| Lindsey Graham | |
|---|---|
| |
| 27th United States Ambassador to the United Nations | |
| Assumed office January 29, 2009 | |
| President | John McCain |
| Preceded by | Zalmay Khalilzad |
| United States Senator from South Carolina | |
| In office January 3, 2003 – December 3, 2008 Serving with Jim DeMint | |
| Preceded by | J. Strom Thurmond |
| Succeeded by | Mark Hammond |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina's 3rd district | |
| In office January 3, 1995 – January 3, 2003 | |
| Preceded by | Butler Derrick |
| Succeeded by | J. Gresham Barrett |
| Personal details | |
| Born | July July 9, 1955 Central, South Carolina, U.S.A. |
| Nationality |  American
|
| Political party | Republican Party Republican |
| Alma mater | University of South Carolina |
| Profession | Politician, attorney |
| Religion | Southern Baptist |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States of America
|
| Service/branch | United States Air Force |
| Years of service | 1982 – 1988 (active) 1988 – 2008 (reserve) |
| Rank |  Colonel
|
| Unit | Judge Advocate General's Corps |
| Battles/wars | Gulf War Iraq War War in Afghanistan |
_Logo.png){kind=link}
Lindsey Olin Graham (born July 9, 1955) is the 27th Ambassador to the United Nations and former Senator from South Carolina. He served on the Armed Services and Judiciary Committees. As a reservist in the U.S. military, Graham is the only U.S. Senator to have served in both the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts as a military attorney and advisor. On November 10th, Graham was announced that he would be nominated for the position of UN Ambassador. On January 29th he was confirmed by Congress but not without a major "Stop Graham" move from some Democrats.
Early life and education[]
Graham was born in Central, South Carolina, where his father, Florence James Graham, owned a liquor store. After graduating from high school, Graham became the first member of his family to attend college and joined the Reserve Officer Training Corps. When he was 21 his mother died, and his father died 15 months later. Because he and his sister were now left orphaned, the service allowed Graham to attend University of South Carolina in Columbia so he could be near home and care for his sister, whom he adopted. During his studies, he became a member of the fraternity Pi Kappa Phi.
Graham graduated from the University of South Carolina with a B.A. in Psychology in 1977 and from its school of law with a J.D. in 1981. Upon graduating, Graham was sent to Europe as a military prosecutor, and eventually entered private practice as a lawyer.
Military service[]
Graham decided to join the United States Air Force in 1982, and served on active duty until 1988. Following his departure he stayed in the military, joining the South Carolina Air National Guard and the U.S. Air Force Reserves. During the Gulf War, he was recalled to active duty, serving as a Judge Advocate at McEntire Air National Guard Station in Eastover, South Carolina, where he helped brief departing pilots on the laws of war.
In 2004, Graham received a promotion to Colonel in the U.S. Air Force Reserves at a White House ceremony officiated by President George W. Bush.
Graham served in Iraq as a reservist on active duty for short periods during April and two weeks in August 2007, where he worked on detainee and rule-of-law issues. That makes him the only Iraq war veteran serving in the United States Senate. In December 2008 Graham served 5 days at Camp Eggers in Kabul, Afghanistan, working with military lawyers.
Political career on the national stage[]
House of Representatives[]
In 1992, Graham was elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives from a district in Oconee County. After only one term, he was elected to the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina's 3rd congressional district in the northwestern part of the state after 20-year incumbent Butler Derrick retired. With U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond campaigning on his behalf, Graham won by a large margin; the 3rd District had never elected a Republican before. In his first reelection bid, in 1996, Debbie Dorn, daughter of longtime 3rd District congressman W.J. Bryan Dorn and Derrick's niece, challenged Graham. However, Graham turned back this challenge fairly easily, winning by almost 20 points. He was unopposed for reelection in 1998 and handily defeated an underfunded Democrat in 2000.
