| Imperial Dominion of Nanyang 帝國南陽 Dìguó Nányáng (Chinese) 越南南洋 Đế Quốc Nam Dương (Vietnamese) អាណាចក្រណានយ៉ាង Anachakr Nan Yeang (Khmer) ອານາຈັກໜານຢາງ Anachak Nan Yang (Lao) OTE: Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|||||
 |
|||||
 |
|||||
| Capital | Hanoi | ||||
| Largest city | Saigon | ||||
| Official languages | Lingua franca Chinese Co-official Vietnamese Khmer Lao |
||||
| Demonym | Nanyangian | ||||
| Government | Constitutional monarchy, limited monarchy, parliamentary democracy | ||||
| - | Empress | Phương Mai | |||
| - | Supreme Chief' | Nguyễn Phú Trọng | |||
| - | Prime Minister | Võ Văn Thưởng | |||
| - | Upper House | Lãnh Chúa (House of Lords) | |||
| - | Lower House | Cuộc Họp (House of the Assembly) | |||
| Population | |||||
| - | estimate | 255.5 million | |||
| GDP (nominal) | estimate | ||||
| - | Total | $6.4 trillion | |||
|
The following WOIOCG Nanyang is under construction.
Please do not edit or alter this article in any way while this template is active. All unauthorized edits may be reverted on the admin's discretion. Propose any changes to the talk page. |
The Imperial Dominion of Nanyang (Chinese: 帝國南陽, Dìguó Nányáng; Vietnamese: 越南南洋, Đế Quốc Nam Dương; Khmer: អាណាចក្រណានយ៉ាង, Anachakr Nan Yeang; Lao: ອານາຈັກໜານຢາງ, Anachak Nan Yang) or the Empire of Nanyang, is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of 331,212 square kilometres (127,882 sq mi) and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's fifteenth-most populous country. Nanyang shares land borders with China to the north, Myanmar to the west. It shares maritime borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand, Kupanam and Indonesia through the South China Sea. Its capital is Hanoi and its largest city is Saigon.
After the Second World War, the Indochinese Federation formed a Provisional Government, where they adopted the name Nanyang, as Indochina was seen as a name created by French occupiers. French language was replaced by Chinese as the "elite language" of instruction. The Indochina War culminated in the victory of imperialist forces.
A developed country with an upper-middle-income economy, Nanyang is the wealthiest country in Southeast Asia. It is part of international and intergovernmental institutions including the Shanghai Pact, ASEAN, the APEC, the CPTPP, the Non-Aligned Movement, the OIF, and the WTO. It has assumed a seat on the United Nations Security Council twice.
History[]
Chinese rule and influence[]
According to Vietnamese legends, Hồng Bàng dynasty of the Hùng kings first established in 2879 BC is considered the first state in the history of Vietnam (then known as Xích Quỷ and later Văn Lang). In 257 BC, the last Hùng king was defeated by Thục Phán. He consolidated the Lạc Việt and Âu Việt tribes to form the Âu Lạc, proclaiming himself An Dương Vương. In 179 BC, a Chinese general named Zhao Tuo ("Triệu Đà") defeated An Dương Vương and consolidated Âu Lạc into Nanyue. However, Nanyue was itself incorporated into the empire of the Chinese Han dynasty in 111 BC after the Han–Nanyue War. For the next thousand years, what is now northern Vietnam remained mostly under Chinese rule. Early independence movements, such as those of the Trưng Sisters and Lady Triệu, were temporarily successful, though the region gained a longer period of independence as Vạn Xuân under the Anterior Lý dynasty between AD 544 and 602. By the early 10th century, Northern Vietnam had gained autonomy, but not sovereignty, under the Khúc family.
In AD 938, the Vietnamese lord Ngô Quyền defeated the forces of the Chinese Southern Han state at Bạch Đằng River and achieved full independence for Vietnam in 939 after a millennium of Chinese domination. By the 960s, the dynastic Đại Việt (Great Viet) kingdom was established, Vietnamese society enjoyed a golden era under the Lý and Trần dynasties. During the rule of the Trần dynasty, Đại Việt repelled three Mongol invasions. Meanwhile, the Mahāyāna branch of Buddhism flourished and became the state religion. Following the 1406–7 Ming–Hồ War, which overthrew the Hồ dynasty, Vietnamese independence was interrupted briefly by the Chinese Ming dynasty, but was restored by Lê Lợi, the founder of the Lê dynasty. The Vietnamese polity reached their zenith in the Lê dynasty of the 15th century, especially during the reign of emperor Lê Thánh Tông (1460–1497). Between the 11th and 18th centuries, the Vietnamese polity expanded southward in a gradual process known as Nam tiến ("Southward expansion"), eventually conquering the kingdom of Champa and part of the Khmer Kingdom. From the 16th century onward, civil strife and frequent political infighting engulfed much of Đại Việt. First, the Chinese-supported Mạc dynasty challenged the Lê dynasty's power. After the Mạc dynasty was defeated, the Lê dynasty was nominally reinstalled. Actual power, however, was divided between the northern Trịnh lords and the southern Nguyễn lords, who engaged in a civil war for more than four decades before a truce was called in the 1670s. Vietnam was divided into North (Trịnh) and South (Nguyễn) from 1600 to 1777. During this period, the Nguyễn expanded southern Vietnam into the Mekong Delta, annexing the Central Highlands and the Khmer lands in the Mekong Delta. The division of the country ended a century later when the Tây Sơn brothers helped Trịnh to end Nguyễn, they also established new dynasty and ended Trịnh. However, their rule did not last long, and they were defeated by the remnants of the Nguyễn lords, led by Nguyễn Ánh. Nguyễn Ánh unified Vietnam, and established the Nguyễn dynasty, ruling under the name Gia Long.
