Kingdom of Sudan (President Dukakis)

Kingdom of Sudan
*مملكة السودان*
Timeline: President Dukakis
Kingdom of Sudan مملكة السودانTimeline: President Dukakis
	1990 - Present
Flag	Coat of arms
	Location of Kingdom of Sudan (President Dukakis) Location of Sudan in Africa
Capital; (and largest city)	Khartoum
Official languages	Arabic (Oficial) English (Secondary Language)
Government	Parlamentary monarchy
Legislature	Parliament
Establishment
Area
Population
Currency	Sudanese pound

Kingdom of Sudan (In Arabic:مملكة السودان) or simply Sudan (In Arabic:السودان) is a country in North Africa. It borders Egypt and Libya (on the north side), Chad and central Africa (on the west side), Uganda, Kenya and Congo (on the south side) and Eritrea and Ethiopia (on the east side). Its capital is Khartoum. The Nile River divides the country into two halves: the eastern and the western. it is the nineteenth most populous country in the world, with 50 million inhabitants. It is one of the few African countries where English is the secondary language.

The country calls itself a parliamentary monarchy under the king's absolutist rule, the prime minister is a head of government (Staying in power for 4 to 4 years) while the king is a head of state. Is commanded by King Osmar I of Sudan, since 1990 when Osmar overthrew the government of Ahmed al-Mirghani in Sudanese Civil war,1990.

The nominal GDP of the kingdom of sudan is the eighteenth largest in the world and biggest of Africa. It is one of the largest oil producers in the world thanks to the Hala'ib region which has a large oil production. 70% of the Sudanese territory is made up of the Sahara desert, while 30% (northern region) is made up of large forests.It is a regional power, being the strongest country in Africa in terms of economy and militarism, surpassing South Africa and Egypt. It is a member of the UN, World Trade Organization, G20,African Union, Arab League and Organization of the Islamic Conference.

Much of Sudan's history is marked by ethnic conflicts and two civil wars, between 1955 and 1972, 1983 to 1985 and 1989 to 1990. The Corruption Perception Index indicated Sudan is one of the best. Its Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.755 ranks it as one of the highest levels of development in Africa.

History[]

Ancient history[]

The Kingdom of Cush was an ancient Nubian state centered on the inflows of the Blue Nile, White Nile and Rio Atbara. It was created after the collapse of the Bronze Age and the disintegration of the New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt. It was centered on Napata in its early stages. After King Cachita ("the Cushite") invaded Egypt in the eighth century BC, the Cushite kings were ordained as pharaohs of Egypt's twenty-fifth dynasty, a century before they were defeated and driven out by the Assyrians. At the height of their glory, the Cushites conquered an empire that stretched from what is now known as South Kordofan all the way to Sinai. King Piie tried to expand the empire in the Near East, but was stopped by the Assyrian king Sargon II. The Kingdom of Cush is mentioned in the Bible as having saved the Israelites from the wrath of the Assyrians, although illness among the besiegers was the main reason for the failure to take the city.

The war that took place between King Taraca and Assyrian King Sennacherib was a turning point in Western history, when the Nubians were defeated by the Assyrians in their attempt to gain a foothold in the Near East. Sennacherib's successor, Assaradan, went further and invaded Egypt itself, deposing Taraca and leading the Nubians of Egypt.

During Classical Antiquity, the Nubian capital was in Meroe. In ancient Greek geography, the Meroitic kingdom was known as "Ethiopia" (also a term formerly used by the Assyrians when encountering the Nubians). The Cush civilization was one of the first in the world to use iron smelting technology. The Nubian kingdom in Meroe persisted until the 4th century After the collapse of the Cushite empire, several states arose in its former territories, among them Nubia.

19th and 20th century[]

Sudan is incorporated into the Arab world in the Islamic expansion of the 7th century. The south escapes Muslim control and suffers raids by slave hunters. Between 1820 and 1822, it was conquered and unified by Egypt and later entered the sphere of influence of the United Kingdom. In 1881 a nationalist revolt broke out, led by Mohammed Amade, religious leader known as Mádi, who expelled the British in 1885. He died soon after and the British retake Sudan in 1898. The following year, the Nation was subjected to Egyptian-British rule. . It obtains limited autonomy in 1953 and full independence in 1956.

In the first years of Sudan's independence, politics ended up weakening and splitting between tribes, which led to civil wars. Sudan's First Civil War ended up lasting 17 years, with a ceasefire.

1990 Civil War and the Establishment of the Monarchy[]

Sudanese Rebelion — Sudanese rebellion pro-al-Bashir

In 1989, with politics declining, Omar al-Bashir (with the help of anti-government rebellions) ended up attacking parliament trying to make a coup (but he failed), months later they ended up taking cities and called ''kingdom provinces''. In September 1989, with so many cities being taken over by the pro-Bashir rebellion, President Ahmed al-Mirghani called the rebellions ''terrorists'' and began sending troops against them.

On February 10, 1990, the Al-Bashir rebellion ended up taking the city of Khartoum after the victory in the Battle of Khartoum that happened 29 days ago.Taking the government of Sudan and winning the civil war. 20 days later, Omar al-Bashir proclaimed the monarchy and appointed himself the King of Sudan, establishing the Kingdom of Sudan.