In Congress, Graham quickly became powerful as a member of the Judiciary Committee during the impeachment of President Bill Clinton in 1998. Graham opposed some articles, but vigorously supported others. In January and February 1999, after two impeachment articles had been passed by the full House, he was one of the managers who brought the House's case to Clinton's trial in the Senate. Though the Senate did not convict Clinton, Graham became nationally known.
Senate[]
In 2002, upon Thurmond's retirement, the much younger Graham defeated his Democratic opponent, Alex Sanders, the president of the College of Charleston. He became South Carolina's first new Senator since 1965, and the state's first freshman Republican Senator since the dark days of Reconstruction when harsh sanctions were imposed on South Carolina by Radical Republicans. In 2008, Graham was easily reelected against North Myrtle Beach native Bob Conley.
Legislative history[]
Legislative and Congressional committees on which Graham has served[]
SC House of Representatives: Judiciary Committee
U.S. House of Representatives[]
- Committee on Education and the Workforce, 1995–2002
- Committee on International Relations, 1995–1998
- Committee on Homeland Security, 1995–1997
- Committee on the Judiciary, 1997–2002
- Committee on Armed Services, 1999–2002
U.S. Senate[]
- Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, 2002–2004
- Committee on the Judiciary, 2002–2008
- Subcommittee on Administrative Oversight and the Courts
- Subcommittee on Crime and Drugs (Ranking Member)
- Subcommittee on Human Rights and the Law
- Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Property Rights
- Committee on Armed Services, 2002–2008
- Subcommittee on Personnel (Ranking Member)
- Subcommittee on Airland
- Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities
- Subcommittee on Strategic Forces
- Committee on the Budget, 2004–2008
- Committee on Veterans' Affairs, 2007-2008
- Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry, 2007-2008
- Subcommittee on Domestic and Foreign Marketing, Inspection, and Plant and Animal Health (Ranking Member)
- Subcommittee on Energy, Science and Technology
- Subcommittee on Rural Revitalization, Conservation, Forestry and Credit
- Special Committee on Aging, 2007–2008
- Select Committee on Intelligence, 2007–2008
Political views[]
Though Graham's stances are often conservative, he has gained a reputation for sometimes speaking out against or criticizing the party line, as well as being open to making compromises. Graham votes as a conservative roughly 90 percent of the time, roughly the same as Thurmond's record, but is considered to be more independent-minded than his Senate colleague, Jim DeMint.
Graham notably supported John McCain's presidential bid in 2000, and served as national co-chairman of McCain's 2008 presidential bid.
Gang of 14[]
On May 23, 2005, Graham was one of the Gang of 14 senators to forge a compromise that brought a halt to the continued blockage of an up or down vote on judicial nominees. This compromise negated both the Democrats' threatened use of a filibuster and the so-called Republican "nuclear option" as described in the media. Under the agreement, the Democrats would retain the power to filibuster a Bush judicial nominee only in an "extraordinary circumstance", and three conservative Bush appellate court nominees (Janice Rogers Brown, Priscilla Owen and William Pryor) would receive a vote by the full Senate.
Detainee interrogations[]
In July 2005, Graham secured the declassification and release of memorandums outlining concerns made by senior military lawyers as early as 2003 about the legality of the interrogations of prisoners held at Guantanamo Bay.
In response to this and a June 2004 U.S. Supreme Court decision allowing detainees to file habeas corpus petitions to challenge their detentions, Graham authored an amendment to a Department of Defense Authorization Act attempting to clarify the authority of American courts which passed in November 2005 by a vote of 49-42 in the Senate despite opposition from human rights groups and legal scholars because of the lack of rights it provides detainees.
Graham has said he amended the Department of Defense Authorization Act in order to give military lawyers, as opposed to politically appointed lawyers, a more independent role in the oversight of military commanders. He has argued that two of the largest problems leading to the detainee abuse scandals at Guantanamo Bay and Abu Ghraib were this lack of oversight and troops' confusion over legal boundaries.