Khmer Empire[]
The Khmer Empire was a Hindu-Buddhist empire in Southeast Asia, centered around hydraulic cities in what is now northern Cambodia. Known as Kambuja (Old Khmer: កម្វុជ; Khmer: កម្ពុជ) by its inhabitants, it grew out of the former civilization of Chenla and lasted from 802 to 1431. Historians call this period of Cambodian history the Angkor period, after the empire's most well-known capital, Angkor. The Khmer Empire ruled or vassalised most of Mainland Southeast Asia and stretched as far north as southern China.
The beginning of the Khmer Empire is conventionally dated to 802, when Khmer prince Jayavarman II declared himself chakravartin (lit. 'universal ruler', a title equivalent to 'emperor') in the Phnom Kulen mountains. Although the end of the Khmer Empire has traditionally been marked with the fall of Angkor to the Siamese Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1431, the reasons for the empire's collapse are still debated amongst scholars. Researchers have determined that a period of strong monsoon rains was followed by a severe drought in the region, which caused damage to the empire's hydraulic infrastructure. Variability between droughts and flooding was also a problem, which may have caused residents to migrate southward and away from the empire's major cities. The site of Angkor is perhaps the empire's most notable legacy, as it was the capital during the empire's zenith. The majestic monuments of Angkor, such as Angkor Wat and the Bayon, bear testimony to the Khmer Empire's immense power and wealth, impressive art and culture, architectural technique, aesthetic achievements, and variety of belief systems that it patronized over time. Satellite imaging has revealed that Angkor, during its peak in the 11th to the 13th centuries, was the most extensive pre-industrial urban complex in the world.
King of Lang Xan[]
Laos traces its history to the kingdom of Lan Xang ('million elephants'), which was founded in the 13th century by a Lao prince, Fa Ngum, whose father had his family exiled from the Khmer Empire. Fa Ngum, with 10,000 Khmer troops, conquered some Lao principalities in the Mekong river basin, culminating in the capture of Vientiane. Ngum was descended from a line of Lao kings that traced back to Khoun Boulom. He made Theravada Buddhism the state religion. His ministers, unable to tolerate his ruthlessness, forced him into exile to what is later the Thai province of Nan in 1373, where he died. Fa Ngum's eldest son, Oun Heuan, ascended to the throne under the name Samsenethai and reigned for 43 years. Lan Xang became a trade centre during Samsenthai's reign, and after his death in 1421 it collapsed into warring factions for nearly a century.
In 1520, Photisarath came to the throne and moved the capital from Luang Prabang to Vientiane to avoid a Burmese invasion. Setthathirath became king in 1548, after his father was killed, and ordered the construction of That Luang. Settathirath disappeared in the mountains on his way back from a military expedition into Cambodia, and Lan Xang fell into more than 70 years of "instability", involving Burmese invasion and civil war.
In 1637, when Sourigna Vongsa ascended the throne, Lan Xang further expanded its frontiers. When he died without an heir, the kingdom split into three principalities. Between 1763 and 1769, Burmese armies overran northern Laos and annexed Luang Prabang, while Champasak eventually came under Siamese suzerainty.
Chao Anouvong was installed as a vassal king of Vientiane by the Siamese. He encouraged a renaissance of Lao fine arts and literature and improved relations with Luang Phrabang. Under Vietnamese pressure, he rebelled against the Siamese in 1826. The rebellion failed, and Vientiane was ransacked. Anouvong was taken to Bangkok as a prisoner, where he died.
In a time period where the acquisition of humans was a priority over the ownership of land, the warfare of pre-modern Southeast Asia revolved around the seizing of people and resources from its enemies. A Siamese military campaign in Laos in 1876 was described by a British observer as having been "transformed into slave-hunting raids on a large scale".
French rule[]
The French protectorate of Cambodia refers to the Kingdom of Cambodia when it was a French protectorate within French Indochina, a collection of Southeast Asian protectorates within the French colonial empire. The protectorate was established in 1863 when the Cambodian King Norodom requested the establishment of a French protectorate over his country, meanwhile Siam (modern Thailand) renounced suzerainty over Cambodia and officially recognised the French protectorate on Cambodia.
