| Emperor of the Roman Empire | |
|---|---|
Imperial | |
 Royal Arms | |
| Incumbent | |
 Paul II (Senior); Constantine XXX (Junior) since 1 January 2014 & 23 February 2044 | |
| Details | |
| Style | Emperor of the Roman Empire, King of Greece, Imperator Caesar Augustus, Basileus |
| Heir apparent | Alexios |
| Formation | 16 January 27 BC |
| Residence | Palace of Constantinople |
The monarchy of the Roman Empire is one of the oldest continuous monarchies in the world established in 27 BC it has been transformed from Absolute to Constitutional, Unitary to Federal, witnessed many civil wars and golden ages. Often when a given Roman is described as becoming "emperor" in English, it reflects his taking of the title augustus (and later basileus). Another title often used was caesar, used for heirs-apparent, and imperator, originally a military honorific. Early emperors also used the title princeps civitatis ("first citizen"). Emperors frequently amassed republican titles, notably princeps senatus, consul, and pontifex maximus.
The legitimacy of an emperor's rule depended on his control of the army and recognition by the Senate; an emperor would normally be proclaimed by his troops, or invested with imperial titles by the Senate, or both. The first emperors reigned alone; later emperors would sometimes rule with co-emperors and divide administration of the empire between them.
The Romans considered the office of emperor to be distinct from that of a king. The first emperor, Augustus, resolutely refused recognition as a monarch. For the first three hundred years of Roman emperors, from Augustus until Diocletian, efforts were made to portray the emperors as leaders of the republic, fearing any association with the kings of Rome prior to the Roman Republic.
From Diocletian, whose tetrarchic reforms also divided the position into one emperor in the West and one in the East, until the end of the Empire, emperors ruled in an openly monarchic style and did not preserve the nominal principle of a republic, but the contrast with "kings" was maintained: although the imperial succession was generally hereditary, it was only hereditary if there was a suitable candidate acceptable to the army and the bureaucracy, so the principle of automatic inheritance was not adopted. Elements of the republican institutional framework (senate, consuls, and magistrates) were preserved even after the end of the Western Empire.
Constantine the Great moved the capital (Caput Mundi) from Rome to Constantinople, formerly known as Byzantium, in 330 AD and converted to Christianity. After this, the emperor came to be seen as God's chosen ruler, as well as a special protector and leader of the Christian Church on Earth, although in practice an emperor's authority on Church matters was subject to challenge. The Western Roman Empire collapsed in the late 5th century after multiple invasions of imperial territory by Germanic barbarian tribes. Romulus III Augustulus is often considered to have been the last emperor of the West, until his forced abdication in 476, although Julius Nepos maintained a claim recognized by the Eastern Empire to the title until his death in 480. Following Nepos's death, the Eastern emperor Zeno I abolished the division of the position and proclaimed himself as the sole emperor of a reunited Roman Empire. The subsequent Eastern emperors ruling from Constantinople continued to style themselves "Emperor of the Romans" (later βασιλεύς Ῥωμαίων in Greek), but are often referred to in modern scholarship as Byzantine emperors.
The papacy and Germanic kingdoms of the West acknowledged the Eastern Emperors until the accession of Empress Irene in 797 and the Papacy then created a rival lineage of Roman emperors in western Europe, the Holy Roman Emperors, which ruled the Holy Roman Empire for most of the period between 800 and 1806. These emperors were never recognized as Roman emperors by the court in Constantinople and their coronations resulted in the medieval problem of two emperors. Most western historians treat Constantine XVIII Palaiologos, who died during the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 as the last meaningful claimant to the title Roman emperor. From 1453 the title was claimed by the brother of Constantine XVIII, Thomas I, His son Andrew sold the the title in 1483 to a powerful family in the Ionian islands were they held the title until 1832 when Otto of Bavaria was elected king of the Hellenes, he also assumed the title of Roman Emperor and the Ionian pentarchy was absorbed into the Kingdom of Greece which was made a constituent monarchy within the empire. In 1863 the Glücksburg dynasty assumed the throne after the deposition of Otto II and reigns to this day, having witnessed the recapture of Constantinople, Thrace, Western Anatolia and Trebizond
List of Emperors[]
Principate[]
Julio Claudian Dynasty[]
Ruling Emperor Chosen Successor
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Augustus Caesar Augustus |
15 January 27 BC - 19 Augustus 14 AD (40 years 7 months 4 days) |
Grandnephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar. Gradually acquired further power through grants from, and constitutional settlements with, the Roman Senate. |
|
Marcellus Marcus Claudius Marcellus |
13 April 25 - 23 September 23 BC (2 years 5 months 10 days) |
Nephew and son-in-law of Augustus |
|
Agrippa I Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa |
28 September 23 - 12 March 12 BC (10 years 5 months 12 days) |
Best friend and son in law of Augustus |
|
Drusus I Nero Claudius Drusus |
12 June 12 - 07 July 09 BC (3 years 25 days) |
Stepson of Augustus, younger brother of Tiberius I |
|
Gaius I Gaius Julius Caesar Vipsanianus |
1 August 02 BC- 21 February 04 AD (5 years 5 months 9 days) |
Son of Agrippa I, grandson and later adopted son and heir of Augustus |
|
Lucius I Lucius Caesar |
1 August 02 BC- 20 August AD 02 AD (3 years 19 days) |
Son of Agrippa I, grandson and later adopted son and heir of Augustus |
|
Agrippa II Agrippa Julius Caesar |
20 August 02- 1 January 07 AD (4 years 4 months 12 days) |
Son of Agrippa I, grandson and later adopted son and heir of Augustus |
|
Tiberius I Tiberius Caesar Augustus |
20 January 06 - 17 September 14 AD (8 years 7 months 28 days) |
Stepson, former son-in-law and adopted son of Augustus |
|
|
Tiberius I Tiberius Caesar Augustus |