Graham further explains that military lawyers had long observed the provisions of the Uniform Code of Military Justice and the Geneva Convention, but that those provisions had not been considered by the Bush administration in decisions regarding the treatment of detainees in Guantanamo Bay. He has claimed that better legal oversight within the military’s chain of command will prevent future detainee abuse.
The Graham amendment was itself amended by Democratic Senator Carl Levin so that it would not strip the courts of their jurisdiction in cases like Hamdan v. Rumsfeld that had already been granted cert; this compromise version passed by a vote of 84-14, though it did little to satisfy many critics of the original language. The Graham-Levin amendment, combined with Republican Senator John McCain's amendment banning torture, became known as the Detainee Treatment Act and attempted to limit interrogation techniques to those in the U.S. Army Field Manual of Interrogation. Verbal statements by Senators at the time of the amendment's passage indicated that Congress believed that Levin's changes would protect the courts' jurisdiction over cases like Hamdan, though Levin and his cosponsor Senator Kyl placed in the Congressional Record a statement indicating that there would be no change.
In February 2006, Graham joined Senator Jon Kyl in filing an amicus brief in the Hamdan v. Rumsfeld case which appears to have been an attempt to mislead the Supreme Court by presenting an “extensive colloquy” added to the Congressional record but not included in the Dec 21 debate as evidence that "Congress was aware" that the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005 would strip the Supreme Court of jurisdiction to hear "pending cases, including this case" brought by the Guantanamo detainees.
Immigration reform[]
Graham has been an adamant supporter of "comprehensive immigration reform" and of S. 2611, the McCain-Kennedy Immigration Reform Bill of 2006 as well as the equally hotly debated S. 1348 of 2007, the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007. Despite Graham's support the bill failed on a key Senate vote on June 28, 2007 and is unlikely to be revived. His view and support of the bill earned him the name Lindsey Grahamnesty by the media and staunch conservatives.
His positions on immigration, and in particular collaborating with Senator Kennedy, earned Graham the ire of conservative activists. Graham responded by saying, "We are going to solve this problem. We're not going to run people down. We're not going to scapegoat people. We're going to tell the bigots to shut up, and we're going to get this right." The controversy prompted conservative activists to support a primary challenge in 2008 by longtime Republican national committeeman Buddy Witherspoon, but Graham won the nomination by a large margin.
Alito confirmation hearings[]
During the Judiciary Committee confirmation hearings for Judge Samuel Alito for a seat on the United States Supreme Court, Graham was accused by Democrats of having coached Alito before the hearings. Graham did express his support for him during the hearings. One of the most controversial moments of the hearings occurred when Graham asked Alito, "Are you really a closet bigot?" Alito answered "I'm not any kind of a bigot, I'm not." and Graham continued his statement by expressing his opinion that Alito definitely was not a bigot. Alito’s wife cried and left the hearing briefly.
Rosemary Alito, the judge's sister, said that her sister-in-law took the comments as a message of support. Rosemary responded with: "Martha understood them to be kind comments." "It was that expression of warmth, the feeling of support for Sam, that triggered an emotional response." After Samuel Alito's participation in the hearings ended, Martha-Ann Alito gave Graham a quick hug and he responded that he planned to give her children a book compiling "all the documents that we have from so many different people saying nice things about her husband."
McCain Administration[]
United States Ambassador to the United Nations[]
On November 10th, 2008, then President-Elect McCain announced that Graham would be nominated for the position of UN Ambassador. After one day after the inauguration of John McCain as the 44th President, Lindsey Graham was confirmed as the 27th Ambassador to the United Nations. This confirmation saw a "Stop Graham" spring up in a surprise by several Democrats, one statement "Graham will be the big bully if he's confirmed". Graham would announce that he would work tirelessley for President McCain and aid him on the important foreign policy issues.