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[[File:Franco-Austrian Alliance.png|thumb|350px|The Franco-Austrian Alliance in 1914, France in blue and Austria-Hungary in yellow]]The '''Franco-Austrian Alliance''' or '''Franco-Austrian Rapprochement''' was an alliance formed by aggrements of 1876-1882-1895; it lasted until 1918. First conceived in 1876 as a diplomatic rapprochement to support the [[Pope Pius IX (The Holy Deliverance)|Pope Pius IX]] in the ''Kulturkampf''. The raprochement is transformed in 1894 into a military alliance aimed at containing the reinforcement of the German Empire, influenced by the evolution of the Franco-German and Austro-German relations of the end of the 19th century. The development of financial ties between the two countries reinforce the alliance.  
[[File:Franco-Austrian Alliance.png|thumb|350px|The Franco-Austrian Alliance in 1914, France in blue and Austria-Hungary in yellow]]
 
The '''Franco-Austrian Alliance''', '''Franco-Austrian Rapprochement''' was an alliance formed by aggrements of 1876-1882-1895; it lasted until 1918. First conceived in 1876 as a diplomatic rapprochement in support of Pope Pius IX took part in the Kulturkampf conflict launched by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. The raprochement is transformed in 1886 into a military alliance aimed at containing the reinforcement of the German Empire and influenced by the evolution of the Franco-German and Austro-German relations of the end of the 19th century. The development of financial ties between the two countries created the economic reinforcement for the Franco-Austrian Alliance.
 
 
 
 
== Formation and initial purpose ==
 
== Formation and initial purpose ==
When the ''Kulturkampf'' begins, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX Pope Pius IX] finds himself powerless at the international level. Austria-Hungary would then be the only ally on and weight for the papacy, since the Kingdom of Italy was officially outlawed since the end of the ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_unification Risorgimento]'' and Spain is rendered utterly helpless by the events of ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexenio_Democrático Sexenio Democrático]'' and ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_(Spain) Restoration]''. With the restoration of the French monarchy in 1874, the Austrian ties of [[Henri V of France (The Holy Deliverance)|King Henry V]] (during his period of exile, Henry of Chambord lived in Austria), the sharing of the Catholic faith and the anti-German feeling of the French and Austrians to the memory of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War Franco-Prussian War] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War Austro-Prussian War]. In 1875, Pius IX called for the rapprochement of the three "Catholic brothers" that were the France of Henry V, and the twin monarchy of Austria-Hungary of the Emperor-King Francis Joseph, to form in 1876 the Franco-Austrian Catholic Entente. The signing of this agreement is seen as the first dissolution of the [[League of Three Emperors]].
+
When the Kulturkampf begins, Pope Pius IX finds himself powerless at the international level. Austria-Hungary was then the only significant ally for the papacy, since the Kingdom of Italy was officially excommunicated since the end of the [[wikipedia: Risorgimento|Risorgimento]] and Spain is rendered utterly helpless by the events of [[wikipedia:Sexenio Democrático|Sexenio Democrático]] and by the [[wikipedia: Restoration (Spain)|Restoration]]. With the retrun of the French monarchy in 1873, Pius IX then saw an opportunity to gain support. The Austrian ties of King Henry V (during his period of exile, Henry of Chambord lived in Austria), the sharing of the Catholic faith and the anti-German feeling of the French and Austrians, were much links that could create a block for contain Germany. In 1874, Pius IX called for the rapprochement of two "Catholic brothers" that were the France of [[Henry V of France (The Holy Deliverance)|Henry V]], and the twin monarchy of Austria-Hungary of the [[Franz Joseph I of Austria (The Holy Deliverance)|Franz Joseph]], in 1876 under support of Cardinal [[Félix Dupanloup (The Holy Deliverance)|Félix Dupanloup]] the Franco-Austrian Entente also called Catholic Entente, is signed. This agreement is seen as the first dissolution of the [[League of Three Emperors (The Holy Deliverance)|League of Three Emperors]].
   
