Alternative History
Bogd Khaanate of Mongolia
Mongγol ulus
Timeline: 1879: Agreement

OTL equivalent: Mongolia
Flag Coat of Arms
Flag Coat of Arms
Location of Mongolia
Location of Mongolia
Capital Niislel Khüree
Largest city Niislel Khüree
Other cities Erdenet, Darkhan, Choibalsan, Mörön
Language Mongolian
Religion Buddhism
Government Absolute monarchy, Theocracy
Bogd Khan Jebtsundamba Khutuktu IX
Area 1,564,115 km²
Population 1,600,000 
Established 1911
Independence from China
  declared 1911
  recognized 1921
Currency Togrög

Mongolia (Mongolian: Mongγol ulus) is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Niislel Khüree, the capital and largest city, is home to about 38% of the population. Mongolia's political system is a Theocratic absolute monarchy.

The area of what is now Mongolia has been ruled by various nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Rouran, the Gökturks and others. The Mongol Empire was founded by Genghis Khan in 1206. After the collapse of the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols returned to their earlier pattern of constant internal conflict and occasional raids on the Chinese borderlands. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Mongolia came under the influence of Tibetan Buddhism. At the end of the 17th century, most of Mongolia had been incorporated into the area ruled by the Qing Dynasty. Mongolia declared independence in 1911, but had to struggle until 1921 to firmly establish de facto independence from China, and until 1945 to gain international recognition.

At 1,564,116 sq km (603,909 sq mi), Mongolia is the 19th largest and the most sparsely populated independent country in the world, with a population of around 1.6 million people. It is also the world's second-largest landlocked country after Kazakhstan. The country contains very little arable land, as much of its area is covered by steppes, with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south. Approximately 30% of the population are nomadic or semi-nomadic. The state religion in Mongolia is Tibetan Buddhism, and the majority of the state's citizens are of the Mongol ethnicity, though Kazakhs, Tuvans, and other minorities also live in the country, especially in the west. About 20% of the population live on less than US$1.25 per day.