17 September 14 - 16 March 37 AD (22 years 5 months 27 days) |
Stepson, former son-in-law and adopted son of Augustus |
|
Germanicus Germanicus Julius Caesar |
17 September 14 - 10 October 19 (5 years 23 days) |
Son of Drusus I, adopted son and heir of Tiberius I |
|
Drusus II Drusus Julius Caesar |
10 October 19 - 14 September 23 (5 years 23 days) |
Son of Tiberius I |
|
Nero I Nero Julius Caesar |
14 September 23 - 19 September 31 (8 years 5 days) |
Grandnephew and adopted heir of Tiberius, great-grandson of Augustus |
|
Drusus III Drusus Caesar |
19 September 31 - 22 September 33 (2 years 3 days) |
Grandnephew and adopted heir of Tiberius, great-grandson of Augustus |
|
Gaius II Gaius Caesar Germanicus |
22 September 33 - 18 March 37 (3 years 5 months 24 days) |
Grandnephew and adopted heir of Tiberius, great-grandson of Augustus |
|
|
Gaius II Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus |
18 March 37 – 24 January 41 (3 years 10 months 6 days) |
Grandnephew and adopted heir of Tiberius, great-grandson of Augustus |
|
Tiberius II Tiberius Julius Caesar Nero Gemellus |
18 March 37 - 10 April 38 (1 year 23 days) |
Son of Drusus II, Grandson of Tiberius I |
|
Claudius I Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus |
24 January 41 – 13 October 54 (13 years 8 months 19 days) |
Uncle of Caligula, grandnephew of Augustus, proclaimed emperor by the Praetorian Guard and accepted by the Senate |
|
Claudius II Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus |
13 October 54 - 11 February 55 (3 months 29 days) |
Son of Claudius |
|
Nero II Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus |
13 October 54 – 9 June 68 (13 years 7 months 27 days) |
Grandnephew, stepson, son-in-law and adopted son of Claudius, great-great-grandson of Augustus |
First Chaotic Period[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Galba Servius Galba Caesar Augustus |
8 June 68 – 15 January 69 (7 months 7 days) |
Governor of Hispania Tarraconensis, revolted against Nero and seized power after his suicide, with support of the Senate and Praetorian Guard |
|
Otho I Marcus Otho Caesar Augustus |
15 January 69 – 16 April 69 (3 months 1 day) |
Seized power through a coup against Galba |
|
Vitellius Aulus Vitellius Germanicus Augustus |
19 April – 20 December 69 (8 months 1 day) |
Governor of Germania Inferior, proclaimed emperor by the Rhine legions on 2 January in opposition to Galba and Otho, later recognized by the Senate |
Flavian Dynasty[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Vespasian I Caesar Vespasianus Augustus |
1 July 69 – 23 June 79 (9 years 11 months 22 days) |
Seized power with support of the eastern legions, in opposition to Vitellius |
|
Titus I Titus Caesar Vespasianus Augustus |
24 June 79 – 13 September 81 (2 years 2 months 20 days) |
Son of Vespasian |
|
Domitian I Caesar Domitianus Augustus |
14 September 81 – 18 September 96 (15 years 4 days) |
Brother of Titus and son of Vespasian |
|
Vespasian II Titus Flavius Vespasianus |
6 January 89- 30 April 95 (6 years 3 months 24 days) |
Nephew |
|
Domitian II Titus Flavius Domitianus |
6 January 89- 30 April 95 (6 years 3 months 24 days) |
Brother |
Nerva-Antonine Dynasty[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Nerva I Nerva Caesar Augustus |
18 September 96 – 27 January 98 (1 year 4 months 9 days) |
Proclaimed emperor after the murder of Domitian |
|
Trajan I Caesar Nerva Traianus Augustus |
28 January 98 – 11 August 117 (19 years 6 months 14 days) |
Adopted son of Nerva |
|
Hadrian I Caesar Traianus Hadrianus Augustus |
11 August 117 – 10 July 138 (20 years 10 months 29 days) |
Cousin of Trajan, allegedly adopted on his deathbed |
|
Antoninus I Pius Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus |
10 July 138 – 7 March 161 (22 years 7 months 25 days) |
Adopted son of Hadrian |
|
Marcus I Aurelius Marcus Aurelius Antoninus |
7 March 161 – 17 March 180 (19 years 10 days) |
Son-in-law and adopted son of Antoninus Pius. Reigned jointly with his adoptive brother, Lucius Verus, the first time multiple emperors shared power. |
|
Lucius II Verus Lucius Aurelius Verus |
7 March 161 – 9 January 169 (7 years 10 months 2 days) |
Adopted son of Antoninus Pius, joint emperor with his adoptive brother, Marcus Aurelius |
|
Annius Verus Marcus Annius Verus Caesar |
12 October 166 - 10 September 169 (2 years 10 months 29 days) |
Son of Marcus Aurelius |
|
Commodus Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus / Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus |
12 October 166 – 31 December 192 (26 years 2 months 19 days) |
Son of Marcus Aurelius. First emperor to be elevated during predecessor's lifetime |
Second Chaotic Period[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Pertinax Publius Helvius Pertinax |
31 December 192 – 28 March 193 (2 months 28 days) |
City prefect of Rome at Commodus's death, set up as emperor by the praetorian prefect, Laetus, with consent of the Senate |
|
Julian I Marcus Didius Severus Julianus |
28 March – 1 June 193 (2 months 4 days) |
Won auction held by the Praetorian Guard for the position of emperor |
Severan Dynasty[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession | Dynasty |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Severus I Lucius Septimius Severus Pertinax |
9 April 193 – 4 February 211 (17 years 9 months 26 days) |
Governor of Upper Pannonia, acclaimed emperor by the Pannonian legions following the murder of Pertinax | Severan |
|
Antoninus II Marcus Aurelius Antoninus |
28 January 198 – 8 April 217 (19 years 2 months 11 days) |
Son of Septimius Severus, proclaimed co-emperor at age 10. Succeeded jointly with his brother, Geta, in 211 | |
|
Geta Publius Septimius Geta |
19 October 209 – 26 December 211 (2 years 2 months 7 days) |
Son of Septimius Severus, succeeded jointly with his older brother, Caracalla | |
|
Macrinus Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus |
11 April 217 – 8 June 218 (1 year 1 month 28 days) |
Praetorian prefect of Caracalla, accepted as emperor by the army and Senate after having arranged his predecessor's death in fear of his own life | Macrinian |
|
Diadumenian Marcus Opellius Antoninus Diadumenianus |
19 May – 11 June 218 (23 days) |
Son of Macrinus, named co-emperor by his father after the eruption of a rebellion in favor of Elagabalus | |
|
Antoninus III Marcus Aurelius Antoninus |
16 May 218 – 12 March 222 (3 years 9 months 24 days) |