 
== Uncertain alliance against Germany ==
 
== Uncertain alliance against Germany ==
The German internal conflict after the signing of this agreement seems to internationalize, and the pressure around Pius IX and Bismarck increasing, the German Catholic forces gathered in the Zentrum make a strong progress in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874_German_federal_election German federal elections of 1874] pushing Bismarck to certain concessions (after huge victories) being more preoccupied by the progress of the Social Democrats in these same elections. The death of Pius IX in 1878, accelerates the relaxation between the papacy and the German Empire, and the character more "reformer" of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII Leo XIII], informally end to the conflict.
+
The German internal conflict after the signing of this agreement takes an international turn, and the pressure around Pius IX and Bismarck increasing, the German Catholic forces gathered in the Zentrum make a strong progress in the [[wikipedia:German federal elections of 1874|German federal elections of 1874]] pushing Bismarck to certain concessions (after huge victories) being more preoccupied by the progress of the Social Democrats in these same elections. The death of Pius IX in 1878, accelerates the relaxation between the papacy and the German Empire, and the character more "reformer" of [[Pope Leo XIII (The Holy Deliverance)|Leo XIII]], informally end to the conflict. The Catholic Entente weakened then Bismarck push France into colonial conquests and approach Austria on the Balkan question. The progressive disengagement of French government for the Entente make react the royalist right and bonapartists who pushes the french prime minister [[Albert, 4th Duke of Broglie (The Holy Deliverance)|Albert de Broglie]] to revive the Entente and form of a ''Pacte d'Amitié'' in 1882. But the rapprochement stops at this exchange of good process. France did not want to quarrel with Russia, being focused on its colonial policy and the signing of the Treaty of the Three Emperors in 1881 did not allow a deepening of ties.
 
The Catholic Entente is weakened, Bismarck pushing France into colonial conquests and approaching Austria on the Balkan question. The progressive disengagement of power for the Entente makes the legitimists react and the nationalism of the Republicans (reacting to the failures of French colonialism) pushes [[Albert de Broglie]] to revive the Entente in the form of a ''Pacte d'Amitié'' in 1882. But the rapprochement stops at this exchange of good process. France did not want to quarrel with Russia, being focused on its colonial policy and the signing of the Treaty of the Three Emperors in 1881 did not allow a deepening of ties.
 
   
 
== Affirmation and confirmation of the Alliance ==
 
== Affirmation and confirmation of the Alliance ==
The end of the 1880s is a period of change for European geopolitics. The departure of Bismarck from the Chancellery in 1890, and the beginning of the Pan-German ambition with the [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]] caused the collapse of the Bismarckian alliances. Austria-Hungary largely exceeded economically by Germany for fear of the establishment of an addiction that would paralyze the Empire already in difficulty because of issues of nationalities. The arrival of French funds in Austria-Hungary pushes France to reinvest the relationship with the Central European country, in addition to the [[Reinsurance Treaty of 1887]] signed between Germany and Russia and reconfirmed by Wilhelm II in 1890 ratifies the Franco-Austrian raprochement.
+
The end of the 1880s is a period of change for European geopolitics. The departure of Bismarck from the Chancellery in 1890, and the beginning of the Pangermanic ambition of [[Wilhelm II of Germany (The Holy Deliverance)|Kaiser Wilhelm II]] caused the collapse of the Bismarckian alliances. Austria-Hungary was largely economically exceed by Germany, for fear of the establishment of an dependance that would paralyze the Austrian Empire already in difficulty because of issues of nationalitiesarrival of French funds in Austria-Hungary pushes France to reinvest the relationship, in addition the [[Reinsurance Treaty of 1887 (The Holy Deliverance)|Reinsurance Treaty of 1887]] signed between Germany and Russia and reconfirmed by Wilhelm II in 1890 ratifies the Franco-Austrian raprochement. On October 15, 1891, a squadron of the French Navy led by [[Henri Rieunier (The Holy Deliverance)|Admiral Henri Rieunier]] accompanied by [[Philip VIII of France (The Holy Deliverance)|Philippe, Crown Prince of France]], went to Pola and made a trip through Austria and Hungary and was a popular success and international media.[[File:Pont de l'Union.jpg|thumb|300px|The Union Bridge is a bridge crossing the Seine between the 7th and 8th arrondissement of Paris. Designed for the 1900 World Fair and the Franco-Austrian friendship.]]In October, 1893 for the 2 years of the visit, [[Rudolf Montecuccoli (The Holy Deliverance)|Admiral Rudolf Montecuccoli]] makes the visit, arrives in Toulon and reiterates the success. The death of [[Philip VII of France (The Holy Deliverance)|Philip VII]] in 1894 accelerated raprochement, the new King of France, [[Philip VIII of France (The Holy Deliverance)|Philip VIII]] unmarried needed a woman. [[wikipedia: Princess Clémentine of Belgium|Princess Clémentine of Belgium]] was think as first choice, but the opportunity to forge a definitive alliance with a marriage is seized. In September 1895, [[Maria Dorothea of Austria (The Holy Deliverance)|Archduchess Maria Dorothea of Austria]] married in Paris and became Queen of France, she is accompanied by a diplomatic assistance represented by the [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria (The Holy Deliverance)|Archduke Franz Ferdinand]] who lays the first stone of the ''Pont de l'Union''. A military convention is ratified by the Emperor-King a few months later. The bridge will be inaugurated five years later by King Philippe VIII, for the 1900 World Fair in Paris. Admiral Henri Rieunier is guest of honor during the ceremonies and is be present at these event.
 