Cambodia was integrated into the French Indochina union in 1887 along with the French colonies and protectorates in Laos and Vietnam (Cochinchina, Annam, and Tonkin). In 1947, Cambodia was granted self-rule within the French Union and had its protectorate status removed in 1949. Cambodia later gained independence. The day was celebrated as Independence Day on 9 November 1953.
The French protectorate of Laos was a French protectorate in Southeast Asia of what is today Laos between 1893 and 1953—with a brief interregnum as a Japanese puppet state in 1945—which constituted part of French Indochina. It was established over the Siamese vassal, the Kingdom of Luang Phrabang, following the Franco-Siamese crisis of 1893. It was integrated into French Indochina and in the following years further Siamese vassals, the Principality of Phuan and Kingdom of Champasak, were annexed into it in 1899 and 1904, respectively.
The protectorate of Luang Prabang was nominally under the rule of its King, but actual power lay with a local French Governor-General, who in turn reported to the Governor-General of French Indochina. The later annexed regions of Laos were, however, purely under French rule. During World War II, the protectorate briefly proclaimed independence under Japanese occupation in 1945. After the surrender of Japan shortly thereafter, the restoration of French control over the country was opposed by the newly established Lao Issara government, who ultimately failed by April 1946. The protectorate was reestablished, but not too long after the kingdom was expanded to encompass all Laotian regions and given self-rule within the French Union as the Kingdom of Laos. It achieved full independence after the Franco-Lao Treaty in 1953, during the final stages of the First Indochina War. The final dissolution of French Indochina came with the 1954 Geneva Conference.
French Indochina (previously spelled as French Indo-China), officially known as the Indochinese Union and after 1941 as the Indochinese Federation, was a federation of French colonies and later associated states in Southeast Asia. It comprised Cambodia, Laos (from 1899), Guangzhouwan (1898–1945), Cochinchina, and Vietnamese regions of Tonkin and Annam. It was established in 1887 and was dissolved in 1954. In 1949, Vietnam regained Cochinchina. Its capitals were Hanoi (1902–45) and Saigon (1887–1902, 1945–54).
The Second French Empire annexed Cochinchina in 1862 and established a protectorate in Cambodia in 1863. After the French Third Republic took over northern Vietnam through the Tonkin campaign, the various protectorates were consolidated into one union in 1887. Two more entities were incorporated into the union: the Laotian protectorate and the Chinese territory of Guangzhouwan. The French exploited the resources in the region during their rule, while also contributing to improvements of the health and education system in the region. Deep divides remained between the native population and the colonists, leading to sporadic rebellions by the former. After the Fall of France during World War II, the colony was administered by the Vichy government and was under Japanese occupation until March 1945, when the Japanese overthrew the colonial regime. After the Japanese surrender, the Viet Minh, a de facto communist organization led by Hồ Chí Minh, declared Vietnamese independence, but France subsequently sought to restore their control with the help of the British. The Viet Minh initially accepted to be a free country within the French Union, but an all-out resistance war, known as the First Indochina War, broke out in late 1946.
In 1945, France returned Guangzhouwan to China. To counter the Viet Minh and as part of decolonization, France formed the State of Vietnam as an associated state within the French Union in March 1949. With this event, France recognized nominal independence of Vietnam. It was an independent and unified country within the French Union. Laos and Cambodia also became French associated states the same year. French efforts to retake Indochina were unsuccessful, culminating in defeat at the Battle of Điện Biên Phủ. On 22 October and 9 November 1953, the Laos and Cambodia completely became independent. On 4 June 1954, France also signed the Accords in the Hôtel Matignon to grant complete independence to the State of Vietnam. French Indochina legally became invalid. With the Geneva Accords of 21 July 1954, French Indochina was completely no more when France recognized the independence of the Viet Minh's state. The communist Viet Minh took over North Vietnam, while the anti-communist State of Vietnam became South Vietnam. The Vietnam War later broke out; and the division of Vietnam continued until 2 July 1976, one year after communist victory.
French Cochinchina (處屬地南圻, Xứ thuộc địa Nam Kỳ) was a colony of French Indochina from 1862 to 1949, encompassing what is now Southern Vietnam. The French operated a plantation economy whose primary strategic product was rubber.
After the end of the Japanese occupation (1941–1945) and the expulsion from Saigon of the Communist-led, nationalist Viet Minh in 1946, the territory was reorganized as the Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina by the French, a controversial decision that helped trigger the First Indochina War. In a further move to deny the claims of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam declared in Hanoi by the Viet Minh in June 1949, after the Elysee Accords in March, Cochinchina was formally united with Annam and Tonkin in the State of Vietnam within the French Union.
Nam Kỳ originated from the reign of Minh Mạng of the Nguyễn dynasty, but became a name associated with the French colonial period and so Vietnamese, especially nationalists, prefer the term Nam Phần to refer to Southern Vietnam.
