Alternative History
United Mexican States
Estados Unidos Mexicanos
Timeline: Cromwell the Great
OTL equivalent: Mexico
Flag of Mexico (1823-1864, 1867-1893) Coat of arms of Mexico (1823-1864, 1867-1893)
Motto: 
La Patria es Primer
(Spanish: The Homeland is First)
Anthem: 
Himno Nacional Mexicano
Capital
(and largest city)
Mexico City
Other cities Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana, León, Juárez, Comarca Lagunera, Querétaro, San Luis de Potosí and Merida
Official languages Spanish
Other languages Nahuatl, Mixtec, Zapoec and several others, French and English
Ethnic groups  Native Americans
Religion Secular state (Official)
Other religions: Roman Catholic, Protestantism, Judaism, Non-Religious, Deism (Cult of Reason) and Atheism
Demonym Mexican
Government Federal presidential republic
 -  President Benito Juárez
Legislature Congress of the Union
 -  Upper house Senate
 -  Lower house Chamber of Deputies
Key events
 -  Proclamation of the Republic 1848 
 -  Bustamente Coup and end of the Republic 1849 
 -  Second Proclamation of the Republic 1860 
Currency Mexican peso ($)
Time zone GMT -8 to −6
Membership international or regional organizations League of American Republics (member)

El gobierno tiene el sagrado deber de dirigirse a la nación, y hacer escuchar en ella la voz de sus más caros derechos e intereses (Manifiesto de Juárez a la Nación, en el que explica el programa de su gobierno)

Poca política y más administración (Porfirio Díaz)

Mexico (Nahuatl languages: Mēxihco), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos) is a federal republic in the southernmost portion of North America. It was the former Spanish Empire's Viceroyalty of New Spain.

It is bordered to the north by California, Louisiana, and Tejas; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Yucatan and Central America and to the east by the Caribbean Sea.

Mexico's political regime has changed varios times from a monarchy (1820-1848), republic (1848-1849), monarchy (1849-1860) and republic (1860 to date). It as also lost, from its initial territorial extension when it covered the majority of the previous viceroyalty of New Spain, large swaths of land that were later lost in civil wars at its northern (California, Tejas) and southern (Yucatan) limits.

History[]

The history of Mexico distinguishes four periods according to its form of government:
a) Mexican Empire (from its independence in 1820 to 1848)
b) First Mexican Republic (1848-1849)
c) Restoration of the Mexican Empire or Second Mexican Empire (1849-1860)
d) Second Mexican Republic (1860 to date)

Mexican Empire (1820 to 1848)[]

Mexican Empire
Imperio Mexicano
Timeline: Cromwell the Great
OTL equivalent: Imperio Mexicano (1821–1823)
(1820-1848, 1849-1860)
Flag of the Three Guarantees Sello de Gobierno del Primer Imperio Mexicano
Motto: 
Religión, Independencia, Unión
(Spanish: Religion, Independence, Union)
Anthem: 
A las armas, valientes indianos
Mexico orthographic map (No Napoleon)
Mexican Empire at its greatest territorial extension
Capital
(and largest city)
Mexico City
Official languages Spanish
Other languages Native American languages, French and English
Ethnic groups  Native Americans
Religion Roman Catholic (Official)
Other religions: Protestantism, Judaism, Non-Religious, Deism and Atheism
Demonym Mexican
Government Constitutional Monarchy
 -  Emperor Agustin I (first)
Sabina (last)
(House of Iturbide)
 -  First Minister
Legislature National Congress
 -  Upper house Senate
 -  Lower house Chamber of Deputies
Key events
 -  Independence from Spanish Empire 1820 (First Mexican Empire) 
 -  Abdication of Agustin II 1848 
 -  Second Mexican Empire 1849-1860 
Currency Mexican real

A las armas, valientes indianos;
a las armas corred con valor;
el partido seguid de Iturbide;
seamos libres y no haya opresión.
(From the Anthem of the Mexican Empire)

The Mexican Empire is the first independent post-colonial state in Mexico from 1820 to 1848. It was the only former colony of the Spanish Empire to establish a monarchy after independence together with the Brazilian Empire, it was one of two European-style empires in the Americas.

