Indonesia (WOIOCG)

Empire of Indonesia Kerajaan Raya Nusantara OTE: Indonesia, all of Timor
Motto:  "Nūsa Antarā Teja" (Sanskrit) ("Glorious Land in the Middle")
Anthem:  "Indonesia Raya" ("Great Indonesia")
Largest city		Jakarta
Official languages		Indonesian
Demonym		Indonesian
Government		Constitutional monarchy, parliamentary democracy
-	Maharajah	Bambang I
-	Bendahara	Prabowo Subianto
-	Prime Minister	Joko Widodo
Population
-	estimate	250,320,000
GDP (nominal)		estimate
-	Total	$5.7 trillion

The Empire of Indonesia (Indonesian: Kerajaan Raya Nusantara) or just Indonesia is a country in Southeast Asia between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo. Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and the 14th-largest country by area, at 1,904,569 square kilometres (735,358 square miles). With around 279 million people, Indonesia is the world's fourth-most populous country and the most populous Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's most populous island, is home to more than half of the country's population.

Indonesia is a constitutional theocratic monarchy with an elected legislature. It has 20 sultanates, and 18 provinces, of which nine have special status. The country's capital, Jakarta, is the world's second-most populous urban area. Indonesia shares maritime borders with Kupanam, as well as maritime borders with Nanyang, Thailand, Australia, Palau, and India. It shares land and maritime borders with Malaysia and Singapore. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support one of the world's highest levels of biodiversity.

The Indonesian archipelago has been a valuable region for trade since at least the seventh century when the Srivijaya and later Majapahit Kingdoms traded with entities from mainland China and the Indian subcontinent. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign influences from the early centuries, and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Muslim traders later brought Islam, and European powers fought one another to monopolise trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratisation process, and periods of rapid economic change.

Indonesia consists of thousands of distinct native ethnic and hundreds of linguistic groups, with Javanese being the largest. A shared identity has developed with the motto "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" ("Unity in Diversity" literally, "many, yet one"), defined by a national language, cultural diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. The economy of Indonesia is the world's 16th-largest by nominal GDP and the 7th-largest by PPP. It is the world's third-largest democracy, a regional power and major power in global affairs. It also acts as a buffer between Chinese and Indian sphere of influence, and is considered friendly to both nations. The country is a member of several multilateral organisations, including the United Nations, World Trade Organization, G20, and a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, East Asia Summit, D-8 and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.

Today, Indonesia is the secondary major power of Southeast Asia, and one of two competing major powers of Southeast Asia, a major global power and is a buffer state between the Indian and Chinese zones of influence - however has been getting closer to India's sphere of influence. Additionally, Indonesia has become a major naval power as well, which is historically significant to its history as a naval thassalacrotic power in the Majapahit Empire.

Etymology

The name Indonesia derives from the Greek words Indos (Ἰνδός) and nesos (νῆσος), meaning "Indian islands". The name dates back to the 19th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, Malayunesians—for the inhabitants of the "Indian Archipelago or Malay Archipelago". In the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago. Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia. They preferred Malay Archipelago (Dutch: Maleische Archipel); the Netherlands East Indies (Nederlandsch Oost Indië), popularly Indië; the East (de Oost); and Insulinde.

After 1900, Indonesia became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, and native nationalist groups adopted it for political expression. Adolf Bastian of the University of Berlin popularized the name through his book Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884–1894. The first native scholar to use the name was Ki Hajar Dewantara when in 1913, he established a press bureau in the Netherlands, Indonesisch Pers-bureau.

History

Early history

Same

Mughal colonies (PoD)

The Mughal Empire becomes an naval power in this timeline, and continues the legacy of Indian influence in Indonesia. The first Mughal overseas colony was the Sultanate of Aceh, eventually spreading into the Mataram Sultanate and the Dayak Sultanate.

Cold War

During the Cold War, Indonesia emerged as one of the new superstates. Although sympathetic to both the Chinese and Indian zones of influence, Indonesia considered itself part of the Non-Aligned Movement, however, it evidently became closer to India, as Sukarno, Indonesia's Head of State, wanting the country to reclaim its ancient ties with India, with respect for China.