Cousin and alleged illegitimate son of Caracalla, acclaimed as emperor by rebellious legions in opposition to Macrinus at the instigation of his grandmother, Julia Maesa | Severan |
|
Alexander I Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander |
13 March 222 – 21 March 235 (13 years 8 days) |
Cousin and adopted heir of Elagabalus |
Third Chaotic Period[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession | Dynasty |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Maximinus I "Thrax" Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus |
22 March 235 – 24 June 238 (3 years 3 months 2 days) |
Proclaimed emperor by Germanic legions after the murder of Severus Alexander | Thracian |
|
Maximus I Gaius Julius Verus Maximus |
9 March 236 – 24 June 238 (2 years 3 months 15 days) |
Son | |
|
Gordian I Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus |
22 March – 12 April 238 (21 days) |
Proclaimed emperor alongside his son, Gordian II, while serving as governor of Africa, in a revolt against Maximinus, and recognized by the Senate | Gordian |
|
Gordian II Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus |
22 March – 12 April 238 (21 days) |
Proclaimed emperor alongside his father Gordian I, during revolt in Africa against Maximinus | |
|
Pupienus Maximus II Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus |
22 April – 29 July 238 (3 months 7 days) |
Proclaimed emperor jointly with Balbinus by the Senate after death of Gordian I and II, in opposition to Maximinus | Non-Dynastic |
|
Balbinus Decimus Caelius Calvinus Balbinus |
22 April – 29 July 238 (3 months 7 days) |
Proclaimed emperor jointly with Pupienus by the Senate after death of Gordian I and II, in opposition to Maximinus | |
|
Gordian III Marcus Antonius Gordianus |
29 July 238 – 11 February 244 (5 years 6 months 13 days) |
Grandson of Gordian I, appointed as heir by Pupienus and Balbinus, upon whose deaths he succeeded as emperor | Gordian |
|
Philip I "the Arab" Marcus Julius Philippus |
15 February 244 – 28 September 249 (5 years 7 months 13 days) |
Praetorian prefect under Gordian III, seized power after his death | Arab |
|
Philip II "the Younger" Marcus Julius Severus Philippus |
11 July 247 – 1 October 249 (2 years 2 months 20 days) |
Son of Philip I, appointed co-emperor | |
|
Decius Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius |
September 249 – June 251 (1 year 9 months) |
Proclaimed emperor by the troops in Moesia, then defeated and killed Philip I in battle | Decian |
|
Herennius I Etruscus Quintus Herennius Etruscus Messius Decius |
February 250 – June 251 (1 year 4 months) |
Son of Decius, appointed co-emperor | |
|
Hostilian I Gaius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus |
February 250 - July 251 (1 year 5 months) |
Younger son of Decius, named caesar by his father and proclaimed co-emperor by Trebonianus Gallus | |
|
Trebonian Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus |
June 251 – c. August 253 (2 years 2 months) |
Younger son of Decius, named caesar by his father and proclaimed co-emperor by Trebonianus Gallus | Trebonianic |
|
Volusian Gaius Vibius Afinius Gallus Veldumnianus Volusianus |
c. August 251 – c. August 253 (2 years) |
Son of Gallus, appointed co-emperor | |
|
Aemilian Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus |
c. July 253 – c. September 253 (c. 2 months) |
Commander in Moesia, proclaimed emperor by his soldiers after defeating barbarians, in opposition to Gallus | Non-Dynastic |
|
Silbannacus Marcius Silbannacus |
2 - 26 October 253 (24 days) |
Obscure figure known only from coinage, appears to have briefly ruled in Rome between Aemilianus and Valerian | Non-Dynastic |
|
Valerian I Publius Licinius Valerianus |
September 253 – June 260 (6 years 9 months) |
Army commander in Raetia and Noricum, proclaimed emperor by the legions in opposition to Aemilian | Valerianic |
|
Gallienus I Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus |
September 253 – September 268 (15 years) |
Son of Valerian, appointed joint emperor. Sole emperor after Valerian's capture and subsequent death | |
|
Valerian II Publius Licinius Cornelius Valerianus |
June 256 - August 258 (2 years 2 months) |
Son of Gallienus | |
|
Saloninus I Publius Licinius Cornelius Saloninus Valerianus |
June 258 - July 260 (2 years 1 month) |
Son of Gallienus, proclaimed caesar by his father and proclaimed emperor by the praetorian prefect Silvanus while besieged by Postumus | |
|
Valerian III Publius Licinius Valerianus |
25 July 260 - 4 October 268 (8 years 2 months 9 days) |
Brother of Gallienus | |
|
Marinian Publius Licinius Cornelius Marinianus Valerianus |
25 July 260 - 4 October 268 (8 years 2 months 9 days) |
Son of Gallienus | |
|
Claudius III Marcus Aurelius Claudius |
c. September 268 – c. April 270 (1 year 7 months) |
Army commander in Illyria, proclaimed emperor after Gallienus's death | Gothicus |
|
Quintillus Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus |
c. April 270- c. June 270 (2 months) |
Brother of Claudius II, proclaimed emperor after his death | |
|
Aurelian I Lucius Domitius Aurelianus |
c. May 270 – c. October 275 (5 years 5 months) |
Supreme commander of the Roman cavalry, proclaimed emperor by Danube legions after Claudius II's death, in opposition to Quintillus | Non-Dynastic |
|
Tacitus Marcus Claudius Tacitus |
December 275 – June 276 (6 months) |
Alleged princeps senatus, proclaimed emperor by his soldiers in Campania after Aurelian's death | Tacitus |
|
Florianus Marcus Annius Florianus |
c. June – September 276 (3 months) |
Brother or, more likely, half-brother of Tacitus | |
|
Probus I Marcus Aurelius Probus |
c. June 276 – c. September 282 (6 years 3 months) |
General; proclaimed emperor by the eastern legions, in opposition to Florianus | Non-Dynastic |
|
Carus Marcus Aurelius Carus |
c. September 282 – c. July 283 (10 months) |
Praetorian prefect under Probus, seized power before or after Probus's murder | Caran |
|
Carinus Marcus Aurelius Carinus |
July 283 – August 285 (2 years 1 month) |
Son of Carus, appointed joint emperor shortly before his death. Succeeded jointly with Numerian | |
|
Numerian Marcus Aurelius Numerianus |
July 283 – November 284 (1 year 4 months) |
Son of Carus, succeeded jointly with Carinus |
Dominate[]
