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Mongolia ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ (Mongolian) Timeline: Victory To The Rising Sun
Монгол Улс (Mongolian) OTL equivalent: Mongolia including eastern portion of Inner Mongolia | ||||||
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Mongolia (green)
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Capital | Ulaanbaatar | |||||
Official languages | Mongolian | |||||
Demonym | Mongolian | |||||
Government | Unitary semi-presidential republic | |||||
- | President | TBD | ||||
- | Prime Minister | TBD | ||||
Legislature | State Great Khural | |||||
Establishment | ||||||
- | Xiongnu Confederacy | 209 BCE | ||||
- | Mongol Empire | 1206 | ||||
- | Completion of Qing dynasty conquest | 1691 | ||||
- | Declaration of independence from the Qing dynasty | 29 December 1911 | ||||
- | Mongolian People's Republic established | 26 November 1924 | ||||
- | Current constitution | 13 February 1992 | ||||
Population | ||||||
- | 2020 estimate | 15,291,016 | ||||
Currency | Tögrög (MNT) | |||||
Drives on the | right | |||||
Calling code | +976 |
Mongolia or the Republic of Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north, Manchuria to the east, China and Uyghuristan to the south. It covers an area of 1,564,116 square kilometres (603,909 square miles), with a population of just 3.3 million, making it the world's most sparsely populated sovereign nation. Mongolia is the world's largest landlocked country that does not border a closed sea, and much of its area is covered by grassy steppe, with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to roughly half of the country's population.
The territory of modern-day Mongolia has been ruled by various nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Rouran, the First Turkic Khaganate, and others. In 1206, Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous land empire in history. His grandson Kublai Khan conquered China proper and established the Yuan dynasty. After the collapse of the Yuan, the Mongols retreated to Mongolia and resumed their earlier pattern of factional conflict, except during the era of Dayan Khan and Tumen Zasagt Khan. In the 16th century, Tibetan Buddhism spread to Mongolia, being further led by the Manchu-founded Qing dynasty, which absorbed the country in the 17th century. By the early 20th century, almost one-third of the adult male population were Buddhist monks. After the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Mongolia declared independence, and achieved actual independence from the Republic of China in 1921. Shortly thereafter, the country became a satellite state of the Soviet Union, which had aided its independence from China. In 1924, the Mongolian People's Republic was founded as a socialist state and successfully defeated Japanese invasions during the war. The Mongolian People's Republic supported the establishment of the People's Republic of Manchuria and their war against the south until 1969. After suffering a major defeat following the Second Manchurian War, Mongolia conducted its own peaceful democratic revolution in early 1990. This led to a multi-party system, a new constitution of 1992, and transition to a market economy.
Approximately 30% of the population is nomadic or semi-nomadic; horse culture remains integral. Buddhism is the majority religion (51.7%), with the nonreligious being the second-largest group (40.6%). Islam is the third-largest religious identification (3.2%), concentrated among ethnic Kazakhs. The vast majority of citizens are ethnic Mongols, with roughly 5% of the population being Kazakhs, Tuvans, and other ethnic minorities, who are especially concentrated in the west. Mongolia is a member of the United Nations, Asia Cooperation Dialogue, G77, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, WPTO and a NATO global partner. Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization in 1997 and seeks to expand its participation in regional economic and trade groups.