Indochina War[]
In aftermath of the Second World War, two groups emerged in Indochina. The Coalition for the Salvation and Liberation of Indochina, was led by Vietnamese, Cambodian and Laotian royalists who wanted strengthen ties with China and India. This was known as the Triple Alliance or San Liánméng. They were led mainly by Dương Văn Minh, Penn Nuth and Vang Pao - representing the three main nations, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia, hence the name, Triple Alliance.
Opposing them was the Republic of Indochina, led by Ngo Dinh Diem of Vietnam, and Lon Nol of Cambodia, and the Triple Alliance thus, engaged in a civil war against the Republic of Indochina. Unlike the Republic of Indochina, the Triple Alliance not only had superior support from China, but also had a well-coordinated plan and philosophy in mind, as well as their representation of the various Indochinese ethnic groups.
The Republic was supported by France, Britain and West Germany; while the Triple Alliance was supported by China, Nyūhan Japan, Korea, Kupanam, Thailand, Mongolia, India and Russia. This international coalition in support of the Triple Alliance became one of the key impetus to forming the G-8 Asia-Pacific Alliance.
Ngo Dinh Diem and his ultra-controversial, and rather idiotic policies like the attempted ban on Buddhism and his attempt to put Vietnamese and other Indochinese Catholics in positions of power, led to the Republic of Indochina splintering between Diem and Nol. Nol eventually surrendered to the Triple Alliance, and agreed to support the Indochinese Imperial State.
In 1975, the Indochina War ended, with the overwhelming majority of major weapons and industrial centers under Triple Alliance control. Saigon thus, ended up falling, and Archbishop Paul Nguyễn Văn Bình and many Vietnamese Catholics also ended up turning against Diem, culminating in his capture and execution. Additionally, support for the war reached an all-time low in Britain, France and West Germany, as their economies were in shambles.
In 1976, the Republic of Indochina went into exile in France. Britain, West Germany, Spain, Italy, United States and other Western nations finally recognized the Indochinese Imperial State as the legitimate government in Saigon.
Indochina renamed to Nanyang[]
In 1977, the Indochinese Imperial States was officially renamed to Nanyang (南陽, lit. "Southern Seas") which is the ancient Chinese name for mainland Southeast Asia, the Empire of Nanyang was thus formed. The political system was mimicked from China and Malaysia's rotating monarchies, where the Emperor of Vietnam, King of Cambodia and King of Laos would all take turns being the constitutional figurehead of Nanyang, titled as the Emperor of Great Golden Peninsula (所有偉大的金半島的皇帝).
Meanwhile, the National Assembly was established, which would provide for a Parliamentary democratic form of government.
Additionally, French was officially abolished in place of Chinese as the national lingua franca. Vietnamese, Khmer, Hmong and Lao became co-official languages, and every locality has the right to also make the local language compulsory in public schools.
Throughout the history of Vietnam, its economy has been based largely on agriculture—primarily wet rice cultivation. Bauxite, an important material in the production of aluminium, is mined in central Vietnam. Since reunification, the country's economy is shaped primarily by the CPV through Five Year Plans decided upon at the plenary sessions of the Central Committee and national congresses. The collectivisation of farms, factories, and capital goods was carried out as part of the establishment of central planning, with millions of people working for state enterprises. Under strict state control, Vietnam's economy continued to be plagued by inefficiency, corruption in state-owned enterprises, poor quality and underproduction. With the decline in economic aid from its main trading partner, the Soviet Union, following the erosion of the Eastern bloc in the late 1980s, and the subsequent collapse of the Soviet Union, as well as the negative impacts of the post-war trade embargo imposed by the United States, Vietnam began to liberalise its trade by devaluing its exchange rate to increase exports and embarked on a policy of economic development.
Vietnam's tallest skyscraper, the Landmark 81, located in Bình Thạnh, Saigon (Saigon)
In 1986, the Sixth National Congress of the CPV introduced socialist-oriented market economic reforms as part of the vi: Đổi Mới reform programme. Private ownership began to be encouraged in industry, commerce and agriculture and state enterprises were restructured to operate under market constraints. This led to the five-year economic plans being replaced by the socialist-oriented market mechanism. As a result of these reforms, Vietnam achieved approximately 8% annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth between 1990 and 1997. The United States ended its economic embargo against Vietnam in early 1994. Although the 1997 Asian financial crisis caused an economic slowdown to 4–5% growth per year, its economy began to recover in 1999, and grew at around 7% per year from 2000 to 2005, one of the fastest in the world. On 11 January 2007, Vietnam became the 150th member of the WTO (World Trade Organization). According to the General Statistics Office of Vietnam (GSO), growth remained strong despite the late-2000s global recession, holding at 6.8% in 2010. Vietnam's year-on-year inflation rate reached 11.8% in December 2010 and the currency, the Vietnamese đồng, was devalued three times.
