OT equivalent: Shenyang, China
| Mukden | |
|---|---|
| Russian transcription(s) | |
| - Cyrillic | Мукден |
| - Latin | Mukdyen |
| Manchu transcription(s) | |
| - Cyrillic | Мuкден |
| - Latin | Mukden |
| Population | 5,323,000 |
Mukden (Russian: Мукден, Mukdyen; Manchu: Мuкден; Chinese: 奉天, Fengtian) is a city located in the Manchuria Principality of Russia and is the capital city of the former.
Formerly known as Fengtian (奉天) in Chinese, the city is home to Manchu culture in Russia, and was the seat of the Qing emperors. The Battle of Mukden took place in 1905 during the Russo-Japanese War. Japan's subsequent victory allowed Tokyo to annex the region west of the old city and to increase Japanese influence on Shenyang; in September 1931 the Mukden Incident led the Japanese to further invade and occupy the rest of Northeast China, forming the puppet state of Manchukuo.
After the Second World War, the liberation of Mukden was part of Russia's Manchuria offensive against Manchukuo, and with Russian promises to retain the Aisin Gioros as the ruling princes of Manchuria (with the exception of Emperor Puyi for his subserviance to the Japanese), the Aisin Gioros allowed the Russians to conduct their offensives. After the war, Mukden was claimed as being part of the Russian Empire's new territories, upsetting Chinese leaders, causing to become a point of contention between the two former allies. It is then that Vladimir I, the Autocrat of all Russia; authorized for the formation of the Principality of Manchuria, under an Aisin Gioro, Prince Nicholas I Ivanovich Puzhong, who originally Prince Puzhong.
During the Cold War, Mukden was one of the epicenters of the Manchu cultural revival, the seat of the All-Manchu Council. Mukden and Kharbin were known as the "Great Manchu Cities", because the majority of their people were Manchus. At the same time, the Aisin Gioros became Christianized and Russified, taking on Orthodox Christian names and customs.
Mukden is also a major city for scientific research, appearing among the top 200 Science Cities in the world as tracked by the Nature Index. It is home to the Imperial Science Academy, one of Russia's most prestigious science and technology universities.
Demographics[]
Manchus form the majority of Mukden's population, 83.5% of the city is either of Manchu ethnicity, or claims to be of Manchu ethnicity, Russians form 14.4%, while Others form the rest. Of the non-Manchus and non-Russians (regardless of citizenship), Chinese, Mongolians, Japanese, Koreans, Germans, Ukrainians, Belarusians and Poles form the rest.
Not only is Mukden considered the capital city of Manchuria, but a capital of Manchu culture in of itself. It is considered the home of the Aisin Gioro, the line of the Qing Dynasty, that exists in Russia in the form of the Nikolayevs and Vladimirovs, two of three local nobilities based in Manchuria, with the others being the Ungern-Sternbergs based in Port Arthur and Kharbin. The National Manchu Museum, National Manchu University are both located in Mukden.
In addition, the Manchu Orthodox Church (Manchu: Манжu Сiрка Juктеxен, Russian: Маньчжская Православная Церковь) an autonomous Manchu-speaking Eastern Orthodox church within the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate, is based in Mukden.
As for religion, 70.6% is Buddhist, making Mukden one of Russia's predominantly-Buddhist cities, the next 20.1% are Russian Orthodox. Buddhism is considered a national public heritage faith in Mukden.
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