Mesopotamia (Pharaonic Survival)

Kingdom of Mesopotamia مملكة بلاد الرافدين (Arabic) Mamlakat Bilad al-Rafidain
Flag Coat of Arms
Anthem:  نهر الحياة Nahr al-Hayat "River of Life" Royal anthem:  السلام الملكي As-Salam al-Malaki The Royal Salute
Location of Mesopotamia (Pharaonic Survival)
Capital (and largest city)		Chaldea
Official languages		Arabic
Religion		62% Christianity 35% Islam 3%, Mandaeism, Yazidism, Judaism, Yarsanism, irreligion and others
Demonym		Mesopotamian • Babylonian
Government		Unitary constitutional monarchy
-	Shar	Nebuchadnezzar XXV
-	Prime Minister	Matthias David
Legislature		Parliament
-	Upper house	Senate
-	Lower house	Council of Representatives
Establishment		Formation
-	Coronation of Nebuchadnezzar V	10 October 520 BC
-	Persian Rule	247 BC
-	Kingdom of Babylon	23 March 702
-	Arab Overlordship	23 March 702
-	Babylonian Restoration	26 May 964
-	Muslim Vassalage	December 1302
-	British Rule	10 August 1920
-	Iraqi Rule	3 October 1932
-	Iraqi Civil War	9 May 1985
-	Independence	24 July 1988
Area
-	Total	231,636 km2  89,435 sq mi
Population
-	estimate	28,160,221
GDP (PPP)		2025 estimate
-	Total	$875.82B
-	Per capita	$31,123
GDP (nominal)		2025 estimate
-	Total	$583.88 billion
-	Per capita	$20,731
Gini (2025)		33
HDI (2025)		0.854
Currency		Mesopotamian Dinar (MPD)
Time zone		UTC+3 (AST)
Drives on the		Right
Internet TLD		.iq .العراق
Calling code		+964

Mesopotamia , officially the Kingdom of Mesopotamia, historically known as Iraq or Babylon is a country in West Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south and Southwest, Assyria to the north, Iran to the east, the Persian Gulf and Kuwait to the southeast, and Jordan to the west. The country covers an area of 231,636 square kilometres (89,435 sq mi) and has a population of over 28 million, making it the 87th largest country by area and the 53rd most populous in the world. Chaldea, home to over 8 million people, is the capital city and the largest in the country.

Starting in the 6th millennium BC, the fertile plains between Iraq's Tigris and Euphrates rivers, referred to as Mesopotamia, fostered the rise of early cities, civilisations, and empires including Sumer, Akkad, and Assyria. Known as the cradle of civilisation, Mesopotamia saw the invention of writing systems, mathematics, navigation, timekeeping, a calendar, astrology, the wheel, the sailboat, and a law code. After the Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia, Baghdad became the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate and a global cultural and intellectual hub during the Islamic Golden Age, home to institutions such as the House of Wisdom. Following the city's destruction by the Mongols in 1258, the region faced a prolonged decline due to plagues and successive empires. Additionally, Iraq holds religious significance in Christianity, Judaism, Yazidism, and Mandaeism.

Since independence in 1932, Iraq has experienced spells of significant economic and military growth alongside periods of instability and conflict. It was part of the Ottoman Empire until the end of World War I. Mandatory Iraq was then established by the British in 1921. It transitioned into an independent kingdom in 1932. Following a coup in 1958, Iraq became a republic, first led by Abdul Karim Qasim, followed by Abdul Salam Arif and Abdul Rahman Arif. The Ba'ath Party took power in 1968, establishing a one-party state under Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr and later Saddam Hussein, who presided over war against Iran from 1979 to 1983 and then invaded Kuwait in 1984. The successive military disasters triggered a full-scale rebellion by the autonomous governments of Babylon and Assyria. Following the liberation of Kuwait, the two regional monarchs entered into an alliance, overthrew Saddam loyalists, and launched a widespread uprising that culminated in the capture of Saddam Hussein in 1988. What followed was the Baghdad Peace Conference, during which Iraq was divided between the Assyrian, Mesopotamian, and Saudi kingdoms.

A federal parliamentary republic, Iraq is considered an emerging middle power. It is home to a diverse population, geography and wildlife. Most Mesopotamians are Christian or Muslim, while significant minorities include Mandaeans, Yazidis, Yarsanis and Jews. Iraqis are ethnically diverse; mostly Mesopotamian, Arabs, as well as Turkmen, Yazidis, Domcs, and Shabakis. Arabic is the official languages of Iraq, while Suret, Turkish and Mandaic are spoken regionally. Iraq, home to one of the largest oil reserves in the world, has a significant oil and gas industry. It is also popular for its agriculture and tourism.

Etymology

The name Mesopotamia is derived from the ancient Greek Mesopotamía (Μεσοποταμία), meaning “land between rivers,” from mésos (μέσος, “middle” or “between”) and potamós (ποταμός, “river”), a direct reference to the region lying between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The term was used by Greek authors from the classical period onward to describe the fertile alluvial plain and adjoining regions that constituted one of the earliest centers of urban civilization. Earlier indigenous names emphasized different aspects of the land: in Sumerian, the southern part of the region was known as Kengir, while Akkadian sources referred to it as māt Akkadî or māt Šumeri u Akkadî; later, the broader lowland area was called Bēn Nahrain (“between the rivers”) in Aramaic, a designation that closely parallels the Greek formulation. Through Hellenistic, Roman, and late antique usage, Mesopotamia became firmly established as a geographic and historical term in Mediterranean and Near Eastern scholarship.

As the name of a modern successor state to Iraq, Mesopotamia represents a conscious revival of this ancient geographic designation, emphasizing historical continuity with the civilizations of Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, and Assyria rather than the ethnopolitical nomenclature of the modern era. While the term had long been used primarily in academic, historical, and cultural contexts, its adoption as a state name signifies an effort to ground national identity in the shared riverine landscape and deep antiquity of the region. Linguistically, Mesopotamia thus functions as a classical exonym reappropriated as a modern political name, linking the contemporary state to one of the oldest named regions in recorded human history.