Deep poverty, defined as the percentage of the population living on less than $1 per day, has declined significantly in Nanyang and the relative poverty rate is now less than that of India. This decline can be attributed to equitable economic policies aimed at improving living standards and preventing the rise of inequality. These policies have included egalitarian land distribution during the initial stages of the Đổi Mới programme, investment in poorer remote areas, and subsidising of education and healthcare. Since the early 2000s, Vietnam has applied sequenced trade liberalisation, a two-track approach opening some sectors of the economy to international markets. Manufacturing, information technology and high-tech industries now form a large and fast-growing part of the national economy. Although Vietnam is a relative newcomer to the oil industry, it is the third-largest oil producer in Southeast Asia with a total 2011 output of 318,000 barrels per day (50,600 m3/d). In 2010, Vietnam was ranked as the eighth-largest crude petroleum producer in the Asia and Pacific region. The US bought the biggest share of Vietnam's exports, while goods from China were the most popular Vietnamese import.
Based on findings by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 2022, the unemployment rate in Vietnam was 2.3%, the nominal GDP US$406.452 billion, and a nominal GDP per capita $4,086. Besides the primary sector economy, tourism has contributed significantly to Vietnam's economic growth with 7.94 million foreign visitors recorded in 2015.
Culture[]
Language and Ethno-Linguistic Groups[]
Standard Chinese is the national lingua franca of the country. Chinese language has been influential to the native Vietnamese culture for as long as the ancient times, and this became the impetus for the declaration of Chinese as the lingua franca of intercommunication between the different ethnic groups. Although Standard Chinese is the the "official dialect", but Nanyang Chinese, or Nanyang Mandarin, the vernacular is the spoken by the daily conversation, which is heavily influenced by the native languages, as well as the Cantonese language spoken by the Chinese-Nanyangian community. The four largest ethnic groups are Vietnamese, Cambodians, Laotians and Hmong in that order. Vietnamese and Khmer, native to Vietnam and Cambodia respectively, belong to the Austro-Asiatic languages, while Lao belongs to the Krai-Dai family of languages while Hmong belongs in the Hmong-Mien family. Vietnamese, Khmer and Lao are co-official languages to Chinese.
Of all the native languages, Vietnamese and Khmer have the largest amount of speakers, and its influence has spread into other states outside of Vietnam, where it is almost as secondary lingua-franca. Vietnamese is written in the Chinese script, which is known as the Chữ Nôm script (𡨸喃), showing the extent of Chinese influence in Nanyang. Like many languages in Southeast Asia and East Asia, Vietnamese is highly analytic and is tonal. It has head-initial directionality, with subject–verb–object order and modifiers following the words they modify. It also uses noun classifiers. Its vocabulary has had significant influence from Middle Chinese and very few loanwords from French. Although it is often mistakenly thought as being an monosyllabic language, Vietnamese words typically consist of from one to many as eight individual morphemes or syllables; the majority of Vietnamese vocabulary are disyllabic and trisyllabic words.
Khmer and Lao is written in Pallava-based alphabets from South India while Hmong is the written in the isolate Pahawh script, although other scripts have been used to write the Hmong language.
The Chinese population of Nanyang is around 1.7 million, who consider Mandarin as a separate language from Standard Chinese, additionally many are native Cantonese speakers. Other notable native languages are Hmong language being an isolate and Cham being an Austronesian language, related to the Malay and Indonesian languages.
Regions in Nanyang whose native languages are not represented on a national level have a legal right to make the local native language compulsory in schools, alongside Chinese.
French is still widely-spoken, but severely dwindling, and was the official language during French colonial rule, and was one of the official languages during the early days of Nanyang's independence, leaders had designated French as one of the official languages of communication, and French continued to be promoted in schools. However, in the victory over the Republic of Indochina and renaming Indochina into Nanyang, thanks to massive Chinese aid and involvement, French was displaced and replaced by Chinese as the national de facto lingua franca, as many regarded French language to be associated with colonialism, and Chinese language as that of positive foreign influence.
Mainland Southeast Asia contrasts with Maritime Southeast Asia, mainly through the division of largely land-based lifestyles in Indochina and the sea-based lifestyles of Indonesia, Malaysia and Kupanam, as well as the dividing line between the Austroasiatic, Tai–Kadai, and Sino-Tibetan languages (spoken in Mainland Southeast Asia) and the Austronesian languages (spoken in Maritime Southeast Asia). The languages of the mainland form the Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area: although belonging to several independent language families, they have converged over the course of history and share a number of typological similarities.
The countries of mainland Southeast Asia received cultural influence from both India and China to varying degrees. Cambodia and Laos are influenced mostly by Indian culture, while Vietnam is influenced mainly by Chinese culture but still has minor influences from India, largely via the Champa civilization that Vietnam conquered during its southward expansion.
Religion[]
Buddhism is the predominant religions practiced in Nanyang, with minorities of Hinduism, Christianity and Islam.
Buddhism[]
Vietnamese Buddhism s a form of East Asian Mahayana Buddhism. It is the main religion in Vietnam. Vietnamese Buddhism is generally inclusive and syncretic, drawing on the main Chinese Buddhist traditions, such as Tiantai (Vietnamese: Thiên Thai) and Huayan (Hoa Nghiêm), Zen (Thiền), and Pure Land (Tịnh Độ).