Economic miracles

Under the leader of ????, Indonesia started to experience economic growth, there it started to become an emerging superpower. Unemployment decreased, security grew better, and the country started to become an exporter power - particularly coffee and rice. Indonesia's leaders embarked on an effort to strengthen the service industry in the country.

In spite of Indonesia's place as a "buffer state" on paper - it became regarded as India's most powerful ally in Southeast Asia, against China's ally Nanyang, with the latter too, become a regional powerhouse in Southeast Asia, although Indonesia militarily supported Nanyang in the Vietnam War against the French and British-backed Republic of Vietnam. Indonesia also improved its relations with Malaysia.

Indonesia's first country of naval expansion was Kupanam, and afterwards, began projecting its naval influence in Oceania, building military bases in the Oceania region. Its top three countries of economic cooperation became India, China and Arabia, where the large number of Indonesian foreign workers in the service industry in those nations contributed to the country's economic growth.

Culture

Although the majority of Indonesian culture is Austronesian, and ethnic Javanese have dominated the political scape, the country is large culturally diverse as well, with over 700 languages spoken in the archipelago. The country has a rich heritage of kris-sword making, the wayang puppet art, its own music, and an artistic legacy of its own. Indonesian culture is largely shaped by Indian culture, but has also absorbed Chinese and Islamic influences.

Islam is the largest religion in Indonesia, followed by Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Animism and Native Indonesian Religion in that order. Indonesia is currently the most populous country of the Muslim World, however it also has the highest Hindu population in Southeast Asia, and the largest Christian population, in spite of both Hinduism and Christianity being minority religions. In spite of being the most populous Muslim nation, Indonesia prides itself in its religious diversity.

The religious makeup of Indonesia is a bit altered in this timeline - namely that the Hindu and Buddhist population is a lot higher, and the Buddhist population also has a large Pribumi adherent population instead of just Chinese Indonesians. Additionally since the Philippines (as in the political entity, not the islands) doesn't exist thanks to Spain never having set foot in the islands, Indonesia now has the largest Christian population in Southeast Asia, though still a minority behind Buddhism and Hinduism.

Indonesia is considered as home of world handicraft. Every ethnic group has its own uniqueness, style, and philosophy of crafting. Most of them are made from wooden, bone, fabric, stone, and paper. These natural materials were crafted using hands into profitable and aesthetic items. Handicraft manufacturing serves not only as an important economic sector, but also a tradition and has a social function as well. The handicraft industry employs thousands of people in towns and villages across the country. About half a billion dollar worth of handicraft is exported every year, and many more is consumed domestically.

There are many varieties of handicraft from other regions. West Sumatra and South Sumatra are particularly noted for their songket cloths. Villages in the Lesser Sunda Islands produce ikat while provinces in Kalimantan are long known for their basketry and weaving using rattan and other natural fabrics. Wood art produced by the Asmat people of Papua is highly valued. Cities along Java's northern coast, Cirebon, Pekalongan, and Rembang are known as centres of batik. Cirebon and Jepara are important cities in furniture, producing rattan and carved wood respectively, while Tasikmalaya is known for embroidery. Pasuruan also produces furniture and other products and support stores and galleries in Bali. Bandung and Surabaya, both modern, cosmopolitan, and industrialised cities—much like Jakarta but on a lesser scale—are creative cities with a variety of innovative startups.

Several Indonesian islands are famous for their batik, ikat and songket cloth. Once on the brink of disappearing, batik and later ikat, found a new lease on life when former President Suharto promoted wearing batik shirts on official occasions. In addition to the traditional patterns with their special meanings, used for particular occasions, batik designs have become creative and diverse over the last few years.

Other noted Indonesian crafts are Jepara wood carving^{[unreliable source?]} and Kris. In 2005, UNESCO recognised Kris as one of Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity from Indonesia.

In 2012, Noken was listed in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists as a cultural heritage of Indonesia. Women carrying noken are still a common sight in Wamena.