Tetrarchy Western Emperors[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession | Dynasty |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Maximian "Herculius" Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus |
25 July 285 - 1 May 305 (19 years 9 months 6 days) 27 October 306 – 11 November 308 (2 years 15 days) Mid-310 (c. 1 Month) |
Elevated by Diocletian, ruled the western provinces | Herculean |
|
Severus II Flavius Valerius Severus |
1 May 305 – April 307 (1 year 11 months) |
Elevated to caesar in 305 by Maximian, promoted to western augustus by Galerius upon Constantius I's death | Non-Dynastic |
|
Maxentius Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius |
28 October 306 – 28 October 312 (6 years) |
Son of Maximian and son-in-law of Galerius, seized power in Italy with support of the Praetorians and his father after being passed over in the succession. Not recognized by the other emperors | Herculean |
|
Romulus I Marcus Aurelius Valerius Romulus |
March 307 - June 309 (2 years 3 months) |
Son of Maxentius | |
|
Valens I Aurelius Valerius Valens |
October 316 – c. January 317 (3 months) |
Frontier commander in Dacia, elevated by Licinius in opposition to Constantine I | Non-Dynastic |
|
Martinian Marcius Martinianus |
July – 19 September 324 (2 months) |
A senior bureaucrat, elevated by Licinius in opposition to Constantine I |
Tetrarchy Eastern Emperors[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession | Dynasty |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Diocletian Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus |
20 November 284 – 1 May 305 (20 years 5 months 11 days) |
Commander of the imperial bodyguard, acclaimed by the army after death of Numerian, and proceeded to defeat Numerian's brother, Carinus, in battle | Non-Dynastic |
|
Galerius Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus |
1 March 293 - May 311 (18 years 2 months) |
Elevated to caesar in 293 by Diocletian, succeeded as eastern augustus upon Diocletian's abdication | Galerian |
|
Licinius I Valerius Licinianus Licinius |
11 November 308 – 19 September 324 (15 years 10 months 8 days) |
Elevated by Galerius to replace Severus, in opposition to Maxentius. Defeated Maximinus Daza in a civil war to become sole emperor of the East in 313 | Licinian |
|
Licinius II Valerius Licinianus Licinius |
1 March 317 – 19 September 324 (7 years 6 months 18 days) |
Son of Licinius I | |
|
Maximinus II "Daza" Galerius Valerius Maximinus |
1 May 305 - c. July 313 (8 years 2 months) |
Nephew of Galerius, elevated to caesar by Diocletian in 305, and acclaimed as augustus by his troops in 310 | Galerian |
|
Maximus III Galerius Valerius Maximus |
May 311 - July 313 (2 years 2 months) |
Son of Maximinus II |
Constantinian Dynasty[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Constantius I "Chlorus" Flavius Valerius Constantius |
1 March 293 – 25 July 306 (13 years 4 months 24 days) |
Maximian's relation by marriage, elevated to caesar in 293 by Diocletian, succeeded as western augustus upon Maximian's abdication |
|
Constantine I "the Great" Flavius Valerius Constantinus |
25 July 306 – 22 May 337 (30 years 9 months 27 days) |
Son of Constantius I, acclaimed by his father's troops. Accepted as caesar by Galerius in 306, promoted to augustus in 307 by Maximian, refused demotion to caesar in 309 |
|
Crispus Flavius Julius Crispus |
1 March 317 - 6 April 326 (9 years 1 month 5 days) |
Son of Constantine I |
|
Constantine II Flavius Claudius Constantinus |
1 March 317 – April 340 (23 years 1 month) |
Son of Constantine I |
|
Constans I Flavius Julius Constans |
25 December 333 – 12 January 350 (16 years 18 days) |
Son of Constantine I |
|
Constantius II Flavius Julius Constantius |
8 November 324 – 3 November 361 (36 years 11 months 26 days) |
Son of Constantine I |
|
Vetranio I | 1 March – 25 December 350 (9 months 24 days) |
General of Constans in Illyricum, acclaimed by the Illyrian legions at the expense of Magnentius |
|
Constantius III Flavius Claudius Constantius Gallus |
15 March 351 – 3 September 354 (3 years 5 months 19 days) |
Cousin of Constantius II |
|
Julian II "the Apostate" Flavius Claudius Julianus |
6 November 355 – 26 June 363 (7 years 7 months 20 days) |
Acclaimed by the Gallic army in early 360, became sole emperor after the death of his cousin, Constantius II |
| Non Dynastic | |||
|
Jovian I Flavius Jovianus |
27 June 363 – 17 February 364 (7 months 21 days) |
Commander of imperial household guard; proclaimed emperor by the army after Julian's death |
Valentinianic Dynasty[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Valentinian I "the Great" Flavius Valentinianus |
25 February 364 – 17 November 375 (11 years 8 months 23 days) |
General; proclaimed emperor by the army after Jovian's death |
|
Valens II Flavius Valens |
28 March 364 – 9 August 378 (14 years 4 months 12 days) |
Brother of Valentinian I, made eastern emperor by his brother (Valentinian retaining the west) |
|
Gratian I Flavius Gratianus |
24 August 367 – 25 August 383 (16 years 1 day) |
Son of Valentinian I; proclaimed western co-emperor on 24 August 367, at age 8. Emperor in his own right after Valentinian's death |
|
Valentinian II Flavius Valentinianus |
22 November 375 - 15 March 392 (16 years 3 months 22 days) |
Son of Valentinian I, proclaimed co-emperor on 22 November 375, at age 4. Sole western ruler after the defeat of Magnus Maximus in 388 |
| Non Dynastic | |||
|
Magnus Maximus IV | 25 August 383 – 28 August 388 (5 years 3 days) |
General, related to Theodosius I; proclaimed emperor by the troops in Britain. Briefly recognized by Theodosius I and Valentinian II |
|
Victor | 25 December 384 – 28 August 388 (3 years 8 months 3 days) |
Son |
|
Eugenius | 22 August 392 – 6 September 394 (2 years 15 days) |
Teacher of Latin grammar and rhetoric, secretary of Valentinian II. Proclaimed emperor by Arbogast |
Theodosian Dynasty[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Theodosius I "the Great' | 19 January 379 – 17 January 395 (15 years 11 months 29 days) |
Retired general; proclaimed eastern emperor by Gratian. Ruler of the entire empire after Valentinian II's death |
Western Empire[]
Western Theodosian Dynasty[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Honorius | 23 January 393 – 15 August 423 (30 years 6 months 23 days) |
Son of Theodosius I; co-emperor since 23 January 393. Emperor in the west |
|
Constantine III | 407-411 (4 years) |