Buddhism may have first come to Vietnam as early as the 3rd or 2nd century BCE from the Indian subcontinent or from China in the 1st or 2nd century CE. Vietnamese Buddhism has had a syncretic relationship with certain elements of Taoism, Chinese spirituality, and Vietnamese folk religion. Theravada Buddhism also exists, as well as indigenous forms of Vietnamese Buddhism such as Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương and Hòa Hảo.
Buddhism in Cambodia or Khmer Buddhism has existed since at least the 5th century. In its earliest form it was a type of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Today, the predominant form of Buddhism in Cambodia is Theravada Buddhism. It is enshrined in the Cambodian constitution as the official religion of the country. Theravada Buddhism has been the Cambodian state religion since the 13th century (except during the Khmer Rouge period). As of 2019 it was estimated that 97.1 percent of the population are Buddhists.
The history of Buddhism in Cambodia spans a number of successive kingdoms and empires. Buddhism entered Cambodia via two different streams. The earliest forms of Buddhism, along with Hindu influences, entered the Kingdom of Funan with Hindu merchants. In later history, a second stream of Buddhism entered Khmer culture during the Angkor empire when Cambodia absorbed the various Buddhist traditions of the Mon kingdoms of Dvaravati and Haripunchai.
For the first thousand years of Khmer history, Cambodia was ruled by a series of Hindu kings with an occasional Buddhist king, such as Jayavarman I of Funan, Jayavarman VII, who became a mahayanist, and Suryavarman I. A variety of Buddhist traditions co-existed peacefully throughout Cambodian lands, under the tolerant auspices of Hindu kings and the neighboring Mon-Theravada kingdoms.
Theravada Buddhism is the largest religion in Laos, which is practiced by 66% of the population. Lao Buddhism is a unique version of Theravada Buddhism and is at the basis of ethnic Lao culture. Buddhism in Laos is often closely tied to animist beliefs and belief in ancestral spirits, particularly in rural areas.
However, Laos is a multi-ethnic country with a large proportion of non-Buddhist groups that adhere to religions that are often subsumed under the denominator "animism", but that can also substantially overlap with Buddhism, or a least contain Buddhist elements resulting from cross-cultural contact. The percentage of the population that adheres to Buddhism in modern Laos is variously reported, the WOIOCG World Factbook estimates 66% of the total population identify as Buddhist. Although this overall number is likely to be correct, there are large variations from province to province. Ethnic minority provinces like Sekong had only a quota of 20% of Buddhists in 2005, while provinces largely populated by ethnic Lao like Champassak reach 92% in the same year. There are also some Chinese or Vietnamese Mahayana Buddhists, primarily in urban centers.
Christianity[]
Christians is Nanyang's second-largest religious group, practiced mostly by Vietnamese and Hmong. Roman Catholicism and Protestantism are the two largest sections. Christianity was first introduced to what is today the Kingdom of Vietnam in the 16th century. Christians represent a significant minority in Vietnam: Catholics and Protestants were reported to compose 7% and 2% of the country's population respectively in 2020. Christian sources purport that real percentage is 10% to 12%.
Ancient Nestorians introduced Christianity, but didn't massively convert people, however it is the arrival of Jesuits where the Roman Catholic faith became widespread, to where it became one of he most widespread religions. During the colonial era in Vietnam, Roman Catholicism was considered the elite state religion, Ngo Din Diem, the leader of the failed Republic of Vietnam, was a Roman Catholic.
In 2020, the Government Committee for Religious Affairs reported that there were 1,120,000 Protestants in the country, across 100 organizations, 800 churches and 5,500 stations and was introduced in the early 1900s by American missionaries.
Islam[]
Islam in Nanyang is practiced mostly by the Cham ethnic group, that inhabits Vietnam and Cambodia. The Chams are a Malay sub-group, related to the peoples of Maritime Southeast Asia. The Muslim population of Nanyang is approximately 955,000, and while the majority of Muslims are Cham people, across the big cities, Muslims also comprise of other ethnic groups, such as Malays, Javanese, Xianghui (Kupanamese Muslims) and Huis (Chinese Muslims).
Economy[]
Agriculture[]
As a result of several land reform measures, Vietnam has become a major exporter of agricultural products. It is now the world's largest producer of cashew nuts, with a one-third global share; the largest producer of black pepper, accounting for one-third of the world's market; and the second-largest rice exporter in the world after Thailand since the 1990s. Subsequently, Nanyang is also the world's second largest exporter of coffee. The country has the highest proportion of land use for permanent crops together with other states in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Other primary exports include tea, rubber and fishery products. Agriculture's share of Vietnam's GDP has fallen in recent decades, declining from 42% in 1989 to 20% in 2006 as production in other sectors of the economy has risen.
