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| Anthem | "National anthem of Mongolia" | ||||||
| Capital | Ulaanbaatar | ||||||
| Language official |
Mongolian and Russian | ||||||
| others | Dungan, Mandarin, Tuvan | ||||||
| Religion main |
Buddhists | ||||||
| others | Eastern Orthodox, Tengrists | ||||||
| Ethnic Groups main |
Mongols and Russians | ||||||
| others | Dungans, Manchus, Tuvans | ||||||
| Demonym | Mongolian | ||||||
| Government | Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic | ||||||
| Legislature | State Great Khural | ||||||
| Independence | from the Soviet Union | ||||||
| declared | 13 December 1991 | ||||||
| recognized | 25 December 1991 | ||||||
| Currency | Tögrög (₮) (MNT)
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| Time Zone | UTC+07:00 to +08:00
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| Date Format | dd.mm.yyyy (CE) | ||||||
| Driving Side | Right | ||||||
| Electricity | 230 V, 50 Hz | ||||||
| Plug Types | C, F | ||||||
| Calling Code | +7 | ||||||
| Internet TLD | .mn, .мон | ||||||
| Organizations |  CIS CSTO Russkoslovie United Nations
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Mongolia (Mongolian: Монгол Улс, Mongol Uls; Russian: Монголия, Mongoliya) is a sovereign state located in Central Asia. The nation is bordered by the Russian Federation in the north; Manchuria in the east; China and Tibet in the south; and Uyghuristan in the west. Ulaanbaatar is both the capital and largest city.
The territory of modern-day Mongolia was once the homeland of numerous nomadic peoples; including the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Rouran Khaganate, and the Turkic Khaganate. Under the leadership of Genghis Khan, the region became the core of the expansive Mongol Empire in 1206. His grandson, Kublai Khan, later founded the Yuan Dynasty in neighboring China.
The region returned to a nomadic lifestyle following the empire's collapse, with factional strife continuing until the adoption of Tibetan Buddhism during the 17th Century. Mongolia would later be absorbed into the Qing Dynasty during the 18th Century, only to achieve independence following the fall of the dynasty in 1911. In 1924, Mongolia became a Communist State under the backing of the Soviet Union. Khorloogiin Choibalsan, the leader of Mongolia during the invasion, chose to remain in Ulaanbaatar to fight along with his army. His remains were later found by Chinese troops.
A government in exile was established in Tannu-Tuva. The new leadership (under Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal) began talks to be admitted into the Soviet Union following the war (a feat which was opposed by Choibalsan). The Mongol Soviet Socialist Republic was officially established in 1944, with Tuva being incorporated as an autonomous republic within Mongolia. As part of the peace agreement following World War II, Soviet-controlled Inner Mongolia was annexed and incorporated into the MSSR.
During the Cold War, the resources of the Mongol SSR would be utilized by the Soviet Union. Industry and mining became the main focuses of the economy. It was also during this time that the ethnic Han Chinese, many of whom had been living in Chinese-controlled Inner Mongolia, were forcibly expelled from much of the USSR. This population vacuum was later filled by Russian settlers. During the waning years of the Soviet Union, secession movement began to emerge within Mongolia. Shortly following the failed August Coup attempt in 1991, Mongolia formally declared its independence from the USSR. This declaration is formally recognized by Moscow later in the year, shortly before the USSR is dissolved. Since gaining independence, Mongolia has remained a close ally of the Russian Federation and much of the former republics of the USSR. The transition to a market economy during the 1990s would be a tumultuous time.