Common soldier, proclaimed emperor by the troops in Britain. Recognized by Honorius in 409. Emperor in the west |
|
Constans II | 409-411 (2 years) |
Son |
|
Constantius IV | 8 February – 2 September 421 (6 months 25 days) |
Prominent general under Honorius and husband of Galla Placidia, a daughter of Theodosius I. Made co-emperor by Honorius. Emperor in the west |
|
John I | 20 November 423 – c. May 425 (1 year 5 months 11 days) |
Senior civil servant, seized power in Rome and the west after Theodosius II delayed in nominating a successor of Honorius |
|
Valentinian III | 23 October 424 - 16 March 455 (30 years 4 months 21 days) |
Son of Constantius IV and grandson of Theodosius I, installed as emperor of the west by Theodosius II |
Fourth Chaotic Period[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession | Family |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Petronius Maximus V | 17 March – 31 May 455 (2 months 14 days) |
General and civil official, murdered Valentinian III and married his widow, Licinia Eudoxia | Anician |
|
Palladius | 17 March – 31 May 455 (2 months 14 days) |
Son | |
|
Avitus I | 31 May 455 - 17 October 456 (1 year 4 months 17 days) |
General; proclaimed emperor by the Visigoths and Gallo-Romans after the death of Petronius Maximus | Avitan |
|
Agricola | 9 July 455 - 28 December 457 (2 years 5 months 19 days) |
Son | |
|
Avitus II | 9 July 455 - 28 December 457 (2 years 5 months 19 days) |
Brother | |
|
Majorian I | 17 October 456 – 2 August 461 (4 years 9 months 16 days) |
General; proclaimed emperor by the army and backed by Ricimer | Non-Dynastic |
|
Severus III | 2 August 461 – 14 November 465 (4 years 3 months 12 days) |
Proclaimed emperor by Ricimer | |
|
Anthemius I | 14 November 465 – 11 July 472 (6 years 7 months 27 days) |
General; husband of Marcia Euphemia, a daughter of Marcian. Proclaimed western emperor by the eastern emperor Leo I | Anthemian |
|
Anthemius II | 14 November 465 - June 471 (5 years 6 months 18 days) |
Son of Anthemius I | |
|
Marcian II | June 471 - July 472 (1 year 1 month) |
Son of Anthemius I | |
|
Romulus II | June 471 - July 472 (1 year 1 month) |
Son of Anthemius I | |
|
Olybrius | 11 April – 2 November 472 (6 months 22 days) |
Husband of Placidia, a daughter of Valentinian III. Proclaimed emperor by Ricimer | Anician |
|
Glycerius | 3 November 472 – 24 June 474 (1 year 7 months 21 days) |
General; proclaimed emperor by Gundobad | Non-Dynastic |
|
Julius Nepos | 24 June 474 – 9 May 480 (5 years 10 months 15 days) |
General; married to a relative of Verina, the wife of the eastern emperor Leo I. Installed as western emperor by Leo | |
|
Romulus III Augustus | 31 October 475 – 4 September 476 (10 months 4 days) |
Proclaimed emperor by his father, the magister militum Orestes |
Eastern Empire[]
Eastern Theodosian Dynasty[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Arcadius I | 16 January 383 – 1 May 408 (25 years 3 months 15 days) |
Son of Theodosius |
|
Theodosius II | 10 January 402 – 28 July 450 (48 years 6 months 18 days) |
Son of Arcadius; Emperor in the east |
|
Marcian I | 25 August 450 – 27 January 457 (6 years 5 months 2 days) |
Soldier and official, proclaimed emperor after marrying Pulcheria, a daughter of Arcadius. Emperor in the east |
Leonid Dynasty[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Leo I | 7 February 457 – 18 January 474 (16 years 11 months 11 days) |
Low-ranking army officer; chosen by the magister militum Aspar to succeed Marcian |
|
Leo II | 15 October 472 – 17 November 474 (2 years 1 month 2 days) |
Grandson of Leo I and son of Zeno; co-emperor since 17 November 473 |
|
Zeno I | 29 January 474 – 9 April 491 (17 years 2 months 11 days) |
Husband of Ariadne, a daughter of Leo I, and father of Leo II. Crowned senior co-emperor with the approval of the Senate |
|
Basiliscus | 9 January 475 – 12 August 476 (1 year 7 months 3 days) |
Brother of Verina, the wife of Leo I. Proclaimed emperor by his sister in opposition to Zeno and seized Constantinople |
|
Marcus II | 15 February 475 – 12 August 476 (1 year 5 months 28 days) |
Son |
|
Zeno II | 25 December 474 - 3 January 477 (2 years 9 days) |
Son of Zeno I from his first marriage |
|
Anastasius I | 11 April 491 – 9 July 518 (27 years 2 months 28 days) |
Government official; chosen by Ariadne,
whom he married, to succeed Zeno |
Justinian Dynasty[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Justin I | 10 July 518 – 1 August 527 (9 years 22 days) |
Soldier; proclaimed emperor by the troops after the death of Anastasius I |
|
Justinian I | 1 April 527 – 14 November 565 (38 years 7 months 13 days) |
Nephew and adoptive son of Justin I |
|
Justin II | 14 November 565 – 5 October 578 (12 years 10 months 21 days) |
Son of Vigilantia, sister of Justinian I |
|
Tiberius III | 7 December 574 – 14 August 582 (7 years 8 months 7 days) |
Adoptive son of Justin II |
|
Maurice I | 13 August 582 – 27 November 602 (20 years 3 months 14 days) |
Husband of Constantina, a daughter of Tiberius III |
|
Theodosius III | 26 March 590 – 27 November 602 (12 years 8 months 1 day) |
Son |
| Non Dynastic | |||
|
Phocas | 23 November 602 – 5 October 610 (7 years 10 months 12 days) |
Centurion in the army; proclaimed emperor by the troops against Maurice |
Heraclian Dynasty[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Heraclius I | 5 October 610 – 11 February 641 (30 years 4 months 6 days) |
Son of Heraclius the Elder, the exarch of Carthage. Led a revolt against Phocas |
|
Constantine IV | 22 January 613 – 25 May 641 (28 years 4 months 3 days) |
Son |
|
Heraclius II | 4 July 638 - 5 November 641 (3 years 4 months 1 day) |
Brother |
|
Tiberius IV | 11 February – 5 November 641 (8 months 25 days) | |
|
Constans III | 12 September 641 – 15 July 668 (26 years 10 months 3 days) |
Son of Constantine IV |
|
Constantine V | 13 April 654 - 10 July 685 (31 years 2 months 27 days |
Son |
|
Heraclius III | 2 June 659 - 16 September 681 (22 years 3 months 14 days) |
Brother |
|
Tiberius V | 2 June 659 - 16 September 681 (22 years 3 months 14 days) | |
|
Justinian II | 2 October 681 – 14 June 695 (13 years 8 months 12 days) |
Son of Constantine V |
Fifth Chaotic Period[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Leo III | 14 June 695 - 17 July 698 (3 years 1 month 3 days) |
General; deposed Justinian II |
|
Tiberius VI | 17 July 698 - 21 August 705 (7 years 1 month 4 days) |