Being the best-known Indonesian sailing-vessel, Phinisi became the tagline for the 2017 inscription of ''The Art of Boatbuilding in South Sulawesi'' in the UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

Indonesia's best-known national costumes are Batik and kebaya, although initially these costumes originated mainly from Javanese and Balinese culture, which are most prominent in Javanese, Sundanese and Balinese cultures. Because Java has become the political centre and population of Indonesia, the island's folk costume has been raised to national status. As a plural country, Indonesia has 38 provinces, each of which has representatives of traditional clothing from each province with unique and different designs. National costumes are worn at official occasions and traditional ceremonies. each province in Indonesia – more complete each group in Indonesia, has its own traditional costumes. The costumes of this area are in Indonesian called Pakaian tradisional or Pakaian adat, and are taken from traditional Indonesian textile traditions and crafts.

Politics

Currently, Indonesia is a Constitutional Monarchy that follows a mix of Majapahit political culture and that typical to modern-day monarchies. The Maharaja is the titular Head of State (though this more-so a constitutional figurehead role), while the Prime Minister is the Head of Government, and it is ultimately the Prime Minister that holds true power.

Additionally, much like Malaysia to the north, Indonesia functions on a rotating constitutional monarchy, where the various Sultans each take turn taking on the title of Maharaja.

Prime Ministers are elected every 4 years in Indonesia.

Economics

Indonesia has Southeast Asia's second-largest economy and is predicted to be the 4th largest economy in the world by 2045. Joko Widodo (Jokowi) has stated that his cabinet's calculations showed that by 2045, Indonesia will have a population of 309 million people. By Jokowi's estimate, there would be economic growth of 5−6% and GDP of US$9.1 trillion. Indonesia's income per capita is expected to reach US$29,000.

Agriculture is a key sector which contributed to 14.43% of GDP. Currently, there are around 30% of the land area used for agriculture and employed about 49 million people (41% of the total workforce). Primary agriculture commodities include rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, natural rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra; poultry, beef, pork, and eggs. Palm oil production is vital to the economy as Indonesia is the world's biggest producer and consumer of the commodity, providing about half of the world's supply. Plantations in the country stretch across 6 million hectares as of 2007, with a replanting plan set for an additional 4.7 million to boost productivity in 2017. There are a number of negative social and environmental impacts of palm oil production in Southeast Asia.

In 2015, the total production of seafood reached about 22.31 million metric tons, valued at around 18.10 billion US dollars. For capture of wild fish (both inland and marine), the production trend was steady in 2011–2015, while there was a steep increase in the production from aquaculture during the same period.

Indonesia was the only South East Asian member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) until its suspension in 2009. The country currently remains a net oil importer despite its large petroleum production industry. In 1999, crude and condensate output averaged 1.5 million barrels (240,000 m³) per day, and in 1998, the oil and gas sector including refining, contributed approximately 9% to GDP. As of 2005, crude oil and condensate output were 1.07 million barrels (170,000 m³) per day. It indicates a substantial decline from the 1990s, due primarily to ageing oil fields and a lack of investment in oil production equipment. This decline in production has been accompanied by a substantial increase in domestic consumption, about 5.4% per year, leading to an estimated US$1.2 billion cost for importing oil in 2005. The state owns all petroleum and mineral rights. Foreign firms participate through production-sharing and work contracts. Oil and gas contractors are required to finance all exploration, production, and development costs in their contract areas and are entitled to recover operating, exploration, and development costs out of the oil and gas produced. Indonesia had previously subsidized fuel prices to keep prices low, costing US$7 billion in 2004. SBY has mandated a significant reduction of government subsidy of fuel prices in several stages. The government has stated that cuts in subsidies are aimed at reducing the budget deficit to 1% of GDP in 2005, down from around 1.6% last year. At the same time, the government has offered one-time subsidies for qualified citizens, to alleviate hardships.