On October 15, 1891, a squadron of the French Navy led by [[Admiral Henri Rieunier]] accompanied by [[Crown Prince Philippe of Orleans]], went to Pola and made a trip through Austria and Hungary and was a popular success and international media.
 
 
In October, 1893 for the 2 years of the visit, [[Admiral Rudolf Montecuccoli]] makes the visit, arrives in Toulon and reiterates the success.
 
[[File:Pont de l'Union.jpg|thumb|300px|The Union Bridge is a bridge crossing the Seine between the 7th and 8th arrondissement of Paris. Designed for the 1900 World Fair and the Franco-Austrian friendship.]]
 
The death of [[King Philip VII|King Philippe VII]] in 1894 accelerated raprochement, the new [[King Philippe VIII]] unmarried woman needed a woman. At first, a Belgian princess was the first choice, but the opportunity to forge a definitive alliance with a marriage is seized. In September 1895, [[Archduchess Maria Dorothea of Austria]] married in Paris and became [[Queen of the French]], she is accompanied by a diplomatic assistance represented by the [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand]] who lays the first stone of the ''Pont de l'Union''. A military convention is ratified by the Emperor-King a few months later. The bridge will be inaugurated five years later by King Philippe VIII, for the [[1900 World Fair]] in Paris. Admiral Henri Rieunier is guest of honor during the ceremonies and will be present at all these events.
 
 
The following year, in 1896, King Philip VIII paid an official visit to Vienna with the new Queen Maria Dorothea.
 
   
In August 1899, the French Minister [[Charles Chesnelong]] negotiated a strengthening of the Franco-Austrian Alliance: from now on France could support Austria-Hungary in its Balkan policy if Austria-Hungary supported France in the question of Alsace-Lorraine .
+
The following year, in 1896, King Philip VIII paid an official visit to Vienna with the new Queen Maria Dorothea. In August 1899, the French Minister [[Charles Chesnelong (The Holy Deliverance)|Charles Chesnelong]] negotiated a strengthening of the Franco-Austrian Alliance: from now on France could support Austria-Hungary in its Balkan policy if Austria-Hungary supported France in the question of Alsace-Lorraine. The official bilateral visits are continuing: in May 1902, Philip VIII is in Austria-Hungary.
   
The official bilateral visits are continuing: in May 1902, Philippe VIII is in Austria-Hungary.
 
 
[[Category:The Holy Deliverance]]
 
[[Category:The Holy Deliverance]]
 
[[Category:Events (The Holy Deliverance)]]
 
[[Category:Events (The Holy Deliverance)]]

Revision as of 16:34, 4 July 2020

Franco-Austrian Alliance

The Franco-Austrian Alliance in 1914, France in blue and Austria-Hungary in yellow

The Franco-Austrian Alliance or Franco-Austrian Rapprochement was an alliance formed by aggrements of 1876-1882-1895; it lasted until 1918. First conceived in 1876 as a diplomatic rapprochement to support the Pope Pius IX in the Kulturkampf. The raprochement is transformed in 1894 into a military alliance aimed at containing the reinforcement of the German Empire, influenced by the evolution of the Franco-German and Austro-German relations of the end of the 19th century. The development of financial ties between the two countries reinforce the alliance.  