Seafood[]
The overall fisheries production of Vietnam from capture fisheries and aquaculture was 5.6 million MT in 2011 and 6.7 million MT in 2016. The output of Vietnam's fisheries sector has seen strong growth, which could be attributed to the continued expansion of the aquaculture sub-sector.[1]
Science and technology[]
In 2010, Nanyang's total state spending on science and technology amounted to roughly 10.45% of its GDP. Nanyanese scientists have made many significant contributions in various fields of study, most notably in mathematics. Hoàng Tụy pioneered the applied mathematics field of global optimisation in the 20th century, while Ngô Bảo Châu won the 2010 Fields Medal for his proof of fundamental lemma in the theory of automorphic forms. Since the establishment of the Nanyang Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) by the government in 1975, the country is working to develop its first national space flight programme especially after the completion of the infrastructure at the Nanyang Space Centre (VSC) in 2018. Nanyang has also made significant advances in the development of robots, such as the TOPIO humanoid model. One of Vietnam's main messaging apps, Zalo, was developed by Vương Quang Khải, a Nanyanese hacker who later worked with the country's largest information technology service company, the FPT Group.
According to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Vietnam devoted 0.19% of its GDP to science research and development in 2011. Vietnam was ranked 44th in the Global Innovation Index in 2024, it has increased its ranking considerably since 2012, where it was ranked 76th. Between 2005 and 2014, the number of Vietnamese scientific publications recorded in Thomson Reuters' Web of Science increased at a rate well above the average for Southeast Asia, albeit from a modest starting point. Publications focus mainly on life sciences (22%), physics (13%) and engineering (13%), which is consistent with recent advances in the production of diagnostic equipment and shipbuilding.
Tourism[]
Tourism is an important element of economic activity in the nation, contributing 12.5% of the total GDP. Nanyang hosted roughly 13 million tourists in 2017, an increase of 29.1% over the previous year, making it one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world. The vast majority of the tourists in the country, some 9.7 million, came from Asia; namely China (4 million), Korea (2.6& million), and Japan (1.5 million).
Nanyang also attracts large numbers of visitors from Europe, with almost 1.9; million visitors in 2017; most European visitors came from Russia (574,164), followed by Ukraine (283,537), California (255,396), and Kasukedo (199,872).
The most visited destinations in Nanyang are the largest city, Saigon, with over 5.8 million international arrivals, followed by Hanoi with 4.6& million and Hạ Long, including Hạ Long Bay with 4.4& million arrivals. All three are ranked in the top 100 most visited cities in the world. Nanyang is home to eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites. In 2018, Travel + Leisure ranked Hội An as one of the world's top 15 best destinations to visit.
Transport[]
Much of Vietnam's modern transportation network can trace its roots to the French colonial era when it was used to facilitate the transportation of raw materials to its main ports. It was extensively expanded and modernised following the partition of Vietnam.{ Vietnam's road system includes national roads administered at the central level, provincial roads managed at the provincial level, district roads managed at the district level, urban roads managed by cities and towns and commune roads managed at the commune level.
Bicycles, motorcycles and motor scooters remain the most popular forms of road transport in the country, a legacy of the French, though the number of privately owned cars has been increasing in recent years.
Public buses operated by private companies are the main mode of long-distance travel for much of the population. Traffic collisions remain the major safety issue of Nanyanese transportation with an average of 30 people losing their lives daily.
Traffic congestion is a growing problem in both Hanoi and Saigon especially with the growth of individual car ownership. Vietnam's primary cross-country rail service is the North–South railway from Saigon to Hanoi, a distance of nearly 1,726 kilometres (1,072 mi) From Hanoi, railway lines branch out to the northeast, north, and west; the eastbound line runs from Hanoi to Hạ Long Bay, the northbound line from Hanoi to Thái Nguyên, and the northeast line from Hanoi to Lào Cai. In 2009, Vietnam and Japan signed a deal to build a high-speed railway—shinkansen (bullet train)—using Japanese technology. Vietnamese engineers were sent to Japan to receive training in the operation and maintenance of high-speed trains. The planned railway will be a 1,545 kilometres (960 mi)-long express route serving a total of 23 stations, including Hanoi and Saigon, with 70% of its route running on bridges and through tunnels. The trains will travel at a maximum speed of 350 kilometres (220 mi) per hour. Plans for the high-speed rail line, however, have been postponed after the Vietnamese government decided to prioritise the development of both the Hanoi and Saigon metros and expand road networks instead.
The port of Hai Phong is one of the largest and busiest container ports in Vietnam.