General; proclaimed emperor by the troops against Leo III |
|
|
Justinian II | 21 August 705 – 4 November 711 (6 years 2 months 14 days) |
Retook the throne with the aid of the Khazars |
|
Tiberius VII | 25 December 706 - 4 November 711 (4 years 10 months 10 days) |
Son |
|
Philippicus | 4 November 711 – 3 June 713 (1 year 6 months 30 days) |
General; proclaimed emperor by the troops against Justinian II |
|
Anastasius II | 4 June 713 – 21 October 715 (2 years 4 months 17 days) |
Senior court official, proclaimed emperor after the deposition of Philippicus |
|
Theodosius IV | 21 October 715 – 25 March 717 (1 year 5 months 4 days) |
Tax-collector, possibly son of Tiberius VI; proclaimed emperor by the troops against Anastasius II |
Isaurian Dynasty[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Leo IV | 25 March 717 – 18 June 741 (24 years 2 months 24 days) |
General; deposed Theodosius IV |
|
Constantine VI | 31 March 720 - 14 September 775 (55 years 5 months 14 days) |
Son of Leo IV |
|
Artabasdos | 6 June 741 – 2 November 743 (2 years 4 months 27 days) |
Husband of Anna, a daughter of Leo IV. Revolted against Constantine VI and briefly ruled at Constantinople |
|
Nikephoros I | 8 June 741 – 2 November 743 (2 years 4 months 25 days) |
son |
|
Leo V | 6 June 751 – 8 September 780 (29 years 3 months 2 days) |
Son of Constantine VI |
|
Constantine VII | 14 April 776 - 19 August 797 (21 years 4 months 5 days) |
Son |
|
Irene | 8 September 780 – 31 October 802 (22 years 1 month 23 days) |
Mother |
Nikephorian dynasty[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Nikephoros II | 31 October 802 – 26 July 811 (8 years 8 months 26 days) |
Usupation |
|
Staurakios I | 25 December 803 - 2 October 811 (7 years 9 months 7 days) |
Son |
|
Michael I | 2 October 811 – 11 July 813 (1 year 9 months 9 days) |
Brother in Law |
|
Theophylact | 25 December 811 – 11 July 813 (1 year 6 months 16 days) |
Son |
|
Staurakios II | 25 December 811 – 11 July 813 (1 year 6 months 16 days) |
Brother |
| Non Dynastic | |||
|
Leo VI | 11 July 813 – 25 December 820 (7 years 5 months 14 days) |
Rebellion |
|
Constantine VIII | 25 December 813 - 25 December 820 (7 years) |
Son |
Amorian Dynasty[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Michael II | 25 December 820 – 2 October 829 (8 years 9 months 7 days) |
Rebellion |
|
Theophilus | 12 May 821 – 20 January 842 (20 years 8 months 8 days) |
Son |
|
Constantine IX | 12 March 833 - 22 June 835 (2 years 3 months 10 days) |
Son |
|
Theodora I | 20 January 842 – 15 March 856 (14 years 1 month 24 days) |
Mother |
|
Thekla | 20 January 842 – 15 March 856 (14 years 1 month 24 days) |
Daughter |
|
Michael III | 16 May 840 – 24 September 867 (27 years 4 months 8 days) |
Brother |
Macedonian Dynasty[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Basil I | 26 May 866 – 29 August 886 (20 years 3 months 3 days) |
proclaimed co-emperor by Michael III |
|
Constantine X | 9 January 868 – 3 September 879 (11 years 7 months 25 days) |
Son |
|
Leo VII | 6 January 870 – 11 May 912 (42 years 4 months 5 days) |
Brother |
|
Alexander II | 24 September 879 – 6 June 913 (33 years 8 months 13 days) | |
|
Constantine XI | 15 May 908 – 9 November 959 (51 years 5 months 25 days) |
Son of Leo VII |
|
Romanos I | 17 December 920 – 20 December 944 (24 years 3 days) |
Rebellion |
|
Christopher | 20 May 921 – 24 August 931 (10 years 3 months 4 days) |
Son |
|
Stephen I | 25 December 924 – 27 January 945 (20 years 1 month 2 days) |
Brother |
|
Constantine XII | 25 December 924 – 27 January 945 (20 years 1 month 2 days) | |
|
Romanos II | 6 April 945 – 15 March 963 (17 years 11 months 9 days) |
Son of Constantine XI |
|
Nikephoros III | 16 August 963 – 11 December 969 (6 years 3 months 25 days) |
Proclaimation |
|
John II | 11 December 969 – 10 January 976 (6 years 30 days) |
Assassination of His Uncle and predecessor |
|
Basil II | 22 April 960 – 15 December 1025 (65 years 7 months 23 days) |
Son of Romanos II |
|
Constantine XIII | 30 March 962– 12 November 1028 (66 years 7 months 13 days) |
Brother |
|
Zoe I | 12 November 1028 – 11 April 1050 (21 years 4 months 30 days) |
Daughter |
|
Romanos III | 12 November 1028 – 11 April 1034 (5 years 4 months 30 days) |
Husband |
|
Michael IV | 12 April 1034 – 10 December 1041 (7 years 7 months 28 days) |
Husband of Zoe |
|
Michael V | 13 December 1041 – 21 April 1042 (4 months 8 days) |
Nephew and Intended Heir |
|
Theodora II | 21 April 1042 – 31 August 1056 (14 years 4 months 10 days) |
Sister of Zoe |
|
Constantine XIV | 12 June 1042 – 11 January 1055 (12 years 6 months 30 days) |
Husband of Zoe |
| Non-Dynastic | |||
|
Michael VI | 22 August 1056 – 30 August 1057 (1 year 8 days) |
Proclaimed emperor by
Theodora on her deathbed |
|
Isaac I | 1 September 1057 – 22 November 1059 (2 years 2 months 21 days) |
Rebellion |
Doukas Dynasty[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Constantine XV |
23 November 1059 – 23 May 1067 (7 years 6 months) |
Designated as emperor by Isaac I |
|
Eudokia | 23 May – 31 December 1067 (7 months 8 days) |
Widow |
|
Romanos IV | 1 January 1068 – 26 August 1071 (3 years 7 months 25 days) |
Husband |
|
Leo VIII | 29 January 1069 - 26 August 1071 (2 years 6 months 28 days) |
Son |
|
Nikephoros IV | 29 January 1069 - 26 August 1071 (2 years 6 months 28 days) |
Brother |
|
Michael VII | 25 December 1059 - 31 March 1078 (18 years 3 months 6 days) |
Son of Constantine XV |
|
Constantius V | 25 December 1060 - 31 March 1078 (17 years 3 months 6 days) |
Brother |
|
Andronikos I | 25 December 1059 - 23 June 1077 (17 years 5 months 29 days) | |
|
Constantine XVI | 25 December 1059 - 31 March 1078 (18 years 3 months 6 days) | |
| Non Dynastic | |||
|
Nikephoros V | 3 April 1078 – 1 April 1081 (2 years 11 months 29 days) |
Rebellion |
Komnenos Dynasty[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Alexios I | 1 April 1081 – 15 August 1118 (37 years 4 months 14 days) |
Rebellion |
|
|
Constantine XVI (second reign) | 3 June 1081 – 13 September 1087 (6 years 3 months 10 days) |
Son in Law |
|
John III | 13 September 1092 – 8 April 1143 (50 years 6 months 26 days) |
Son of Alexios I |
|
Alexios II | 12 July 1119 - 13 July 1142 (23 years 1 day) |
Son |
|
Manuel I | 8 April 1143 – 24 September 1180 (37 years 5 months 16 days) |
Brother |
|
Alexios III | 8 April 1171 – 2 September 1183 (12 years 4 months 25 days) |