The First Empire (1820-1848) was a consent between the governing land owning elites, the army and mercantile interests. There was a fear of peasant revolt, had it happen in initial stages of the independence, and the uncertainty of the acceptance of Spain of Mexican self government. All these led to the proclamation of the Empire as a solution. However differences on the powers and role of the Emperor and Congress pushed the former to govern in an Enlightenment Despotic policy that divided between its allies (conservatives) and opposition (liberals). A diving issue was federalism espoused by liberals disowned by the Emperor and conservatives. Several liberal provincial chiefs rose in arms in the First War of the Reforms (1829-1830) after Agustin I dissolved Congress and removed annoying liberal governors and army officials. Liberals were only successful in California, Tejas and Yucatan that declared their independence, the former two helped by Louisiana that sought to weaken Mexican influence north of the Rio Grande.

The Second War of the Reforms (1847-1848) united the opposition to the Agustin II, and included reformist conservatives besides liberals of all sorts.

Imperial Government[]

The Imperial Constitution of 1831 established a constitutional monarchy. The Emperor ha the power to declare war (and make peace), represent the Empire abroad, conclude treaties and alliances, and accredit and receive ambassadors. He convened the National Congress, propose laws and appointed the council of ministers which he presided. Also appointed imperial officials, governors of the provinces and counties, imperial judges and army and naval officers. The first constitution of 1821 was suspended in 1828 and replaced with Imperial Statute of the same year until the Imperial Constitution of 1831.

Administratively the Empire is divided in provinces and counties. All governors are named by the Emperor and are under the guidance and instructions of the Ministry of Governance.

Rulers of Mexico[]

Mexican Empire (1820-1848)
Portrait Name
(Birth–Death)
Reign Note
Iturbide, Miranda, 1860 Agustin I
(1783-1832)
1820-1832
Dissolved Congress in 1829 and suspended Imperial Constitution of 1828. Decreed Imperial Statute of the same year until the Imperial Constitution of 1831.
Gunnar Atterberg (The Kalmar Union) Agustin II
(1807-1866)
1832-1848 Son of Agustin I
Abdicated after losing the Battle of Toluca (Second War of the Reforms 1847-1848)
First Mexican Republic (1848-1849)
Portrait Name
(Birth–Death)
Term of office Political party
Melchor Muzquiz Melchor Múzquiz
(1790–1844)
1848-1848 Liberal
Provisional President. Under his term Provisional Constitutional Laws of 1848 enacted.
Vicente Ramón Guerrero Saldaña Vicente Guerrero
(1790–1852)
1848-1849 Liberal
Constitutional President elected by the National Congress. Presented Draft of the Constitution of 1849 to Congress.
Anastasio Bustamante y Oseguera, portrait Anastasio Bustamente
(1780–1853)
1849-1849 Conservative
Leader of the Coup of 1849. Disbanded Congress and restored Mexican Empire.
Mexican Empire or Second Mexican Empire (1849-1860)
Portrait Name
(Birth–Death)
Reign Note
Sofi Fin (The Kalmar Union) Sabina
(1810-1871)
1849-1860 Daughter of Agustin I.
Pledged oath to the 1850 Charter. Empress Sabina ruled in an unpretentious simple fashion, avoiding the pomp of his brother Agustin II. Forced to abdicate in 1860.
Second Mexican Republic (1860 to date)
Portrait Name
(Birth–Death)
Term of office Political party
Valentín Gómez Farías, portrait Valentín Gómez Farías
(1781–1862)
1860-1860 National Liberal Party (Guerrerista)
Provisional president
José Ignacio Gregorio Comonfort Ignacio Comonfort
(1781–1862)
1860-1862 National Liberal Party (Guerrerista)
Died in office
Benito Pablo Juárez García Benito Juárez
(1806–1872)
1862-1868 National Republican Party


Provinces[]

Current provinces

  1. Baja California (From 1830)
  2. México
  3. Chihuahua (from division of Nueva Vizcaya)
  4. Nuevo Reino de León
  5. Tamaulipas (former Nuevo Santander)
  6. Sonora y Sinaloa
  7. Zacatecas
  8. San Luis de Potosí
  9. Guanajuato
  10. Durango (from division of Nueva Vizcaya)
  11. Querétaro
  12. Puebla
  13. Guadalajara
  14. Oaxaca
  15. Michoacán (former Valladolid)
  16. Veracruz
  17. Tabasco (1830 from Mérida de Yucatán)

Former provinces

  1. Las Californias (until 1830) Current Republic of California
  2. Mérida de Yucatán (until 1830) Current Republic of Yucatan
  3. Chiapas (Until 1831) rejoined Central America
  4. Tejas (until 1830) Current Republic of Tejas
  5. Nueva Vizcaya (divided in Chihuahua and Durango)
  6. Nuevo México (part of California and Tejas)
  7. Coahuila (until 1830)