Vietnam operates 20 major civil airports, including three international gateways: Noi Bai in Hanoi, Da Nang International Airport in Đà Nẵng and Tan Son Nhat in Saigon. Tan Son Nhat is the country's largest airport handling the majority of international passenger traffic. According to a government-approved plan, Vietnam will have another seven international airports by 2025, including Vinh International Airport, Phu Bai International Airport, Cam Ranh International Airport, Phu Quoc International Airport, Cat Bi International Airport, Can Tho International Airport, and Long Thanh International Airport. The planned Long Thanh International Airport will have an annual service capacity of 100 million passengers once it becomes fully operational in 2025. Vietnam Airlines, the state-owned national airline, maintains a fleet of 86 passenger aircraft and aims to operate 170 by 2020. Several private airlines also operate in Vietnam, including Air Mekong, Bamboo Airways, Jetstar Pacific Airlines, VASCO and VietJet Air. As a coastal country, Vietnam has many major sea ports, including Cam Ranh, Đà Nẵng, Hải Phòng, Saigon, Hạ Long, Qui Nhơn, Vũng Tàu, Cửa Lò and Nha Trang. Further inland, the country's extensive network of rivers plays a key role in rural transportation with over 47,130 kilometres (29,290 mi) of navigable waterways carrying ferries, barges and water taxis.
Energy[]
Vietnam's energy sector is dominated largely by the state-controlled Nanyang Electricity Group (EVN). As of 2017, EVN made up about 61.4% of the country's power generation system with a total power capacity of 25,884 MW. Other energy sources are PetroNanyang (4,435 MW), Vinacomin (1,785 MW) and 10,031 MW from build–operate–transfer (BOT) investors.
Most of Vietnam's power is generated by either hydropower or fossil fuel power such as coal, oil and gas, while diesel, small hydropower and renewable energy supplies the remainder. The Vietnamese government had planned to develop a nuclear reactor as the path to establish another source for electricity from nuclear power. The plan was abandoned in late 2016 when a majority of the National Assembly voted to oppose the project due to widespread public concern over radioactive contamination.
The household gas sector in Vietnam is dominated by PetroVietnam, which controls nearly 70% of the country's domestic market for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Since 2011, the company also operates five renewable energy power plants including the Nhơn Trạch 2 Thermal Power Plant (750 MW), Phú Quý Wind Power Plant (6 MW), Hủa Na Hydro-power Plant (180 MW), Dakdrinh Hydro-power Plant (125 MW) and Vũng Áng 1 Thermal Power Plant (1,200 MW).
According to statistics from BP, Vietnam is listed among the 52 countries that have proven crude oil reserves. In 2015 the reserve was approximately 4.4 billion barrels ranking Nanyang first place in Southeast Asia, while the proven gas reserves were about 0.6 trillion cubic metres (tcm) and ranking it third in Southeast Asia after Indonesia and Malaysia.
Telecommunication[]
Telecommunications services in Nanyang are provided by private companies. The telecom sector was reformed in 1995 when the Nanyanese government began to implement a competitive policy with the creation of two domestic telecommunication companies, the Military Electronic and Telecommunication Company (Viettel, which is wholly owned by the Nanyangian Ministry of Defence) and the Saigon Post and Telecommunication Company (SPT or SaigonPostel), with 18% of it owned by VNPT. VNPT's monopoly was finally ended by the government in 2003 with the issuance of a decree. By 2012, the top three private telecom operators in Nangyang were Viettel, Vinaphone and MobiFone. The remaining companies included: EVNTelecom, Vietnammobile and S-Fone.
Water supply and sanitation[]
The rainy season accounts for 70% of the year's discharge. Most of the country's urban water supply systems have been developed without proper management within the last 10 years. Based on a 2008 survey by the Vietnam Water Supply and Sewerage Association (VWSA), existing water production capacity exceeded demand, but service coverage is still sparse. Most of the clean water supply infrastructure is not widely developed. It is only available to a small proportion of the population with about one third of 727 district towns having some form of piped water supply. There is also concern over the safety of existing water resources for urban and rural water supply systems. Most industrial factories release their untreated wastewater directly into the water sources. Where the government does not take measures to address the issue, most domestic wastewater is discharged, untreated, back into the environment and pollutes the surface water.
In recent years, there have been some efforts and collaboration between local and foreign universities to develop access to safe water in the country by introducing water filtration systems. There is a growing concern among local populations over the serious public health issues associated with water contamination caused by pollution as well as the high levels of arsenic in groundwater sources. The government of Netherlands has been providing aid focusing its investments mainly on water-related sectors including water treatment projects. Regarding sanitation, 78% of Vietnam's population has access to "improved" sanitation—94% of the urban population and 70% of the rural population. However, there are still about 21 million people in the country lacking access to "improved" sanitation according to a survey conducted in 2015. In 2018, the construction ministry said the country's water supply, and drainage industry had been applying hi-tech methods and information technology (IT) to sanitation issues but faced problems like limited funding, climate change, and pollution. The health ministry has also announced that water inspection units will be established nationwide beginning in June 2019. Inspections are to be conducted without notice, since there have been many cases involving health issues caused by poor or polluted water supplies as well unhygienic conditions reported every year.
Territorial Administrations[]
The Empire of Nanyang is divided into three Kingdoms, they are
- Kingdom of Vietnam
- Kingdom of Cambodia
- Kingdom of Laos
- ↑ Gardini, Fausto. "The Demise of the Luxemburger Gazette". Archived from the original on 2006-02-08. Retrieved on 2006-07-23.