Son |
|
Andronikos II | 2 September 1183 – 12 September 1185 (2 years 10 days) |
Grandson of Alexios I |
|
John IV | 15 November 1183 – 12 September 1185 (1 year 9 months 28 days) |
Son |
Angelos Dynasty[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Isaac II | 12 September 1185 – 8 April 1195 (9 years 6 months 27 days) |
Rebellion |
|
Alexios IV | 8 April 1195 – 18 July 1203 (8 years 3 months 10 days) |
Brother |
|
|
Isaac II (second reign) | 19 July 1203 – 27 January 1204 (6 months 8 days) |
Rebellion |
|
Alexios V | 19 July 1203 – 27 January 1204 (6 months 8 days) |
Son |
| Non-Dynastic | |||
|
Alexios VI | 28 January – 12 April 1204 (2 months 15 days) |
Rebelion |
Laskaris Dynasty[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Constantine XVII | 12 April 1204 – 17 August 1205 (1 year 4 months 5 days) |
Proclaimed |
|
Theodore I | 17 August 1205 – 29 November 1221 (16 years 2 months 15 days) |
Brother |
|
Nicholas I | 17 August 1208 - 8 May 1210 (1 year 8 months 21 days) |
Son |
|
John V | 1 December 1221 – 4 November 1254 (32 years 11 months 3 days) |
Brother in Law |
|
Theodore II | 4 November 1254 – 16 August 1258 (3 years 9 months 12 days) |
Son |
|
John VI | 16 August 1258 – 25 December 1261 (3 years 4 months 9 days) |
Son |
Palaiologos Dynasty[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Michael VIII | 1 January 1259 – 11 December 1282 (23 years 11 months 10 days) |
Coup |
|
Andronikos III | 8 November 1272 – 13 February 1332 (59 years 3 months 5 days) |
Son |
|
Michael IX | 21 May 1281 – 12 October 1320 (39 years 4 months 21 days) | |
|
Andronikos IV | 24 May 1308 – 15 June 1341 (33 years 22 days) | |
|
John VII | 15 June 1341 – 16 February 1391 (49 years 8 months 1 day) | |
|
John VIII | 26 October 1341 – 15 June 1383 (41 years 7 months 20 days) |
Rebellion |
|
Matthew | 25 December 1353 – 15 June 1383 (29 years 5 months 21 days) |
Son |
|
Andronikos V | 12 August 1376 – 1 July 1379 (2 years 10 months 19 days) |
Son of John VII, Rebellion |
|
John IX | 25 April 1377 – 22 September 1408 (31 years 4 months 28 days) |
Son |
|
Andronikos VI | 4 June 1403 - 23 July 1407 (4 years 1 month 19 days) | |
|
Manuel II | 25 September 1373 - 21 July 1425 (51 years 9 months 26 days) |
Son of John VII |
|
John X | 19 January 1408 - 31 October 1448 (40 years 9 months 12 days) |
Son |
|
Constantine XVIII | 31 October 1448- 29 May 1453 (4 years 6 months 29 days) |
Brother |
|
Thomas I | 29 May 1453 - 12 May 1465 (11 years 11 months 13 days) | |
|
Andrew I | 12 May 1465 - 15 June 1502 (37 years 1 month 3 days) |
Son |
Ionian Dynasty (Ionian Pentarchy)[]
Central Government[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign |
|---|---|---|
|
Thomas II | 20 July 1483 - 12 May 1505 (21 years 9 months 22 days) |
|
Andrew II | 12 January 1505 - 14 July 1544 (39 years 6 months 2 days) |
|
Constantine XXI | 14 July 1544 - 18 June 1569 (24 years 11 months 4 days) |
|
Manuel III | 18 June 1569 - 20 September 1587 (18 years 3 months 2 days) |
|
Nikephoros VI | 20 September 1587 - 25 December 1611 (24 years 3 months 5 days) |
|
Alexios VIII | 25 December 1611 - 16 October 1646 (34 years 9 months 21 days) |
|
Constantine XXIV | 16 October 1646 - 15 March 1701 (54 years 4 months 27 days) |
|
Michael X | 15 March 1701 - 19 April 1737 (36 years 1 month 4 days) |
|
Andronikos VII | 19 April 1737 - 20 August 1759 (22 years 4 months 1 day) |
|
Constans X | 20 August 1759 - 14 January 1788 (28 years 4 months 25 days) |
|
Alexios X | 14 January 1788 - 15 January 1805 (17 years 1 day) |
|
Zoe II | 15 January 1805 - 22 February 1812 (7 years 1 month 7 days) |
|
Theodora III | 22 February 1812- 27 May 1830 (18 years 3 months 5 days) |
Corfu[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign |
|---|---|---|
|
Trajan II | 12 April 1490 - 22 December 1535 (45 years 8 months 10 days) |
|
Vespasian III | 15 January 1492 - 28 March 1526 (34 years 2 months 13 days) |
|
Titus II | 15 January 1492 - 14 December 1529 (37 years 10 months 29 days) |
|
Claudius IV | 15 January 1492 - 14 April 1431 (39 years 2 months 30 days) |
|
Hadrian II | 28 March 1526 - 23 May 1569 (43 years 1 month 25 days) |
|
Nerva II | 25 December 1529 - 4 January 1561 (31 years 10 days) |
|
Antoninus IV | 14 April 1531 - 20 June 1562 (31 years 2 months 6 days) |
|
Severus IV | 25 December 1535 - 28 December 1567 (32 years 3 days) |
|
Aurelian II | 1 January 1560 - 16 March 1614 (54 years 2 months 15 days) |
|
Gallienus II | 20 March 1562 - 15 April 1610 (48 years 26 days) |
|
Saloninus II | 12 July 1567 - 9 September 1615 (48 years 1 month 28 days) |
|
Hostilian II | 23 May 1569 - 22 August 1619 (50 years 2 months 30 days) |
|
Valerian IV | 1 January 1610 - 3 May 1662 (52 years 4 months 2 days) |
|
Trajan III | 1 January 1610 - 31 December 1679 (69 years 11 months 30 days) |
|
Hadrian III | 1 January 1610 - 30 November 1643 (33 years 10 months 29 days) |
|
Herennius II | 30 June 1610 - 30 October 1648 (38 years 4 months) |
|
Gratian II | 30 June 1610 - 19 January 1659 (48 years 6 months 20 days) |
|
Majorian II | 30 June 1610 - 19 September 1648 (38 years 2 months 20 days) |
|
Titus III | 4 July 1610 - 5 June 1629 (18 years 11 months 1 day) |
|
Severus V | 4 July 1610 - 18 March 1657 (46 years 8 months 14 days) |
|
Trajan IV | 12 January 1629 - 19 December 1693 (64 years 11 months 7 days) |
|
Aurelian III | 12 January 1643 - 14 May 1695 (52 years 4 months 2 days) |
|
Probus II | 12 January 1643 - 18 June 1689 (46 years 5 months 6 days) |
|
Majorian III | 12 January 1643 - 20 August 1684 (41 years 7 months 8 days) |
|
Anthemius III | 12 January 1643 - 30 May 1676 (33 years 4 months 18 days) |
|
Tiberius VIII | 30 May 1676 - 4 June 1720 (44 years 5 days) |
|
Claudius V | 5 February 1680 - 8 August 1722 (42 years 6 months 3 days) |
|
Avitus III | 5 February 1680 - 19 May 1715 (35 years 3 months 14 days) |
|
Hostilian III | 5 February 1680 - 20 September 1728 (48 years 7 months 15 days) |
|
|
Saloninus III | 5 February 1680 - 22 October 1726 (46 years 8 months 17 days) |
|
Vespasian IV | 21 March 1715 - 22 June 1765 (50 years 3 months 1 day) |
|
Trajan V | 4 June 1720 - 22 December 1762 (42 years 6 months 18 days) |
|
Severus VI | 4 June 1720 - 9 July 1764 (44 years 1 month 5 days) |
|
|
Gallienus II | 4 June 1720 - 27 July 1761 (41 years 1 month 23 days) |
|
Claudius VI | 4 June 1720 - 1 November 1760 (40 years 4 months 28 days) |
|