Formation and initial purpose

When the Kulturkampf begins, Pope Pius IX finds himself powerless at the international level. Austria-Hungary was then the only significant ally for the papacy, since the Kingdom of Italy was officially excommunicated since the end of the Risorgimento and Spain is rendered utterly helpless by the events of Sexenio Democrático and by the Restoration. With the retrun of the French monarchy in 1873, Pius IX then saw an opportunity to gain support. The Austrian ties of King Henry V (during his period of exile, Henry of Chambord lived in Austria), the sharing of the Catholic faith and the anti-German feeling of the French and Austrians, were much links that could create a block for contain Germany. In 1874, Pius IX called for the rapprochement of two "Catholic brothers" that were the France of Henry V, and the twin monarchy of Austria-Hungary of the Franz Joseph, in 1876 under support of Cardinal Félix Dupanloup the Franco-Austrian Entente also called Catholic Entente, is signed. This agreement is seen as the first dissolution of the League of Three Emperors.

Uncertain alliance against Germany

The German internal conflict after the signing of this agreement takes an international turn, and the pressure around Pius IX and Bismarck increasing, the German Catholic forces gathered in the Zentrum make a strong progress in the German federal elections of 1874 pushing Bismarck to certain concessions (after huge victories) being more preoccupied by the progress of the Social Democrats in these same elections. The death of Pius IX in 1878, accelerates the relaxation between the papacy and the German Empire, and the character more "reformer" of Leo XIII, informally end to the conflict. The Catholic Entente weakened then Bismarck push France into colonial conquests and approach Austria on the Balkan question. The progressive disengagement of French government for the Entente make react the royalist right and bonapartists who pushes the french prime minister Albert de Broglie to revive the Entente and form of a Pacte d'Amitié in 1882. But the rapprochement stops at this exchange of good process. France did not want to quarrel with Russia, being focused on its colonial policy and the signing of the Treaty of the Three Emperors in 1881 did not allow a deepening of ties.

Affirmation and confirmation of the Alliance

The end of the 1880s is a period of change for European geopolitics. The departure of Bismarck from the Chancellery in 1890, and the beginning of the Pangermanic ambition of Kaiser Wilhelm II caused the collapse of the Bismarckian alliances. Austria-Hungary was largely economically exceed by Germany, for fear of the establishment of an dependance that would paralyze the Austrian Empire already in difficulty because of issues of nationalities, arrival of French funds in Austria-Hungary pushes France to reinvest the relationship, in addition the Reinsurance Treaty of 1887 signed between Germany and Russia and reconfirmed by Wilhelm II in 1890 ratifies the Franco-Austrian raprochement. On October 15, 1891, a squadron of the French Navy led by Admiral Henri Rieunier accompanied by Philippe, Crown Prince of France, went to Pola and made a trip through Austria and Hungary and was a popular success and international media.

Pont de l'Union

The Union Bridge is a bridge crossing the Seine between the 7th and 8th arrondissement of Paris. Designed for the 1900 World Fair and the Franco-Austrian friendship.

In October, 1893 for the 2 years of the visit, Admiral Rudolf Montecuccoli makes the visit, arrives in Toulon and reiterates the success. The death of Philip VII in 1894 accelerated raprochement, the new King of France, Philip VIII unmarried needed a woman. Princess Clémentine of Belgium was think as first choice, but the opportunity to forge a definitive alliance with a marriage is seized. In September 1895, Archduchess Maria Dorothea of Austria married in Paris and became Queen of France, she is accompanied by a diplomatic assistance represented by the Archduke Franz Ferdinand who lays the first stone of the Pont de l'Union. A military convention is ratified by the Emperor-King a few months later. The bridge will be inaugurated five years later by King Philippe VIII, for the 1900 World Fair in Paris. Admiral Henri Rieunier is guest of honor during the ceremonies and is be present at these event.

The following year, in 1896, King Philip VIII paid an official visit to Vienna with the new Queen Maria Dorothea. In August 1899, the French Minister Charles Chesnelong negotiated a strengthening of the Franco-Austrian Alliance: from now on France could support Austria-Hungary in its Balkan policy if Austria-Hungary supported France in the question of Alsace-Lorraine. The official bilateral visits are continuing: in May 1902, Philip VIII is in Austria-Hungary.