United Mexican States Estados Unidos Mexicanos Timeline: Cromwell the Great
OTL equivalent: Mexico | |||||
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Motto: La Patria es Primer (Spanish: The Homeland is First) |
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Anthem: Himno Nacional Mexicano |
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Capital (and largest city) | Mexico City | ||||
Other cities | Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana, León, Juárez, Comarca Lagunera, Querétaro, San Luis de Potosí and Merida | ||||
Official languages | Spanish | ||||
Other languages | Nahuatl, Mixtec, Zapoec and several others, French and English | ||||
Ethnic groups | Native Americans | ||||
Religion | Secular state (Official) Other religions: Roman Catholic, Protestantism, Judaism, Non-Religious, Deism (Cult of Reason) and Atheism |
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Demonym | Mexican | ||||
Government | Federal presidential republic | ||||
- | President | Benito Juárez | |||
Legislature | Congress of the Union | ||||
- | Upper house | Senate | |||
- | Lower house | Chamber of Deputies | |||
Key events | |||||
- | Proclamation of the Republic | 1848 | |||
- | Bustamente Coup and end of the Republic | 1849 | |||
- | Second Proclamation of the Republic | 1860 | |||
Currency | Mexican peso ($) | ||||
Time zone | GMT -8 to −6 | ||||
Membership international or regional organizations | League of American Republics (member) |
El gobierno tiene el sagrado deber de dirigirse a la nación, y hacer escuchar en ella la voz de sus más caros derechos e intereses (Manifiesto de Juárez a la Nación, en el que explica el programa de su gobierno)
Poca política y más administración (Porfirio Díaz)
Mexico (Nahuatl languages: Mēxihco), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos) is a federal republic in the southernmost portion of North America. It was the former Spanish Empire's Viceroyalty of New Spain.
It is bordered to the north by California, Louisiana, and Tejas; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Yucatan and Central America and to the east by the Caribbean Sea.
Mexico's political regime has changed varios times from a monarchy (1820-1848), republic (1848-1849), monarchy (1849-1860) and republic (1860 to date). It as also lost, from its initial territorial extension when it covered the majority of the previous viceroyalty of New Spain, large swaths of land that were later lost in civil wars at its northern (California, Tejas) and southern (Yucatan) limits.
History[]
The history of Mexico distinguishes four periods according to its form of government:
a) Mexican Empire (from its independence in 1820 to 1848)
b) First Mexican Republic (1848-1849)
c) Restoration of the Mexican Empire or Second Mexican Empire (1849-1860)
d) Second Mexican Republic (1860 to date)
Mexican Empire (1820 to 1848)[]
Mexican Empire Imperio Mexicano Timeline: Cromwell the Great
OTL equivalent: Imperio Mexicano (1821–1823) | |||||
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(1820-1848, 1849-1860) | |||||
Motto: Religión, Independencia, Unión (Spanish: Religion, Independence, Union) |
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Anthem: A las armas, valientes indianos |
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Mexican Empire at its greatest territorial extension
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Capital (and largest city) | Mexico City | ||||
Official languages | Spanish | ||||
Other languages | Native American languages, French and English | ||||
Ethnic groups | Native Americans | ||||
Religion | Roman Catholic (Official) Other religions: Protestantism, Judaism, Non-Religious, Deism and Atheism |
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Demonym | Mexican | ||||
Government | Constitutional Monarchy | ||||
- | Emperor | Agustin I (first) Sabina (last) (House of Iturbide) |
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- | First Minister | ||||
Legislature | National Congress | ||||
- | Upper house | Senate | |||
- | Lower house | Chamber of Deputies | |||
Key events | |||||
- | Independence from Spanish Empire | 1820 (First Mexican Empire) | |||
- | Abdication of Agustin II | 1848 | |||
- | Second Mexican Empire | 1849-1860 | |||
Currency | Mexican real |
A las armas, valientes indianos;
a las armas corred con valor;
el partido seguid de Iturbide;
seamos libres y no haya opresión.
(From the Anthem of the Mexican Empire)
The Mexican Empire is the first independent post-colonial state in Mexico from 1820 to 1848. It was the only former colony of the Spanish Empire to establish a monarchy after independence together with the Brazilian Empire, it was one of two European-style empires in the Americas.
The First Empire (1820-1848) was a consent between the governing land owning elites, the army and mercantile interests. There was a fear of peasant revolt, had it happen in initial stages of the independence, and the uncertainty of the acceptance of Spain of Mexican self government. All these led to the proclamation of the Empire as a solution. However differences on the powers and role of the Emperor and Congress pushed the former to govern in an Enlightenment Despotic policy that divided between its allies (conservatives) and opposition (liberals). A diving issue was federalism espoused by liberals disowned by the Emperor and conservatives. Several liberal provincial chiefs rose in arms in the First War of the Reforms (1829-1830) after Agustin I dissolved Congress and removed annoying liberal governors and army officials. Liberals were only successful in California, Tejas and Yucatan that declared their independence, the former two helped by Louisiana that sought to weaken Mexican influence north of the Rio Grande.
The Second War of the Reforms (1847-1848) united the opposition to the Agustin II, and included reformist conservatives besides liberals of all sorts.
Imperial Government[]
The Imperial Constitution of 1831 established a constitutional monarchy. The Emperor ha the power to declare war (and make peace), represent the Empire abroad, conclude treaties and alliances, and accredit and receive ambassadors. He convened the National Congress, propose laws and appointed the council of ministers which he presided. Also appointed imperial officials, governors of the provinces and counties, imperial judges and army and naval officers. The first constitution of 1821 was suspended in 1828 and replaced with Imperial Statute of the same year until the Imperial Constitution of 1831.
Administratively the Empire is divided in provinces and counties. All governors are named by the Emperor and are under the guidance and instructions of the Ministry of Governance.
Rulers of Mexico[]
Provinces[]
Current provinces
- Baja California (From 1830)
- México
- Chihuahua (from division of Nueva Vizcaya)
- Nuevo Reino de León
- Tamaulipas (former Nuevo Santander)
- Sonora y Sinaloa
- Zacatecas
- San Luis de Potosí
- Guanajuato
- Durango (from division of Nueva Vizcaya)
- Querétaro
- Puebla
- Guadalajara
- Oaxaca
- Michoacán (former Valladolid)
- Veracruz
- Tabasco (1830 from Mérida de Yucatán)
Former provinces
- Las Californias (until 1830) Current Republic of California
- Mérida de Yucatán (until 1830) Current Republic of Yucatan
- Chiapas (Until 1831) rejoined Central America
- Tejas (until 1830) Current Republic of Tejas
- Nueva Vizcaya (divided in Chihuahua and Durango)
- Nuevo México (part of California and Tejas)
- Coahuila (until 1830)
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