Probus III | 9 February 1760 - 22 August 1800 (40 years 6 months 13 days) |
|
Anthemius IV | 2 March 1761 - 4 May 1796 (35 years 2 months 2 days) |
|
Avitus IV | 9 April 1762 - 14 May 1795 (33 years 1 month 5 days) |
|
Gratian III | 4 June 1763 - 12 July 1805 (42 years 1 month 8 days) |
|
Trajan VI | 8 February 1764 - 9 September 1799 (35 years 7 months 1 day) |
|
Nerva III | 8 February 1764 - 12 January 1789 (24 years 11 months 4 days) |
|
Aurelian IV | 12 January 1789 - 27 May 1832 (43 years 4 months 15 days) |
|
Hostlian IV | 12 January 1790 - 27 May 1832 (42 years 4 months 15 days) |
|
Saloninus IV | 12 January 1790 - 27 May 1832 (42 years 4 months 15 days) |
|
Majorian IV | 12 January 1790 - 27 May 1832 (42 years 4 months 15 days) |
Lefkada[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign |
|---|---|---|
|
Constantine XIX | 12 April 1490- 19 May 1529 (39 years 1 month 7 days) |
|
Constantine XX | 1 January 1519 - 22 February 1549 (30 years 1 month 21 days) |
|
Constans IV | 22 February 1549 - 15 March 1564 (15 years 22 days) |
|
Constantius VI | 15 March 1564 - 22 May 1585 (21 years 2 months 7 days) |
|
Constantine XXII | 22 May 1585 - 29 May 1621 (36 years 7 days) |
|
Constans V | 29 May 1621 - 27 July 1633 (12 years 1 month 28 days) |
|
Constans VI | 27 July 1633 - 7 September 1638 (5 years 1 month 11 days) |
|
Constantine XXIII | 7 September 1638 - 20 November 1650 (12 years 2 months 13 days) |
|
Constans VII | 20 November 1650 - 2 February 1661 (10 years 2 months 13 days) |
|
Constantius VII | 2 February 1661 - 6 February 1666 (5 years 4 days) |
|
Constantine XXV | 6 February 1666 - 24 March 1685 (19 years 1 month 18 days) |
|
Constantius VIII | 24 March 1685 - 19 April 1690 (5 years 26 days) |
|
Constantine XXVI | 19 April 1690 - 6 May 1699 (9 years 17 days) |
|
Constans VIII | 6 May 1694 - 9 August 1728 (34 years 3 months 3 days) |
|
Constantius IX | 9 August 1728 - 9 December 1746 (18 years 4 months) |
|
Constans IX | 9 December 1746 - 26 December 1758 (12 years 17 days) |
|
Constantius X | 26 December 1758 - 10 March 1770 (11 years 2 months 12 days) |
|
Constantine XXVII | 10 March 1770 - 11 July 1824 (54 years 4 months 1 day) |
|
Constans XI | 1 January 1800 - 9 April 1822 (22 years 3 months 8 days) |
|
Constantius XI | 9 April 1822- 27 May 1832 (10 years 1 month 18 days |
Cephalonia[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign |
|---|---|---|
|
Theodosius V | 12 April 1490- 15 May 1525 (35 years 1 month 3 days) |
|
Alexander III | 15 May 1525 - 24 July 1546 (21 years 2 months 9 days) |
|
Arcadius II | 16 January 1544 - 22 March 1557 (13 years 2 months 6 days) |
|
Jovian II | 22 March 1557 - 12 June 1571 (14 years 2 months 21 days) |
|
Vetranio II | 12 June 1571 - 7 May 1589 (17 years 10 months 25 days) |
|
Valentinian IV | 7 May 1589 - 28 November 1611 (22 years 6 months 21 days) |
|
Theodosius VI | 1 April 1611 - 22 December 1664 (53 years 8 months 21 days) |
|
Jovian III | 22 December 1664 - 6 May 1700 (35 years 4 months 14 days) |
|
Jovian IV | 6 May 1700 - 12 May 1730 (30 years 6 days) |
|
Theodosius VII | 12 May 1730 - 20 July 1768 (38 years 2 months 8 days) |
|
Arcadius III | 20 July 1768 - 4 August 1788 (20 years 15 days) |
|
Maurice III | 4 January 1788 - 8 January 1802 (14 years 4 days) |
|
Theodosius VIII | 8 January 1802 - 27 May 1832 (30 years 4 months 19 days) |
Zante[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign |
|---|---|---|
|
Justinian III | 12 April 1490 - 15 August 1522 (32 years 4 months 3 days) |
|
Heraclius IV | 12 January 1520 - 3 July 1552 (32 years 5 months 21 days) |
|
Justin III | 12 January 1550 - 13 January 1578 (28 years 1 day) |
|
Leo IX | 12 January 1565 - 14 August 1600 (35 years 7 months 2 days) |
|
Justinian IV | 23 February 1595 - 1 March 1620 (25 years 7 days) |
|
Heraclius V | 1 March 1620 - 27 July 1635 (15 years 4 months 26 days) |
|
Justinian V | 10 January 1633 - 22 May 1688 (55 years 4 months 12 days) |
|
Justin IV | 14 January 1681 - 11 July 1706 (25 years 5 months 27 days) |
|
Isaac III | 5 January 1701 - 8 May 1723 (22 years 4 months 3 days) |
|
Heraclius VI | 1 January 1720 - 31 December 1766 (46 years 11 months 30 days) |
|
Isaac IV | 11 January 1765 - 22 September 1788 (23 years 8 months 11 days) |
|
Stephen II | 4 January 1781 - 11 April 1802 (21 years 3 months 7 days) |
|
Justinian VI | 23 February 1795 - 12 March 1830 (35 years 17 days) |
|
Leo X | 15 January 1825 - 27 May 1832 (7 years 4 months 12 days) |
|
Herennius III | 18 January 1825 - 27 May 1832 (7 years 4 months 9 days) |
Cythera[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign |
|---|---|---|
|
Basil III | 12 April 1490 - 19 November 1533 (43 years 7 months 7 days) |
|
Philip III | 22 January 1524 - 2 February 1569 (45 years 11 days) |
|
Alexander IV | 2 February 1569- 4 May 1592 (23 years 3 months 2 days) |
|
Alexios VII | 4 May 1592 - 10 May 1607 (15 years 6 days) |
|
Philip IV | 10 May 1607 - 15 June 1632 (25 years 1 month 5 days) |
|
Maurice II | 15 June 1632 - 22 October 1667 (35 years 4 months 7 days) |
|
Alexios IX | 22 October 1667 - 30 June 1689 (21 years 8 months 8 days) |
|
Basil IV | 30 June 1689 - 14 August 1700 (11 years 1 month 15 days) |
|
Alexander V | 14 August 1700 - 22 September 1740 (40 years 1 month 8 days) |
|
Philip V | 22 September 1740 - 2 January 1762 (21 years 3 months 11 days) |
|
Basil V | 1 January 1762 - 2 January 1770 (8 years 1 day) |
|
Basil VI | 2 January 1770- 27 December 1822 (52 years 11 months 25 days) |
|
Philip VI | 27 December 1822- 27 May 1832 (9 years 5 months) |
Wittelsbach Dynasty[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Otto II | 27 May 1832 – 23 October 1862 (30 years 4 months 26 days) |
Elected |
Glucksburg Dynasty[]
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession |
|---|---|---|---|
|
George I | 30 March 1863 – 30 March 1916 (53 years) |
Elected |
|
Constantine XXVIII | 18 March 1913 – 1 January 1923 (9 years 9 months 14 days) |
Son |
|
Alexander VI | 11 June 1917 – 25 October 1920 (3 years 4 months 14 days) |
Son |
|
George II | 25 October 1920 - 1 April 1947 (26 years 5 months 7 days) |
Brother |
|
Paul I | 1 April 1947 - 6 March 1964 (16 years 11 months 5 days) | |
|
Constantine XXIX | 6 March 1964 - 10 January 2023 (58 years 10 months 4 days) |
Son |
|
|
Paul II | 1 January 2014 - (Reigning) | |
|
Constantine XXX | 23 February 2044 - (Reigning) |
| |||||||||||||||||
