The Ligurian Restoration (Italian: Restauro ligure), known in French as the Ligurian Secession (French: Secessione Ligure), refers to the 2013 secession of five French departments bordering Italy and their annexation to said country in the wake of the European Spring, coinciding roughly with the area of the old Republic of Genoa or Liguria and parts of the Subalpine Republic. The five departments in question were Gênes, Apennins, Taro, Marengo, and Sésia, all the most Italian-speaking departments of the French Empire. The transfer of the territory to Italy added 1,839,215 hectares of land, including the cities of Genoa and Parma, as well as roughly 2 million inhabitants. The Ligurian Restoration preceded mass population transfers as many Italian-descendant citizens of France moved east and many Franco-Italians fled to France. There was some mild paramilitary activity in Parma in particular, though nowhere near the levels that plagued some parts of France during the Spring.
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