21th century[]

In the 2000s, Thanks to the strong export of oil, Sudan's economy ended up growing a lot, being one of the fastest growing African countries (more than South Africa). In addition to foreign companies growing a lot in economic investment across the country like Coca-Cola and other famous brands. With so much enrichment, Sudan ended up investing in heavy weapons such as bombs and even nuclear weapons, as well as investing in public education in Khartoum.

Modern building in Sudan — Modern building in Khartom

In 2003, Omar al-Bashir created a constitution which added elections for prime minister every 4 to 4 years, as well as freeing political parties either opposition or government (although much of the power belongs to the king). he became the prime minister of the Kingdom of Sudan democratically with 61.4% of the valid votes.1 year later, the Kingdom of Sudan ended up increasing the country's GDP rates.

Despite the great progress, the country ended up being affected by the 2006 crisis, as its negotiations with the United States and the United Kingdom were strong. As a result, Sudan ends up isolating itself little by little, trying to recover from the country's crisis until the crisis ended in 2007.

In the late 2000s, Sudan ended up competing and investing in its technology and science, The rapid growth of the Kingdom of Sudan makes the country was the biggest in Africa in terms of technology and economy, surpassing South Africa in 2010. With so much advance in technology, the government created a proposal for the country to have the first nuclear weapons, which the government and the king approved.The first ministries were created, such as the Ministry of Education and Communication (both created in 2011). Sudan became the third country in Africa to have 3G, behind Angola and South Africa, arriving in just 2009 with the access of the government of Sudan through the ministry.

In 2015, the Kingdom of Sudan managed to produce its first nuclear weapon with the help of Pakistani scientists, the SN-13 bomb was tested in the Sudan desert (near the town of Mellit). the test caused reactions in the world, prompting the United States to insist that a peaceful solution to the situation must be sought. Until 2018, the Kingdom of Sudan signed the anti-nuclear treaty with the United States.

Geography[]

The Kingdom of Sudan is located in the north of the African continent, with the Red Sea as its northeast coast (853 km). It has a total area of 2,505,824 km², being the 10th in the world in extension. It borders the Central African Republic, Chad, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Libya.

To the west of the country, in the Darfur region, is located the volcanic massif of Jebel Marra, a dormant caldera-type hotspot, where the highest part is called Deriba, it is the highest point in the country with 3,042 meters of altitude. .

Geography of Sudan — Geography of Kingdom Sudan

The Blue Nile and White Nile rivers meet in Khartoum to form the Nile, which flows northwards through Egypt to the Mediterranean Sea. The Blue Nile's course through Sudan is nearly 800 km (497 mi) long and is joined by the Dinder and Rahad Rivers between Sennar and Khartoum. The White Nile within Sudan has no significant tributaries. There are several dams on the Blue and White Niles. Among them are the Sennar and Roseires Dams on the Blue Nile, and the Jebel Aulia Dam on the White Nile. There is also Lake Nubia on the Sudanese-Egyptian border.

Clime[]

From the central region to the south of the country, the predominant climate is tropical, with rare occasions where the subtropical climate prevails and interferes with the climate, due to the deserts present in almost the entire territory. The north has a desert and humid climate.

The dry regions are plagued by sandstorms, known as haboob, which can completely block out the sun. In the northern and western semi-desert areas, people rely on the scant rainfall for basic agriculture and many are nomadic, travelling with their herds of sheep and camels. Nearer the River Nile, there are well-irrigated farms growing cash crops

Demography[]

The 1993 census in Sudan reported that the population at that time was 25 million people. Since then no reliable census has been taken due to the civil war. The UN estimated in 2006 that the population already reached the inhabitants, which corresponds to a population density of 19.04 inhabitants/km². The average life expectancy is 78.92 years. The value of the Human Development Index (HDI) is 0.755 and the value of the Gender-Adjusted Development Index (IDG) is 0.555 (2016). It is estimated that, in 2021, the population will be 50 million inhabitants.

This puts current estimates of Sudan's population after the secession of South Sudan at just over 30 million people. This is a significant increase over the past two decades, as the 1983 census estimated the total population of Sudan, including present-day South Sudan, at 21,6 million. The population of Greater Khartoum (including Khartoum, Omdurman and Northern Khartoum) is growing rapidly and has been recorded at 7,1 million. The population of the Kingdom of Sudan was one of the fastest growing, with 20 million inhabitants for 20 years.

Ethnic groups[]


blacks			84%
brown			10%
white			6%
ethnic composition

Non-Arab nations are often linguistically and to varying degrees culturally distinct. These include the Beja (over 2 million), Fur (over 1 million), Nuba (approx. 1 million), Masalit, Bornu, Tama, Fulani, Nubians, Berta, Zaghawa, Nyimang, Ingessana, Daju, Koalib, Gumuz, Midob and Tagale. Hausa is used as a trade language. There is also a small but prominent Greek community.

Sudanese Arabs of northern and eastern Sudan descend primarily from migrants from the Arabian Peninsula and intermarriages with the pre-existing indigenous populations of Sudan, especially the Nubian people, who also share a common history with Egypt. Additionally, a few pre-Islamic Arabian tribes existed in Sudan from earlier migrations into the region from Western Arabia, although most Arabs in Sudan are dated from migrations after the 12th century.