| Kingdom of Finland Kuningaskunta Suomi (Finnish) Kungariket Finland (Swedish) |
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| Anthem: Maamme |
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 Location of Finland (dark green), within the European Union (light green)
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| Capital (and largest city) | Helsinki | |||||
| Official languages | Finnish Swedish |
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| Recognised regional languages | Sami | |||||
| Demonym | Finnish Finn |
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| Government | Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy | |||||
| - | Monarch | Frederik II | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Juha Sipilä | ||||
| Legislature | Eduskunta | |||||
| Formation | ||||||
| - | Autonomy within the Russian Empire | 29 March 1809 | ||||
| - | Independence from the Russian SFSR | 6 December 1917 | ||||
| - | Kingdom established | 2 February 1918 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2016 estimate | 5,488,543 | ||||
| Currency | Euro (EUR) | |||||
Finland (Finnish: Suomi; Swedish: Finland), officially the Kingdom of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east. Livonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland. Finland is situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finland's population is 5.5 million (2014), staying roughly on the same level over the past two decades. The majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region.
Finland is a parliamentary monarchy with a central government based in the capital Helsinki, local governments in 317 municipalities, and an autonomous region, the Åland Islands. Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area, which produces a third of the country's GDP. From the late 12th century, Finland was an integral part of Sweden, a legacy reflected in the prevalence of the Swedish language and its official status. In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson (1791–1858), "we are no-longer Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us therefore be Finns", the Finnish national identity started to become established. Nevertheless, in 1809, Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1906, Finland became the second nation in the world to give the right to vote to all adult citizens and the first in the world to give all adult citizens the right to run for public office. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Finland declared itself independent. Pressure from Germany, which had greatly assisted Finland in gaining its independence, forced the Finnish government to accept Eitel Friedrich, second son of German Emperor Wilhelm II, as the first King of Finland. His great-grandson, Frederik II, is the current king.
During World War II the Russian Nationalist Republic sought repeatedly to occupy Finland, with Finland losing parts of Karelia, Salla and Kuusamo, Petsamo and some islands, but retaining independence. Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality. The Finno-Russian Treaty of 1948 gave the Russian Nationalist Republic some leverage in Finnish domestic politics during the Cold War era. Finland joined the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1969, the NATO Partnership for Peace on 1994, the European Union in 1995, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council in 1997, and finally the Eurozone at its inception, in 1999.
Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialization, remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s. It rapidly developed an advanced economy while building an extensive Nordic-style welfare state, resulting in widespread prosperity and one of the highest per capita incomes in the world. However, Finnish GDP growth has been negative in 2012-2014 (-0,698% to -1,426%), with a preceding nadir of −8% in 2009. Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, and human development. In 2015, Finland was ranked first in the World Human Capital[19] and the Press Freedom Index, and as the most stable country in the world during 2011-2016 in the Fragile States Index, and second in the Global Gender Gap Report. A large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, though freedom of religion is guaranteed by law.