Indonesia is the world's largest tin market. Although mineral production traditionally centered on bauxite, silver, and tin, it is expanding its copper, nickel, gold, and coal output for export markets. In mid-1993, the Department of Mines and Energy reopened the coal sector to foreign investment, resulting in a joint venture between Indonesian coal producer and BP and Rio Tinto Group. Total coal production reached 74 million metric tons in 1999, including exports of 55 million tons, and in 2011, production was 353 million. As of 2014, Indonesia is the third-largest producer with a total output of 458 Mt and export of 382 Mt. At this rate, the reserves will be used up in 61 years until 2075. Not all of the productions can be exported due to Domestic Market Obligation (DMO) regulation, which should fulfill the domestic market. In 2012, the DMO was 24.72%. Starting from 2014, no low-grade coal exports are allowed, so the upgraded brown coal process that cranks up the calorie value of coal from 4,500 to 6,100 kcal/kg will be built in South Kalimantan and South Sumatra. Indonesia is also the world's largest producer of nickel, and the second-largest producer of cobalt in 2022.

Two US firms operate three copper/gold mines in Indonesia, with a Canadian and British firm holding significant other investments in nickel and gold, respectively. India's fortune groups like Vedanta Resources and Tata Group also have substantial mining operations in Indonesia. In 1998, the value of Indonesian gold and copper production was $1 billion and $843 million respectively. Receipts from gold, copper, and coal accounted for 84% of the $3 billion earned in 1998 by the mineral mining sector. With the addition of Alumina project that produces 5% of the world's alumina production, Indonesia would be the world's second-largest Alumina producer. The project will not make the ores to become aluminum, as there are 100 types of Alumina derivatives that can be developed further by other companies in Indonesia.

Joko Widodo's administration continued the resource nationalism policy of SBY, nationalizing some assets controlled by multinational companies such as Freeport McMoRan, TotalEnergies and Chevron. In 2018, in a move aimed to cut imports, oil companies operating in Indonesia were ordered to sell their crude oil to state-owned Pertamina.

Indonesia's manufacturing sector has historically played a key role in the country's economic development and now contributes to 20 percent of GDP. The government has ambitious plans to propel the country into the top ten biggest economies in the world by 2030, with manufacturing at the heart of this goal. The main areas of production include textiles and garments, food and beverages (F&B), electronics, automotive, and chemicals, with the majority of manufacturers in this sector consisting of micro, small, or medium-sized enterprises. The sector has posted a consistent four percent growth year-on-year since 2016 and registered 147 trillion rupiah (US$8.9 billion) in investments from January to September 2019.

Indonesia recently became the 10th-largest manufacturing nation in the world. Its large manufacturing sector accounts for almost a quarter of the nation's total GDP and employs over a fifth of Indonesia's working age population (around 25 million workers). Put into perspective, Indonesia's manufacturing sector is now larger than the manufacturing sectors of the United Kingdom, Russia and Mexico. Industry sector (including manufacturing) which accounts for 21% of local workers (having become more prominent in recent years). Indonesia's labour pool is estimated at 120 million people, and is growing annually by approximately 2.4 million. As the economy has progressed beyond its predominantly agricultural base to a mixed composition, more workers – particularly women – are now employed in manufacturing and service-related professional industries.

With its rapidly growing middle class and competitive workforce, more foreign investors than ever before are taking advantage of Indonesia's strong manufacturing sector. However, the sector has significant challenges, including intense international competition, particularly from China, increasing labour costs, high transportation and logistics costs, difficulties getting credit, and varying levels of transparency and clarity in regulations.

Military

The Royal Indonesian Armed Forces are the official fighting force of the country. They are divided into the Royal Indonesian Army, Royal Indonesian Navy, Royal Indonesian Air Force and the Royal Indonesian National Police. Currently, Indonesia is Southeast Asia's secondary military power, and has the second-largest navy in Southeast Asia.

Indonesia's military equipment is a mix between indigenous while the others are imported from India and Russia, however the country produces its own small-arms, namely the Pindad rifle series, and some of its own artillery. Additionally, the country produces its own tanks and AFVs, namely the KP main-battle tanks, and the Pembawa series AFVs.

Territorial administrations

• Sultanate of Aceh (OTE: Aceh)
• Sultanate of Mataram (OTE: central Java)
• Province of East Java
• Province of West Java
• Sultanate of North Moluccas (OTE: North Maluku Province)
• Sultanate of Palembang (OTE: South Sumatra Province)