the republic or of any credential associated with the old regime. This purge mostly affected the rural zones.
Later in 1807 the state of affairs of the newly created sister republic was drastically revised, under French auspices and military pressure, being the Republic re-founded as the Scandinavian Union, a customs and military alliance of republics. Thought the previous name, Scandinavian Republic, was still keep more of habit and convenience. However disputes between federalist and unitarist blocked the definitive establishment of the Scandinavian Union and the only at national level functioning institutions were the National Directory, National Assembly and the governor-generals of the future republics assisted by Provincial Assemblies. The later only created in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. In the rest of the provinces the Governor general had absolute powers. The planned Senate were the republics were to be represented was not opened.
The British and Russian naval blockades hampered trade in the North and Baltic Sea. The profits from the toll for passing the Straits drastically shrunk, along the enactment of free passage for French ships. A major military blow to for the republicans and French was the recapture of Iceland by the British Navy and Marines.
Thought Holstein-Schleswig was definitely integrated despite the protests and minor skirmishes from the German state of Hanover-Westphalia. More troublesome was the lose of the former Swedish Pomerania when it was occupied by Prussian troops and its administration taken over by the invaders. With this Prussia gained a base in the Baltic that enable it to put additional pressure on the navy of Scandinavia that lost a port-of-call.
[]
The previous kingdoms and territories were reorganized in provinces under the direction of a Governor general named by the government. Each province, was subdivided in departments (prefect) and districts (inspector), The new six provinces and two national territories were the following:
- Denmark (Capital: Copenhagen),
- Norway (Oslo),
- Sweden (Stockholm),
- Finland (Turku),
- Iceland (Reykjavík). Lost to Britain in the Battle of Iceland (1805),
- Faroe Islands (Tórshavn). Claimed by the republic and in rebellion. Occupied by the British Navy (1805),
- The National Territory of Pomerania and Wismar. Occupied by the Prussians. Later recreated as an independent republic by the Agreement of Stockholm and recognized as a state by the Peace of Vienna, and
- The National Territory of Greenland (Godthåb). Claimed by the republic. Occupied by the British Navy (1805).
- The former duchies of Holstein and Schleswig were incorporated to the province of Denmark as departments.
[]
On the formation of the Scandinavian Union in 1807, the provinces under republican control were to be reformed as member republics of the federation. The proposal was the following:
- Denmark (Capital: Copenhagen). Transformed in the Jutland Republic (capital Copenhagen) including Schleswig-Holstein.
- Norway (Oslo), keep as the republic of Norway (Oslo).
- Sweden (Stockholm). Dissolved and subdivided in the republics of Scania (Malmö), Götaland (Gothenburg), Svealand (Stockholm) and Norland (Umeå).
- Finland (Turku). Dissolved and subdivided in the republics Karelia (Turku) and Suomi (Kokkola).
Summary of European States[]
- See also: Germany and Italy
- See also: Danubian and Balkan States
Western Europe[]
| Flag | Coat of Arms | Country | Regime | Capital | Established | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Flanders | Monarchy
(King) |
Brussels | 1715 to date | Grand Duchy of the Holy Roman Empire (1715-1805), Kingdom (1805 to date) |
|
|
Helvetic Confederation (Helvetia) |
Federal republic
(Federal Executive Council) |
Bern | 1815 to date | Former Swiss Confederacy (until 1815), Helvetic Republic (1797-1815) |
|
Helvetic Republic (Helvetia) |
Federal republic
(Directory) |
Bern | 1797-1815 | Former Swiss Confederacy (until 1815) | |
|
|
Iberian Federation | Federal republic
(President) |
Merida | 1842 to date | Union of the Spanish and Portuguese republics |
|
|
Illyrian Provinces | Autonomous province of the Italian Republic
(Governor-General) |
Laybach/ Ljubljana | 1802 to date | Administered by the Italian Republic |
|
Lemanic Republic[3] (Lemania) |
Republic
(President) |
Lausanne | 1797-1798 | Short-lived French sister republic. Voted its union to Rhodania | |
|
|
Portuguese Republic | Republic
(President) |
Lisbon | 1826-1842 | Former Kingdom of Portugal. Portuguese republic united with Spain to form the Iberian Federation in 1842 |
|
|
Rauracian Republic[4] (Rauracia) |
Republic
(Directory) |
Porrentruy (1798-1799), Basel (1799-1810) | 1798-1810 | Former French sister republic. Later reincorporated to Helvetia |
|
|
Rhodanic Republic[5] (Rhodania) |
Republic
(Directory) |
Sion (1797-1799), Lausanne (1799-1810) | 1797-1810 | Former French sister republic established from part of French-speaking Switzerland. Later reincorporated to Helvetia. |
|
|
Republic of Liège[6] |
Republic
(Directory) |
Liège | 1801-1803, 1810 | Former Prince-Bishopric of Liège 980-1801. Occupied and part of France (1803-1810) and finally integrated to Flanders (1810). |
|
|
Republic of Scandinavia[7] | Republic
(President) |
Copenhagen | 1804-1808 | Former French sister republic |
|
|
Austrian Empire | Monarchy
(Emperor) |
Vienna | 1805 to date | |
|
|
Catalan Republic | Republic
(Directory) |
Barcelona, later Girona and Perpignan | Short-lived republic established by French armies. Retaken by Spain | |
|
|
Spanish Republic | Republic
(President) |
Madrid | 1825-1842 | Former Kingdom of Spain. Spanish republic united with Portugal to form the Iberian Federation in 1842 |
|
|
Danubian Federation | Republic
(General Director) |
Vienna | Former Austrian Empire | |
Eastern Europe[]
| Flag | Coat of Arms | Country | Regime | Capital | Established | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Kalmyk Khanate | Monarchy
(Khan) |
1630-1771 | Annexed by Russia | ||
|
|
Russian Empire | Monarchy
(Emperor) |
St. Petersburg | 1721 to date | From Tsardom of Russia 1547–1721 |
|
|
Polish–Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth (Commonwealth of Three Nations) |
Elective Monarchy (1573–1798), Constitutional Hereditary Monarchy (1798-1831) and Republic (1831-...) | Warsaw | 1786-1838 | Established from the old Polish–Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth (1569-1786) |
|
|
Novgorod-Volkhov Republic | Republic
(Posadnik[8]) |
Novgorod | 1805-1806 | Short-lived republic established by Scandinavian and French armies. Retaken by Russia |
|
|
Poland | Republic
Supreme Director |
Warsaw | 1838 to date | Considered to be
the successor of the Three Nations |
|
|
Lithuania | Republic
Supreme Director |
Vilnius | 1838 to date | |
|
|
Ruthenia | Republic
Supreme Director |
Lviv | 1838 to date | |
|
|
Belarus | Republic
Supreme Director |
Minsk | 1839 to date |
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- ↑ Used Gregorian calendar from 1802-1814.
- ↑ Croatian: Ilirski pokret, Slovene: Ilirsko gibanje
- ↑ French: République lémanique
- ↑ German: Raurakische Republik; French: Republique Rauracienne
- ↑ French: République rhodanienne
- ↑ French: République liégeoise
- ↑ Also Scandinavian Republic as it appears in various official documents, proclamations and treaties.
- ↑ Elected by the Assembly (Veche)